Payment rafter system It should be done not after the construction of the box of the house, and at the stage of manufacturing the project of the building. It should be remembered that for very responsible and prestigious structures, such work is recommended to order professional architects, only they will be able to fulfill the right calculations and guarantee the duration and safety of the operation of the structure.
Despite the fact that it is one of the simplest types of systems for residential buildings, there are several types of design. A variety allows you to increase the use of roofs when building houses according to standard or individual exclusive projects.
| Type of rafter system double roof | Architectural features and a brief description |
|---|---|
| The most frequently used option, has two fully identical rectangular skate. Loads between individual elements are distributed evenly regardless of their location. The number of additional stops is not limited, the specific decision is made depending on the plans for the use of attic rooms. Calculations can be done with the help of free programs placed on construction sites. |
| The horse is shifted to one side of the house or skates with various corners tilt. More complex for calculations of the lines of the roof. If in a simplified version, you can calculate one slut and the data obtained is automatically used for the second, then it is impossible to use this option for an asymmetric rafter system. Advantages - Original appearance. Disadvantages - the complexity of calculations and installation and a reduction in the attic space used. |
| Most often used during the construction of mansard premises, it allows you to significantly increase the amount of attic rooms. Calculations are difficult to relate to the middle category. Slinge system with outer france. Rarely meet systems with inner intake, except for the original appearance, they do not have any advantages. |
We will give a list of all the elements that need to be counting for each specific case.
The simplest element of the rafter system can be made from a bar of 150 × 150mm, 200 × 200 mm or 50 × 150 mm and 50 × 200 mm boards. On the small houses It is allowed to use twin boards with a thickness of 25mm. Mauerlat is considered an innovative element, its task is only evenly distributing point efforts from the rafter feet around the perimeter of the facade walls of the structure. Fixed to the wall on the reinforcing belt using anchors or large dowels. Some rafter systems have large driving efforts, in these cases the element is calculated for stability. Accordingly, the optimal methods for fixing Mauerlat to the walls taking into account the material of their masonry are selected.
The silhouette of the rafter system is formed and perceived all the current loads: from wind and snow, dynamic and static, constant and temporary.
They are made of 50 × 100 mm or 50 × 150mm boards, can be solid or maritown.
The boards are calculated by the resistance to the bending, taking into account the data obtained, rocks and varieties of wood are selected, the distance between the legs, additional elements of increasing stability. Two connected legs are called a farm, in the upper part may have tightening.
Tightening are calculated on stretching.
Some of the most important elements of the solo system of the two-tie roof. Calculated for maximum bending efforts, made from boards or timber corresponding to the loads of section. At the highest location, the skated run is installed, side by side can be mounted. Run calculations are quite complex and should take into account a large number of factors.
Can be vertical and inclined. Inclined work on compression, attached at right angles to the rafalines. The lower part rests on the beam overlap or concrete plates, Accommodation options for horizontal liters are acceptable. Due to the stops, there is a possibility to use thinner lumber for the manufacture of rafter legs. Vertical stops work on compression, horizontal to bend.
Stay along the attic room, rest in several bearing walls or interior partitions. The appointment is to simplify the manufacture of a complex rafter system, creating new points of transmission of loads from various types of stops. For litter, you can use beams or thick boards, the calculation is made at the maximum bending moment between the points of the support.
The type of crate is chosen taking into account technical parameters Roofing and the indicators of the rafter system do not affect.
What kind of doom is needed under the professional? When to mount a wooden, and when metallic? How to choose the right step of the crate and what the factors take into account?
Building boards
All work consists of several stages, each has a big impact on the stability and durability of the construction of the structure.
Based on the data obtained, linear parameters of sawn timber and pharmacies pitch are determined. If the load on the rafters is very large, then vertical or corner stops are installed for the uniform distribution, the calculations are repeated taking into account new data. The direction of impact of effort changes, the magnitude of torque and bending moments changes. During the calculations, three types of loads should be taken into account.
Moreover, the height of the snow is changed not only with the climatic zone, but also depending on the location of the house on the sides of the light, the terrain, the particular location of the building, etc. The same inaccurate are the data on the strength and direction of the wind. Architects have found a way out of this difficult situation: data take from the oldest tables, but for the safety of reliability and stability in each formula, the safety reserve coefficient is used. For responsible rafter systems on residential buildings, the standard is 1.4. This means that all linear parameters of the system elements increase 1.4 times and due to this increases the reliability and safety of the construction of the structure.
The actual load from the wind is equal to the indicator in the region of the structure of the structure multiplied by the correction ratio. Correction factor characterizes the features of the location of the building. By the same formula, the maximum snow load is determined.
The final values \u200b\u200bare determined based on the likelihood of the simultaneous action of all the above loads. The dimensions of each element of the rafter system are calculated using the strength factor. By the same algorithm, not only the rafter legs, but also jumpers, stops, stretching, runs and other elements of the roof are designed.
Rafyled - carrying roof design, which relies on bearing walls and is a support for installing roofing materials. Drawings of rafted roofs Designed taking into account the requirements of strength, rigidity - taking into account temporary and permanent loads.
Long loads are: the weight of the roof design; Periodic is: the pressure of snow cover, wind loads, weight of people when repairing a roof. When the roof improvement is taken into account building materials. The weight of the rafter systems should not increase the load on the wall and the foundation. Hard requirements are presented to the quality of rafal materials.
Composition of the rafter system:
Documentation on rafyled - drawing, Determines the design of the roof, represents a visual image, helps to make an estimate of the costs of materials. When designing a roof with an attic, a planning is planned using the drawing indoor space. The truck system includes:
I. The basis of the design - Mauerlat: a bar, which is strengthened along the walls of the building and holds rafters.
II. Beams that determine the slope of the skate, and fix the structural elements - the rafter legs.
III. Laid bars, which transmit the load from the roof and serve for flooring the coating material - doom.
IV. Returning elements that serve to impart stiffness:
a) racks;
b) tie;
c) crackers;
d) litter;
e) runs, etc.
Plan rafted drawing:
To bind the rafter system to the bearing walls, the axes of the building are applied. Depending on the distance between the capital walls, the system design is designed. Pipelines and ventilation channels, chimneys are applied to the plan, with the layout of the location relative to the racks. The plan dishes the device with incoming elements, connections and sizes, which determine the relative location of the parts. The drawing indicates: the location of the frontones, attic windows, roof ribs, skates, etc.
Shape of rafting structures
I. Flat.
II. Single.
III. Double - consists of two inclined planes. From the end has a triangle shape.
IV. Four-tight: Walm, half-haired, tent.
V. vaulted.
Vi. Loaven.
VII. Pyramidal.
During the construction of a building in areas with strong wind loads, a hip roof is applied. Instead of the vertical walls of the front - triangular rocks, two other skate - trapezoids: so arranged hipped roof rafters. Blueprints Created on the basis of calculations of the characteristics of the system. Calculate:
a) the height of the skate;
b) the length of the skating timber and rafters;
c) rafters inclination angle;
d) roof area;
e) elongation for the sink device.
When designing buildings not more than 3 floors, a batch roof is applied. The site contains projects - rafyla duscal roof drawing, for different types of buildings.
The duct roof is very popular, as its construction is considered a relatively simple and rapid stage in the construction of the house. Different types of two scope roof Allow you to choose the appropriate option for a specific building. Put such a roofing structure will not be much difficulty if there is even a small experience in construction, but alone, of course, can not cope. All work is carried out in stages, taking into account the peculiarities of such a roof.
When erecting a double roof, a rafter system and basic parts are installed roofing design. This refers to a frame (in the form of a rafted with a pink), Maurylalat. Make them from high-quality wood - it is a bars of 150x150 mm and a cross-section of 50x150 mm. Traditional is the divertile roofs of a symmetric type, having straight rods (nipper roof). The angle of inclination of such a roof comes up to 45 degrees, which avoids loads on the design (for example, at snowfall and wind).
Other types of bartal roofs, for example, with broken rods, allow the attic under the roof.In this case, the rocks on top of the roof are more commonly slopes, and below - with a sharp bias. The broken rope roof must be erected into a more complex and sturdy construction. During the construction of an asymmetric roof of the roof, the roof is performed with a displacement from the center. This is done taking into account the design features of the building.
Frame design The bartal roof can be:
It is characteristic that in most buildings, a rafter system of the utility type is used, inside which there are bearing walls. The frame, thus, serves as an intermediate support. With the width of the roof, no more than 10 m is usually used one support. The roof of a width of more than 10 m has several proportionately located supports. The frame in the form of a rafter system of a hanging type is possible in the case when the structure can do with one support, without having inner bearing walls. Such a roof is built out of two belts - upper (two rafters), lower (rigidly connected tightening). Relieved rafters on Mauerlat, and the ends of the rafter go to the outer walls.
The bartal broken roof may have an increase in the form of support frames that do not allow the inclined roof. So you can get a stronger design. Hanging loaven roof It has additional supporting frames to which the walls of the attic are installed. The support frame, which is located under the bearing wall inside, takes part of the load, which allows a little relief design of the roof.
The design of the bartal roof is distinguished by the presence of inclined surfaces on both sides. The roof base area has a rectangular surface. Skates do not allow to gather on the roof of the snow and melt water. The roof is naturally cleaned. The roof consists of constructive assemblies: Maurolat, Systems of rafters, skate and fake, soles of the roof, trenches, tensions, crates and racks. It should be understood as all the elements of the bantal roof design are characteristic.
Mauerlat is necessary for the correct distribution of the load on the bearing walls from the rafter.To this end, it is usually chosen by durable wood - a bar (it may be oak, larch, pine). The choice of a bar in cross section is determined by the type of wood (solid or glued). For example, 100 per 100 mm or 150 to 150 mm. It is worth noting that when choosing a metal rafting system, Maurylalat must also be made of metal.
The main element of the system of the bone roof is the rafter foot.These elements are made of durable bar and logs. When connecting a rafter foot from above, a farm is formed with different types Intermediate support. An important role is played by the parameters of the rafters and construction sites.
The tighten is necessary for connecting the rafter system (rafting leg) and to give strength and the necessary stiffness of the structure.
The run is two types: the skunk, in which the installation is made at the place of the rafter (in this place, the roof lobe is installed), and the side run, which provides roofing elements (farm) additional rigidity (sizes and quantities of such runs will depend on the load on the design ).
Racks for rafters in the form of a vertical bar also take on a significant part of the load from the roof.The rack for rafted a bone roof is usually located in the center. If the width of the span is more ordinary - then also on the sides. When erecting an asymmetric roof, the rack is set depending on the length of the rafted. For the broken roof, the installation of the racks is performed on the sides, while free space remains. If two rooms are planned under the roof, the racks of the rafter put in the center and on the sides.
Troops are supports for racks. With a subpatch at an angle of more than 45 degrees of the roof, it is better protected from deformation (snow, wind). Depending on the climatic zone, both longitudinal and diagonal crackers with a plumbing pair on the same plane can be installed.
Lena serves as a reliable support of the racks. This is the place of attachment of the pan.
The drybet is necessary for fixing the materials and structural elements of the roof. The crate is set perpendicular to the rafting legs. One of the important destinations of the crate is the redistribution of the load from the roof on the rafter system.
The choice of materials for the rafter system is an important stage in preparing for the arrangement of roofing design. When calculating the material on the bartal roof, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that it should be high-quality wood, the material does not have bitch, damage and worm, is well processed and impregnated with special compositions (for safety and reliability during operation). For the reliability of the design there must be a steady connection of the elements of the entire rafter system. The roof must be a solid construction from modern quality materials.
Such wood rocks, as larch, cedar, spruce or pine are easily processed, so they are most often used in the rafter system. The rafters are made from a bar width from 10 to 15 cm and a thickness of 5 cm. At the same time, a cured bar is usually used, which will no longer change the form after arranging the roof. This is necessary to increase the stability of the structure. In addition to timber, boards are taken for rafters, especially if it comes to shooting the roof of a private house.
Multi-storey construction used metal rafters. The minus of the metal rafter system for private houseworks is that such a design is not able to maintain heat. Wood in this plan more advantages - the material is distinguished by a high degree of thermal insulation and energy saving. Wood is distributed over varieties. The primary material goes to the creation of hanging rafters and tightening. From the material both the first and second grades, racks and soot are performed.
In the process of planning a double roof, a drawing is prepared. This is a scheme of a future design, where there are rocks, frontoth, horse. In fact, the plan is a drawing with worked elements in different projections, which displays rafaling methods. Drawing of a duplex roof is performed taking into account all stages of work.
The scheme of its construction includes:
A competently composed roofing plan will reduce the cost of the cost of purchasing building materials. To create a project of any type, one or another type of materials is used, based on the calculations and taking into account the reliability of the coating. The size of the roofing coating is also taken into account. During the drawing, a part of the rafter system is necessarily prescribed, which makes it possible to understand how much the load on the roof can be.
The plan also includes:
In the design scheme, the type of roof should be clearly displayed. Detailed details on the scheme will allow you to perform work faster and better.
Depending on the features of the roof (single or duct, form, etc.) compiled project documentation.
This work takes place in several stages:
It is worth considering that the differences in the scanty structures are associated with the type of rafters (hanging or voted), with uneven angles of inclination, with the sizes of the eaves of the cornice. It is also worth considering and errors in designing. One of the most common of them is an error with the calculation of the consumption of materials for the entire complex. The process of drawing up drawing schemes is best to entrust specialists. Roofing construction is erected in accordance with the accepted construction standards. In addition, it is important to minimize possible mistakes and defects. So, if the choice of type of roof and the installation method is incorrect, it will cause the roofing structures. With an incorrectly drawn bias and its construction, there is a risk of increasing the load on the roof. Although errors are allowed when the ventilation elements are design. The drawing itself should not be difficult to be difficult, but the rules for the installation of all roofing elements should be followed, respectively, they must be spelled out. Professionally executed roof plan increases design safety.
It is impossible to underestimate the importance of calculations of the rafting system of the bone roof. In the design process, it is necessary to calculate useful Square Based on the received data, it is decided to decide how high the vertical racks will be. In this case, several factors are important.
When the roofing structure is erected, it is important to calculate the maximum load on the roof of the house, on all rafters and beam overlaps. It may be necessary to strengthen the rafter, then adjustments are made to the project. For example, it may be necessary to use additional linings or timber with a large cross section than was planned. The weight of the entire rafter system is important. In this case, the calculation is carried out taking into account not only the cross section of sawn timber, but also the density and humidity of the wood, the distance of the step between the rafters is determined.
To date, there is a special classification of loads on the roofing system:
The limiting calculations of the rafter system, taking into account all loads, are built on two criteria (limits or states): the limit in which the design is possible, and the limit at which the probability of deformation and deflection is taken into account.
It is important to competently calculate the angle of slope. For standard width Houses at 6-8 m, the angle of the skates is 45 degrees, but this is not enough for space in the attic. At the angle of inclination at 60 degrees, the design will cost more, but the whole roof will be performed successful. With 45 degrees of tilt, you can choose any roofing materials. If the row roof is initially planned asymmetric, then in the attic space you can safely equip the living attitudes, but for this it is necessary to calculate the useful area. The standard duplex roof is usually selected. At the same time, it is important to take into account the load on the roof due to wind and snow. With increasing angle of inclination of the skates, the consumption of materials will increase. But the operational characteristics of such a roof will be profitable. If you plan to build a double roof with unequal corners of the skates, then all the work can be performed in original design. However, when designing it is better to repel from the classic design in the form of a symmetric roof with an equilibried triangle at the base.
The step of the rafter used in the creation of the roof is one of the fundamental designs. There is a dependence of the step of the rafting system from the roofing material. The latter uses professional flooring, slate, soft roof or metal tile.
Shelf slate is used everywhere.This roofing material is distinguished by relative strength, low cost and resistance to temperature differences. However, the material has a certain weight, respectively, it is necessary to ensure the roof of a powerful rafting system. It is worth considering that for a slate roofing should be at least three points of support (centered and around the edges).
In recent years, the metal tile has been quite large among the roofing materials. The material is easy to install and is distinguished by an attractive appearance. Metal sheets for the roof are convenient to use, as they have low weight. In this connection, the distance between the rafters may be greater (for example, 600-950 mm with a 150x50 mm sectable timber).
The coating of the professional flooring can be made of galvanized steel sheet with a special protective coating (from external weather influences). Modern professional flooring is different in color, corrugation width. Externally, such a coating differs in design. The step between rafters under the professional flooring will depend on the type of profile, from the angles of inclination and the roof configuration. For the rafter system in this case, the timing is used by a cross section of 50-75 mm. It may be a board of 20-50 mm wide.
When installing the rafter system, a set of tools is required. To this end, it is usually customized by traditional tools - electric saw (it can be a hacksaw), hammer and screwdrivers. Plotting of the roof with metal sheets is performed by special metal scissors. It is impossible to cut the material with a polymer coating with a simple grinder so as not to damage the top layer with the protection of the sheet. Otherwise, the trim will become quickly rust. To cover the roof of the rubberoid need a barrel in which bitumen will be melt.
Undoubtedly, when performing assembly and any construction work Do not do without a reliable staircase. It is also worth thinking about your own equipment. For example, during operation you need shoes with a non-slip sole.
Do it yourself installation of a rafter system of a bone roof better with helpers, and many design elements cannot be installed alone. The installation of the rafter system is performed in several steps.
Consider them step by step:
The framework of the carcass is Mauerlat. Its manufacture and assembly is the basis of roofing design.
The framework of the rafters is fixed to the beams of overlaps. However, in this case, the load on the rafter design is distributed in the beam mounting places. Such an approach when installing roofing design is possible for small and lightweight buildings. Mauerlat is needed for uniform distribution of the roof load in the top of the walls. Maurylalat is assembled parallel to the skate of the future roof. This is the main framework. Maurelata leaves for making wooden bar. section 150x150, 100x100 or 100x150 mm.
1) Apply the coordination axes of the building.
2) Apply the contour of the walls.
3) On the perimeter of the building on the outer walls to lay Maurylalat.
4) In the corners of the building, lay the supporting reiguel to be based on diagonal rafting legs.
5) At an angle of 45 ° from the corners of the building, draw diagonal rafting legs.
6) On the inner wall of the building to lay a litter and show the top run.
7) put the rafting legs starting from the support node, after a certain distance.
8) in diagonal rafter feet to be put in a checker manner shorts of rafter legs (nurses).
9) Set the racks after 3000 - 6000 mm, starting from the reference node.
10) With the width of the building more than 12 m to the rafter feet to lay the riglel.
11) To form a cornice to each rafter foot, a lump is nailed, and to the diagonal rafter feet of the fuzzy, called snapshots, are nailed from both sides.
An efficient solution of the roof device is the use of sprinkling rafters for overlapping spans up to 14 m in the presence of one inner support in the building and up to 16 m with two internal supports.
The conjugation of the rafter is performed using fastening bolts, brackets and nails.
In the case when the distance between the supports (outer or internal) is more than 7500 mm, in civil buildings of the carrier roof of the roof are stropile farmsrepresenting a flat geometrically immutable lattice system consisting of separate, interconnected elements (rods). The rafting farms can be wooden, metal-dressing, steel and reinforced concrete. Wooden farms are called hanging rafyles .
The step of rafter farms in flights to 9 m is 3-4 m, with flights more than 10 m - 1.5 - 2 m.
Schemes hanging rafyl
Hearing windows Suitable B. scanty roofs For lighting, venting the attic, out of them to the roof. They can be a semicircular, triangular, rectangular shape. Lighting - through a glazed binding sash with a size of at least 0.6 × 0.8 m. Wooden louvre lattices are served for ventilation, located adjacent with a glazed decor of the auditory window. Hearing windows must be placed so that it is provided through through ventilation. The bottom of the window is recommended not above 0.8 - 1.0 m from the top of the attic.
Types of auditory windows
a - triangular; b - semicircular; B is rectangular; G - polygonal
1 - glazed parapet; 2 - Lubricated grille
03.11.2017
In low-rise buildings apply, as a rule, attic scope roofs by wooden rafylas with clamp. Biasthe roofs are taken depending on the roof material and the construction area. Minimal biases steel roofs - 14 °, tile - 27 °, from wavy asbestos-cement sheets - 18 °. In areas with large snow cover, there should be biases of roofing more than 30 °.
The shapes of the attic roofs are determined by the outlines of the building in terms of and the desire for architectural expressiveness. The roofs can be single-sided, duplex (most frequently used), four-tight (tent, valm, half-walled) and multi-seed.
Drainage From the roof can be unorganized or organized. With organized drain amount drainage pipes Receive at the rate of 1-1.5 cm 2 of the pipe cross section per 1 m 2 roofs. The optimal distance between the drain pipes is 15-20 m. The removal of the roof cornice with an inorganized drain should be at least 500 mm, with an organized - at least 300 mm.
Roof supporting structures consist of stropilmade of logs, bars or boards. The choice of the scheme of the roof rafters is made depending on the width of the building and the nature of the location of the inner walls (supports), according to the roof plan.
In the presence of the building of the inland bearing walls apply slopils, the main bearing elements of which
- Stropile legs - work as obliquely laid beams, top-ended onto the ski run, and the bottom - on Maurylala exterior walls. The maximum length of the rafter legs is not more than 6.5 m. If there are no intermediate supports in the building, then apply hanging rafal, representing the simplest type of a rafter farm, where inclined rafting legs transmit space on a horizontal tightening.
The cross section of the elements of the rafter is taken constructively, by analogy with typical details and textbooks. In order to avoid the condensate loss and the insulation freezing in the attic overlap, it is necessary to provide end-to-end injection of the attic through hearing windows. Special attention should be paid to the location of Mauerlatov, runs, racks, elaboration of nodes and linking the conjugates of individual elements of the roof among themselves.
Diva roofing system is the classic design of the attic roof. Belong to the most common engineering solutions - Shpzova.
Important!Loaning roofs are variations of double roofs. They can be placed symmetrically and asymmetrically, to be in one and two levels.
The optimal angle of inclination of the bartal roof is 30-60 degrees. An embodiment of a broken roof reduces the overall load on the bearing walls, distributing it on the surface. The advantage of such a design is resistance to various weather conditions. Walm roofing system is a four-piece roof type. End surfaces (hips) have triangular shape, scanty surfaces - trapezoidal shape. Distinguish modifications:
Slinged Walm Roof System
The tent roofing system is a four-tight roof consisting of four ineffective triangles closed by vertices in one place. Very well suited for square buildings. A prerequisite for the construction of such a design is the observance of the symmetry of all elements. Multi-line roofing system is a complex diverse design. May be in different levels. Such a system evenly distributes the load on the surface of the roof. Has a large number of internal and external corners Tilt with different values, as well as a large number of rib ribs.Dome (conical) roofing system - suitable for round structures. It is extremely rarely used in the construction of mansard houses. But it looks great when building round turrets.
Most. simple option Installation is a single roof. Reinforced concrete plates can be applied as material for the construction. However, a more common installation option using a rafter system. Advantages of single-sided rafting roofing structures:
To disadvantage single-table designs relate:
One of the most simple roofing structures is a single roof, its construction by the forces is even slightly experienced builders.
Most optimal angle The tilt of a single-table roof is an angle of 45 degrees. It is recommended to design such roofs in southern windy arid areas. It is extremely recommended to arrange a single-table roof in the northern snow regions.
Stropile roofing systems are erected according to the following rules:
Important!The best rafter material is needle. It is most resistant to the atmospheric influence of the climate environment.
Additionally, wooden elements are covered by fire fighting agents. General installation scheme of the rafting roofing system:
The rafting roofing design is tight and securely secured. Then the step of the walls of the walls are mounted. After that, work is performed on the insulation and waterproofing of the roof. After completing them, it is embarked on the installation of the crate and laying the selected roofing coating. Then the mortise or auditory attic windows are installed and internal and external finishing works are made.
Construction of a house with a mansard roof
The rafting roofing system is made. It remains to equip the crate, the hydrobarrier and insulation. The roof is mounted. Installation of the landlock system roofshttps: //www.youtube.com/watch? V \u003d gm9xv9jlozq
The drawing of the roof for the attic begins with the choice of its shape, and determining the cross section of the rafted and the installation step.
An attic roof with rolling and hanging rafters, with a removal of Niza rafters behind the wall
The drawing should include not only the visual execution of the roofing design, but also contain the following data:
Important!If you level the angles of tilt the upper and lower rods of the attic roof, then in appearance it will resemble the classic design of the bartal roof. In this case, the scheme of the most powerful stubborn design will remain unchanged in standard design, which is used for broken roofing structures.
Performing a drawing of a nucleation roof of the roof must be thoroughly calculating the dimensions of all structural elements. It is also necessary to remember the reliability, durability and safety of the roof in the operation of the house. Drawing diagram of the attic roofshttps: //www.youtube.com/watch? V \u003d rwu2hifxgpm
Every house is individual. Therefore, the drawing of the broken roofing design is performed individually taking into account the peculiarities of the region. Alone, the drawing of the roof, of course, can be performed if you are confident one hundred percent in your own expense. SNiP standards in drawing up the drawing of the roof project are used by many construction project organizations. This avoids accidents. That is why it is recommended to transfer work to drafting the drawing to developers.Building a mansard multicate roofshttps: //www.youtube.com/watch? V \u003d lxeba1cikiw
When building a private house, it is important to consider all the nuances that may arise in the process of work, and also initially determine what the appearance of the finished structure will be. It is possible to do this by using the services of an experienced designer. But at the stage of creating the drawing, not only the type of foundation and the area of \u200b\u200bthe future house is determined, but also the type of roof that will be used. Remember that no house will last long, and the accommodation in it will never be comfortable, if you carefully not plan and equip the roof. Before starting work on creating a roof, it is necessary to design it, as well as calculate the area of \u200b\u200bconstruction. Specialists in the construction industry argue that if competently approach this issue, the arrangement of the roof will not only be rapidly, but will make installation work at times easier and cheaper. It is extremely important to determine correctly the main elements of the section so that, when implementing the project, it was not necessary to make any adjustments and recovery, alone all over.
After the schema is developed, it is necessary to determine the most acceptable material that will be applied to create the roof of the structure. Do not forget that this spectrum of work is strictly regulated regulatory requirements existing standards. In this article, we will look at everything you need to know when arranging the roof, as well as how exactly the plan should be created. flat roof.
The graphic part of the calculations must necessarily visualize the entire spectrum of work carried out. The customer is transferred to the roof plan for a flat roof drawing with a design, certification, as well as other necessary documentation, if necessary to implement the project. To date, the roof circuit must be created if the structure is equipped with an external drainage. If you decide to give preference to internal type, and the structure itself is not capital, then you can refuse to create a technical figure. Due to the view of the house on top, it is easy to determine the geometric characteristics of the overlap, the features of the installation of the installation of bearing structures, as well as other components of the object.
As a supplement to the drawings, there is a layout of the frontone arrangement in which the structural parameters are clearly listed. If the project is due to the need to trim the sheets, it is important to provide a summary of this. Especially responsible should be approached to the creation of the drawings of the scope roof, which make it possible to visualize gives the size of sheets, as well as the consumption of the material to be used.
Of course, all the people who decided to take up the construction of their own homes often face the problem of choosing the most optimal type of roof. It is safe to say that the use of a flat roof in the construction project will make it possible to make the appearance of the finished house really stylish and modern. In addition, this type of construction is characterized by simplicity of installation and is considered to be a budget option. But do not forget about one significant disadvantage of this roof, which is that it is strongly susceptible to the influence of environmental factors and needs careful waterproofing work.
Below we list the basic requirements that are put forward to this type of construction, namely:
Since the sediments do not have to accumulate on the roof surface, the bias must still be. To ensure the durability of the structure and reliability of the roof itself, it should be no less than 2%. Most. optimal option is 10-15 degrees.
If your area is characterized by protracted and strong rains or a large amount of precipitation in the cold season, then in this case, one is not to do with a bias. It is important to consider the creation of a full-fledged drainage system. It can be both external and inner. One riser is able to serve a plot of about 150-200 square meters.
In a country house building, external waterproofing are often created using special overflow windows that are equipped at the level of the roof leveling. If the lines of the plums do not intersect, it is strongly recommended in terms of the roof to display the perimeter of the facade.
It is important to note that the projects of private cottages often do not contain information about the angle of inclination, in which case, to correct the designer error, it is not necessary to redo all the operations again, and simply it is necessary to form a slope using various bulk materials, as well as ties, or slabs from polystyrene.
To begin with, it is worth noting that the scope roof is a roof that is a prefabricated design of sheets with a slope of no more than 10%. Considering constructive featuresSpecialists in the field of construction allocate two types of roofs - with an attic or without it. The most common and demanded option is a roof consisting of 2 slopes. This design can be applicable to any structure. In the context, she resembles a triangle, and finished scheme Must contain detailed information about such indicators as: length, location of each of the elements, as well as section. It is also extremely important in the design process, it is determined with the principle of attachment of nodes, as well as to fix this in the regulatory and technical documentation on the object.
in this case, the arrow is performed by the main lines with a length of 2 ... 4 mm, conducted at an angle of 45 ° to the remote line. Marks have the left of the facade on one vertical; The shelf above which the numerical value of the mark must be rotated from the image.
9. Facade to circulate with solid thin lines; Earth level line to carry out a solid main line and remove the facade for 15 ... 20 mm.
10. Over the facade performed to write the name of the image in which to specify the extreme axes, for example "Facade 1-9"
An example of the facade of the facade is given. 4.6.
Plan rafted Run in M \u200b\u200b1: 200
1. Apply coordinate axes:
Their notation.
Distance between them.
Distance between extreme axes.
2. Apply the inner border outdoor WallBy observing binding.
3. In the outdoor side of the coordinate axis, we postpone the width of the cornice.
4. On the perimeter of the building on the inner edge of the outer wall, we are placing Mauerlat.
5. In the corners of the building install the riglel for the support of the diagonal rafting legs.
6. From the corners of the building at an angle of 45 ° we carry out diagonal rafting legs.
7. P. interior Walls We put the lower run (liter) over them put the lower run.
8. Unlock the rafting legs, starting from the support node after 1200-2000 mm, with one end laying them on Mauerlat.
9. Install the racks starting from the reference node, after 3-6 m.
10 In diagonal rafter feet in checkered order, laid shortened rafting legs.
11. For the device of the cornice to each rafter foot and ... Fresh the Fallet, and to the diagonal rafter feet on both sides.
In terms of rafters, the dotted line is depicting ventilation and frame under hearing windows.
Figure 10 - Plan rafted
An example of the execution of the Scheme of the Slinge Dan in Ad. 4.7.
Roof plan Run in M \u200b\u200b1: 200
Scope roof plan:
2. The exterior edge of the outer walls apply with thin ditch lines, observing their binding to the axes.
3. Show roofing line (skate), observing the magnitude of the departure (sweep) of the cornice.
4. Show the lines of the covered ribs (at an angle of 45 °) and funds, line of the roof of the roof.
5. Deprike auditory windows that serve to enter the roof, for lighting and venting the attic.
6. Pictitate ventilation pipes in the projection connection with the floor plan.
7. Picture, if required, the roof fence around the perimeter. Fencing is installed for safety repair work and cleaning the roof of snow. The height of the fence is not less than 0.6 m. Roof fences should be provided:
In buildings with a roof bias up to 12% inclusive height from the ground level to the cornice (parapet) more than 10 m;
In buildings with a roof slope over 12% height more than 7 m;
For operated flat roofs, regardless of the height of the building.
Fences are performed from round or strip steel in the form of welded lattices, reinforced on steel racks with pins. Steel racks and pods are installed on top of the roof and nailed to the roof shabby. Under the paws of racks and subposses for reliable waterproofing are special layers of leaf rubber.
8. Outdoor organized drainage should be projected and depicted on the roof plan water chute and drainage pipes. No more than 24 m should be taken between the outer drain pipes; The cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe drainage pipe should be taken at the rate of 1.5 cm 2 per 1 m 2 of the roof area (National Assembly 5.08.01-2000. Roofs).
Calculate the amount of drain pipes. Warn the diameter of the drain pipe D,eg D \u003d.13 cm.
Find the cross section of the pipe S. Pipes by formulas:
S. Pipes \u003d πr 2
or S. Pipes \u003d πd 2/4, if the pipe round cross section,
S. Pipes \u003d 3.14 × 13 2/4 \u003d 132,665 ~ 133 cm 2
You can take pipes and rectangular cross-section. Calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe roof S. Roof.
Calculate what kind of roof area will serve one drain tube:
1.5 cm 2 pipes - 1m 2 roofs,
133 cm 2 pipes - x m 2 roofs,
X \u003d 133 / 1,5 \u003d 88 m 2.
The amount of drain pipes:
N. Pipe \u003d. S. Roof / 88.
Place this amount of drainage pipes evenly around the perimeter of the roof in the characteristic places; Picture them on the plan, tie an axis to the coordination axes.
The decision on what will be the drainage gutter (wall or suspended), take on your own.
Plate flat roof:
1. Apply coordination axes, their designations, distances between them and between the extreme axes.
2. Pictitate the parapet of the outer walls, the walls of the wall at the site of the elevation height of the building.
3. Deprike ventilation pipes in the projection link with the floor plan.
4. Pail with a mine to exit the roof.
5. Deprip the fire stairs if necessary.
On each section of the roof, limited walls, there must be at least two waterfront funnels. The number of funnels N.to accept from the calculation that one funnel serves at least 800 m 2 roofs:
N \u003dS. Roof / 800.
With the area of \u200b\u200bthe unexpotable roof area of \u200b\u200bless than 700 m 2, and the operated and roof with landscaping is less than 500 m 2, it is allowed to install one funnel with a diameter of at least 100 mm (SNA 5.08.01-2000).
7. Place the funnels along the roof surface in such a way that rain sewage risers passed through the auxiliary rooms of the building (staircases, bathrooms, tambura, corridors, etc.). In the thickness of the walls, the installation of drainage risers is not allowed. Funnels to portray with circles, their axes to tie to the nearest coordination axes of the building.
