Designing any residential structure, architects special attention is paid to the roof, as it does not perform one, but at once there are several functions, depending on its design features. It must be said that far from all future homeowners satisfies the usual two-tie roof, although it can be called the most reliable, as it has only two pitched planes and one bog between them. Many attract more complex structures that add a special attraction and originality. Other, more practical homeowners prefer mansard structureswhich are simultaneously able to perform the role of the roof and the second floor.
The basis of any roof is an individual rafting system that has its own design features. Make the choice of the desired roof frame will be much easier if you understand what types and schemes of rafter systems Used in construction practice. After receiving such information, it will become more clear how complex such structures are in the installation. This is especially important to know if the roof frame is supposed to be erected independently.
When arranging the rubber structures of the roofs, the rafter system is a coating framework and to hold materials " roofing cake" With competent installation frame design The necessary conditions will be created for the correct and lavety types of roofs protecting the walls and inner space Houses from various atmospheric influences.
Roofing design is also always final architectural element Exterior decoration of the structure, supporting his stylistic direction by its appearance. Nevertheless, the design features of the rafter systems must first comply with the requirements of the strength and reliability that the roof must correspond, and only then - aesthetic criteria.
The framework of the rafter system forms the configuration and angle of inclination of the roof. These parameters are largely dependent on natural factors characteristic of a particular region, as well as on the desire and opportunities of the homeowner:
Atmospheric precipitation and wind streams give a very sensitive burden on the structure of the roof. For example, in the regions with abundant snowfalls, it is not necessary to choose a rafter system with a small angle of inclination of the rod, since snow masses will be delayed on their surface, which can lead to deformation of the frame or roofing or to leakage.
If the locality where the construction will be made, is famous for its winds, it is better to choose a design with a small slope of the skate, so that there are no sharp gusts to break the inclusive elements of the roof and roof.
Depending on the selected type of the rafter system, the structural elements used can be significantly varied, however, there are parts that are present in simple, and in complex roof systems.
The main elements of the rafting system of the pitched roof include:
In addition to the design details mentioned, other elements whose functions are aimed at hardening the system and the optimal distribution of the roof load on the wall walls.
The rafal system is divided into several categories depending on different features His design.
Before proceeding to consideration different species The roofs should be understood what an attic space may be, as many owners successfully use it as economic and full-fledged residential premises.
Design scanty roofs Can be divided into unbanding and attic. The first option is called precisely so because the space under the roof has a small height and is used only as the insulation from above the room of the air layer building. Such systems usually refers or having several slopes, but located under a very small angle.
An attic design that has a sufficiently large height of the skate, can be used in different ways, to be insulated and displeasted. Such options can be attributed to the attic or two-tissue option. If the roof is chosen with a high skate, then it is necessary to take into account wind loads in the region where the house is built.
To determine the optimal slope of the roof of the future residential structure, first of all, you need to look at the already built low-rise neighbor houses. If they have been standing for more than one year and stepping steadfasts, then their design can be safely taken as the basis. In the same case, when the owners are set to create an exclusive original project, unlikely on the construction of the construction, it is necessary to familiarize themselves with the constructive and operational features of various rafting systems and make appropriate calculations.
It should be borne in mind that on how large the slope of the roof rods, the change in the tangent and normal values \u200b\u200bof the wind power depends - the steeper the angle of inclination, the greater the normal forces and less tangent. If the roof is common, then the construct is more affected by the tangent load of the wind, since the lifting force increases from the leeward side and decreases with the windward.
Winter snow load Also must be taken into account when designing a roof. Usually, this factor is considered in the complex with wind load, since from the windward side, the snow load will be much lower than from the leeward skate. In addition, there are places on the rods where snow will definitely be gathering, giving a greater load on this area, so it should be strengthened with additional rafters.
The slope of the roofs can vary from 10 to 60 degrees, and it must be selected not only taking into account the consolidated external load, but also depending on the roofing coating, which is planned to be used. This factor is taken into account because roofing materials They differ in their mass, for their fix it requires a different number of elements of the rafter system, which means that the load on the walls of the house will be varied, and how big it will be, also depends on the angle of the roof of the roof. Incidentally important, the peculiarities of each coating on the resistance of moisture penetration - many roofing materials are needed in any case, one or another bias is needed to ensure the free gathering of storm water or melting snow. In addition, choosing the bias of the roof, you need to think in advance how the cleaning process will be carried out and repair work on the roof.
When planning one or another corner of the roofing rods, you need to know the smaller the joints between the sheets of the coating, and what they are tightly, the less you can make a slope of the skate, of course, if it is not expected to arrange a residential or economic room in the attic space.
If it uses a material consisting of small elements to cover the roof, for example, a ceramic tile, then the slope slope should be made quite steep so that water is never delayed on the surface.
Given the weight of the roofing material, you need to know - the heavier coating, the angle of the skates must be greater, since in this case the load will be properly distributed on the rafter system and bearing walls.
To coating the roof, the following materials can be used: or profile sheet, galvanized steel, wavy asbeston and bitumen fibrous sheets, cement and ceramic tile, rubberoid, soft roof And other roofing materials. Below, the illustrations are shown by the allowable angles of rolling rods for different types of roofing coatings.
First of all, it is worth considering the basic types of rafting systems regarding the location of the walls of the house, which are used in all the designs of the roofs. The basic options are divided into a weak, hanging, as well as combined, that is, it includes elements and the first, and second type of systems in its design.
fastening for timing
In buildings, where the internal bearing walls are provided, the ultimate rafter system is installed. It is much easier to mount than hanging, since the internal bearing walls provide reliable support for its elements, and in addition, a smaller amount of materials will be required for this design.
For rafters in this system, the defining reference point is the skiing board on which they are fixed. The faded view of the sleeve system can be equipped in three versions:
The lower edge of the rafter feet is attached to Mauerlat moving fasteners.
At the bottom of the rafters, the sliding mounts are used to secure the rafter, as in the previous case.
It is necessary to explain why for fixing the rafted on Mauerlat is often used exactly the sliding fasteners. The fact is that they are able to save the bearing walls from excessive voltage, as the rafters are not fixed rigidly, and during the shrinkage of the structure they have the ability to move, without deforming the overall design of the roofing system.
This type of fastening applies only in the sleeve systems, which also distinguishes them from a hanging option.
However, in some cases, the spacer system is used for the sprinkled rafters, in which the lower end of the rafter is rigidly fixed to the Mauerlat, and to remove the load from the walls into the design, tightening and saws are embedded. This option is called complex, as it includes elements of the change and hanging system.
The content of the articleBuilding country house Or the cottage always implies the use of a rafted system, similar to that used in the construction of residential buildings. The material for such rafters usually serves a tree.
The rafter system can be performed not only in the form of a triangle, but also in the form of other structures. But regardless of which material and what form will be used, first of all, it is still necessary to know what the plan has been rafted.
In order to save residential space, choose attic rafting systemsSince it is from their help the possibility of equipment in the indoor indoor an additional residential room.
In general, such a process, as the design of the system of the rafters, can be attributed to the number of quite complex, as it requires certain skills, knowledge and skills. Therefore, to carry out all the necessary calculations and competent drawing up the drawing, it is best to use the services of a specialist who already has a certain experience of such work.
The most important parameters that must be taken into account, starting from the design of the roof, can be called:
The level of inclination of the skates must be taken into account when selecting the material and when calculating the strength of the supporting structure necessary for any roofing work.
Most of the materials that can be used for such purposes are capable of providing a very tangible impact on the draft system of the rafters in general. Therefore, choose the material that will be used to cover the roof, it is necessary to be very carefully, with full responsibility, and it is necessary to do it during the design.
The drawing of the rafter system should be calculated with special caresince all possible mistakes And the shortcomings that are allowed when evaluating the loads may well lead not only to the damage and deformation of the rafted, but also to the complete destruction of the roof during its operation, up to the complete wedding of the roof.
The process of developing a plan of rafters includes procedures such as:
The use of such a sketch allows you to draw the plan of the Scroll system, with Mauerlatov designated on it, longitudinal pins and racks, trimmed beam, rafted legs.
Selection of the appropriate distance between adjacent rafters is carried out, based on:
Also, the ventilation and the pipe can be skipped, interrupting the legs of the rafter, for which the ends are based on special wooden jumpers, which are between standing near the rafters, and secure, using a special snapline.
If we are talking about duplex roofs, then the auditory windows must be on the front, which, in turn, are on the ends, which cannot but increase the effectiveness of the inkum's ventilation in the summer.
Features of the project of the roof with four slots imply a mapping on the plan of narcents based on diagonal rafting legs, as well as hearing windows located on the charms.
In cases where the place under the roof is planned to be used to build mansard floorThis should also be displayed in the picture in the form of upper beams, which will serve as a support of the rafters.
Also, we should not forget that the arrangement scheme of the rafter should be developed simultaneously with the plan diverse designs Building cuts. And both of these plans must necessarily be combined with each other in the presence of a general connection.
In the drawing, the data of all distances between the modular axes of the intended structure should be taken into account, since all the indicators of the thickness of future walls are associated with them.
Directly in the plan should necessarily necessarily indicate the distance between the chimney, ventilation and racks.
In addition, the plans should be displayed with an indication of all the necessary transverse sections and the lengths of all available parts.
03.11.2017
In low-rise buildings apply, as a rule, attic scope roofs by wooden rafylas with clamp. Biasthe roofs are taken depending on the roof material and the construction area. Minimal biases steel roofs - 14 °, tile - 27 °, from wavy asbestos-cement sheets - 18 °. In areas with large snow cover, there should be biases of roofing more than 30 °.
The shapes of the attic roofs are determined by the outlines of the building in terms of and the desire for architectural expressiveness. The roofs can be single-sided, duplex (most frequently used), four-tight (tent, valm, half-walled) and multi-seed.
Drainage From the roof can be unorganized or organized. With organized drain amount drainage pipes Receive at the rate of 1-1.5 cm 2 of the pipe cross section per 1 m 2 roofs. The optimal distance between the drain pipes is 15-20 m. The removal of the roof cornice with an inorganized drain should be at least 500 mm, with an organized - at least 300 mm.
Roof supporting structures consist of stropilmade of logs, bars or boards. The choice of the scheme of the roof rafters is made depending on the width of the building and the nature of the location of the inner walls (supports), according to the roof plan.
In the presence of the building of the inland bearing walls apply slopils, the main bearing elements of which
- Stropile legs - work as obliquely laid beams, top-ended onto the ski run, and the bottom - on Maurylala exterior walls. The maximum length of the rafter legs is not more than 6.5 m. If there are no intermediate supports in the building, then apply hanging rafal, representing the simplest type of a rafter farm, where inclined rafting legs transmit space on a horizontal tightening.
The cross section of the elements of the rafter is taken constructively, by analogy with typical details and textbooks. In order to avoid the condensate loss and the insulation freezing in the attic overlap, it is necessary to provide end-to-end injection of the attic through hearing windows. Special attention should be paid to the location of Mauerlatov, runs, racks, elaboration of nodes and linking the conjugates of individual elements of the roof among themselves.
Diva roofing system is the classic design of the attic roof. Belong to the most common engineering solutions - Shpzova.
Important!Loaning roofs are variations of double roofs. They can be placed symmetrically and asymmetrically, to be in one and two levels.
The optimal angle of inclination of the bartal roof is 30-60 degrees. An embodiment of a broken roof reduces the overall load on the bearing walls, distributing it on the surface. The advantage of such a design is resistance to various weather conditions. Walm roofing system is a four-piece roof type. Face surfaces (hips) have a triangular shape, scanty surfaces - trapezoidal shape. Distinguish modifications:
Slinged Walm Roof System
The tent roofing system is a four-tight roof consisting of four ineffective triangles closed by vertices in one place. Very well suited for square buildings. A prerequisite for the construction of such a design is the observance of the symmetry of all elements. Multi-line roofing system is a complex diverse design. May be in different levels. Such a system evenly distributes the load on the surface of the roof. Has a large number of internal and external corners Tilt with different values, as well as a large number of rib ribs.Dome (conical) roofing system - suitable for round structures. It is extremely rarely used in the construction of mansard houses. But it looks great when building round turrets.
Most. simple option Installation is a single roof. Reinforced concrete plates can be applied as material for the construction. However, a more common installation option using a rafter system. Advantages of single-sided rafting roofing structures:
To disadvantage single-table designs relate:
One of the most simple roofing structures is a single roof, its construction by the forces is even slightly experienced builders.
The most optimal angle of inclination of a single-table roof is an angle of 45 degrees. It is recommended to design such roofs in southern windy arid areas. It is extremely recommended to arrange a single-table roof in the northern snow regions.
Stropile roofing systems are erected according to the following rules:
Important!The best rafter material is needle. It is most resistant to the atmospheric influence of the climate environment.
Additionally, wooden elements are covered by fire fighting agents. General installation scheme of the rafting roofing system:
The rafting roofing design is tight and securely secured. Then the step of the walls of the walls are mounted. After that, work is performed on the insulation and waterproofing of the roof. After completing them, it is embarked on the installation of the crate and laying the selected roofing coating. Then the mortise or auditory attic windows are installed and internal and external finishing works are made.
Construction of a house with a mansard roof
The rafting roofing system is made. It remains to equip the crate, the hydrobarrier and insulation. The roof is mounted. Installation of the landlock system roofshttps: //www.youtube.com/watch? V \u003d gm9xv9jlozq
The drawing of the roof for the attic begins with the choice of its shape, and determining the cross section of the rafted and the installation step.
Children's roof and hanging rafyles, with the removal of Niza rafters over the wall
The drawing should include not only the visual execution of the roofing design, but also contain the following data:
Important!If you level the angles of tilt the upper and lower rods of the attic roof, then in appearance it will resemble the classic design of the bartal roof. In this case, the scheme of the most powerful stubborn design will remain unchanged in standard design, which is used for broken roofing structures.
Performing a drawing of a nucleation roof of the roof must be thoroughly calculating the dimensions of all structural elements. It is also necessary to remember the reliability, durability and safety of the roof in the operation of the house. Drawing diagram of the attic roofshttps: //www.youtube.com/watch? V \u003d rwu2hifxgpm
Every house is individual. Therefore, the drawing of the broken roofing design is performed individually taking into account the peculiarities of the region. Alone, the drawing of the roof, of course, can be performed if you are confident one hundred percent in your own expense. SNiP standards in drawing up the drawing of the roof project are used by many construction project organizations. This avoids accidents. That is why it is recommended to transfer work to drafting the drawing to developers.Building a mansard multicate roofshttps: //www.youtube.com/watch? V \u003d lxeba1cikiw
When building a private house, it is important to consider all the nuances that may arise in the process of work, and also initially determine what the appearance of the finished structure will be. It is possible to do this by using the services of an experienced designer. But at the stage of creating the drawing, not only the type of foundation and the area of \u200b\u200bthe future house is determined, but also the type of roof that will be used. Remember that no house will last long, and the accommodation in it will never be comfortable, if you carefully not plan and equip the roof. Before starting work on creating a roof, it is necessary to design it, as well as calculate the area of \u200b\u200bconstruction. Specialists in the construction industry argue that if competently approach this issue, the arrangement of the roof will not only be rapidly, but will make installation work at times easier and cheaper. It is extremely important to determine correctly the main elements of the section so that, when implementing the project, it was not necessary to make any adjustments and recovery, alone all over.
After the schema is developed, it is necessary to determine the most acceptable material that will be applied to create the roof of the structure. Do not forget that this spectrum of work is strictly regulated regulatory requirements existing standards. In this article, we will look at everything you need to know when arranging the roof, as well as how exactly the plan is a flat roof plan.
The graphic part of the calculations must necessarily visualize the entire spectrum of work carried out. The customer is transferred to the roof plan flat roof Drawing from design, certification, as well as other necessary documentation, if necessary to implement the project. To date, the roof circuit must be created if the structure is equipped with an external drainage. If you decide to give preference to internal type, and the structure itself is not capital, then you can refuse to create a technical figure. Due to the view of the house on top, it is easy to determine the geometric characteristics of the overlap, the features of the installation of the installation of bearing structures, as well as other components of the object.
As a supplement to the drawings, there is a layout of the frontone arrangement in which the structural parameters are clearly listed. If the project is due to the need to trim the sheets, it is important to provide a summary of this. Especially responsible should be approached to the creation of the drawings of the scope roof, which make it possible to visualize gives the size of sheets, as well as the consumption of the material to be used.
Of course, all the people who decided to take up the construction of their own homes often face the problem of choosing the most optimal type of roof. It is safe to say that the use of a flat roof in the construction project will make it possible to make the appearance of the finished house really stylish and modern. In addition, this type of construction is characterized by simplicity of installation and is considered to be a budget option. But do not forget about one significant disadvantage of this roof, which is that it is strongly susceptible to the influence of environmental factors and needs careful waterproofing work.
Below we list the basic requirements that are put forward to this type of construction, namely:
Since the sediments do not have to accumulate on the roof surface, the bias must still be. To ensure the durability of the structure and reliability of the roof itself, it should be no less than 2%. The most optimal option is 10-15 degrees.
If your area is characterized by protracted and strong rains or a large amount of precipitation in the cold season, then in this case, one is not to do with a bias. It is important to consider the creation of a full-fledged drainage system. It can be both external and inner. One riser is able to serve a plot of about 150-200 square meters.
In a country house building, external waterproofing are often created using special overflow windows that are equipped at the level of the roof leveling. If the lines of the plums do not intersect, it is strongly recommended in terms of the roof to display the perimeter of the facade.
It is important to note that the projects of private cottages often do not contain information about the angle of inclination, in which case, to correct the designer error, it is not necessary to redo all the operations again, and simply it is necessary to form a slope using various bulk materials, as well as ties, or slabs from polystyrene.
To begin with, it is worth noting that the scope roof is a roof that is a prefabricated design of sheets with a slope of no more than 10%. Given the constructive features, the construction specialists allocate two types of roof - with an attic or without it. The most common and demanded option is a roof consisting of 2 slopes. This design can be applicable to any structure. In the context, it resembles a triangle, and the finished scheme must contain detailed information on such indicators as: the length, the location of each of the elements, as well as the cross section. It is also extremely important in the design process, it is determined with the principle of attachment of nodes, as well as to fix this in the regulatory and technical documentation on the object.
in this case, the arrow is performed by the main lines with a length of 2 ... 4 mm, conducted at an angle of 45 ° to the remote line. Marks have the left of the facade on one vertical; The shelf above which the numerical value of the mark must be rotated from the image.
9. Facade to circulate with solid thin lines; Earth level line to carry out a solid main line and remove the facade for 15 ... 20 mm.
10. Over the facade performed to write the name of the image in which to specify the extreme axes, for example "Facade 1-9"
An example of the facade of the facade is given. 4.6.
Plan rafted Run in M \u200b\u200b1: 200
1. Apply coordinate axes:
Their notation.
Distance between them.
Distance between extreme axes.
2. Apply the inner boundary of the outer wall, observing the binding.
3. In the outdoor side of the coordinate axis, we postpone the width of the cornice.
4. On the perimeter of the building on the inner edge of the outer wall, we are placing Mauerlat.
5. In the corners of the building install the riglel for the support of the diagonal rafting legs.
6. From the corners of the building at an angle of 45 ° we carry out diagonal rafting legs.
7. On the interior walls, we put the lower run (liter) over them put the lower run.
8. Unlock the rafting legs, starting from the support node after 1200-2000 mm, with one end laying them on Mauerlat.
9. Install the racks starting from the reference node, after 3-6 m.
10 In diagonal rafter feet in checkered order, laid shortened rafting legs.
11. For the device of the cornice to each rafter foot and ... Fresh the Fallet, and to the diagonal rafter feet on both sides.
In terms of rafters, the dotted line depicts ventilation and frame for auditory windows.
Figure 10 - Plan rafted
An example of the execution of the Scheme of the Slinge Dan in Ad. 4.7.
Roof plan Run in M \u200b\u200b1: 200
Scope roof plan:
2. The exterior edge of the outer walls apply with thin ditch lines, observing their binding to the axes.
3. Show roofing line (skate), observing the magnitude of the departure (sweep) of the cornice.
4. Show the lines of the covered ribs (at an angle of 45 °) and funds, line of the roof of the roof.
5. Deprike auditory windows that serve to enter the roof, for lighting and venting the attic.
6. Pictitate ventilation pipes in the projection connection with the floor plan.
7. Picture, if required, the roof fence around the perimeter. The fencing is established for the safety of repair work and clean the roof from snow. The height of the fence is not less than 0.6 m. Roof fences should be provided:
In buildings with a roof bias up to 12% inclusive height from the ground level to the cornice (parapet) more than 10 m;
In buildings with a roof slope over 12% height more than 7 m;
For operated flat roofs, regardless of the height of the building.
Fences are performed from round or strip steel in the form of welded lattices, reinforced on steel racks with pins. Steel racks and pods are installed on top of the roof and nailed to the roof shabby. Under the paws of racks and subposses for reliable waterproofing are special layers of leaf rubber.
8. Outdoor organized drainage should be projected and depicted on the roof plan water chute and drainage pipes. No more than 24 m should be taken between the outer drain pipes; area cross section The drainage tube should be taken at the rate of 1.5 cm 2 per 1 m 2 of the roof area (National Assembly of 5.08.01-2000. Roofs).
Calculate the amount of drain pipes. Warn the diameter of the drain pipe D,eg D \u003d13 cm.
Find the cross section of the pipe S. Pipes by formulas:
S. Pipes \u003d πr 2
or S. pipe \u003d πd 2/4, if the pipe of the circular section,
S. Pipes \u003d 3.14 × 13 2/4 \u003d 132,665 ~ 133 cm 2
You can take pipes and rectangular cross-section. Calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe roof S. Roof.
Calculate what kind of roof area will serve one drain tube:
1.5 cm 2 pipes - 1m 2 roofs,
133 cm 2 pipes - x m 2 roofs,
X \u003d 133 / 1,5 \u003d 88 m 2.
The amount of drain pipes:
N. Pipe \u003d. S. Roof / 88.
Place this amount of drainage pipes evenly around the perimeter of the roof in the characteristic places; Picture them on the plan, tie an axis to the coordination axes.
The decision on what will be the drainage gutter (wall or suspended), take on your own.
Plate flat roof:
1. Apply coordination axes, their designations, distances between them and between the extreme axes.
2. Pictitate the parapet of the outer walls, the walls of the wall at the site of the elevation height of the building.
3. Deprike ventilation pipes in the projection link with the floor plan.
4. Pail with a mine to exit the roof.
5. Deprip the fire stairs if necessary.
On each section of the roof, limited walls, there must be at least two waterfront funnels. The number of funnels N.to accept from the calculation that one funnel serves at least 800 m 2 roofs:
N \u003dS. Roof / 800.
With the area of \u200b\u200bthe unexpotable roof area of \u200b\u200bless than 700 m 2, and the operated and roof with landscaping is less than 500 m 2, it is allowed to install one funnel with a diameter of at least 100 mm (SNA 5.08.01-2000).
7. Place the funnels along the roof surface in such a way that rain sewage risers passed through the auxiliary rooms of the building (staircases, bathrooms, tambura, corridors, etc.). In the thickness of the walls, the installation of drainage risers is not allowed. Funnels to portray with circles, their axes to tie to the nearest coordination axes of the building.
It is difficult to introduce the construction without a reliable roof over it. Any roof is the basis, the main guarantor of the inviolability of things in the house, the preservation of property. She is the main defender from rain and snow, wind. After its construction, you can go to the next stage, implying internal work. Having made this part of unreliable, do not have to talk about a full housing. The two-sheet roof erected with her own hands is an option, the simplest and functional among other types of roof.
There are several options for the roofs, one of which is duplex. For the construction, a lot of talent will not need, since this type of roof is the easiest. The housing element from the parts specified in the figure is:
The design of the following parts is:
Konk. Top, which connects 2 skate.
Rack. Installation that serves to redistribute weight from the top to the bottom of the roof. It is necessary to make it from high-quality materials.
Sill. Bar located horizontally. Connects a rack and carrying wall.
Truck. These boards are fixed at a slight angle. Serve to redistribute weight from rafted to the bearing elements below.
Slinge foot. These elements form a visible contour in the form of a triangle. Serve to hold roofing. What it will be difficult, the more often it is necessary to lay rafters.
Fakes. Boards that lengthen rafters. Necessary to create a ride from a bone roof, construction standards which should be at least 0.5 m.
Difference between rafyles
double roof And the drawing is quite realistic to perform on its own. You can construct all elements in several ways. The difference is the rapid system used to build. There are the following types of rafters:
Systems are used in many dwellings, both have enough quality for comfortable use. When the attic roof is erected together. In this case, the suspension and inclined type of rafters are combined. It is worth creating a drawing rafters that will show the location of each roof element erected with their own hands so that there are no incomprehensible moments. It will help calculate the amount essential materials.
Any element of the house must be created, understanding how it all will look as a result. For clarity, a drawing is created, and so that everything fell perfectly, calculated in advance. The plan is taken into account the length of the roof of the skate, the length of the rod, the length of the plumbing is shown separately. The angle of inclination of the roof is determined. The definition of the angle is made taking into account the following points:
After the work of the calculations and the acquisition of the necessary parts, the installation of Mauerlat is performed. After that, a doom is created. The element is the basis for the roof erected by their own hands is made of pine or other coniferous wood. The material is durable and easy, able to scatter the weight of all elements throughout the plane. It is placed along the roofing rods, between the rapid legs, the riding walls. 
To the element served longer, an insulating layer is needed between the wall and it. Suitable for this rubberoid. Malelalat can be secured using any fasteners elements that will be comfortable.
For the construction of the roof, follow plan:
Installing the crate. You can use any materials to use for the construction, but it is important to get rid of the bark from the boards to increase the service life of the elements. If you plan to use a soft roof, the lamp is made solid. It requires a tough basis so that there is no deformation during operation. Lattice system
Laying the roof. Materials of the coating set, each of them involves the use of different methods of coating. Do not neglect the recommendations of the material producer. It is important to make a small backstage between the elements. The structure should not be broken so as not to occur.
Do not forget that the reliable roof erected by their own hands is a guarantee of the safety of the property in the house. It is not necessary to neglect it to be erected, so that later it did not have to make a difficult repair.
It is difficult to introduce the construction without a reliable roof over it. Any roof is the basis, the main guarantor of the inviolability of things in the house, the preservation of property. She is the main defender from rain and snow, wind. After its construction, you can go to the next stage, implying internal work. Having made this part of unreliable, do not have to talk about a full housing. The two-sheet roof erected with her own hands is an option, the simplest and functional among other types of roof. Parts of the roof
There are several options for the roofs, one of which is duplex. For the construction, a lot of talent will not need, since this type of roof is the easiest. The housing element from the parts specified in the figure is:
»Alt \u003d» »\u003e
The design of the following parts is:
Konk. Top, which connects 2 skate.
Rack. Installation that serves to redistribute weight from the top to the bottom of the roof. It is necessary to make it from high-quality materials.
Sill. Bar located horizontally. Connects a rack and carrying wall.
View of the roof from the inside 
Beginning of Skate
Beginning of Skate
Truck. These boards are fixed at a slight angle. Serve to redistribute weight from rafted to the bearing elements below.
»Alt \u003d» »\u003e
Slinge foot. These elements form a visible contour in the form of a triangle. Serve to hold roofing. What it will be difficult, the more often it is necessary to lay rafters.
Fakes. Boards that lengthen rafters. It is necessary to create a rope from a bone roof, for construction standards that should be at least 0.5 m.
Simple double roofing 
Mobens in schematic
Difference between rafyles
The roof plan of the two-tie roof and the drawing is quite realistic to perform on their own. You can construct all elements in several ways. The difference is the rapid system used to build. There are the following types of rafters:
Types of rafter systems
Systems are used in many dwellings, both have enough quality for comfortable use. When the attic roof is erected together. In this case, the suspension and inclined type of rafters are combined. It is worth creating a drawing rafters that will show the location of each roof element erected with their own hands so that there are no incomprehensible moments. It will help calculate the number of necessary materials.
Any element of the house must be created, understanding how it all will look as a result. For clarity, a drawing is created, and so that everything fell perfectly, calculated in advance. The plan is taken into account the length of the roof of the skate, the length of the rod, the length of the plumbing is shown separately. The angle of inclination of the roof is determined. The definition of the angle is made taking into account the following points:
After the work of the calculations and the acquisition of the necessary parts, the installation of Mauerlat is performed. After that, a doom is created. The element is the basis for the roof erected by their own hands is made of pine or other coniferous wood. The material is durable and easy, able to scatter the weight of all elements throughout the plane. It is placed along the roofing rods, between the rapid legs, the riding walls. 
Mauerlat.
To the element served longer, an insulating layer is needed between the wall and it. Suitable for this rubberoid. Malelalat can be secured using any fasteners elements that will be comfortable.
For the construction of the roof, follow plan:
Installing the crate. You can use any materials to use for the construction, but it is important to get rid of the bark from the boards to increase the service life of the elements. If you plan to use a soft roof, the lamp is made solid. It requires a tough basis so that there is no deformation during operation. 
Solid obsechtka
Decorative. It is done when using rigid coating: slate, metal tile. 
Lattice system
Laying the roof. Materials of the coating set, each of them involves the use of different methods of coating. Do not neglect the recommendations of the material producer. It is important to make a small backstage between the elements. The structure should not be broken so as not to occur.
Do not forget that the reliable roof erected by their own hands is a guarantee of the safety of the property in the house. It is not necessary to neglect it to be erected, so that later it did not have to make a difficult repair.
Types of roofs are different, they differ in shape and consist of different materialsHowever, the general for all is the basis. Consider the device of the rapid system for a double roof.
So, each structure has a roof that keeps on something. It is this support that, without which the installation of the roof simply would not be possible, and is called a rafter system. It consists of a variety of structural elements, they include disclosures, racks, rings, doomles with a counterclaim, etc. In essence, its significance is comparable to a skeleton in the human body.
As a building material, a tree is mainly. However, it is not necessary to think that there is absolutely any wood, Ababa was withstanding the sizes. For this purpose, only high-quality materials take, preferably coniferous rocks. In addition, they must be well sucked in natural conditions. Also before applying, all elements must be treated with a special antiseptic that prevents the appearance of fungus, mold, rotting and damage to termites. Commier and about fire safetyThis also sells various types of special solutions.
A feature of all new buildings will certainly be shrinkage, so many builders advise placing floating rafters. Their scheme does not initially differ from your chosen, refinement is carried out only for fastening the leg and skate bar. The installation without tight fixation is made, and during the shrinkage of the rafter can slightly change the location of their elements, without changing and without losing in strength. Otherwise, part of the design may be progress or even break.
As it is clear from the title, the device of the two-tie design involves two wings, i.e. the inclined planes that are connected in each other. What about Niza, so he rests on the walls of the construction. The front and rear epontons can be bricks laid out from a slag block or a different building material. In addition, they are often decorated, especially since today there is a lot of ways to give this element a unique view.
This design of the rafting roof system has many advantages, for example, the ability to equip an attic room, of course, it is not suitable for living, but storing things there are quite real. Also, the space that appeared is often used as an attic. In addition, it is enough economical option, and the probability of leakage is minimal.
Now it is worth a little to dwell on what variants of the soling systems of the two-tie roof exist. So, there are hanging and urinary types of structures. In the first case, the support is the roof cover, and in the second wall of the house, as well as an additional intermediate support, for example, the average bearing wall. These rafters and the principle of service are distinguished.
The hanging beams of the system work simultaneously and on compression, and to bend, which expands the changes, so in this case, the emphasis is only on bending.
The optimal option is a combined two-screw roof device (alternation of changes and hanging rafal elements). Using this method you can not only save construction material, but also make the design somewhat stronger, and this is notable. After all, there are heavy loads on this part of the house, for example, sometimes a person is forced to climb on it to restore, in addition, it is not necessary to underestimate the strength of the winds, snow, shower, etc. So regardless of the type of selected rafter system of the two-tide roof Must be quite reliable and strong.
So, having understood with the basic concepts, you need to pay attention to the direct practical part.
Directly to the installation of the rafter system of the roof can be proceeding only after the frontone, horse, Mauerlat, and the beams of the overlapping are installed (for the attic larger bars). In addition, it should be selected on the overlap of the board, which will serve as half the attic or a attic, depending on the purpose of the room.
Of course, it is necessary to prepare the workplace in the first place, however, how strong will the design of the rafter system of your two-tie roof depends largely on the quality of the material. So we buy only high-quality forest - the most suitable for this purpose of the beam with the size of the section from 50x100 mm. The smaller size is not always able to serve for a long time, and during strong winds or snow leaves you will hear a fighter trees creaking. Do not forget to process them with all the necessary means, they have already mentioned somewhat higher. Next, we carry out the cutting elements for the rafter system. Much more convenient to do it on Earth, and then raise ready-made details. Skate should be made from the cut, in which it will stick with the legs of the rafter.
By installing a horse, it should be noted the locations of the beams to Mauerlat and make the groove there. First of all, extreme beams are installed. Then the durable thread is stretched between them (the fishing line is suitable) to make it easier to put intermediate legs. The beams are attached to the skate long nails, and here to make them fixation to Mauerlat, you will need anchor bolts. To increase the reliability of the two-tie design, additional struts should be installed, they are also nailed.
Often, when the roof is erected, people have to do a rather difficult choice - which option is preferred.
The fact is that modern technologies Provide the possibility of such a choice, allowing in fairly short time to mount the roof of any kind. In Russia, there are always bustal rafting roofs more popular.
Flowing over what kind of design is more suitable, the homeowner is repelled from many factors: its functionality, reliability and durability, the ability to prevent sediment from entering the building.
Perhaps this contributed to the peculiarities of the climatic conditions of our Fatherland.
In winter, there are much less snow on such roofing, because it rolls down from the surface, reducing the load on the design.
The number of skates in no way affects the parameters of the house, so the specific selection depends on the preferences of the owners.
The row roof of the rafting system is easily mounted, it is durable and reliable in operation. Its structure allows the use of many different materials as roofing: from the usual, the well-known slate, to the fashionable metal tile.
Such a roof looks like a two-inclined surface to each other, oriented on the long sides of the house connecting at the top in the horse. It is wonderful combined with a classic home having a familiar rectangular shape.
Among the advantages can be noted:
The roof slope is an important parameter for this type of roof. For arid terrain, its optimal indicator is up to 45 degrees. Where the amount of precipitation is high, it increases to 60. When designing a roof, it should be taken into account and dominant in this locality of the wind: after all, the sail of this part of the structure increases with an increase in the angle of inclination.
The choice of a suitable type of roofing depends also on its slope.
Tile and slate, for example, it is permissible to use only if it is at least 22 degrees. The ultimate cost of the roof will also depend on the slope of the skates. Than it is more, the more you have to spend on the coated materials, and the higher the total price will be.
What is any rafter system? It is the rafted themselves, Maurylalat for the roof, pitchpie and a doom. Scroll legs should be connected to the top ends through special linings. The lower ends are joined to the support bars made of logs, as well as to Mauerlat.
According to the project, the duplex roof can be performed in two ways: with hanging rafters, or with inclined. This or that method is selected based on the size of the structure itself frame house or gazebo.
It is extremely important that the calculation of the double roof (device of the rafter system) was performed correctly. It is best to handle a professional worker who is worth hired.
It can be conducted by various methods:
This Armopoyas is drawn to thick, not less than 12 mm in diameter, studs. Studs must peel the axis of Mauerlat when fastening it. From his edge to the edge of Armopoyas, it is necessary to leave about five centimeters. The distance between the studs should be from one and a half to two meters, so that each part of the support bar is securely attached along the edge.
Do not forget at least the minimum required roof slope. Otherwise, it is possible to encounter it, or damage to a strong wind.
Mounting schemes Maurolat
Their length should be sufficient for fastening the support Mauerlat. So that the wire is not too noticeable, its outer end is passed through the dissolution of the seam between the bricks. This method is quite common and quite reliable, especially if we are talking about the structure of modest sizes (for example 10 to 10)
If the walls and beams have undoubted strength, then the rafter is permissible to secure directly to beams, without applying the support Mauerlat. Plan slingel roofs batch It may provide for the use of the upper crown of the house (chopped) instead of Mauerlat. In some cases, a separate reference bar is required for the roof.
Between runs and racks, rafters are rapidly enhancing. The necessary parameters for subposses and rafter feet are calculated by the calculation of the roof. The familiar width of simple rafter boards is about five centimeters, the height of them is up to 20.
For the formation of a sweep, which will be reliable protection external Wall From precipitation, tightening or rafter remove a half-meter for the plane of this wall. Under Maurylalat, it is necessary to lay a good layer of waterproofing, otherwise the service life will be strongly reduced. You can use an old good runneroid or other similar material.
A few layers of the insulation are laid between the rafters, be sure to displace the seams. As a heater, materials with low thermal conductivity, for example, ordinary mineral Wat. In addition to thermal insulation, you need to equip both vapor barrier. To do this, a well-strained polyethylene film is fixed from the insulation of the insulation.
A special pairsproof waterproofing film is used. This is such a diffuse membrane having a special perforated structure. It is able to release the outside of the indoor room into the insulation of the pairs, but prevents moisture in it outside.
After that, you can start the direct installation of the duplex roof according to the drawing. Final (front roofing work) Stage of the completion of the bartal roof design will be the assembly of the crate. It is usually a wooden bar 6 * 6, 5 * 5 or 4 * 4 cm. It is installed perpendicular to the rafters, as provided by the design. The cutter serves to transmit and redistribute the weight of the roof on the rafter, which, in turn, guide it to carrier walls Buildings. The magnitude of the shade of the crate can be different, and it depends on the type of chosen roofing material.
Some of them are generally required to arrange a solid coating-flooring. Such are, for example, flat slate or soft roof. And under soft tile From bitumen, another extra lining carpet is required, mounted on top of the flooring. It not only lines its surface, but also protects against unnecessary moisture when laying the roofing materials.
To do this, you can use a specially treated glass cholester having a bitumen impregnation.
Dyed row - A wonderful choice for responsible homeowners who are not afraid of blurring hands and ready-to-work. Simple designrepresenting an equilibried triangle in the context, it is not at all difficult to build yourself. The height of the descent and the angle of inclination of the roof can be varied, but certainly in the boundaries of correctly made calculations.
The roof is this element of the house design that gives it a unique look. Options for the construction of this structural element - Great set. But there is one, two-screw, the form of which is wonderfully changing depending on the angle of tilt the skate.
In order for the building to be the most strong, reliable and durable device of the solo system of the two-tie roof should be thought out at the stage of developing a project of the house. Competently executed design should be able to cope with constant loads, say, weighing the roof, as well as with temporary, which prevents nature - snow, wind, rain. The most optimal is the plan of a two-sheet roof, in which the rafting legs rest in the supporting timber, the so-called Maurylalat, and are fixed in particular. In this case, the load can be uniformly distributed around the perimeter of the house.
As already noted, the key to the strength of any roof is its rafter system. According to the design, they are divided into urban and hanging.
Hanging rafters are bars having only two points of support, namely the walls of the house. For each leg in this case, there are mainly load of two types - bending and compression.
Hanging transmits horizontally to the load (the weight of the roof, snow, wind) to their points of support, that is, on the walls, as a disjointed effort. To reduce its effect, the rafter is connected by wooden or metal tightening. In the harrowing device of the broken double roof, such tightening - overlap beams. With the magnitude of the span from 8 m, under each farm additionally install grandmas with pins.
Slot rafters are bars having an intermediate backup that relies on additional supports or inner wall at home. The main impact of this system on the support is bending. In the carrier structure of the roof, it is possible to use only changes if intermediate supports are apart from each other at a distance of 6.5 m.
The utility design is easier than the system hanging or combined.
The scheme may also contain elements of the future attic. Vertical racks strengthened with subproof and rigels that are installed in this case can serve in the future part of the attic. Opportment for them is the beam overlap. Read : Installation of the soling system of the two-sheet roof.
In homes that are composed of logs or timber, the support of the lower part of the rafter serves the upper crown, and in brick or stone - a special reference bar, Maurylalat. It is placed on the waterproofing gasket from the inside of the wall in the attic. 
Mauerlat fixed to the wall:
The stud is a metal rod with carvings. Its length is chosen at the calculation that one half of the stud will be inserted into the wall, and the protruding part should be enough for 3-4 cm to spin the nut on top of the Mauerlalate.
The design of the double roof with its upper part is based on the so-called skoth run. It is a log or a bar to which the upper ends of the rafter feet are fixed. It is this run that will continue to serve as a roof skate.
The rafters can be installed in two ways:
The choice of a method of installation, of course, for the performer, however, in any case, when creating the same type of farms, it is more convenient to use the template for which the rafters will cut and connect.
Make a similar pattern is completely easy.
Fastening is one of the important points when installing the roof. The rafters are attached to Mauerlat in two ways.
Hard fastening. The radio principle of this technology is to eliminate any impacts on the combination - bends, turns, shifts. Such staticness can be achieved by performing the attachment of the rafted with the help of corners or reference brusons. You can also run on the rafters, use brackets, pick up nails. Additionally attach to the wall with wire or anchors.
Sliding (hinged). Such a fastening having 2 degrees of freedom is highly recommended for wooden houses. A moving part in this design is rafters. It is performed using a special washed, fixing the clutch space with two nails clogged at an angle, or a metal plate equipped with holes for nails and others.
Farms first mounted at the beginning and at the end of the structure, after which the cord is stretched between them. The level of the horizon should turn out perfectly smooth. If there is a breakdown, one of the farms can be slightly lifted. All other rafters are installed under this cord with a step specified in the project. After that, the additional elements are mounted: retaining beams, separation, frame and riglel.
As an example, watch the video: "Double roofs: installation of a rafter system."
