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The most common option for the construction of private houses is gable roof, assembled with your own hands from the Mauerlat to the ridge. Below in this article you will find drawings and photos, and a detailed step-by-step instruction will help you figure them out. You will also learn about how high the ridge should be and how it depends on the functionality. attic space, learn to calculate thickness and pitch rafter system.
Classic gable roof
The main types of roofs for private houses
In order to clearly imagine what a gable roof is, look at what other options are used in the construction of private houses. And that's not all, but the most popular are:
For a rectangular house with an area of 60 to 100 m2, the option with two slopes can be called the most suitable - it is simple to perform and inexpensive to implement. In addition, there you can equip not only an attic, but also an attic.
Now let's figure out how to build gable system roofs in a private house. There are several stages in this process, and we will consider each of them separately.
You may not use formulas for the calculation if you do not make roofs in the future and just download the program (http://srub-banya.by/programs/raschet_stropil.exe). Opening the downloaded file, you will be taken to a page with a menu - it is located in the horizontal line at the top.
Main acting loads:
In addition to the main loads, there are also secondary or "default" ones, these are:
Values:
The slope of the slope is expressed in degrees and is indicated by the symbol α (alpha). To determine the value of α, you need to divide the height H by half the span L. Below is a table with the results of determining the main slopes.
In cases where:
Distribution of snow loads in Russia
The map shows eight snow regions, and the Sg value for each is calculated in kPa, converted to kg / m2:
For the map given above, Appendix 5 of SNiP 2.01.07-85 "Loads and Impacts" is mandatory. And now we will make a trial calculation for Ivanovo (this is the IV region on the map), the value is 240 kg / m².
Means: H / L = 2.5 / 3.5 = 0.714
According to the table, α = 35⁰. Considering that 30 °<α<60°, вычисление µ делаем по формуле µ = 0,033·(60-α)=0,033*(50-35)=0,825. Следовательно, S=Sg*µ=240*0,825=198 кг/м², что и есть максимально возможной снеговой нагрузкой.
On steep roofs, where α> 30 °, the slopes have a large windage. On flat roofs, where α< 30° увеличена турбулентность.
The average value of the wind load Wm at a height Z above the ground surface is calculated by the formula Wm = Wo * K * C.
In this formula, the meaning is;
Wind loads on the territory of the former USSR
Wind pressure standards by region
Coefficient value
Let's make a conditional calculation ... The aerodynamic coefficient C can be from -8, when the wind blows the roof up to +0.8 with a large windage (the wind presses on the slope). Taking into account the conventionality of the calculation, take C = 0.8.
In the same Ivanovsky district we take a house, where h = 6m (α = 35⁰). This is region II, where Wo = 30 kg / m², the coefficient is less than 10, so K = 1.0. Therefore: Wm = Wo * K * C = 30 * 1 * 0.8 = 24 kg / m².
Roof weight varies depending on material
The mass of all components
A conditional calculation for the same house for cement-sand tiles will be:
And here is the calculation for the lightest roofing material, metal:
In this case, we will be guided by GOST 24454-80 for conifers.
| Section width (by board thickness), B | Section height (across the board width), H | ||||||||
| 16 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 19 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | — | — | — | — |
| 22 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | — | — |
| 25 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 |
| 32 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 |
| 40 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 |
| 44 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 |
| 50 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 |
| 60 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 |
| 75 | 75 | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 |
| 100 | — | 100 | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | 275 |
| 125 | — | — | 125 | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | — |
| 150 | — | — | — | 150 | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | — |
| 175 | — | — | — | — | 175 | 200 | 225 | 250 | — |
| 200 | — | — | — | — | — | 200 | 225 | 250 | — |
| 250 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 250 | — |
We take an arbitrary section width and determine the height:
H ≥ 8.6 * Lmax * √ (Qr / (B * R bend)), where the slope α< 30°,
H ≥ 9.5 * Lmax * √ (Qr / (B * R bend)), where R bend e slope α> 30 °.
Values:
For softwood lumber R-bend:
Now let's check whether the deflection is within the standard, which for all materials under load should not exceed the value L / 200 (L is the length of the working leg section). The indicator should correspond to the inequality: 3.125 * Qr * (Lmax) ³ / (B · H³) ≤ 1.
Meaning:
We are counting on the same house in Ivanovo, taking into account the conditions, where:
In the table above we have calculated that with such materials the total load is Q = 303 kg / m².
As a result, we got a cross-section of rafters for erecting a roof of 50 × 175 mm with a step of 80 cm.
Mauerlat on a brick wall
To build a gable roof yourself, you cannot do without a Mauerlat, which is the basis of the rafter system. If we are talking about a residential building, then a bar with a cross section from 50 × 150 mm to 150 × 200 mm is usually used for it (the thicker the wall, the larger the cross-section of the bar in width). The board or timber is mounted on load-bearing walls and fixed with anchors. If we consider that the Mauerlat will withstand the entire rafter system with associated loads, then its installation will directly affect the mechanical strength of the entire roof. Below is a video showing how the Mauerlat is installed on the walls of a block house.
Video: Installing Mauerlat
Rafter legs are easier to assemble on the ground
It is most convenient to assemble such a structure as rafters (2 legs plus additional elements) on the ground, as in the photo above, and not on the roof, so that later it can be lifted with blocks or just ropes, but this is not a requirement. Above, you could find out how to make the calculations of such a system, taking into account all the loads, therefore, you already know what section of the boards you need, what the height of the ridge and the step size will be. At the top of the boards are joined "on the mustache", and the ridge beam is installed only after the installation of the extreme rafters.
System without overhang, where the legs are fixed with different fasteners
Overhang systems also have different fasteners.
Above you can see two diagrams showing rafter systems without an overhang and with an overhang, but the most important thing is to pay attention to the method of fastening, or rather, to the fastening itself. This can be a steel corner (preferably reinforced), short stacks, tightening boards, nails, screws and staples. This is a very important point, since during turbulence, the roof can undermine, and under lateral load, overturn, although the result in both cases will be equally deplorable. After installing the side rafters, the ridge beam is fixed, checking each leg with a vertical level.
Watch the video, which explains some of the nuances of editing, but do not forget that each master may have his own methods, and if you hear or see inconsistencies with your ideas, then this is quite normal.
Video: Installation of the rafter system
Installation of ceramic tiles
Further work on the construction of the rafter system depends on what is provided in the attic and what kind of roofing material will be used. For example, if you want to equip an attic there, then it is quite natural that you cannot do without insulation and waterproofing. Also, a certain role will be played by the heating system, or rather, the presence or absence of a chimney, as well as ventilation.
Depending on the choice of roofing material, the sheathing is made. That is, it can be intermittent, as in the top photo, or solid, if you decide to make a roof of shingles. Also, for roofs, it is sometimes provided for the installation of a heating cable against icing, and it can be mounted not only from the outside, but also from the inside, laying it under the roof.
I hope you figured out how to make a gable roof with your own hands - the most important thing is the correct calculations of the step, the section of the rafter legs and the slope. If you are interested in certain points, such as Mauerlat fastenings, rafters or roofing work, then these are topics for separate articles, which you can also familiarize yourself with on our website.
In order for the constructed building to serve for more than one year, it needs both a solid foundation and a strong roofing system that withstands the vicissitudes of the weather. The roof must withstand heavy loads with dignity: heavy snowfalls, sudden gusts of wind, heavy rainfall. The roof rafter system is best suited for this.
The rafter system is the basis of the roof, which focuses on the supporting elements of the structure and also serves as a frame for various types of materials for the roof: insulation, waterproofing, various coatings.
The dimensions and design of the rafters depend on:
The rafter system has:
Each of the above factors is very important, since it is necessary to understand which type of rafter system will be optimal for a particular situation.
When it comes to low-rise buildings, wood structures are the most common. In many cases, three types of trusses are used: hanging rafters, layered rafters and a mixed rafter system.
Hanging rafters are the most elementary type of rafter systems, their characteristics:
If the roof of the house is of a complex structure, the types of rafters can be alternated. For example, if there are supports or an average main wall, layered rafters are installed, and in the absence of such elements, hanging rafters.
For a layered rafter system, the house must be additionally equipped with a load-bearing wall located in the middle. Distinguish layered rafters on the following grounds:
The design of the combined system is the most complex, since it includes parts of two other types of rafters - hanging and layered. It is used for mansard roofing. The walls of the rooms, which are located on the second floor, are formed by vertical supports, these supports are also intermediate posts for rafter beams.
The part of the rafters that connect one end of the racks functions as a crossbar for the slopes located on the side, and for the upper part of the structure, they are tightening.
At the same time, the horizontal bars perform the following functions: for the upper slopes - the Mauerlat, for the side ones - the ridge bar. To increase the strength of the roof, struts are mounted that connect the side slopes and vertical posts.
The combined sling system to manufacture is the most complex and time consuming, but these disadvantages are fully compensated by the increase in the load-bearing qualities of the roof in the absence of unnecessary supports, especially when there is a need to bridge significant spans in the building.
You can increase the load-bearing qualities of the roof using a mixed rafter system. During the construction of a certain building, rafter systems of one kind or another are necessarily used, and the type of roof will completely depend on the project of the future structure.
A gable roof is a common roof construction for residential buildings that are no more than three stories high. Preference is given to just such a design due to the technical characteristics of the inclined shape of the rafter system, and also due to the fact that the installation work is easy and simple.
The gable roof truss system includes two rectangular inclined planes. The upper part of the building looks like a triangle from the front side. The main components of the gable roof are the Mauerlat and the rafter legs. In order to properly distribute the load along the rafters and walls, struts, crossbars and racks are mounted, thanks to which you can create a durable, rigid, elementary and easy installation scheme for a structure for a gable roof.
A gable roof is considered the simplest roof system; it is used for residential buildings of no more than three floors. On top of the rafters, you can mount a sparse or solid lathing, and then attach a bituminous coating, tiles or some other type of material to it. The rafters and the sheathing itself are usually made of beams or planks, which are fastened with nails, bolts or metal fittings. Metal profiles can be used as rafters, due to which significant spans are covered. In this case, you do not need to use extra stands and struts.
The device of the rafter system for a gable roof allows you to evenly distribute all the existing load along the perimeter of the building. The lower ends of the system focus on the Mauerlat. They are fixed with fasteners or metal brackets. By the angle of inclination of the rafter bars, you can determine at what angle the roof slopes will be inclined.
The rafter system for a gable roof allows you to evenly distribute the load from the roof along the perimeter of the building When arranging a system for a hip roof, you will need to install different types of rafters:
The rafter legs located on the side are made from planks, and they are mounted identically to the details of a traditional pitched roof with a layered or suspended structure. Hip main rafters are layered parts. Planks or bars are used for the handicraftsmen, which are attached not only to the Mauerlat, but also to the diagonal beams.
To install this type of structure, the angle of inclination is accurately calculated, as well as the cross-section of the support beams. The dimensions of the parts also depend on the length of the span.
To prevent the hip roof from deforming under heavy load, the angle of inclination of the diagonal beams for the rafters should be accurately calculated Observe symmetry when installing diagonal rafter beams, otherwise the roof will deform from a significant load.
A sloping roof is a structure with rafters, which consist of several separate elements. Moreover, they should be located at different angles relative to the horizon. And since the lower rafter part is almost vertical, the attic room of the building receives additional space, so that it can be used as a living room. The device of this type of roof is carried out during the construction of a four- or gable structure of rafters.
Professionals need to calculate the gable rafter system, but the gable broken roof can be made independently, since its installation is very simple. To do this, it is necessary to install a support frame, which should consist of purlins, as well as racks. The horizontal parts are fixed with hanging rafters. But the supports of the broken roof are fixed to the Mauerlat with the shortened legs of the rafters.
The assembly of rafters for a broken gable roof can also be performed by non-professionals, since the installation of such a roof is very simple The so-called cuckoo on the roof is a small ledge that is located on the attic floor. A window is located here for better illumination of the attic room. Installation of the "cuckoo" is carried out carefully, while controlling the parameters of the entire structure: the depth of the cut, the angle of inclination and other factors. However, before that, the necessary measurements are made.
The first stage of work begins with the installation of the Mauerlat (a beam with a section of 10x10 cm, which is needed to support the slings). The rafter system acts as a skeleton for the roofing material. To give the structure rigidity, spacers are used, which are mounted between the two legs of the rafters.
After the installation of the truss is completed, the crate is laid, the type of which depends on the purchased roof covering. Installation of the lathing is done solid or with a certain step. For it, boards, OSB and plywood sheets are usually used. In addition, the installation of the roofing material must be identical throughout the roof.
The main difficulty in installing such a rafter system is the location of the inner corners. Snow can accumulate in these places, which means that the load will increase, which is why a continuous crate is made.
A "cuckoo" on the roof is a small ledge on the attic floor, under which there is an additional window The peculiarity of the device of this design is the removal of visors, as well as overhangs outside the house. In addition, there should be roof rafters and beams extending up to three meters along the sides of the building. Each of these elements is fixed with a bracket to the building wall at the bottom. Next, the edges of the beams are tied. They serve as a support for covering the roof of the building.
But creating large overhangs, it is necessary to install the reinforced belt in parallel with the installation of the Mauerlat studs. It is necessary to make anchors to help secure the consoles. In this case, the rafters are perfectly secured with anchors and, moreover, with tie-ins.
To take out the side cornices, a ridge bar is made, after which beams are brought out at the level of the Mauerlat, which should be identical to the length of the ridge. The truss is based on these structural details, and in the future - the building material for the roof.
When designing a building, the angle of the roof-chalet is calculated based on the characteristics of the local climate and other factors. With a slope angle of about 45 °, the load from the snow is not taken into account, since with this option it will not linger on the roof. At the same time, the sloping roof will withstand the load from the snow, however, it is necessary to install a reinforced truss truss. Before installing the chalet roof, a building project is being prepared, because the originality of the roof itself, as well as long cornices and its overhangs, oblige this.
Chalet-style roofs are characterized by canopies extended several meters outside the house. A soft roof is made in various ways, however, there are general characteristics in the technological methods of its construction. Initially, you need to prepare. When equipping a roof for a house made of foam concrete or other material, a Mauerlat is first installed, then a cut is made in the upper rims of the building under the ceiling beams in increments of up to one meter. The distance between the boards is calculated based on the type of rafter structure.
If the length of the crate boards is not enough, then the joints of the parts must be placed in different places. In this way, you can correctly distribute the areas that have been weakened.
Before the installation of the rafter system is started, the Mauerlat must be fixed to the longitudinal walls with anchors. Next, you need to decide on the desired section of the legs for the rafters, depending on the distance and their length. If there is a need to increase the length of the rafters, then connect them with various fasteners.
When using different insulation, you need to choose the ideal distance between the rafter elements in order to reduce the amount of insulation scraps.
Installation of the rafter system must be done in the following order:
A rafter template called "scissors" will help you quickly assemble the entire roof truss system
For the correct installation of the entire rafter system, the first pair of rafters is installed on the roof
The bulky structure of the rafters is additionally reinforced with struts and supports
Correct fastening of the ridge bar ensures the reliability of the entire rafter system
The structural strength of the rafters depends on the perfectly matched section of the boards, as well as on the high quality of the rafter assemblies. The connection of parts for the roof structure is done according to the established rules.
The main typical nodes in the rafter system:
After the design of the rafter system has been chosen, it is necessary to draw up a plan in which all the nodes are highlighted. In each structure, they are made in different ways, since it depends on different nuances: the type of roof, its size, the angle of inclination.
Rafters from a profile pipe are a metal structure that is assembled using lattice rods. The very production of such farms is a very time consuming process, but also more economical. For the manufacture of rafters, paired material is used, and kerchiefs are connecting elements. The structure of rafters from shaped pipes is assembled on the ground, while riveting or welding is used.
Thanks to such systems, any spans are covered, but the correct calculation must be made. Provided that all welding work will be done with high quality, in the future it remains only to transfer the structural elements to the top of the building and assemble them. Bearing rafters from a profile pipe have many advantages, such as:
The crossbar is a fairly broad concept, but in the case of roofs, it has a certain meaning. The crossbar is a horizontal bar that connects the rafters. Such an element does not allow the roof to "expand". It is made of wood, reinforced concrete, as well as metal - it all depends on the type of structure. And the crossbar serves to distribute the load that the rafter system has.
It can be fixed in various places between the legs of the sling. There is a direct pattern here - if the crossbar is fixed higher, then the timber for its installation must be selected with a large section.
There are many ways to fix the crossbar to the rafter system:
The mount exists with a tie-in or overhead. In general, the crossbar is a design unit, as, indeed, the entire roof slings system.
The crossbar in the rafter system is designed to strengthen the roof structure To ensure the reliability of the rafter system, it is necessary to first figure out how they are fastened to the supporting roof and ridge. If fastening is made to prevent deformation of the roof during shrinkage of the house, then the rafters are fixed on top with a hinge plate or nut and bolt, and from below with a sliding support.
Hanging rafters need a tighter and more reliable fastening in the ridge, so in this case you can apply:
In the layered system, the rafter legs are not interconnected, since they are attached to the ridge run.
The rafters are fastened to the Mauerlat by the cutting method, which is done in the rafter leg. Thanks to this method of fastening, the roof support will not weaken. Cutting is also done when installing the rafters on the floor joists. In this case, an incision is made in the support beam.
Thus, a perfectly matched rafter system and their design characteristics will help create the foundation for a reliable roof for your home.
The gable roof structure is very convenient both in installation and in its operation. Such a design can serve not only as a reliable covering of the house, but also become an additional room, if you choose the correct internal structure and the optimal angle of the slopes. A gable roof of a house with your own hands can be installed if you have skills in working with wood and basic concepts of engineering design schemes, as well as if there are assistants who are ready to take part in this rather laborious process.
There are several types of gable roof structures, and before deciding and choosing the one you need, you need to think about what will be located under the roof - just an attic or living room.
Gable roofs can have a suspended or layered structure. They differ from each other in the location of the retaining and fastening elements.
If there are no main partitions in the house, and the rafter system will only rest on the side walls, then a lighter hanging roof structure is used.It can be used if the distance between the walls is from 6 to 14 m. One way or another, hanging rafters give a fairly large load on the side main walls, therefore, in order to reduce it, various horizontal or diagonal connecting elements are used. They fasten the rafters together and have different names: struts, puffs, headstock or crossbar.
System support elements can be attached to rafters or ridge girders anywhere in the system. For example, braces installed at the bottom of the rafters can be used as floor joists of a structure.
It should be noted that for the rafters and puffs, you need to choose fairly thick blanks, especially if a living room is located in the attic. Boards for rafters are selected with a size of approximately 55 × 200 mm, but only a specialist can accurately calculate the system and the cross-section of all its elements.
Installation of the rafter hanging system is carried out sequentially:
In order for the article about the gable roof to remain a multiple step-by-step instruction, we have transferred step-by-step information on attaching the rafters to the Mauerlat into a separate step-by-step technology -.
1. The sheathing of the system from the inside - it can be plywood, boards or moisture-resistant drywall. This layer will be pinned last.
2. A layer of vapor barrier film.
3. The rafter.
4. Insulation - usually one of the types of mineral wool in mats is used for this layer.
5. Waterproofing film.
6. Counterrails.
7. Slate (or other roof covering)
- A waterproofing material is laid on the rafters - this may be one of the modern composite membranes, of which a large number is produced today, and may be and regular high density polyethylene film.
It is stretched over the surface of the roof, overlapping by 200 ÷ 250 mm, and fixed with brackets with a stapler to the rafters.
- On top of the waterproofing on each rafter, a counter-batten is packed, having a thickness of 30 ÷ 50 mm. It will create a dividing ventilation space between the waterproofing and the roofing material.
- Further, the crate is stuffed perpendicular to the counter-rails. The distance between its adjacent guides is calculated depending on the length of the sheets of material that will cover the roof.
- Before starting to lay the roofing material, holders in the form of hooks or a cornice strip are fixed to the bottom rail of the lathing.
- Then you can move on to the decking of the roofing material. They begin to lay it from the eaves, that is, from below, row by row, rising to the ridge. Roofing sheets are overlapped from left to right by one wave and fixed to the crate with special self-tapping screws with an elastic nozzle, which will cover the resulting holes from moisture penetration.
- After completing the fastening of the roofing material, the ridge roofing element is immediately installed and screwed on. For each roofing material, its own version of the ridge covering is made.
After the leveling has been laid and the attic is no longer threatened by precipitation, you can start finishing work from inside the room.
- Insulation is laid between the rafters, starting from the floor of the attic and gradually rising to the ridge. If the attic room is residential, then the insulation is fixed in two or even three layers. To do this, a crate of bars is stuffed onto the rafters at a distance of the width or length of the insulation mats.
Laying insulation mats from the inner surface of the slopes
- Further, the insulation is tightened with a vapor barrier film, which must be fixed with brackets on the crate.
- Then the entire inner area of the attic roof is covered with finishing material.
Insulation of a gable roof
The gable roof in the order of insulation resembles an attic.
If you are sure that the entire roof will be covered in one day and it will not get wet with rain, you can act in the reverse order.
The order of work "bottom-up"
- From the inside of the attic, a vapor barrier is pulled and the finishing material is fixed, and the rest of the work is carried out outside.
- It is laid between the rafters, in the figure it is shown under No. 2 .
- Further, on top of the insulation, a windproof, waterproofing material is laid (3). It is secured with a counter-rail (4).
- Then the crate is stuffed (5).
- This is followed by the installation of the roof covering (6).
Video: installation of insulated roofing "pie"
Prices for popular types of insulation
Insulation
If a soft roof is used to cover the roof, then the "pie" design will look somewhat different.
- Plywood sheets are fixed to the rafters according to the scheme shown in the figure. This method of fastening is designed for compensatory expansion of the material under the influence of temperature differences.
- Then, a layer is laid on top of the plywood. For this roof option, overlapping roofing material is well suited. The canvases are laid from the bottom of the roof and nailed along their upper side to plywood, and the joints between them (at least 100 mm wide) are coated with mastic.
Laying of soft roofing - flexible shingles
- After the mastic has dried, a soft roof is laid from the bottom of the roof slopes according to the markings made in advance. The material is overlapped and nailed with special nails. Each row begins to be laid on one side of the roof, for example, from left to right.
- Having finished on both roof slopes, you need to carefully close the gap on the ridge.
Gable roof gable decoration
Any roof will not look complete if the gable of the building is not decorated. If the house is stone and has sufficiently thick walls, then the pediment can also be built of bricks or foam blocks. Very often, this part of the roof, if it is made of the materials mentioned, is erected even before the installation of the rafter system and the installation of the roof.
A wooden house, on the other hand, requires a light gable finish, and it is most often done after the installation of the roof structure and roofing has been completed.
If the necessary crate is not available on the pediment part, it must be mounted. The proposed scheme clearly shows the proportions of the device of such a sheathing, if the sheathing boards are installed vertically. With horizontal sheathing, the lathing is fixed vertically. In the case when it is planned to install a window or door in the front part, this must be taken into account in the frame system of the lathing - the necessary openings are left, which are framed by a bar.
Sheathing can be made of clapboard made of wood or plastic. If sheathed the pediment of the attic in which there will be a living space, it, like the roof slopes, will need to be thoroughly insulated.
When installing several layers of insulation, it will be necessary to mount another crate from the inside of the pediment wall, between the bars of which insulation will be laid, and the interior decoration of the room will be fixed on the bars themselves.
If a plastic material is chosen for the external design of the pediment, then it is best to install it on plywood, which is fixed to the crate with self-tapping screws. Since plastic has a high thermal conductivity, it can only be used as a decorative material - it cannot cope with the task of thermal insulation.
We must not forget about the layer of windproof and waterproofing film. It is fixed to the crate before sheathe it with wooden or plastic clapboard.
The insulation, just like on the slopes, is tightened with a vapor barrier inside the attic, and only the interior decoration is installed on it. All joints between the roof and the gable must be well sealed. This can be helped by polyurethane foam, tow or mineral wool, which is compacted to the limit in the cracks. On top of the cracks for decorative purposes, it is necessary to seal up with wood putty.
Video: gable sheathing option
Roof construction is a rather complicated, time-consuming and even dangerous task, therefore it should be performed by specialists who know the installation technology and safety rules during the work. If the owner of a house under construction does not have this knowledge and experience, then it would be better to turn to professionals.
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When planning the construction of low-rise residential, ancillary or commercial buildings, most designers choose a gable roof structure. This is due to the relatively simple installation technology, increased reliability of the structure, effective drainage of precipitation from the roof and unpretentiousness to operating conditions. However, to achieve all the advantages, you need to correctly design and install the rafters for a gable roof with your own hands.
Exterior of the house with a gable roof
Gable roofs are two rectangular inclined planes (slopes), which are supported by the rafter system. The side parts are made deaf or windows and cladding are installed on them. The main parameters of such a roof are: the angle of inclination and the location of the ridge relative to the center line passing through the walls perpendicular to the slopes. That is, the gable structure does not have to have the same slope of the slopes or have a symmetrical appearance.
Many original projects use an asymmetrical design of slopes to take into account some climate features, or in order to improve the design of the facade. It is worth noting that such solutions are very original, but in practice they are quite difficult to implement. This is due to the following reasons:
Before making the rafters on a gable roof, you need to create a project, as well as study all the structural elements. You will need to design the following main nodes:
Helpful information! Due to the increased snow and ice loads on the roofs, braces for the northern regions can be installed not only longitudinally, but also diagonally. Thus, it is the racks rather than the walls of the building that take up a significant part of the load.
When installing rafters for a gable roof with your own hands, you need to observe the step of securing them 0.6-1 m. The choice depends on the design loads, taking into account the safety factor. The smaller the step, the stronger the structure and the greater the consumption of building materials. A large interval of 0.8-1 m is allowed to be used only when laying light roofing sheets and tilt angles 15 0 -20 0. It is recommended to choose a step within 0.6-0.8 m.
The length of the beams, knowing the angle of inclination of the slopes and the distance between the two walls of the object, can be calculated quite simply by the Pythagorean theorem. However, the real length needs to be increased by 60-70 cm, which will go to their joining, as well as to the overhang of the slopes of about 0.5-0.6 m.
Roof installation is a rather complex construction process. For self-assembly and installation of the rafter system, you need to know how to properly connect the elements, what the length of the rafters should be, at what angle they should be tilted and, most importantly, from what materials the roof is assembled. Without special knowledge and skills, it will be problematic to make a complex roof. In this case, you can choose the best option - a gable roof with your own hands.
A gable roof is based on a triangle, which gives it rigidity. It contains the following elements:
A do-it-yourself gable roof involves the implementation of a lathing of boards or beams, which are hammered onto the rafters in the perpendicular direction. Depending on the material for the roof, the lathing can be solid or with gaps.
Before assembling a gable roof, you need to know some of the features of its structure. A hanging truss system is arranged when the house is small and there is no internal load-bearing wall. In this case, the rafters are connected at a certain angle, making the appropriate cuts at their ends, nails are used to connect.
When installing such a rafter system, the racks and skates are not made, and the emphasis of the lower ends of the rafters falls on the external load-bearing walls. To make the structure more durable, the top tie should be located no further than 0.5 meters from the top. Sometimes floor beams are used as puffs. The absence of racks frees up the attic space, which makes it possible to use it for arranging the attic floor.
If the house has an internal load-bearing wall, then it is more efficient to use a layered rafter system. In this case, the bed is laid, the support posts are fixed on it, onto which the ridge is nailed. This method is considered to be simpler and more profitable from the material point of view. When designing ceilings at different levels, the racks can be replaced with a brick wall that divides the attic space into two parts. A gable roof can also be made with different slopes in length, which is also very beautiful and practical.
To answer the question of how to properly make a gable roof with your own hands, you need to follow the sequence of actions.
Installation of this type of roof involves work according to the following plan:
Before starting work, you should prepare a set of necessary tools and materials:
All wooden materials should be treated with antiseptic solutions and fire retardants and dried well.
In houses made of wooden logs or beams, the upper row of the log house plays the role of the mauerlat, which makes the process simpler. On the inside of the log, a groove is cut into which the rafter leg is installed.
In brick or block houses, the Mauerlat is laid as follows:
The result of this stage should be a rectangle of the correct shape, located on the same horizontal line. This design makes the structure more stable and facilitates subsequent work. Completion of the work is cutting grooves in accordance with the size of the rafters.
The length of the rafters is determined by the distance between the external load-bearing walls and the angle at which the rafter legs join. The optimal length is considered to be 4-6 meters, taking into account the eaves overhang of 50-60 cm. These parameters should be taken into account when solving the problem of how to make a large roof.
At the top, the rafters are fastened in different ways: end-to-end, overlap, or "in the paw" with cut grooves. The rafters are fixed with bolts or with metal pads. A little below the tightening is mounted and the finished truss structure is lifted to the installation site.
First, the trusses are installed along the edges, checking their verticality using a plumb line. At the same time, the amount of overhang is regulated. The rafters are attached to the Mauerlat with bolts or steel plates. Temporary jibs are sometimes used to support the farm during installation. Inserting the rest of the rafters, maintain the same distance between them. After installing and fixing all the trusses on both sides of the upper slope, I nail boards with a section of 5 * 15 cm.
Hanging rafters can be attached to the Mauerlat in several ways:
Rafters are installed in the following order:
After the installation of the main structural elements, the wooden surfaces are treated with fire retardants.
Before laying the sheathing, the rafters are covered with a layer of waterproofing, protecting it from getting wet. The waterproofing is laid horizontally, starting from the eaves and going up. The strips are laid with an overlap of 10-15 cm, the joints are sealed with tape.
There must be a ventilation gap between the lathing and the waterproofing; for this, slats no more than 4 cm thick must be filled on each rafter leg.
Now you can sheathe the rafter system. The lathing can be made from a bar of 5 * 5 cm or boards having a thickness of not more than 4 cm and a width of more than 10 cm. The lathing starts from the bottom of the rafters, maintaining a certain step.
After the installation of the battens, they begin to sheathe the gables and overhangs. Depending on the construction budget and the desire of the homeowner, you can make a gable roof with gables made of plastic, corrugated board or wooden boards with your own hands. Knowing how to sheathe the pediment of the house with a professional sheet, you can perform the installation yourself. The sheathing is attached to the sides of the rafter leg using nails or self-tapping screws. You can hem overhangs with all kinds of materials.
