Today, the farms from the profile pipe are rightfully considered an ideal solution for the construction of a garage, a residential building and household buildings. Durable and durable, such structures are inexpensive, fast in performance, and with them can cope anyone who at least a little disassembled in mathematics and has cutting and welding skills.
And how to choose the profile correctly, calculate the farm, make jumpers and install in it, we will now tell you in detail. To do this, we have prepared for you detailed master classes of manufacturing such farms, video lessons and valuable advice from our experts!
And so what is the farm? This is a design that binds support together into one single integer. In other words, the farm belongs to simple architectural structures, among the valuable advantages of which allocate such: high strength, excellent operating performance, low cost and good resistance to deformations and external loads.
Due to the fact that such farms have a high bearing ability, they are put under any roofing materials, regardless of their weight.
The use of new or rectangular closed profiles in the construction of metal farms is considered one of the most rational and design solutions. And no accident:
Throwing farms are distinguished along the outlining of the belts, the type of cross section of rods and types of the lattice. And with the right approach, you will independently weld and install a farm from the profile pipe of any complexity! Even such:
So, before making a draft future farm, you must first decide on such important points:
Remember one simple thing thing: The skeleton from the profile pipe is the so-called equilibrium point, which is important to determine for the sustainability of the entire farm. And it is very important to choose a quality material under this load:
Farms are built from the profile pipe of such species of sections: rectangular or square. These are produced different sizes of section and diameter, with different wall thickness:
The sustainability of the entire design is directly proportional to the thickness of the profile, therefore, for the manufacture of farms, do not use pipes for which they are intended only for rental struts and frames - here other characteristics. Also pay attention to how the product was made by the product: electric welded, hot-deformed or cold deforming.
If you are taken to make such farms yourself, then take the billets of the square section - it is easier to work with them. Purchase a square profile of 3-5 mm thick, which will be strong enough and in its characteristics close to metal bars. But if you will produce a farm for the visor, then you can give preference to a more budgetary option.
Be sure to consider when designing snow and wind loads in your area. After all, great importance when choosing a profile (in terms of load on it) has an angle of inclination of farms:
More accurately design a farm from the profile pipe you can with online calculators.
We only note that the simplest design of the farm from the profile tube is a few vertical racks and horizontal levels that can be attached to the roof rafters. You can buy such a frame in finished yourself, even under the order in any city of Russia.
The most important and responsible task is to correctly calculate the farm from the profile pipe and select the desired format of the inner lattice. For this we need a calculator or something like him software, as well as some tables of SNiPs that are for this:
If possible, familiarize yourself with these documents.
Farm is needed for what kind of roof? Single, double, dome, arched or tent? The easiest option, of course, is the manufacture of standard single carp. But and quite complicated farms you are also able to calculate and make yourself:
The standard farm consists of such important elements as the upper and lower belt, racks, separation and auxiliary crackers, which are still called shprengels. Inside the farms is a lattice system, welded seams, rivets, special paired materials and jams are used to connect pipes.
And if you are going to make a silent roof, such farms will become an ideal option for it. They are very convenient to produce on the template right on the ground, and only then raise up.
Most often when building a small dacha house, Garage or cabins are used by the so-called PolonSo farm - a special design of triangular farms connected by tightening, and the bottom belt here is raised.
In fact, in this case, in order to increase the height of the structure, the lower belt makes a broken, and then it is 0.23 from the flight length. For indoor space, the room is very convenient.
So, there are three main options for making a farm depending on the inclination of the roof:
What is the difference you ask? For example, if the angle of construction is small, just up to 15 °, then the farms are rationally to make a trapezoidal form. And at the same time it is quite possible to reduce the weight of the design itself, taking a height from 1/7 to 1/9 from the total length of the flight.
Those. Guide such a rule: the less weight, the more farm height should be. But if we will have a complex geometric shape, then you need to choose another type of farm and lattices.
Here is an example of concrete farms for each type of roof (single-sided, bounce, complex):
Let's deal with the types of farms:
Here is an example of producing farms from the profile pipe as a universal version, which is suitable for any garden buildings. We are talking about triangular farms, and you probably have already seen them many times:
The triangular farm with the rigel is also quite simple, and it is quite suitable for the construction of arbors and cabins:
And here arched Farms in manufacturing are already much more complicated, although they have a number of their valuable advantages:
Your main task is to center the elements of the metal farm from the center of gravity in all directions, speaking by simple language, minimize the load and distribute it competently.
Therefore, choose the kind of farms that is suitable for this purpose more. In addition to those listed above, the farm-scissors, asymmetric, P-shaped, two-staple, farm with parallel belts and an attic farm with supports and without them are popular with popularity. And also the attic kind of farm:
It will be interesting for you to find out that the definite design of the inner grates of farms is not selected at all of the aesthetic considerations, but quite practical: under the shape of the roof, the ceiling geometry and the calculation of loads.
You need to design your farm so that all the forces focus specifically in nodes. Then in the belts, disclosures and shprengels of bending moments will not - they will work only on compression and stretching. And then the cross section of such elements is reduced to the required minimum, significantly occurring on the material. And the farm itself for everything you can safely make a hinge.
Otherwise, the force distributed by rods will continuously act on the farm, and a bending moment will appear, in addition to total voltage. And here it is important to correctly calculate the maximum bending values \u200b\u200bfor each individual rod.
Then the cross section of such rods should be greater than if the farm itself was loaded with dotted forces. Let's summarize: farms on which the distributed load is uniformly, made from short elements with hinged nodes.
Let's deal with what the advantage of this or that type of grille in the load distribution plan is:
We have prepared an illustration for you, where all kinds of farms and their lattices have collected together:
Here is an example of how the farm is made with a triangular grid:
The production of a farm with a diagonal grill looks like this:
It cannot be said that some of the types of farms are definitely better or worse than the other - each of them is valuable with lower consumption of materials, lighter weighing, carrier and attachment method. The drawing is responsible for which load scheme will act on it. And from the chosen type of lattice will directly depend on what will be the weight of the farm, the appearance and complexity of its manufacture.
We note another unusual facilitation of the farm when it becomes part in itself or support for another, wooden:
We will give you several valuable tips, as independently without special difficulties to cook such farms directly at home:
Here, for example, a good video lesson, how to lengthen the pipe with welding and achieve ideal geometry:
Here is also a very useful video, how to cut off the pipe at an angle of 45 °:
So now approach directly to the assembly of the farms themselves. To cope with this will help you such a fierce instruction:
What are those who make such farms at home are still facing? First, think over the supporting tables in advance on which you will put a farm. Far away the best way Throw her to earth - it will work very uncomfortable.
Therefore, it is better to put small bridges-supports that will be slightly wider than the lower and upper belt of the farm. After all, you will manually measure the jumpers between the belts, and it is important that they do not fall on the ground.
Following important moment: Farms from the profile pipe are heavy by weight, and the poet you will need help at least one more person. In addition, it does not hurt a snog and in such a tedious and painstaking work, like sanding of the metal before cooking. Check out that you need to cut the farms, you will need a lot for all items, and therefore we advise you or purchase it or to build homemade Machine by type of what is in our master class. That's how it works:
In this way, step by step, you will draw up the drawing, calculate the farm grille, make the workpiece and weld the design is already in place. And the remnants of profile pipes will also be at the expense, therefore, nothing will need to be thrown away - all this will be needed for the secondary parts of the canopy or hangar!
After you install the farms on their permanent location, be sure to treat them with anti-corrosion compositions and painting with polymer paints. The paint is ideal for this purpose, which is distinguished by durability and resistance to ultraviolet:
That's all, the farm from the profile pipe is ready! Only finish work on the trimming of farms from the inside finishing and outside the roofing material remains:
Believe me, make a metal farm from the profile pipe for you actually will not be a lot of work. A huge role plays a competent drawing, high-quality welding of the farm from the profile pipe and the desire to do everything right and carefully.
Today, creating a single-table is affordable and really practical solution. And it doesn't matter that you are going to build - cottage, bath, a private house Or a garage, since such a roofing design has a wide scope of use in a residential house-building. Moreover, this variety The roof will require you very modest financial costs for installation, as well as subsequent operation.
If you decide to build a single-piece roof yourself, then you will not need any special professional skills and skills. The main advantages of this type of roof are:
Cutting clamps depending on the roof slope and step All of the above benefits make it possible to conclude that a single roof is decent and optimal choice. In addition, preferring such a design, you can use the second floor area as a place to create an attic, even if the bearing walls have different heights. As a supplement, you can build a veranda or an indoor terrace, because the protruding edge of the skate is loosely adjacent to the structure.
If you decide to give preference to a single-table roof, then the first thing you will need to develop a project of a future roof. To do this, it will be necessary to determine how the slope will be the slope. Specialists in the field of construction advise him in a covered direction. This will ensure a high degree of reliability, as well as the safety of flooring. Determine which of the parties the wind often blows on the construction site. To date, the only thing that is required for the construction of the construction is to carry out accurate calculations. This is primarily necessary in order to determine the maximum possible load on the supports, as well as calculate the coefficient of atmospheric impact of precipitation. 
Designing a design, leave the stamina reserve of rafters in case, if during the cold season, the amount of snow dropped sharply.
As we have already said, the creation of a single design requires the right choice of angle of inclination. But in this case, it should not only take into account the terrain, for which the wind and snow are characteristic, but also pick up the most suitable material For laying work. Single roof is a simple type of roof, which is used to date in various facilities. This design needs minimal consumption of materials and time costs, as it is only one. Since this kind of roof is often found in modern buildings, today you can see a huge number of projects of different complexity. 
In construction work you can use all sorts of construction and insulation materials. You yourself can determine which angle of inclination will have the roof of your home. But it is best not to give preference to large corners, since the appearance of the facility will not be too attractive. But in this case, you will not need to think about constant cleaning roofing from snow precipitation. So that the roof is not only practical, but also functional, it is strongly recommended for calculating the use of a special building calculator.
If you think that you cannot accurately carry out all design calculations, please contact specialists. But in the case when the construction budget is limited, then for such works, you can completely use the calculator of all design parameters. It will allow not only an angle of inclination, but also the surface area, optimal weight supplies, as well as the number of rafters. Now we will analyze in more detail all these characteristics.
Helps to find out how much insulating material It will be necessary for roofing. It is known that the roll length is 15 m, and the width is 1 m. Estimated work is carried out taking into account the error of 10 percent for the adolescence. 
The indicator will indicate the maximum permissible load on the soling system of the structure. It will show what weight has all the roofing design, as well as the impact will be on the house, garage or cottage in the cold season due to snow deposits and strong winds.
Single roof The angle of inclination Calculation of the number of rafters that will be needed for mounting the roof, as well as the length of each element, depending on the location of the edges of the skate and the skate of the structure.
To determine these indicators, specialists in the construction industry strongly recommend using the table from the regulatory and technical documentation, namely from GOST 24454-80. It gives all the necessary information regarding wood materials that can be used when installing the roof, and also gives a range for calculating the cross section of the rafter. For settlement work, you will require data from the coating area, the selected material, as well as accurate loads that will be on the roof during operation. 
Of course, these are not all parameters that need to be determined before the start of roofing works. In addition to the above, you need to determine the number of rows of the crate and the maximum distance between the planks, find out the volume of each of them, etc. In any case, we strongly recommend that you do not take care if you do not have experience and at least the slightest idea of \u200b\u200bthe specifics of this case. The main requirement is the maximum accuracy. In order to be restred, it is best to entrust the calculation of a single-table roof by professionals.
For small buildings, such as a barn or garage, a single-sided roof is often used. Easy in the device, it is easily manufactured without attracting professional builders and looks very attractive. To improve residential buildings, this solution is applied less frequently: often the strength of the tradition and the most small experience of its design and erection is triggered. It has time to estimate the advantages of such a design.
A single roof is a rectangular absolutely flat shape located at an angle with respect to the building box. The magnitude of its tilt can be different depending on the architectural intent, climatic conditions and the surrounding landscape. When using high-quality materials, it serves at least 20-30 years.
This roofing device is considered the most stable, Including to external natural impacts, if the location of the unmistakable structure in relation to the rose of winds.
Snow on the surface falls in a smooth layer, which makes the load uniform and safe.
The inclined single-table form is better than the double, although it does not allow you to create a convenient attic space. But it is easier with the ventilation system: aerators and ventilated lines are simply not needed.
The advantages also include:
Harmonious beautiful project Requires compliance with many conditions, sometimes to the detriment of functional needs.
The disadvantages are less than advantages, but still they are.
As well as the structure of any roof, the qualitative composition of single elements depends on finish coat. The number of basic elements is small, but requires attention.
Reduces the suspension load of the rafter and contributes to the uniform distribution of the weight of the entire design. Mandatory for structures from aerated concrete, ceramzite concrete and brick walls, if construction is conducted in the seismic region.
Located on the upper parts of the walls in the form of BRUSEV. Connected to armopyasam or, in the case of a structural of bricks, it is fixed through the already scored or stamped in the walls of the anchors of a solid wire - at least 6 mm diameter. The anchors themselves must be at a distance of 30 cm from the end of the wall. If the house is wooden, from double minibre, then the role of Mauerlat performs the upper strapping
It is rarely found in the construction of single-table roofs. Its presence is determined depending on the difference in height between two carrier walls.
It serves as the basis for laying the roof, it turns out the main load. It is important to provide that it is evenly distributed over the perimeter of the upper part of the entire building, and the pressure on the nodes does not exceed the valid values. To create a tree beams, whose cross section depends on the roof area and the number of support elements.
They are selected after calculating the weight of the structure and determining the finish coating. The amount is determined by the angle of inclination and the length of the span.
It is necessary for laying and fixing the roofing and increasing the bearing capacity so that the framework can withstand the own severity and resist additional loads: the snow, human weight during repair work.
For bituminous tiles perform a solid crate. For these purposes, plaques are used - edged or non-edging, MDF panels can be used. Skat can be beyond the boundaries of the fronton, forming a visor for a veranda or terrace.
Provides protection against moisture and freezing. Painted on the part of the attic between the rafters and is fixed on the crate.
It consists of rolled tile materials that are stacked from the inside to the crate.
Film coatings that are stacked over the insulation and are fixed with a construction stapler.
Serves protection for the upper roof ribs, preventing moisture from entering and rotting the internal elements of the cake.
View of the horizontal support for the elements of the bearing structures. The element distributes the load of the rafted between other beams.
Supports that are placed in spans and increase the stability of the entire frame.
Single designs are popular in many countries and are used in the construction of both budgetary and trendy luxury housing. With a high inclination of the roof, abandoning the attic room, it is possible to optimize the planning. With low - there will be an increase in the volume of residential premises.
A flat roof often appears in a pair with other species as an element of a multi-level system. This is an excellent addition for broken, semicircular and other varieties of roofs with different skates.
Beautifully look at the two-level options for "single table" with different angles of inclination, directed in opposite sides. Simple designs are able to decorate visors who serve as part of the veranda or protruding attic.
By type of ventilation distinguish 2 types:
The creation of the project and the construction of the system depends on the scale of construction and is determined:
The step of rafters also depends on their length and sections:
Often, for large buildings, the beam is needed longer than 7-8 m. To increase, it is stitched, and the joints of the joint are enhanced and fastened with the skins or metal plates. Than the dimensions of the rafter, there is less distance between them.
To ensure the stiffness of the structure are provided:
Classification of width systems:
In addition, the rafting systems differ in the type of support.
The system of racks and subposses relies on the Mauerlat Bar, which is fixed on the external walls, and in some cases from the inside. Distance between rafters - from 600 to 1400 mm. The value depends on the weight of the roofing and the characteristics of the tree. Such simple designs Available for inclination of the roof to 26 degrees and a span to 5 m. Most often used for household buildings: Sarai, workshops, garages.
For the operated roofs, that is, the angle of inclination of which is striving for zero, the rafter legs are resting:
Apply when it is impossible to install additional supports between the side racks. In this case, the design of any size is collected on Earth or in a workshop, and already ready farms are gradually delivered to the place of construction.
Possible materials:
Need to arrange roofs in buildings with a significant shrinkage at first after the construction. These include houses raised from a bar or logs - uneven seed up to 10%. For wooden structures, the method of fastening of the rafter feet is very important.
The principles of the device must be assimilated:
The greater the angle, the higher the sailboat. Therefore, the sophisticated roof should always be directed towards the most frequent winds. This reduces the load during a large storm. It is important to take into account when calculating the climatic zone.
A small tilt can cause a large number of snow.If it is not possible to remove it in time, wait for the formation of a land, the roof under its considerable weight will take place at best, and in the worst - breaks.
The natural gathering on the roof of the precipitation is an equally important reason for taking into account the surface and strength of the coated materials. The rough species are better suitable for arid regions, smooth - for places famous from rich rains and snowy winter.
Optimal values \u200b\u200bfor tile:
Limit values \u200b\u200bfor leaf roofs:
When choosing roofing materials, it is worth rechecked. Sometimes the declared values \u200b\u200bof the coverage of the coverage specified by the manufacturer do not coincide with GOST. The calculation itself is better to entrust professionals, because there are many nuances, especially in overall buildings.
After determining the value of the inclination, one of the bearing walls is adjusted to a level that will ensure the execution of the project.
The necessary calculations to determine the length of the rafters without records of the soles are made according to the rules of the rectangular triangle.
To ensure the flow of water and protect the walls from wetting, the roof is made an average of 600 mm. For technical buildings, at least 20-25, for two-storey residential cottages and mansions - up to 1200 mm.
The aesthetics of the whole building has the value. To determine your own preferences, before creating a project, you can use computer programs. This will allow you to see not only entirely roof, but also its harmonious combination with the house.
The quality of building materials determines the strength and durability of the entire building, so roofing coatings should be chosen carefully, taking into account the characteristics of both the building box and the possibilities of the future rafter system.
For a frame, wood is selected 1-3 varieties with a frequency of bitch per meter - not more than 3, and their height should not exceed 3 cm. Cracks may be present, but shallow and small length - not exceeding half the length of the board.
The modern range of roof coatings is very diverse, so it is easy to choose the appropriate material in color, shape, necessary strength and price.
Material can be of different types: flat tape, groove, single or two-wave. Well suited at the roof inclination corner from 25 to 60 degrees for stone houses, brick or wood. With smaller scope values, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation and waterproofing, at large - it will be necessary to further strengthen the nodes, set the addition fasteners, because the tile is a very heavy material.
The weight of one fragment of 30 x 30 cm can vary from 2 to 4.5 kg, that is, 1 m2 can pull 50 kg. To compare metal tile weighs 10 times less - 5 kg / m2. Therefore, the step of rafters for ceramics requires a minimal and wooden lamp with small cells. But the tile has excellent soundproofing, beautiful color and texture. The strength of one element is small, but the life of the entire roof exceeds the average life expectancy of a person and reaches 150 years.
These are corrugated galvanized steel sheets, which from the outside they have a polymer coating. The number of protective layers, as well as the method of fastening the elements, varies depending on the manufacturer. There are both glossy and matte. Dimensions of all sorts, thickness - from 0.4 mm, weight 1 m2 - from 3 to 5 kg.
The assembly is made on the crate, the fastening of nails or self-drawing, the backstage is one wave. Recommended slope - from 15 degrees. If it does not exceed 20, then the precipitates can be too slowly stroke, so the stools of the flooring are additionally sealed.
In general, the metal roof is quite durable and durable. The warranty period is from 5 to 15 years, but the wear of the polymer layer is not always taken into account. Of the disadvantages, only bad sound insulation and a large number of waste.
It is also called bituminous. Based on material - polyester, fiberglass and cellulose. They are applied to bituminous elements, and from above are covered with a coloring matter. A feature is a clutch, gluing elements under the influence of sun rays. Produced in the form of rectangles or semicircular sheets. The service life of the manufacturers is determined within 15-20 years without taking into account the resistance of the color.
Parameters:
Universal material with good insulation is equally suitable for residential and household buildings. The recommended angle of inclination is from 12 degrees. The technology provides a waterproofing substrate or a lining layer. The role of such a carpet can perform an old bituminous coating. Among the disadvantages - flammable, instability to ultraviolet and installation only in the warm season.
Produced in the form of corrugated galvanized sheets became all sizes. Waves provide coating stiffness and strength, their height and form depend on the specific model. There are trapezoid, sinuous or rounded.
Some producers outer side are covered with a rack with a polymer film.
To ensure waterproofing, a pergamine gasket is used when laying. Mounting to the crate is carried out by self-screwing screws, the joints of the joints are treated with a bitumen composition. The recommended inclination of the roof with a profile is from 10 degrees.
Like all metal roofs, the material has a small soundproofing, so it is often used for industrial facilities and sheds. The warranty period is 15-20 years.
Universal coating material that can be applied even for lining at home. It is based on cellulose that is impregnated with purified bitumen with the addition of resins and pigments. Color resistant. Standard sheet dimensions - 2000 x 950 mm, weight - 6.5 kg / m2, which is easier than the traditional slate 4 times.
Positive properties include:
Although the minimum permissible level of slope is 6 degrees, Ondulin does not recommend applying for roofs with a small bevel: there is no possibility to hold for a long time. With higher values \u200b\u200band proper operation, the service life will be about half a century, the warranty of hydrogen durability is 15 years.
Corrugated sheets of composite material based on portland cement and asbestos fiber. The wavy sheet form is always rectangular - 120 x 70 mm, weight - from 10 to 15 kg / m2. Roof inclination level - from 12 to 60 degrees. Technology during installation is provided by a lining layer of rubberoid or pergamine.
The slate cladder is attached to the brass with nails through soft hermetic gaskets.
The frame for the frame is selected:
One of the popular budget options. It is a roofing cardboard, impregnated and covered with bitumen. To avoid sticking, a coarse-grained powder is applied to the upper part.
Modern variety is an EuroBeroid, which consists of fiberglass or polyester impregnated with bitumen. The polymer layer is present above. This elastic and waterproof material often covers small areas of the roof with a complex shape. The main disadvantage is fast flammability, so it is possible to carry out full laying only on technical objects.
Roofs with one row rarely waters over low-rise residential buildings. True, their imperious form and simplicity of lines is very attractive for adherents of High-tech style. However, while new-fashioned phenomena are not too firmly introduced into domestic landscape, single roofing designs Earl over garages, compact daches, verandas, cabins.
The desire to build a similar uncomplicated object is often visited by master owners. For the optimal result, homemade craftsmen need to know how a single-board roof is constructed with their own hands, which should be envisaged and what stages of work are to be held.
The technical definition of a single-piece roof fully reflects the essence of the device. In its composition there is only one scope plane formed by the original solry system. Both edges of the rafter feet have a reliable support, therefore unconditionally refer to the category of change.
The elements of the system are stacked separately, are installed on different wall heights, with which they are connected through Mauerlat. The last of the indicated roofs does not look like a standard wooden frame. Its role is played by two bars laid parallel to stone walls, similar to the log cabins or opposite sides of the framework of frame buildings.
Sometimes, in order not to get confused in terminology, the overlying segment of Maurolat is called a skate bar. However, it does not form the ski fracture, but works as a support.
The feature of the supports for the roof device with one slope is performed:
Constructive simplicity does not interfere with single-sided structures include an impressive amount of varieties and subcategories. By analogy with other scanty fellows, they can be insulated and cold. Single roofs are built with an attic or without it.
In pure form, the attic options are rarely found, because Film standards are forbidden to arrange the attic below 1.6 m. Designs with one slope mostly gentle: the most common values \u200b\u200bof the slope varies from 5º to 15º, in percentage terms it will be from 5% to 25%.
In such proportions, the attic may be arranged only if there will be a similar room for economic needs between the roofing system and the ceiling overlap.
Single roofs are constructed:
In the area of \u200b\u200bequipping the roofs of the delta, single-standing presents the maximum acceptable technical solution, eliminating the likelihood of the accumulation of a snow bag. In the case of architectural necessity, alternative to them can serve. These rivals attract an interesting form, but disappoint increased costs and more complex technology of the structure.
Thanks to the difference in the height of the supporting walls, the precipitation from the skate is spontaneously. This means that there is no need for an internal flow organization. Most often a drainage chute is fastened to the low side of a single-row roof, perfectly cope with the tasks of drainage in the summer and demi-season period. In winter, snow can accumulate on gentle skates. The precipitation deposits are removed according to the rules for cleansing flat roofs.
Single roof slope can be provided:
As a roofing coating of single-sided roofs, a professional fond is used primarily. If the architectural appearance requires the architectural appearance of the estate, plastic, shale tile, ceramic or cement-sand tile applied.
Note that the installation of a piece roof is made only when the angle of inclination made by the material producers. Multicious structures with one slope are not covered with duch, straw, cane due to the possibility of rapid posting.
For a detailed acquaintance with the principles of the conservation of a single-board roof, consider real examples of constructing rafaline frames from lumber. After all, wood is the easiest to work and affordable material.
We take into account that preparing work should project Development with calculations focused on individual construction conditions. The cross-section of the details of the rafter system for canopies by which no one will move, it is necessary to determine with the weight of the roofing pie and snow load.
For the roofs of separate buildings, calculations should be made according to all types of static and dynamic loads acting on the structure during the year. Note that the rafting legs of single-table systems are calculated as horizontal beams.
Let us study the general principles of designing such a roof. Slinged frameworks over private objects are commonly constructed from wood, which is due to the environmental and economic advantages of the material. However, future builders should not be forgotten about the specifics of genuine organics.
It should be noted that the wood should tend to change linear dimensions from fluctuations in humidity and temperature drops. It is characterized by provistent deformation of solid length of elements that do not have additional supports under the problematic segments.
The specific features of the material determine the complication of the structure depending on the magnitude of the span overlapping:
The distance between the rapid legs is determined by the geometric data of the cylinder box. The walls on which the roof frame will be protected, tritely divided into equal segments. The breakdown is made so that both edges of the design are provided with rapid legs, and ordinary were located between them with an equal step.
The choice of step is not completely arbitrary. There are limitations by breakdown, depending on the material selected for the manufacture of parts of the system:
There is a limit on the size of the section, independent of the calculations. Even for buildings with presumably minimal load Ø, the logs cannot be less than 12 cm, the thickness of the plate is less than 7cm, the thickness of the board is less than 4 cm.
Independent builders need to be taken into account that for the manufacture of substropical legs for roofs, overlapping spans more than 4.6 m, it is necessary to stock up with a lumber in addition to a timber or boards for the production of stringe. The pump should be made from a log from 10 cm, from a bar with a side of 8cm or from a sprayed board with a size of 25 × 150mm.
The Mauerlalat bar has no right to be less than 100 × 200mm, log for the same goals - thinner Ø 180-200mm. In the construction of roofs overlapping spans more than 12m, it will takes the installation of runs and liters. The size of the bar for their manufacture cannot be less than 180 × 180mm, Ø logs can not be less than 200mm. The console-running system racks for large-spool roofs are performed from a side bar from 120mm and more or from a log Ø from 130mm.
We will assume that the design has been successfully completed. The responsible builder of the plan-drawing with dimensions and calculations will provide effective assistance. Now we will analyze one of the simplest examples, in an affordable form explaining how to competently make a single-piece roof. We will shut down a small frame bathhouse. The rafted of its single-sided roof will be based on the upper strapping.
The setting step of the rafter to calculate is not necessary, because It is equal to the distance between the racks frameless walls. A 50 × 150mm board went to the manufacture of racks. The height of the front wall we take 2.5m, the rear wall will be 2.2 m high.
The process of structures in steps:
The roof is common, therefore, we can not go about a rarellied cage. Before laying the coating, cut the hole under the chimney. Around it and along the skes of the roof we lay the bands of additional waterproofing.
On top of the solid flooring lay the selected variety of roofing: bitumen-polymer roof, professional flooring or steel sheets connected by folds.
There are practically no differences in the structures of the constructions of single-table roofs on frame boxes with walls of different heights. Stages of construction are carried out according to the similar plan, type work is performed. The size of the buildings, the steepness of the roof, the magnitude of the total load, taking into account weather circumstances, the specifics of operation and the weight of roofing cake are distinguished.
Single roof - the most popular "participant" of all sorts of architectural combinations. In the example we submitted, two separate skates were erected above the cottage. One of the single-sided roofs is arranged above the residential part of the frame house, the second - over a terrace attached to the house. The residential part of the house has a common foundation and bearing wallto which rafters of both roofs relieve tops.
Construction algorithm:
Wishing to insulate the roof of the country, it will be necessary to lay the insulation in the area between the solo insulation. From the side of the cottages in such cases, a vapor barrier material is established. It will protect the insulation from moisturizing with the subsequent rotting and loss of insulating qualities. Steam barrier is fixed by the stapler to rafters, after which the inner surface is trimmed with GVL sheets, plywood, clapboard.
Works in the increase in the heat-drying characteristics of a single-row roof can be carried out after installation of roofing. The thermal insulation is stacked then from the inside of the construction, further actions are made in a similar sequence.
According to technical signs of a single-sided roof, single rafters are stacked on the walls of different heights. What should I do if equipped with a foot of both walls brought to a single level?
For example, when assembling a cut, a small log cabin is unreasonable and unprofitably removing one of the walls above another, although technological means are available to implement such plans. The time consumption and material will be too large. And in the end, the usual skate, which can be raised much cheaper and faster.
Expandability is simple: For the operational construction of a single-piece roof in the box with the walls of equal height, it is necessary to simply use the rafter farms. Their pattern can be made independently or purchased in the finished form. Factory products can be made of wood or metal. The first option is preferable to arrange residential and frequently visited buildings, the second for garages, subsidies, veranda.
We will analyze an example of a constructing of a single roof with farms for the country a attached veranda or porch. For the manufacture of farms, we get a 25 × 45mm board, for the racks we will turn the board 120 × 45mm or thicker if the pressure on the roof of the solid snow load is supposed.
To cover the ceiling, frontones and devices of drain boards, we will purchase a 70 × 22mm board. For the construction of a solid crate, we will purchase a non-planed tiled board 95 × 22 × 16mm.
Sequence of work:
It is desirable to attach the drainage chute to the front end of the apparatus roof and remove its drain segment outside the roof. Brackets for its installation are attached to the device of the crate to the rafters.
Training rollers will demonstrate how to properly build a solid one-piece roof in their own hands: video in detail depict the process.
Construction of a single-piece roof over a foam concrete box:
The roof crate device with one slope:
Single Roof Waterproofing:
The options for the constructions of a single-board roof presented as an example will help to deal with the construction process and successfully implement plans for the arrangement of country property.
Applying the profile pipe for the installation of farms, you can create structures designed for high loads. Light metal structures are suitable for the construction of structures, the arrangement of frames for chimneys, the installation of supports for the roof and visors. The form and dimensions of farms determine depending on the specifics of use, whether household or industrial sphere. It is important to correctly calculate the farm from the profile pipe, otherwise the design may not withstand operational loads.
Corn from arched farms
Metal farms from the pipe rolling are characterized by complexity in the installation, but they are more economical and easier for constructions from solid beams. The profiled pipe, which is made of round by hot or cold processing, in cross-sectiona has the form of a rectangle, a square, a polyhedron, an oval, semi-chained or plane. It is convenient to mount the farm from square pipes.
The farm is a metal structure, which includes the upper and lower belt, as well as the lattice between them. The elements of the lattice include:
Constructive elements of a metal farm
Farms are primarily intended for overlapping spans. Due to the ribs of stiffness, they are not deformed even when using long structures on structures with large spans.
Metal farm manufacturing is produced on Earth or in production conditions. Elements from profile pipes are usually bonded with each other with a welding machine or riveting, jams can be used, paired materials. To mount the skeleton of the canopy, the visor, the roofs of the capital construction, the finished farms raise and attach to the upper strapping according to the markup.
For the overlapping of the spans, various variants of metal farms are applied. Design can be:
Triangular farms made from the profile pipe are used as rafters, including for mounting a simple single sowing cannon. Metal structures in the form of arches are popular due to the aesthetics of the appearance. But arched structures require the most accurate calculations, since the load on the profile should be distributed evenly.
Triangular Farm for Single Design
The choice of the design of the farms of canopies from the profile tube, visors, the rafter systems under the roof depends on the calculated operational loads. By the number of belts differ:
In construction, you can use farms with different contours.:
Farm belts outlines
In accordance with the value of the angle of inclination, typical farms are divided into the following types:
Before calculating the farm, it is necessary to choose a suitable roof configuration, given the dimensions of the structure, the optimal amount and angle of the slope. It should also be determined which circuit of the belts is suitable for the selected roof option - in this case, all operational loads on the roof are taken into account, including precipitation, wind load, weight of people producing work on the arrangement and maintenance of a carport of a profile pipe or roofing, installation and repair of equipment on the roof.
To calculate the farm from the profile pipe, it is necessary to determine the length and height of the metal structures. The length corresponds to the distance that the design must overlap, while the height depends on the projected angle of the slope of the skate and the selected metal circuit.
The calculation of the canopy in the end comes down to determine the optimal gaps between the farm nodes. To do this, you need to calculate the load on the metal structure, calculate the profile pipe.
Incorrectly calculated roof frames carry a threat to the life and health of people, because thin or not enough rigid metal structures may not withstand loads and collapse. Therefore, it is recommended to trust the calculation of the metal farm professionals familiar with specialized programs.
If it is decided to computiate independently, it is necessary to use reference data, including the resistance of the bending tube, follow the SNiP. Correctly calculate the design without relevant knowledge is difficult, therefore it is recommended to find an example of calculating the standard farm of the desired configuration and substitute the necessary values \u200b\u200bin the formula.
At the design stage, a drawing of a farm from the profile pipe is drawn up. Prepared drawings indicating the size of all elements will be simplified and accelerated the manufacture of metal structures.
Drawing with sizes of elements
Calculate the farm from the steel profile pipe
Making a design from a profile pipe To ensure the necessary accuracy of calculations, use a building calculator - a suitable special program. So you can compare your own and software calculations in order to prevent a large inconsistency in size!
Arched structures: Example of calculation
To cook a farm for a carport in the form of an arch, using a profile pipe, it is necessary to correctly calculate the design. Consider the principles of calculation on the example of the intended structure with the span between the supporting structures (L) of 6 meters, the step between the arches is 1.05 meters, the farm height is 1.5 meters - such an arched farm looks aesthetic and able to withstand high loads. The length of the lower level arrow of the arched farm is 1.3 meters (F), and the circle radius in the lower zone will be 4.1 meters (R). The magnitude of the angle between radius: a \u003d 105.9776 °.
Scheme with arched canopy
For the bottom belt, the length of the profile (MN) is calculated by the formula:
mN - profile length from the bottom belt;
π is a constant value (3.14);
R is the radius of the circle;
α - angle between radius.
As a result, we get:
Construction nodes are located in the lower belt sections with a step of 55.1 cm - it is allowed to round up to 55 cm to simplify the construction assembly, but it should not be increased. Distances between extreme plots required to calculate individually.
If the length of the span is less than 6 meters, instead of welding complex metal structures, you can use a single or double beam by folding the metal element under the selected radius. In this case, the calculation of arched farms is not required, but it is important to choose the proper section of the material so that the design withstand the load.
Profile Pipe for Ferm Mounting: Calculation Requirements
In order for the finished designs of overlaps, first of all, large-sized, kept testing for strength throughout the entire period of operation, the pipe rental for the manufacture of farms is selected on the basis of:
Data from these sources will allow you to familiarize yourself with the types of profile pipes and choose optimal option Taking into account the configuration of the cross section and the thickness of the walls of the elements, the design features of the farm.
Canopy for cars from pipe rod
Farms are recommended to be made from high-quality pipe racket, it is advisable for arched structures to choose alloy steel. So that the metal structures are resistant to corrosion, the alloy should include a large carbon percentage. Metal structures from alloy steel do not need additional protective color.
Useful Tips for Installation
Knowing how to make a lattice farm, you can mount a reliable frame under the translucent canopy or roof. It is important to take into account a number of nuances.
It is important to represent how to cook a farm from the profile pipe, if the metal structures are required directly at the construction site. If there are no welding skills, it is recommended to invite a welder with professional equipment.
Welding farm elements
The racks of the metal structures are mounted at a right angle, the disclosure - under the tilt of 45 °. At the first stage, we cut the elements from the profile pipe according to the dimensions specified in the drawing. We collect on Earth the main design, check its geometry. Then we boil the collected frame, using corners and overhead plates, where they are required.
Be sure to check the strength of each weld. From their quality and accuracy of elements, the strength and reliability of welded metal structures depends, their carrying capacity. Finished farms raise up and attach to the strapping, observing the installation step according to the project.
Farms from the profile pipe: manufacture, how to calculate and cook
The farm is a hanging design, which consists of upper and lower belts, dive and racks, which is included in the total lines of the roof of the house. Today it can be made of various material, but the structures made of metal are becoming increasingly popular.
The rafter farm can be made of various material, but the constructions of metal are becoming increasingly popular.
The design of the metal roof is performed by modern technologywhich today is considered optimal for a wide variety of buildings. Frame houses Metal lightweight structures are resistant to various external conditions, they differ in strength and reliability.
The calculation of such rafting systems is made using special programs that take into account numerous factors, which makes the whole design very reliable.
Metal farms used to be used everywhere where high structural strength was needed, today the advantage of using such structures is also used for private construction, and not only during the construction industrial enterprises. Today, metal farms are in demand, which can be conditionally divided into two groups: spatial and flat.
Flat designs are distinguished by the fact that each metal rod is located only in the same plane. Spatial structures form bars, perfectly withstanding loads from all sides. It is similar to a tower crane device, which is resistant to fairly strong, long loads when used.
The main elements of the metal farm are a rafting belt and lattices, the belt has longitudinal strength and moment, on the lattice - transverse force. The space that is located between them is customary to be called the panel, the free gap between farms is a span, the space between the belt axes is height.
Types of metal farms.
Metal farms used today can be the most different, which is very distinguished by them from others. They differ in the form of belts, spans, sizes, manufacturing patterns. So, static farms can be frame, beam, guy, arched. The beam in this case is characterized by a more economical consumption of materials, less weight than the others, they can be used to make structures that need resistance to large, continuous loads. Arched are used to create unusual attractive roof forms, but when they are constructed, the consumption of building materials is somewhat increased.
In addition, combined schemes, polygonal, segmented, triangular, trapezoid, with parallel belts are used. All of them are highly durable, low weight, stability. The high quality mounting of the rafter system is ensured by the fact that any calculation for such a design is carried out using special programs.
As materials for the manufacture of metal farms, a lightweight metal galvanized profile is applied (the so-called LSTK, that is, light steel thin-walled structures), fastened with self-draws and special bolts, or special steel beams for which welded joints are used.
Calculate metal rafting farms is a procedure that requires special knowledge. Typically, such calculations are performed by designers using special programs, taking into account numerous factors. Such a calculation and makes metal structures as reliable as possible. When calculating the rafter system, such factors must be considered:
Snow load scheme on the roof.
Snow load is calculated by the formula: N \u003d Q * k
It is necessary to take into account the wind loads that include data at the maximum wind speed in the area, the stages of the structure, the structural features of the roof, its area.
The exact calculation of metal farms can only be done by a specialist, should not be attempted to implement it yourself!
Installation of terry metal farms should be carried out only by professionals. All attachments are performed only according to the project. These are bolted and welded mounts (for different types of material). Mounting rules depend not only on the type of design, but also from its specification, with a span value more than 4.5 m, it is recommended to pre-put additional supports for any kind of farms.
Selecting the coating for depending on the angle of inclination of the roof
All metal rafters, more precisely, their appearance and design, depend largely on the corner of the roof of the roof. Consider the variants of the device of the rafter systems:
For large buildings, where the length of the span is from 20 to 35 meters, it is necessary to use the so-called Farms PolonSo, that is, a metal construction, which consists of two triangular farms connected by the tensions. This makes it possible to remove long disclosures for middle panels to reduce weight. The upper belt in this case should be divided into 12-16 panels long for each 2-2.75 meters. Calculation to cover the ceiling must take into account the presence of a tightening in 4-6 panels, which is attached to the top belt nodes.
The use of metal for the manufacture of truss systems is not such a novelty. There are such structures since the late 19th century, although they used extremely rarely, mainly for the construction of palaces and temples. Today, the metal has gained a second life, it makes reliable and very durable buildings, residential buildings, industrial facilities.
The calculation of such structures should be carried out only by experts, there are special programs for this. Metal farms mounts can be different, as well as manufacturing material: These are welded steel structures, lightweight galvanized, which are attached with the help of self-tapping and bolts. The appearance of the farms themselves and the dimensions are largely dependent on what bias the roof will be made, what loads are assumed.
Sling Farm Metal For Roof
Farms are elements of structures that, perceiving the load in the span, transmit it to supports. The metallic rafter farms have the form of a lattice cross-cutting structure made of rectangular rods, "assembled" with each other into nodes. The choice of their design for a particular roof determines the location of the attic overlap, the bias of the roof and the required length of the span.
Metal rafter farms are mostly made from steel profiles, more often from the corner. For more severe designs, the profile has a brand or heated section, and for hydraulic structures - a round, profile pipe. Steel rafting farm is widely used in structures for coating and overlapping buildings, more often with span widths more than 24 m.
The strength and rigidity of these elements of the supporting structure ensures their form. The classic version of the metal farm consists of a rod - two parallel and even between them, cooked zigzag. Due to such a layout, even with a relatively small consumption of the material, the resistance of the metal structure rises.
Basic structural elements:
The node connection of the elements is performed by directly adjoining one to another. The grille rods are fixed to belts or welding, or by means of the shaped elements. In addition to the rafter, there may be substropsy. They are used as supports for carrying structures and overlaps, if the distance between the columns exceeds the beam step or the column is an unequal step.
They are classified according to the geometry of the belts and the type of lattice.
In the outline of the belt
Lattice systems
When calculating, the requirements of SNiP on " Steel structures"And" loads and influences ". Competently, calculate the rafting systems from the metal only in the presence of special knowledge. At the same time, numerous factors are taken into account, so designers, as a rule, are applied when calculating the help of special programs.
As for the basis of the calculations of the triangular farm: an example
Farms are under constant influence of such loads as the weight of the roof, lanterns, suspended drainage systems, fans, own weight of the supporting structure and others. Time loads include the pressure of the wind, snow, weight of people on the roof, suspended transport.
It is also taken into account by special or periodic loads, such as seismic, hurricane, etc.
Some rules of the device
The form and design of metal rafters largely depends on the downhill roof. Consider the relationship between the roof slope and the solving systems:
Series 1.263.2-4. Issue 1. Farm by flights 18, 21 and 24 m from rolling corners. Drawings of KM (7.1 MIB, 368 HITS)
1.263-2-4.1km-4 Farm schemes with nodes marking. Farm breakdown for sending brands
1.263-2-4.1km-5 Farm location scheme 18 m and ties
1.263-2-4.1km-6 Farm location schemes fly 21 m and connections
1.263-2-4.1km-7 Farm location schemes of 24 m and ties
1.263-2-4.1km-8 Farm scheme with marking elements
1.263-2-4.1km-9 Warranty Ferms Sortiment L \u003d 18 m and H \u003d 1.2 m
1.263-2-4.1km-10 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 18 M and H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-11 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 21 m and H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-12 Warranty Ferms Sortiment L \u003d 24 m and H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-13 Schemes of Vertical Relations B-1, B-2
1.263-2-4.1km-14 node 1
1.263-2-4.1km-15 node 2.3
1.263-2-4.1km-16 node 4
1.263-2-4.1km-17 node 5
1.263-2-4.1km-18 node 6
1.263-2-4.1km-19 Node 7
1.263-2-4.1km-20 node 8
1.263-2-4.1km-21 Node 9
1.263-2-4.1km-22 Node 10
1.263-2-4.1km-23 node 11
1.263-2-4.1km-24 node 12-15
1.263-2-4.1km-25 Indication for the calculation of welds of Farm nodes
1.263-2-4.1km-26 Marking of holes on the top belts of farms for fastening connections
1.263-2-4.1km-27 layout diagram of reinforced concrete slabs and parts of their welding to Ferm belts
1.263-2-4.1km-28 Specification Steel Farms Poly 18 m
1.263-2-4.1km-29 Specification Steel Farms Polym 21 m
1.263-2-4.1km-30 Specification Steel Farms Polya Poly
Approved: State Committee for Civil Engineering and Architecture under the USSR Association 13.10.1982
Series 1.263.2-4. Release 2. Farms by flying 27, 30 and 36 m from rolling corners. Drawings of KM. (8,8 MIB, 129 HITS)
1.263-2-4.2km-2 Farm schemes with labeling of nodes. Farm breakdown for sending brands
1.263-2-4.2km-3 Farm location flow 27 m and connections
1.263-2-4.2km-4 Farm location flow 30 m and ties
1.263-2-4.2km-5 Farm location scheme for 36 m and connections
1.263-2-4.2km-6 Farm schemes with marking elements
1.263-2-4.2km-7 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 27 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.2km-8 Warranty Farms L \u003d 27 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.2km-9 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 30 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.2km-10 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 30 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.2km-11 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 36 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.2km-12 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 36 m; H \u003d 2.4 m
1.263-2-4.2km-13 Schemes of vertical bonds B-1, B-2; B-3
1.263-2-4.2km-14 Node 1
1.263-2-4.2km-15 node 2.3
1.263-2-4.2km-16 node 4
1.263-2-4.2km-17 Node 5
1.263-2-4.2km-18 node 6
1.263-2-4.2km-19 Node 7
1.263-2-4.2km-20 node 8
1.263-2-4.2km-21 Node 9
1.263-2-4.2km-22 Node 10-13
1.263-2-4.2km-23 Note on the calculation of welds in farm nodes
1.263-2-4.2km-24 Marking of holes on top belts Farms for fastening connections
1.263-2-4.2km-25 layout diagram of reinforced concrete slabs and parts of their welding to Ferm belts
1.263-2-4.2km-26 Specification Steel Farm Pour L \u003d 27 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.2km-27 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 27 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.2km-28 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 30 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.2km-29 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 30 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.2km-30 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 36 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.2km-31 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 36 m; H \u003d 2.4 m
Adopted: Madi Minvuza USSR (Moscow Automobile and Road Institute)
Adopted: President of Russian Federation
Adopted: CITP USSR Gosstroy
Approved: State Committee for Civil Engineering and Architecture with Gosstrel of the USSR 04.01.1983
Series 1.263.2-4. Issue 3. Farm by Poly 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 36 m from rolling corners for lightweight roof (11.6 MIB, 80 HITS)
1.263-2-4.1km-2 Farm schemes with knot marking. Farm breakdown for sending brands
1.263-2-4.1km-3 Farm location scheme of 18 m, runs and connections
1.263-2-4.1km-4 Farm Layout Space 21 m, Runs and Relations
1.263-2-4.1km-5 Farm location schemes by flying 24 m, runs and connections
1.263-2-4.1km-6 Farm location schemes fly 27 m, runs and connections
1.263-2-4.1km-7 Farm location schemes of 30 m, runs and connections
1.263-2-4.1km-8 Farm location schemes by flying 36 m, runs and connections
1.263-2-4.1km-9 Farm scheme with marking elements
1.263-2-4.1km-10 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 18 m; H \u003d 1.2 m
1.263-2-4.1km-11 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 18 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-12 Warranty Farms L \u003d 21 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-13 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 24 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-14 A variety of farms by flying L \u003d 27 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-15 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 27 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.1km-16 Farm sorting of a span L \u003d 30 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-17 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 30 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.1km-18 Farm sorting of a span L \u003d 36 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.1km-19 Farm Sort by Ferms L \u003d 36 m; H \u003d 2.4 m
1.263-2-4.1km-20 Schemes of vertical connections in 1 ... in-4
1.263-2-4.1km-21 Node 1
1.263-2-4.1km-22 node 2.3
1.263-2-4.1km-23 Node 4
1.263-2-4.1km-24 node 5
1.263-2-4.1km-25 node 6
1.263-2-4.1km-26 node 7
1.263-2-4.1km-27 node 8
1.263-2-4.1km-28 Node 9
1.263-2-4.1km-29 node 10
1.263-2-4.1km-30 node 11
1.263-2-4.1km-31 Node 12-15
1.263-2-4.1km-32 Note for the calculation of welds of farm nodes
1.263-2-4.1km-33 Marking of holes on the top belts of farms L \u003d 18-24 m for fastening connections
1.263-2-4.1km-34 Marking of holes on the top belts of farms L \u003d 27-36 m for fastening connections
1.263-2-4.1km-35 tables for selecting brands of runs and profile of flooring
1.263-2-4.1km-36 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 18 m; H \u003d 1.2 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-37 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 27 m; L \u003d 24 m; H \u003d 1.8 m
1.263-2-4.1km-38 Specification Steel Ferms Polya L \u003d 27 m; H \u003d 1.8 m; H \u003d 2.7 m
1.263-2-4.1km-39 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 30 m; H \u003d 1.8 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.1km-40 Specification Steel Ferms Polya L \u003d 36 m; H \u003d 2.1 m
1.263-2-4.1km-41 Specification Steel Farms Polya L \u003d 36 m; H \u003d 2.4 m
Approved: State Committee for Civil Engineering and Architecture with Gosstrel of the USSR 06.05.1983
Series 1.263.2-4. Voltage. Farm Farms 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 m made of welded bent-rented profiles (with reduced height) (6.8 MIB, 139 HITS)
1.263-2-4.4-01Km Farm schemes with labeling nodes. Farm breakdown on starting brands
1.263-2-4.4-02km Farm location scheme 15.18 m and connections
1.263-2-4.4-03km Farm location scheme of 21.24 m and connections
1.263-2-4.4-04Km Farm location scheme 27.30 m and connections
1.263-2-4.4-05km Farm schemes with marking elements
1.263-2-4.4-06km Farm Sort by Ferms 15.18.21 m
1.263-2-4.4-07km Farm Sort by Farms 24 m
1.263-2-4.4-08km Farm Sort by Ferms 27 m
1.263-2-4.4-09km Farm Sort of 30 m
1.263-2-4.4-10km Geometric schemes of sending grades of rafter farms
1.263-2-4.4-11km Node 1,2
1.263-2-4.4-12km node 3 ... 8
1.263-2-4.4-13km Farm Opportion Nodes (options)
1.263-2-4.4-14km Fragments of the plan for fastenings
1.263-2-4.4-15km Allowable calculated load on flooring
1.263-2-4.4-16km Configuration attachment node
1.263-2-4.4-17km Welded Farm Sews
1.263-2-4.4-18km Details D-1 ... D-3
1.263-2-4.4-19km Specification Steel Farms Pour 15,18,21 and 24 m
1.263-2-4.4-20km Specification Steel Farms Pour 27 and 30 m
1.263-2-4.4-21km Material Considity
Approved: State Committee for Civil Engineering and Architecture under the USSR Association 29.03.1984
Metal rafter farms: design calculation, manufacture
