Among all kinds of house projects, buildings with a mansard roof have long become familiar. Their popularity is not declining for one simple reason: it is in houses where the roof slope consists of two parts that a voluminous room is formed in which literally every meter can be used as efficiently as possible.
This architectural solution was popularized by the French architect François Mansard. With regard to the current Russian conditions, the attic has come a long way, having undergone significant constructive changes.
We often have temperature drops, snowfalls pour tons of snow on the roofs, so reinforced snow is used.
Differences from the French attic of the 17th century are also in the use of modern heat-insulating materials, arrangement of ventilation - in a word, today's superstructure differs from its foreign "great-grandmother" very seriously.
To convert a roof into, first of all, you need to determine the degree of its suitability. To create a living space under the roof, it is suitable in which the rafters are located at an angle of 45 degrees to the base, or.
There are other types of roofs in which the roof space can be used rationally. All are presented according to the size of the resulting room, and the main indicator is the height of the ceilings.
If roof structure allows you to create a room of the required size, the coating can not be dismantled.
All structural elements, connecting nodes should be carefully examined, and if everything is in order, you can proceed to the next stage. If rotten or damaged beams are found, they are replaced.
Further removed inner lining rafter legs, the floor is laid, communications are laid. Walls are installed and insulated in specially made openings. Thermal insulation material is usually laid between the rafters. Before its installation, a windproof film is strengthened, after laying the insulation, a vapor barrier is fixed.
And only then it is produced interior decoration premises. It is important not to forget about ventilation: without a gap between the roof and the insulation, the service life of the roof is sharply reduced.
The emergency condition of the roof does not mean that it was built a very, very long time ago. This may be evidence of mistakes made during design and at any stage of installation.
The mansard roof has a number of features.
It performs not only the function of protection against weathering, but also prevents. When a so-called cold attic is used, only heat is insulated. Here, both the overlap and the gables will require insulation, and a heat insulator must be laid between the rafters - that is, the consumption of material increases greatly.
In addition, the roofing cake is exposed to moisture, which is much more in the living room than in a cold attic.
If the roof of the superstructure is steep, maximum attention should be paid to the choice of material and the quality of work to ensure watertightness and protection from heat loss. Any omission during production roofing works can backfire.
Note that there are mistakes that builders make only during the construction mansard roof or its reconstruction. But many basic mistakes are typical not only for the construction or reconstruction of the attic, but also for other types of roofs.
Let's analyze the main flaws during the construction or reconstruction of the rafter system and the roofing pie.
If a decision has been made to build a new roof, then the one intended for this purpose must be well dried.
In no case should trunks not cleaned of bark be used for rafters (some would-be installers do this, after which the rafters are quickly "straightened out" by the woodworm larvae under the bark).
Boards, logs should be stored laid, protected from moisture. The use of damp wood has the most negative effect on the geometry of the slopes.
As a theater begins with a coat rack, so a roof begins with a Mauerlat. Unreliable - and the roof literally flies away with the first strong wind, to which there is a lot of sad evidence.
These indicators are set by the project, the calculation is carried out taking into account the weight, permanent and temporary loads and other factors.
A common situation is when experienced builders neglect the design data and expose the rafter legs by eye, with an "approximate step". As a result, this leads to deflection and even to the complete destruction of the roof - especially quickly the results of this flaw will appear in the case of a heavy roof covering or in a snowy winter.
Uneven roof slopes not only visually look unpresentable, but also entail additional troubles.
At the very least, if the distortions in rafter system will not be allowed to install.
The section of the main elements of the frame must necessarily correspond to the project. If it is less, then the rafters may not withstand the load, if more - the weight roof structure will create additional pressure on the walls and foundation.
But it so happens that "experts" mount a vapor barrier film ... with the wrong side inwards.
The main advice for installation roofing- you need to follow the manufacturer's recommendations exactly.
For example, do not use a grinder to cut metal tiles - this will significantly extend the life of the material.
During installation, builders can move around the surface, which leads to sagging or scratching of the surface. To prevent such situations, you need to step on the roof with extreme caution and only where there is a crate under the covering, and also use shoes with soft soles.
The first and main mistake is an attempt to reduce the cost of everything due to fewer funnels and the choice of pipes of a smaller diameter. Because of this, the system will not be able to perform its functions and cope with the flow of water during heavy rainfall.
Often, the gutters are installed strictly horizontally, which leads to the accumulation of water and the appearance of ice plugs in the cold season.
Fasteners are under serious stress, and therefore must be of high quality - this is an immutable law. Products are selected for the material for which they are intended to be fastened. Ideally, if the elements that come with it are used to fix the roofing.
Most main enemy metal fasteners - this is corrosion, which over time can destroy the attached material.
Experts should know all the nuances, even in the smallest details: for example, disc dowels, often used to fasten insulation, become so-called cold bridges.
The location of the skylights must be carefully considered. Residents of the attic will feel some psychological discomfort if, for example, a window is installed at a distance of 150 cm from the floor: then the view for a person sitting on a chair will be difficult. The optimal distance of the lower part from the floor is 90-110 cm.
The joints between the window and the frame must be carefully sealed. Some window models come with special insulating aprons.
Common mistakes include poor-quality adhesion to the frame of the under-roof waterproofing, and the use of polyurethane foam as an insulator, and the sash is not clearly positioned relative to the frame, which leads to distortion. The latter problem can also appear as a result of house shrinkage.
To access the under-roof space, converted from a cold attic into a living room, you need to make an entrance - most often it is a sliding or folding hatch.
Quite common wrong approach to the installation, or it would be even more correct to say, the assembly of such a structure.
The hinges that connect the parts of the folding structure must be fixed correctly, otherwise the staircase will simply open in the wrong direction. Also, sometimes buyers do not take into account the height of the stairs when unfolded.
Stylish and practical home with a loft in art nouveau style
As you know, "extra" square meters are not superfluous, and in modern realities there are only two ways to get hold of them - to buy or build. Buying is not affordable for everyone nowadays, and construction "pleasure" is not cheap.
However, our citizens still manage to build houses on their own, or, at worst, alter them to fit their needs, some wider, some up.
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The outbuildings are basically a thing of the past, because any such "engineering masterpiece" occupies the N-th territory of the site, albeit not large, without significantly increasing the area of housing itself.
Therefore, the best solution all the same, there remains an increase in residential squares with the help of superstructures and all kinds of alterations to the roof under the attic. It is the construction of the mansard roof with all, as they say, "resulting" and additional work, and will become the topic of our today's correspondence conversation.
First you need to imagine what exactly you want to build. Be sure to make a project or detailed drawing in the details, according to which the installation will subsequently be carried out.
A work plan is also extremely necessary, where all stages of future work will be spelled out in detail. Do you consider this a waste of time? Not at all. This will allow you to avoid annoying mistakes and rework of what has already been done.
It will be enough just to adhere to a clearly thought out and written plan. In general, competent planning leads to minimization of risks, time and financial costs.
Therefore, think over everything to the smallest detail and transfer it to paper before starting work. The time you spent will be reimbursed a hundredfold by saving finances and the absence of wasted nerve cells.
Project for the construction of the attic floor of an individual residential building
After the paperwork, it's time for dismantling. No matter what roofing material used to cover. Whether it be sheets of metal, slate, ceramic or bituminous tiles - everything is removed very carefully.
Having completed the dismantling of the roofing, we proceed to the disassembly of the truss structures, having previously removed the insulation and waterproofing (if any). You can quickly and painlessly disassemble the rafters using a jigsaw, sawing a bar near the place of the old fastening.
Thus, we save a lot of time and effort in comparison with working with a hammer and nail puller. Good bar put it aside right away, it may still come in handy. The next step dismantling works will be the disassembly of the gable of the house. As a rule (especially in old houses), the gables are laid with bricks. In such works, you should not rush.
We will give you practical advice on how to quickly, without much effort, and most importantly, without risking being under a pile of bricks, to disassemble the pediment. This will require two people. One from the outside, standing on the stairs, and wielding a hammer and a chisel, breaks off one brick from the masonry (starting from the very top), and the second picks them up from the inside.
Believe me, the old brick pediment of the house is dismantled with a bang. By the way, dismantling the wooden pediment is also not so difficult, but do not try in either case to speed up the process and demolish everything in one fell swoop. The consequences can be very dire.
Dismantling the roof of a house is a very difficult and laborious process.
After complete dismantling, carefully inspect the top of the perimeter wall. You yourself understand that it is very undesirable to carry out installation, leaning on the walls of the house in the presence of any defects. Therefore, if you find any, try to fix them. The most common defect is cracks in the corners of the house.
This is due to the subsidence of the foundation as a result of its initially incorrect filling, flooding (and this also happens), or frequent vibration effects, which are mainly observed in residential buildings near the roadway. This should not be neglected, so let's start strengthening the perimeter.
We need a metal corner with a bar of at least 50 mm (more is possible). We lay it along the perimeter of the building, fastening it with welding. Weld the dies in the corners. It turns out a kind of metal "belt" that holds the top of our house together and does not allow the walls to collapse further.
For the same purposes, you can use tavrobalki (I-beams).
Metal screed for the walls of the house to prevent further cracking
It's time to move on to preparing the installation of the attic frame (or a broken roof, as it is also called). As a rule, it is made of timber - 100 × 100 mm (for the base and racks) and 100 × 50 mm for the installation of a broken (or even) roof, as well as a log for the floor. A beam of 50 × 50 mm is most often used as an auxiliary (binder). From the materials we also need:
Sloped mansard roof frame
Roofing material can be completely different - from metal to ceramics.
Therefore, the use of metal tiles is at this moment the optimal price solution. But this is not a recommendation, because there is a huge variety of roofing materials on the market at the moment and they differ not only in price, but also in the method of manufacture and, as a result, in terms of service life. Of course, all this set also needs consumables for fasteners:
When everything you need has been purchased according to the list, you can proceed directly to the installation of the attic broken roof of our house (let's call it so that no one gets confused).
Despite the complexity of the design, sloping roofs are very popular
We hope you have decided in advance what type of attic you will build. Installation of a sloped attic roof can be done in two ways - with and without going beyond the perimeter of the existing building.
In the first case, the area of the attic exceeds the area of the first floor due to the resulting "canopy" along the perimeter of the building or in any part of it. In this case, of course, we do not take into account the outbuildings, if any.
In the second, the slopes of the sloping roof fall on the top of the wall of the first floor, and in this case the area of the attic itself will be much less than the area of the first floor of the house.
This construction resembles several equal rectangles, set in series, inscribed in a virtual pentagon of the roof. The timber is fastened by cutting into each other (fastening in grooves) with additional fixation with metal corners.
Another common design option: during installation, short racks are located closer to outside walls... Along with the upper (ceiling) beams of the attic, they perform the function of stiffening elements of the frame of a broken or flat, gable roof. It turns out a kind of hexagon.
There are also options with the removal of part of the roof installation to cover an extension or organize a balcony canopy. But this is a completely different story and we will tell about it another time. Now let's take a closer look at roofing works and pediments.
If you are planning to install a dormer window so that more natural light can penetrate through the roof, then you need to think about this in advance. Detailed instructions you can also read how to install a skylight into an already finished roof on our website.
We sincerely hope that competent planning of the work will still help you avoid various incidents. We will assume that translucent roof structures, if any, have already been installed. It's time to start organizing the roofing.
The location of the attic depending on the roof configuration
We have already mentioned the materials for the roofing above. We will describe only one example so far - metal roofing. This material is galvanized, press-treated metal, with a thickness of 0.5 mm, powder-painted or otherwise. Everything is extremely simple here.
Sheets of metal tiles are laid on the outer edging with an overlap and fastened with roofing screws with a rubberized skirt, preventing leakage at the attachment points. The protruding parts of excess material are best cut off in place with a grinder. This is the easiest way to avoid layout errors.
The side and ridge parts are closed with corner plates made of the same material.
Roof construction using metal tiles as an outer covering is an aesthetic and practical option that has many advantages.
The metal tile is a fairly light and quickly assembled material, easy to process, but very dimensional and easily deformable, and this is perhaps its only drawback.
After laying the sheets of metal tiles, you can proceed to waterproofing. Using a construction stapler, we fix the protective membrane on the rafter legs and fastening crossbars. The fabric is fastened with an overlap.
And if outside the metal roofing we laid from the bottom up, then here we have to go from top to bottom with the same "ledges".
Correct installation of metal tiles and attic insulation
Having secured ourselves from what may drip from above, we proceed to the pediments, so that subsequent work can be carried out in more comfortable conditions of a closed room. As a rule, the gables are "covered" with foam concrete or aerated concrete, as you like, a material that is relatively light in all respects. This also applies to weight and its mechanical processing.
Its thermal insulation characteristics also speak in its favor. Some people prefer not to see plaster on the pediment, but timber cladding, which is also not bad in our opinion. An important part of any gable is translucent window and door structures.
Here is your choice - you can order windows and doors for existing openings or organize them for ready-made, pre-ordered translucent structures.
Attic balcony with glass railing
Installation of thermal insulation for the future attic of the house is generally not tricky. Whether rolled or sheet, it fits tightly into the gaps between the rafter legs along the entire internal area of the roof and must be at least 100 mm thick.
We also do not forget about the thermal insulation of the floor between the first and second floors of our, almost two-story house... Vapor barrier in a room is just as important as waterproofing. It is mounted directly after laying the insulation using the same construction stapler.
It remains only to sew up the inner core of the DSP or OSB sheets and rework the usual roof under residential attic almost completed.
Attic insulation scheme
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There are mere trifles - Finishing work... Just about this, as well as about the electrical work during the alteration from the old attic room to the attic room, you can learn from the articles on our website.
Correct insulation of the attic
By the way, a few more words about the attic extension. A frequently asked question, but not as simple as it seems at first glance. It usually occurs after purchase country house with an already existing attic.
The desire to increase residential squares is, of course, a good thing. But in this case, you must be prepared for expenses comparable to the construction of a new attic, since the annex will require the demolition of part of the finished attic.
Therefore, calculate in advance how much these desirable square meters will cost you.
Extension of a house with an attic
Let's put it bluntly - an extension to the existing attic with an extension of the quadrature is quite possible technically, but very difficult and not cheap. We will definitely give practical advice on the implementation of this "crazy" plan in life, but in another article.
Replacing the old roof with an attic
Alteration of the roof of the house under the attic is the most in a simple way expand the living space, because of any benefit empty attic usually does not bring, but only serves as a warehouse for all sorts of unnecessary things. In most cases, houses are equipped with pitched roof, the design of which allows you to make a spacious and spacious room, eliminating the need to waste time and money on the construction of an extension.
Many homeowners are wondering how to convert the roof of a house into an attic. There are no difficulties in this, but you need to understand that the attic reconstruction differs depending on the shape of the roof, therefore, the complexity will depend on it. further work and their cost.
The classic gable roof is best suited for remodeling, which, moreover, can be raised without much effort by increasing the walls of the house. And here hip roof has a significant drawback in the form of four slopes, which significantly reduce the total attic area, including the height of the room.
Based on the design of the rafter system, you can determine what the attic walls will be: inclined or vertical. The inclined version, in contrast to the vertical one, allows you to use the entire space of the attic, but at the same time limits the possibility of placing standard-sized furniture near the walls.
For a better illustration of the interior attic floors we offer you a small selection of real houses with attics.
However, to force to abandon the alteration of the roof wooden house in the attic may be the following factors:
Before equipping an attic on the roof of a residential building, you should make sure that everyone is able to load-bearing structures guaranteed to withstand the weight of building materials, furniture and occupants. If necessary, the rafters should be reinforced with wooden or iron beams.
If in doubt that the foundation of your house is not designed for such loads, you should abandon this idea, or strengthen the foundation. Strengthening the strip foundation is shown as an example.
For this, a formwork is mounted around the existing tape with an additional reinforcing mesh, which is rigidly connected to the foundation, and then concrete is poured into the formwork.
This will increase the footprint of the foundation on the ground and thereby increase its bearing capacity.
The conversion process will vary depending on the type of attic roof. We give this instruction using the example of a conventional gable roof.
At this stage, you need to make the layout of the future attic and determine where the roof windows and a staircase. This is necessary to strengthen the roof truss structures and the interfloor overlap of the house.
In addition, it is necessary to provide a plan for electrical and heating, which will need to be connected to the systems of the house.
And finally preparatory phase, depending on the design engineering systems your home, you need to think about the placement of the exhaust and supply ventilation, as well as the placement of fan risers coming out of the bathrooms. If you don't have any problems with this, you can proceed to the next step.
Insulation is one of the most important and crucial steps when converting a roof into an attic. Due to the fact that the roof loses heat much faster than the lower floors, you should not save on insulation.
In a properly constructed roof (regardless of whether it is planned to have an attic under it in the future, or whether it will be an unheated attic), under-roofing waterproofing is laid under the roofing material, observing the ventilation gap required for ventilation. Roof rafters, as a rule, are installed with a step of 600 mm - this is a convenient size for laying insulation between them, getting rid of undercuts and thereby reducing its consumption.
All that remains to be done to install the correct roofing cake is to produce competent thermal insulation.
Thermal insulation occurs by laying insulation between the rafters, and the width of the material should slightly exceed the distance between the structural elements.
In addition, between the insulation and the crate, it is necessary to make a small ventilation gap of 3-5 cm, which will protect the heat-insulating layer from moisture accumulation in it.
Insulation sheets, in most cases, are mounted in two layers at a distance (that is, the joint of the sheets of the first row should not coincide with the joint of the second) to exclude through ventilation.
When insulating an attic, it is necessary to understand that heat loss also occurs through the end walls. In this regard, the insulation is mounted on them, forming a closed warm circuit.
In addition, the floor is insulated if necessary. We have already considered the insulation of a wooden floor earlier, so we will not dwell on it in detail here.
After installing the insulation inner space the roof is closed with a layer of vapor barrier. This is necessary in order to completely prevent the thermal insulation from getting wet (and, as a consequence, the loss of its properties). Thus, the insulation is protected from moisture from all sides and will work for its entire service life.
All joints between the vapor barrier layers are glued with special adhesive tape to achieve complete tightness.
After laying the insulation and installing the vapor barrier, finishing work is performed. The material is chosen solely based on the preferences of the owner of the house, but it is still better to give preference to light options so as not to additionally load the structure.
As a rule, the main reason for deciding on the arrangement of an attic on the roof of a residential building is the possibility of obtaining additional living space without the need to build an extension. However, against the background of undoubted advantages, there are also some disadvantages of such a reconstruction, which should also be paid attention to.
The advantages include the following aspects:
The disadvantages include:
Thus, all the disadvantages of rebuilding the roof in the attic are based on the need for cash costs. Despite this, arranging the roof of a house under the attic will be cheaper than expanding the living space by completing additional premises or floors.
Getting rid of an unnecessary attic and spending a little time and effort, you can get a full-fledged living room in return, which will become a great place to relax regardless of the season. In confirmation, we suggest you watch the video from interesting ideas on the arrangement of the attic
Converting the roof into an attic is the only way to cheaply expand the living space of a country house. After all, there is no need to build a second floor or build an extension next to the house, which will have to spend quite serious money.
And if the volume of the attic space allows, this mainly concerns the height, then the restructuring process is reduced several times.
So, in this article we will tell you how you can remake the roof of a house, what materials are used for this, and what technologies are used to carry out the whole process.
How to remake cold roof under a cozy attic
Let us remind you once again that if the height of the attic allows, then the alteration is reduced to minimal costs. If the height is small, then serious work, which is practically reduced to the reconstruction of the roofing structure, cannot be done without serious work. Therefore, we will consider separately both options.
What is a cold attic. This is a rafter system, on which roofing material is laid through the crate. Apart from the latter, nothing protects the building with the street.
In fact, outside temperature is also present inside the attic. Therefore, the main task of the contractor is to insulate the attic. Do everything so that heat loss through the roofing structure is minimal.
Let's start talking about this.
Insulation of the attic begins with a choice thermal insulation material... It is present on the market in a large assortment, but literally two or three are chosen for the attic. Most often, these are either mineral wool boards, or foamed polystyrene boards, or polyurethane foam, applied by spraying.
The height of the mansard roof in accordance with the height of the person
Which one to choose, everyone decides for himself. Just note that mineral wool in terms of thermal conductivity, the worst of the three indicated options.
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But by choosing the correct thickness of the slabs, you can solve this problem. In addition, mineral wool is a non-combustible, environmentally friendly material with a long service life. In terms of flammability, polystyrene foam plates are inferior to everyone.
And polyurethane foam is an expensive material.
We will not go into the details of the choice of insulation, let's move on to others building materials, which are used in the process of remodeling the roof of the house. There are two of them: waterproofing and vapor barrier film.
The first will protect the insulation from humid air vapors that penetrate into the attic from the interior of the house. The second will make it possible to remove moisture from the inside of the insulating cake.
Therefore, waterproofing is installed from the inside of the attic, vapor barrier from the outside, that is, between the insulation and the roofing.
Attic insulation with polyurethane foam
It should be noted that the use of polyurethane foam and expanded polystyrene allows you to refuse protective films. Since both materials do not absorb moisture.
But according to the building canons, vapor barrier, it is also wind protection, fit all the same.
Because it serves as an additional protective layer in the structure of any roof, which will resist leaks in case the roofing is deformed or damaged for some reason.
All processes are carried out from inside the attic.
Vapor barrier laid on the rafter system
Attic waterproofing
If expanded polystyrene plates are used to insulate the attic, then the process is carried out in the same way. It's just that a layer of waterproofing is not laid on top of the insulation. The same applies to the use of polyurethane foam.
Alteration of the roof under the attic is not only carrying out thermal insulation processes. It is necessary to form a floor base that is warm, durable and beautiful.
The very process of constructing the floor depends on what constitutes the overlap of the house.
It can be concrete (precast concrete slabs or one slab poured in the form of a reinforced monolith) or wooden, assembled along load-bearing floor beams.
In the first case, a lag structure is assembled, which is attached to concrete base... Insulation is laid between the elements, a waterproofing film is placed on top, and the flooring is mounted on top.
Fastening the log to a concrete base
With floor beams, it is almost the same. It's just that there is one point in this design, which concerns the formation of the base for laying the insulation. This is as follows:
Formation of the attic floor with the laying of mineral wool
This is the most difficult option for remodeling the roof of a wooden house for an attic and the most costly, both in terms of money investment and time spent. Basically, this is a roof reconstruction.
Into what stages this rework process is divided.
Design and making calculations.
Acquisition required additional materials.
Dismantling roofing.
Dismantling rafter system with crate.
Formation mansard roof.
Her warming.
Mounting roofing material.
Floor shaping and interior decoration of the new premises.
Here you choose the type of roof attic. Immediately, we indicate that under any roofing structure, an attic can be organized. It is just difficult to organize living quarters under hip, multi-tongued and tent rabbits. There is little free space under them. Therefore, preference is given to three varieties, which are shown in the photo below.
The type of roofs that are optimal for the attic room
The most simple model- usual gable roof... But in order to increase the space, the architects recommend raising it to a small height - up to 1 m.To do this, they additionally dismantle the old Mauerlat, raise the walls of the building, and install the Mauerlat and the rafter system from above.
Pay attention to the photo below, where you can clearly see that the rafter legs are raised above the level of the walls of the house on support posts made of the same boards as the rafters. The racks rest against the Mauerlat, and are attached to it. After the installation is completed, the wall of the attic is sheathed and insulated, like the rafter system.
Forming the wall of the attic using uprights and wood sheathing
If the house is brick, then the walls of the attic are erected from bricks, raising the walls of the house itself to the required height. And already on them the Mauerlat is laid with the subsequent installation of the rafter system.
If a standard mansard roof project is created, then all calculations are carried out taking into account the structure of the structure. By the way, about the calculations. It is important to carry them out correctly, taking into account the snow and wind load. In fact, these calculations are not easy. The strength and reliability of the roof structure depends on them, therefore professional designers are engaged in this stage.
Firstly, it should be noted that during the reconstruction defect detection is carried out. That is, the exploited material is examined for its qualitative state.
If some parts and assemblies do not meet the requirements of the calculations performed, and this is usually a section, thickness or length, then they will have to be replaced.
Although there are technologies, when, for example, lumber does not match the length parameters, it is simply lengthened.
How to lengthen the rafter legs
Having drawn up a defective act, they proceed to completing necessary materials... It should be noted that when carrying out the reconstruction of the roof, they try to get rid of the roofing material.
If it has served enough time on the roof, then during dismantling it is highly likely to fail. Therefore, roofing material is purchased in in full according to the project of the new roof.
As the saying goes, do not break down. That is, this is the easiest process. But do not be too zealous, because it is important to save the materials for future use.
The video shows how the old gable roof is dismantled:
So, the construction is based on the project, which indicates the type of roof, its dimensions and the materials used for the construction. Look at the photo below, and you will immediately understand what the frame of a traditional attic is. In fact, these are ramps, consisting of two parts, which are propped up by uprights and girders. The latter form the premises.
Attic room frame
In short, the frame assembly technology is as follows:
In fact, the frame is ready, you can move on to other works. First of all, the gables are closed, in which dormer windows are usually installed. If a balcony is attached to the attic, then a door is inserted into the pediment.
Next, a windproof film is laid on top of the rafter system. Fasten it to the rafters, lay it in strips from bottom to top with an overlap with an offset of 10-20 cm. The joints of the strips must be closed with self-adhesive tape. Then the counter battens, the battens and the roofing material are mounted. After that, all processes are transferred to the attic room.
From the inside of the attic, all the same processes are carried out as described above. That is, insulation, floor shaping and finishing.
In the video, the specialist conducts an overview of the attic roof, talks about the materials, assemblies and details:
It should be noted that dormers installed on the gables of the attic do not provide daylight to the constructed room. Moreover, they are not present in all projects. The best option for the attic is the so-called roof windows.
They are presented on the market with a large assortment from a huge number of manufacturers. And each brand of windows has its own installation technology. In general, all technologies are somewhat similar, but there are also their own distinctive features... In this article, we will not dwell on the technology of installation of roof windows, because this is the topic of a whole article.
I just wanted to point out that today's proposals are not just standard window designs. This is a large number of additional options that increase the performance of the windows. One of the new options is a dormer window, which, when opened, forms a small balcony.
So that you understand what we are talking about, we suggest watching a video that shows how this window structure opens and closes:
Converting an attic to the second floor (residential) is actually not the easiest process. Especially if a complete reconstruction of the roofing structure is being carried out. This process will take more than one day. The costs will be significant, but it is still cheaper than building, for example, a second full-fledged floor with the construction of walls and ceilings, as well as the installation of a separate roof.
It is not uncommon for a situation when, for one reason or another, a house that seemed quite comfortable until recently becomes cramped or the dacha needs to be turned into permanent residence, while increasing the area. Also, often the need for major reconstruction and expansion arises when buying a house with "experience".
There are two ways to get an increase in quadrature - to add a room or build on it. For many, the superstructure of the attic floor is a preferable option, since it is not required to additionally fill the foundation, and there is not always enough space under the annex on the site.
And among the craftsmen of the portal, the addition of attics is quite popular, and they share their experience with those who only decide how to be and what to do.
By definition, an attic is a residential or non-residential premises in an attic space.
However, in practice, only cold attics remain uninhabited, and the attic is residential ( all year round or seasonally) space, under a specially configured insulated roof.
In contrast to the full-fledged second floor, at the attic part of the walls are formed by the slopes of the roof, which somewhat limits its functionality. Nevertheless, attic floors have been popular at all times, have not lost it until now and are unlikely to lose it in the future.
Modern technologies make it possible to organize premises for any purpose in the attic - these can be bedrooms, offices, children's or guest rooms.
Today it is not a problem to arrange a full bathroom in the attic if necessary, not to mention a bathroom with a shower stall.
Kitchens in the attic are a rather rare phenomenon, mainly they appear when it comes to the residence of two families and a separate passage from the street.
The permissible minimum according to sanitary standards is 2.3 meters, although in practice there are other sizes.
Whether to build on the attic is decided based on two factors:
The main question is whether the walls of a living house will withstand the weight of the proposed structure, even if we are talking about the lightest, frame version.
Therefore, the first step is at least an approximate calculation of the bearing capacity of the walls and foundation. Here, not so much the type of wall material will play a role, but the condition of the walls.
Other log cabins with a half-century history are much stronger than the "youthful" stone buildings.
The feasibility of such a global reconstruction depends on the size of the house - if it is too compact, then the attic, taking into account design features get tiny.
It is believed that if the width of the house is less than five meters, then it makes no sense to build on the attic floor.
However, in some cases, a small room upstairs is better than nothing, the main thing is that the walls withstand and the wallet pulls.
When the armopoyas is poured into it, fasteners are immediately laid under the Mauerlat (studs), which will firmly fix the entire structure in place.
Without sufficient insulation, it is impossible to build an attic even for a seasonal stay, since without insulation in the summer there will be a steam room in the room. The attic is insulated along the entire perimeter so that a closed loop is formed - overlappings, inclined and vertical walls, pediments.
Insulation today can be anything from typical slabs, rolls and mats to blown, backfill and spray.
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However, regardless of the type, its thickness must be sufficient to ensure the standard coefficient of thermal resistance of the wall (tabular data by region).
If we are talking about mineral plate heat insulators, which are used most often, then 150-200 mm is enough for most regions.
It is more efficient to lay this thickness in several layers with overlapping seams to minimize heat leakage.
Since the attic belongs to heated rooms, great attention is paid to the construction of a vapor barrier so that warm air does not provoke condensation in the insulation or roofing cake.
For the free removal of moisture, which, despite all the barriers, will accumulate between the insulation and the roofing, a ventilation gap of at least 5 cm is required, and ideally a ridge aerator.
As for the windows, the simplest option is the vertical one, installed in the gables, but for full illumination, special skylights are also needed, mounted directly into the roof.
If skylights are planned, then even when assembling the rafter system, it is worth calculating the step of the rafters for their dimensions, taking into account the seam.
In most cases, frame and timber mansards are built on top, since they are both lighter and cheaper, and the construction process is faster. Considering that the house is residential, the sooner it is under the roof again after dismantling the old one, the better. If they choose a more capital, stone option, then they prefer lightweight materials (gas block, foam block, expanded clay concrete).
The house of one of our craftsmen with the nickname Soboleff underwent major reconstruction twice - first from summer cottage it was turned into permanent residence, and then the attic was built on.
The arrangement of amenities and active redevelopment in order to increase the level of comfort have been engaged in the last few years.
The walls of silicate bricks are folded somehow, the foundation also touched the technology sideways, so the craftsman decided not to risk it and make a frame superstructure.
The height of the walls is 1200 mm, from the finished floor to the ridge - 3500 mm, a gable roof with a corresponding pie, as a roofing covering - metal tiles.
According to the layout - a pair of 16 squares for children, a common corridor, a bathroom above the existing ground floor and a storage room.
Dismantling revealed buckling rotted beams and the deplorable state of the masonry in the upper rows, not only these rows were replaced, but also the wooden beams above the window openings with a corner.
A crate was stuffed onto a brick-lined perimeter, reinforcement was laid, studs were inserted to fix the Mauerlat and an armored belt was poured.
The role of the jibs for stiffening was assigned to the slab sheathing - OSB 3, all joints of the slabs and the frame were foamed. The thickness of the stone wool insulation on the ceiling is 200 mm, along the walls - 150 mm, plus further 50 mm along the perimeter of the entire facade.
For ventilation left at the very top of the "cold triangle". Along this flat area of the ceiling, the craftsman put the insulation in four layers with an overlap. Roofing "pie" according to all the rules - with waterproofing, wind protection and counter-lattice.
A counter-lattice made of a 50 mm bar with a step under a sheet of insulation was also stuffed on the outside walls, slabs were laid, and the contour was closed with wind protection. The slabs were fixed to the house on hangers and plastic disc dowels. On top of the windscreen there is a galvanized profile 60 × 27 mm, resulting in a ventilation gap and a subsystem for siding.
External work, including not only the dismantling of the roof and the superstructure of the attic under the roof, but also the insulation of the entire perimeter along the ventilated facade system, met in the construction season. And already internal insulation and finishing work can be carried out, slowly, in comfortable conditions, during the process, using the advice of members of the forum in a particular area.
Sometimes, as a basis for the superstructure, not even a house, but a garage, like in PavelCh.
There is an opinion that it is easier to demolish and rebuild everything than to reconstruct, but not everyone can afford this method.
The superstructure of the attic, of course, will require financial investments, but incomparable with construction from scratch, especially when it comes to frame technology.
Well, what to choose, as in any business, everyone decides, based on their capabilities and in relation to their desires.
Add-in details frame attic above a silicate brick house - in the Soboleff theme, a lot of useful topics about construction and reconstruction - in the section warm roofs... One of the most popular materials for finishing the facade so that the base and superstructure become one whole - vinyl siding... In the video - about the reconstruction of a country house with an attic floor.
Among all kinds of house projects, buildings with a mansard roof have long become familiar. Their popularity is not declining for one simple reason: it is in houses where the roof slope consists of two parts that a voluminous room is formed in the under-roof space, in which literally every meter can be used as efficiently as possible.
This architectural solution was popularized by the French architect François Mansard. With regard to the current Russian conditions, the attic has come a long way, having undergone significant constructive changes.
We often have temperature drops, snowfalls pour tons of snow on roofs, so the rafter system is reinforced.
To convert a roof into an attic, first of all, you need to determine the degree of its suitability. To create a living space under the roof, a gable roof is suitable, in which the rafters are located at an angle of 45 degrees to the base, or a broken (attic) structure.
There are other types of roofs in which the roof space can be used rationally. All are subject to SNiP requirements for the size of the resulting room, and the main indicator is the height of the ceilings.
If the rafter structure allows you to create a room of the required dimensions, the coating can not be dismantled.
All structural elements, connecting nodes should be carefully examined, and if the rafters are in order, you can proceed to the next stage. If rotten or damaged beams are found, they are replaced.
Next, the inner lining of the rafter legs is removed, the floor is laid, communications are laid. Skylights are installed in specially made openings and the walls are insulated. Thermal insulation material is usually laid between the rafters. Before its installation, a windproof film is strengthened, after laying the insulation, a vapor barrier is fixed.
And only then is the interior decoration of the room done. It is important not to forget about ventilation: without a gap between the roof and the insulation, the service life of the roof is sharply reduced.
The mansard roof has a number of features.
It performs not only the function of protection against atmospheric influences, but also prevents heat loss from rooms. When a so-called cold attic is used, only the ceiling is insulated. Here, both the overlap and the gables will require insulation, and a heat insulator must be laid between the rafters - that is, the consumption of material increases greatly.
In addition, the roofing cake is exposed to moisture, which is much more in the living room than in a cold attic.
If the roof of the superstructure is steep, maximum attention should be paid to the choice of material and the quality of work to seal, ensure watertightness and protect against heat loss. Any oversight during the production of roofing work can lead to unpleasant consequences.
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Note that there are mistakes that builders make only when erecting a mansard roof or reconstructing it. But many basic mistakes are typical not only for the construction or reconstruction of the attic, but also for other types of roofs.
Let's analyze the main flaws during the construction or reconstruction of the rafter system and the roofing pie.
If it was decided to build a new roof, then the tree intended for this purpose must be well dried, impregnated with fire-retardant compounds.
In no case should trunks not cleaned of bark be used for rafters (some would-be installers do this, after which the rafters are quickly "straightened out" by the woodworm larvae under the bark).
Boards, logs should be stored laid, protected from moisture. The use of damp wood has the most negative effect on the geometry of the slopes.
As a theater begins with a coat rack, so a roof begins with a Mauerlat. An unreliable fastening of this beam - and the roof literally flies away with the first strong wind, to which there is a lot of sad evidence.
These indicators are set by the project, the calculation is carried out taking into account the weight of the roofing, permanent and temporary loads and other factors.
Uneven roof slopes not only visually look unpresentable, but also entail additional troubles.
At the very least, if the distortions in the rafter system will not allow the window to be installed.
The section of the main elements of the frame must necessarily correspond to the project. If it is less, then the rafters may not withstand the load, if more, the weight of the roofing structure will create additional pressure on the walls and foundation.
Poorly performed fastening of rafter legs to the Mauerlat and to the wall (and such cases, unfortunately, are not uncommon) can lead to the destruction of the roof.
The unevenness of the lathing leads to the appearance of gaps between the sheets of material and the penetration of water into these holes. It will also be difficult to perform lock connections - the two elements will not match.
By the way, even the thermal expansion of the metal was taken into account when developing the hidden fastening of the metal tile.
But, of course, even the ideal material will not lie flat on the base of crookedly nailed boards.
Effective insulation is impossible without high-quality ventilation. Moisture trapped in the insulation destroys its thermal insulation properties.
In addition to the counter-lattice, it is also important to take into account all additional obstacles to free air circulation in the arrangement of ventilation, especially on complex roofs.
Such obstacles, for example, can be skylights.
It is a gross mistake to use a heat-insulating layer of the same thickness as the walls of the house, or even less. Due to the peculiarities of the location of the attic - at the very top - it heats up and cools more, which requires more powerful insulation.
The use of some types of insulation leads to their slippage over time, while the upper section of the roof will freeze through.
So that there are no such surprises, before buying, you must definitely ask about not only the thermal insulation characteristics of the material, but also the resistance to deformation, shrinkage and slipping, weight, fire safety - after all, we are talking about a residential building. All these qualities, for example, are possessed by stone wool in slabs.
It is better to insulate the gable walls from the outside.
We have already noted the importance of the vapor barrier layer.
But it so happens that "experts" mount a vapor barrier film ... with the wrong side inwards.
The main advice when installing roofing is to follow the manufacturer's recommendations exactly.
For example, do not use a grinder to cut metal tiles - this will significantly extend the life of the material.
During installation, builders can move around the surface, which leads to sagging or scratching of the surface. To prevent such situations, you need to step on the roof with extreme caution and only where there is a crate under the covering, and also use shoes with soft soles.
Often, the gutters are installed strictly horizontally, which leads to the accumulation of water and the appearance of ice plugs in the cold season.
Fasteners are under serious stress, and therefore must be of high quality - this is an immutable law. Products are selected for the material for which they are intended to be fastened. Ideally, if the elements that come with it are used to fix the roofing.
The main enemy of metal fasteners is corrosion, which over time can destroy the attached material.
Experts should know all the nuances, even in the smallest details: for example, disc dowels, often used to fasten insulation, become so-called cold bridges.
The location of the skylights must be carefully considered. Residents of the attic will feel some psychological discomfort if, for example, a window is installed at a distance of 150 cm from the floor: then the view for a person sitting on a chair will be difficult. The optimal distance of the lower part from the floor is 90-110 cm.
The joints between the window and the frame must be carefully sealed. Some window models come with special insulating aprons.
Common mistakes include poor-quality adhesion to the frame of the under-roof waterproofing, and the use of polyurethane foam as an insulator, and the unclear positioning of the sash relative to the frame, which leads to distortion. The latter problem can also appear as a result of house shrinkage.
To access the under-roof space, converted from a cold attic into a living room, you need to make an entrance - most often it is a hatch with a sliding or folding ladder.
Quite often, there is an incorrect approach to installation, or it would be more accurate to say, the assembly of such a structure.
The hinges that connect the parts of the folding structure must be fixed correctly, otherwise the staircase will simply open in the wrong direction. Also, sometimes buyers do not take into account the height of the stairs when unfolded.
The obvious advantages of using the LSTK technology in the construction or reconstruction of the attic are all-season work, all types of reconstruction of the attic floor without evicting tenants, reducing the load on existing structures, the ability to carry out work in "cramped" conditions.
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An example of a building renovation using light steel structures
METTEM-Building Technologies offers a wide range of construction works and services:
Arrangement of new and complex repair of old flat roofs of varying complexity
- Soft roofs made of bitumen-polymer surfacing materials PVC and TPO membranes
- Installation of mansard floors and terraces, exploited and green roofs
- The device of new and complex repair of old rattle blood of varying complexity
- Construction of wooden and metal truss systems
- Seam roof repair
- Construction and reconstruction of the attic
- Repair of roofs made of metal tiles and profiled sheets
- Waterproofing of sub-foundation slabs and walls of earthed parts of building foundations
- Production of general construction high-rise works
- Construction of buildings and structures
- Production of general construction works for the construction of buildings
- Installation of prefabricated attics and terraces
- Performing other construction works
- Production of electrical work
- Superstructure and complex roof design, industrial design
Alteration of the attic is carried out both for the purpose of reconstruction and for increasing the living area of the house. Often the attic space can be refurbished and the result is a functional second floor. Such events will cost you less than removing the roof and completing the superstructure. However, remodeling a roof for an attic is a process that requires special care. It is usually carried out in several stages.
Before starting work, you need to decide on your own wishes. Also, a real professional will tell you that not every attic is suitable for converting a roof into an attic. A person will be uncomfortable in a cramped room with a low ceiling. Optimally, if its height is 2.5 meters, at least half the area of the second floor.
Before starting work, you should require the preparation of a project. So you can be sure that construction company initially correctly interpreted and took into account your every wish. It will also make it easier to draw up a preliminary shift.
When remodeling an attic, special attention should be paid to this stage. Compliance with insulation technology will allow you to reduce heat loss during the cold period by 20-25%. During particularly hot summer months, the roof heats up to 70-80 ° C and the indoor temperature is at least 40 ° C.
Proper thermal insulation must also be provided for ventilation system... When working with insulation, it is necessary to think in advance about the under-roof space in which the air masses will be freely mixed. Real professionals will think about auditory window, necessary to reduce the formation of condensation, and the device of the material under the ridge. Compliance with these conditions contributes to maintaining a comfortable microclimate in the house.
For insulation, ROCKWOOL is most often used, which is environmentally friendly, fireproof and durable. For the Central Black Earth Region of Russia, a material with a density of 40 kg / m3 and a thickness of 150 mm is optimal. Plates are staggered and placed vertically. Also, when reworking the attic at the final stage of installation of thermal insulation, another layer of insulation is additionally laid horizontally. This eliminates cold bridges.
It is necessary to choose a window with special care. The double-glazed window must be protected from moisture (when placed in an inclined position, it will be constantly exposed to precipitation), have a multilayer insulation system and be durable.
Alteration of the attic with glazing is carried out both vertically and horizontally. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the ratio of the window to the total area of the wall or roof. So, for the first technology the ratio is 1: 8, for the second - 1:10.
The device of membranes and films is an obligatory stage in the alteration of an attic into an attic. They allow you to protect the roof from wind and precipitation outside, and also remove moisture accumulated in the insulation.
This stage should not be skipped in any case. Otherwise, the insulation will absorb moisture and gradually lose its insulating properties. Also, the installation of this film is one of the most important steps in creating the correct ventilation system. If the technology is violated, condensation will accumulate in the room, the appearance of pathogenic microflora - mold and fungi, is possible.
FAKRO diffusion membranes and vapor barrier films have proven themselves well on the market. When remodeling the roof of a house for an attic, they should be overlapped (about 10 cm). The joints are additionally fixed and glued with aluminum tape.
Alteration of the roof of a house under the attic is not always carried out using paints and varnishes, wallpaper, plasterboard structures. Buildings made of timber and logs are aesthetic in themselves, they are distinguished by a special flavor. This natural material will help you create an interior in Russian or eco-style, which has been gaining popularity in recent years.
Also, the conversion of an attic into an attic using modern finishing materials should be carried out only in houses intended for year-round residence... V unheated premises the wallpaper will get damp in a couple of seasons, the paint will lag behind the walls, and decorative plaster will crack and become unusable.
