The rafting system is the basis of the roof, the reliability and strength of the roof depends on it, its ability to resist precipitation and wind. Design rafter system Determined by the shape of the roof and the features of the planning of the house, as well as applied materials. The solo system, which is erected with its own hands is usually made of wood, but it is possible to use other materials, for example, a metal profile.
The choice of the rafter system is a responsible step, requiring knowledge of the design of each of the types of roof. Rafters can be:
Any rafters are designed to distribute and transfer the load of the roof on the walls of the house. The main elements on which rafters are based, are:
The rafter farm consists of the following elements:
Nonocents are short rafters based on diagonal rafters in a holm roof.
All these elements in private construction are usually performed from wood - timber or boards coniferous rocksdried naturally. The tree is impregnated with an antiseptic, which allows you to extend the life of its service. The thickness and cross-section of the elements is determined by the calculation.
Installation of pitchings on the roof
It is better to understand the main techniques of the construction of the rafter system with their own hands will help the video.
When performing any rapid system, it is important to carefully fix all the nodes and connections and remember that the roof is the main protection of your home from bad weather. Therefore, it is important not only to make a high-quality framework, but also to choose a suitable, for example, a professional flooring, and correctly put it.
In the construction of your dream home you are already on the finish line, and it's time to deal with the wisdom of the rafter system? Let's say this: you are waiting for pleasant care: the calculation of the angle, weight and stock of the strength of the rafter, the contract with the familiar master or company, or the billet of all the necessary tools for self-carpentry work.
And so that tomorrow all these worries have not become a headache and you did not worry about whether one or another node is done correctly, we prepared this article for you. So, let's figure it out how to make high-quality rafters for a bone roof with your own hands so that it is no worse than the purchased.
But be then ready for so minuses:
So convenience or quality? If you are not for the first time to cut something or pull out of the tree, boldly try on the manufacture of rafters! That's how it all looks in life:
Rafters in the construction world in a simple language are customary to share the main, i.e. The carriers on which the roof is kept, and on the auxiliary, which are inside the roof and serve as a support for the ceiling and the monster walls (if planned). From how exactly exactly and correctly you will calculate a predetermining system, the strength and reliability of the future roof depends.
The solo system itself consists of such basic elements that you need to make:
Sophisticated roofing structures with multiple elements better entrust to count a professional, but with a small roof of a private house you can cope. To do this, you will need such simple formulas that will help you find out which thickness should turn out rafters, with what tilt and some point:
It acts in the construction of the roofs The gold rule - to measure seven times, and only once cut off. And first of all, it is important for you to understand that each rafter foot has its own individual location. But therefore, be sure to make a detailed project, and better in a special program. Only after that, on its health, the model of the future roof, mark exactly where the connections rafters with Mauerlat and among themselves will be.
It is important to determine the angle of inclination rafters as accurately as possible and some kind of corner need to do sections. And about how to make all these rafters for a duplex roof independently, do not worry: you will all just need a conventional machine.
The angle of inclination of the double roof is made from 5 ° to 90 °. But the most proven and standard option is 35 ° -40 °, where the most rationally distributed loads and building materials are consumed.
The straight rates are building when under the roof in the future only a non-residential attic will be located, the main function of which is the ventilation and regulation of heat exchange. But when the underpants are planned by residential, mansard, initially planning the so-called broken rope roof. Her difference is that the skates in the middle have a break, which changes their angle on the coolest. And for the arrangement of the attic, and to protect the entire house from the weather, this design is quite suitable.
Please note that only an angle of inclination is suitable for most roofing materials.
From the same loads depends on how the step of the rafter should be taken for your bartal roof. This table will help you choose the desired cross section of the rafter feet:
Even strong on the form of a rafter may not be suitable for the construction of a roof of a residential building due to the fact that they are not enough indicators for the deflection. There are separate items in the SNIPOs section, which are called "loads and impacts".
And the easiest way to increase the strength of the rafted on the deflection is to make more cross section. It is a bit more complicated - reinforce a specially beam, withdrawing its edge into a pump.
The more racks, pods and bouts - the greater the entire rafter system of durability and stability.
If you have suspicion or even accurate counting that simple roof design will not stand future loads, make additional enhancements for it. Such prevention will never hurt, but will save from many problems. Note that it is especially disappointing when the roof of the garage fails - right on the car. Yes, and for a residential house such problems are not a joy.
Strengthen the rigidity of the rapid design of the soot, additional runs and support racks. Slopes are called upon to reduce the span of the rafter. The angle of their inclination to the horizontal is usually at least 45 °.
And the run is a horizontal beam, which is located in parallel with the skate and fixes on vertical racks. Read more on video:
And now about the concept of an attic. If you build a roof of a bath or a small shopping room, it can be done by the most simplified technology - put rafters, connected in the skate and covered the rubberoid sheets. But for the roof of a residential building, where ventilation is important, this principle is not to do. Here will already be at least three levels:
It is so convenient to lay the insulation, because the roof of the residential house is characterized by the fact that the heat rises and in the absence of thermal insulation, the roofing coating is constantly heated.
The result: in winter, the snow feels and slides down, freezing and accumulating even more at the cold cornice. There are a lot of problems from this: and long hazardous icicles, and a scored drainage system, and gradual destruction of the whole roof. Decide yourself!
So, now the time to think over the support grounds for future rafters, which are also necessary to prepare in advance and from which many parameters of the roof itself will depend. So, rafters are divided into urban, hanging and hybrid.
Hanging rafters usually - the lot of small and light roofs, the distance between the supports of which does not exceed 6 meters. But in buildings with a carrier medium wall or additional supports for the roof strength, sprinkle rafters are arranged. Or such combined option:
Another difference is that the hanging rafter system makes Maurylalat for compression, and the sleeve is on the cut. But the main task and weeds, and hanging rafters - to the most evenly convey the load of the entire roof on the walls and the foundation.
So, if you have decided on future loads, it's time to pick up suitable material. As it, for the manufacture of rafters is commonly used:
If high loads are not expected on the rafter system, then the rafters do out of a dry planed board with a small cross section. But if in your area there is no rarity snow along the knee and the roofing material will not be out of the lungs - then some of the components you will have to make glued. That's the whole difference.
From the board the most convenient to do elongated side rafters and diagonal rafting legs. So, the board is 40 mm thick, which is often used for household buildings, is not suitable for the roof. Not less than 50 mm! And the longer the rafter foot is planned, the wider should be the board itself. So, rafters 6 meters long and will have to do 150 mm wide from the board, and even longer - from the board of 180 mm.
For roof frame house This is really one of the best options!
And even rafters from the board are most economical, and at the same time almost do not inferior in the strength of the Bruus. It is only important to choose the proper section and use quality material. Therefore, when purchasing material, be sure to capture a special device for measuring the moisture content of wood and use it. There is nothing worse than raw rafters. And it's not just in future mold: this roof will lead and combat, because this material changes its forms when dried. The rafter will fly fasteners and even bounce off the coating of your bartal roof. In short, there are no problems!
But from the usual board the most convenient to sprinkle rafters in length:
And you will be interested to know that the rafters can be made not only from the tree! Thus, the iron soling systems, which were once used exclusively for industrial construction today return to themselves. And, we note, this material for the roof has many of its advantages, the most valuable of which is the complete absence of fungus from dampness. The underproductive space is just most often "pleased with" random leaks.
And the work itself with such rafters during the installation is not more difficult than with wooden - see for yourself:
The bar is more durable, but the bad thing is that it has a lot of weight and in places of fasteners have to do. For a log, this is not only a problem, but also some loss of carrier ability of such a rafter foot. But so far this material is the most popular rafters for making.
Most of all for the manufacture of rafters is suitable for lumber, which meets the requirements of GOST 8486-86 or 2695-83. And this:
Therefore, when buying wood on rafters, be sure to check the documents from the seller who suggest product quality.
The variety of wood is also important. The smaller the bitch and cracks will be on the bars, the better. Some varieties also make good moisture resistance and resilience to rotting and pests. For the roof, this is what it is necessary. Therefore, we recommend making rafters of coniferous wood, which is rich in resin, and resin is a natural barrier from rotting. But special processing is still needed.
And also take into account such a fact: in the manufacture of the rafter system of the material, it is necessary to purchase 5-7% more than necessary, because it will not always be possible to make the perfect cut of the rafter or the wrist of the desired depth. The overrunning will still be, and therefore, we are in advance so that on the entire rafter system you had a tree of one humidity and properties.
Otherwise, if some separate elements of the roof you had to be purchased separately, they can dry longer (the tree always dries), or vice versa. Drying can be considerable, i.e. On the entire roof frame will constantly affect different physical power Stretching and pressure. Any experienced roofer will tell you how it is bad and what it is fraught. And therefore - the material for the manufacture of the rafter take more than planning. If everything goes smoothly - it will make something to make the first bench in front of the new home.
And at this stage it is already important to protect the future solry system from biological destruction. You do not want to fall a roof in a couple of years in 20 years of operation? Therefore, be sure to treat wood for rafted fire and bioprotection.
The rafters are usually impregnated with antishetics, and on top are treated with flame. You can also alternate such processing several times. If you use universal impregnation, know that it usually includes funds from different time Services. For example, flame retardant will end earlier than Bio.
But the choice of means for processing today is huge. These are universal protective equipment, and a variety of anti-spyers, and antiseptics. Decide Easy: If you are building enough hot and dry terrain, first use fire impregnations, which are deprived of the wood of natural wound. And if your home will stand where the air humidity is high almost round year - Protect from rotting.
You can, of course, use both drugs - but only without mixing, otherwise all the material will deteriorate. You just need to choose one tool as impregnation, and the second is like a protective surface layer. Just try to breed everything in the concentration in which the manufacturer indicated. But do not proceed with frills or wet wood: its fibers simply do not absorb anything.
Video tip on the topic of processing rafted:
Note that the brush or sprayer during the processing of the rafter gives little result - much better full immersion and subsequent drying. Just use the usual container, cover it with a film from the inside and make for future rafted "bath". And all this is desirable even on Earth, as soon as we bring the material to the place, because In the finished rafter system will be difficult to get to the internal elements of the compounds. And they are the most defenseless in terms of moisture. Dry after processing the part so that all directions are ventilated, and at least 24 hours.
Do not forget also that wood, like any natural material, is subject to biological destruction. Therefore, besides fire-bio-protection, it is important to consider waterproofing in all places of adjoining the rafter system to brick walls At home, if any.
And now we turn to practice. First of all, you need to make a convenient template for which you make even the same rafters:
And follow such instructions:
With hard fastening will have to tinker:
If we are talking about moving nodes, then follow this principle:
In practice, everything is really simple:
As you can see, the eyes are afraid, and the hands do!
Finally rafters are ready, and you can begin to install them.
So, in fact, everything is quite simple and something like the children's designer. It's easier and most convenient to make farms right on Earth, and only then raise them. A little more difficult to build rafters right on the roof, but lift them lighter there. From this and repel: If you have the opportunity (crane, for example), drag on the roof of 200 kg of one farm - drag, if not - lift each separate rafter by 50 kg with the help of a sweater and make an assembly in place.
So, first of all for convenience, make a template for which you will collect rafter farms, and another template for mounting on the rafters (use Phaneur). You will only remain cut on the rafters mounting acknowledged, applying a pattern, and connect them between themselves at a certain angle. This triangle is called a rafter farm.
If the thickness or length of the board for the manufacture of a normal rafting leg is not enough, make building rafters. And methods are several:
Still, in account when calculating that the roof of the roof accounts for about 50% of the load from the entire rafting system. Therefore, the beam for the skate always make it so that she has a minimum of 25% more than 25% than it is possible to initially.
And the most vulnerable parts of the rafter structures are the lower, those that are based on Mauerlat.
Fastening the rafter nodes need to be:
You can also connect such rafters with studs - it will even be stronger. For this, instead of cut, we now make a word in Poledev and connect rafters by a ledge. Next, drills the hole for the heel 12-14 mm and fasten the nuts with wide washers.
Let's start with the review of proven santov methods:
Here's how to work: 
When assembling a rapid farm of a hanging type, you need to connect the upper ends of the rafter feet. To do this, cut the end of each under the same angle under which they make a roof, connect the beams with planes of cuts and fix with two nails. The place of the junction close the wooden pad or metal plate.
Another useful master class:
Already on the roof, first of all, you need to start with the installation of those rafters that form a two extreme farm of the double roof (they are also called fronttonal). To further consolidate them, put temporary scrolls. Next, stretching a durable cord between the extreme vertices, which will become a level for intermediate rafters.
Now raise and put all the remaining rafting farms at a distance of each other at least 0.6 meters. Again, if some designs turned out to be sufficiently bulky, bring them with the same temporary pouches.
The rest - the technique:
The structure of the reliable rafter system is one of the most difficult tasks when erecting the roof. country house, cottages or garage. And nevertheless, do not rush to lower your hands - today we will refute the problem that such a job is not forces a newcomer. Knowing the rules for calculating, sawing and installing roofing frames, you can build a roof no worse than specialists. In turn, we will try not only to tell about the device, design and features of the construction of rapid systems of various types, but also share the secrets of experienced masters.
Anyone, even the smallest roof, is basically a durable power frame called a rafter system. From how correctly this design will be mounted, the rigidity of the roof depends, and therefore the ability to withstand even the most severe wind and snow load.
The rafter system is the power cords of the roof, which perceives the entire wind and snow load
The best material for the manufacture of rafters (farms) is considered a timber or a thick board of coniferous wood. And this has its explanation - a pine or spruce lumber has a relatively low weight, and the presence of natural resins makes it quite durable. Even if the timber will have a small residual moisture, it will not behave when drying, which is an equally important factor than convenience in the work and long service life.
Depending on the size of the roof, the support elements of the design may have a cross section from 50x100 mm to 200x200 mm and more. In addition, the length of the roof directly affects the number of rafters, because they are installed with a small step - from 60 cm to 1.2 m.
The main requirement that extends to the wooden cooker is the ability to resist bending and twisted. For this reason, the form of a triangle is best suited for the wooden frame farms. At the same time, they may consist of several parts:
Additional elements of the solo system make roofing frames more durable, rigid and stable
Choosing the design of the roofing frame, it is important to find that golden middlewhich will allow you to get durable and reliable design With minimal cost. For this reason, you can retreat a little from the established canons if it does not concern the rigidity of the entire structure. For example, it is quite possible to do without the mare, and outlook Svez To form at the expense of longer rafting legs. Or, not to use a solid mauelalat, and the segments of the bar, laid only in the places of fastening of the rafter - everything depends on the engineering smelling and the experiment of the roofer.
Depending on the roof and destination design attic room wooden frame It may consist of several types of rafters:
To make a weighted choice, it is necessary to understand the features of the rafter systems of various types and know the strengths and weaknesses of each design.
Since the principle of attaching hanging rafters does not imply additional support points, such a design is used for buildings width not more than 6 m. Installation of insane farms provides for the fastening of each pair of foot to the opposite capital walls, while their upper parts are fixed directly to the skate run.
The roofing frame with hanging rafters transmits only vertical efforts to the walls, so it has simpler mounting nodes to the bearing walls.
In the course of operation on hanging rafters, the force acts, seeking to push the structure. To compensate the sawing force, a riglel from a wooden bar or metallic is installed between rapid legs profile pipe. If the attic room will be used on household purposes, the upper jumper is fixed as close as possible to the skate, and the lower edges of the steam of the rafter feet are connected by dragging. A similar scheme allows you to increase the useful height of the attic, absolutely not reducing the strength of the frame. By the way, if the lower jumpers make a cross section of more than 100x100 mm, then they can also be used as beams. Must be provided reliable connection Loads and rafting legs, since significant driving efforts also apply to the place of their attachment.
Slot rafters involve the installation of at least one support, so they are used for buildings with internal carrier walls. Maximum length A single span should not exceed 6.5 m, otherwise the strength and rigidity of the roofing frame will suffer. To increase the width of the roof, the solry system is strengthened by intermediate supports. Even one additional rack allows you to increase the width of the roof to 12 m, and two more than 15 m.
System with urban rafters is the ideal optionwhen you want to build a big width
The stability of the rumor farms can be increased due to a subcupile frame with runs, racks and pins. In addition, this rafter system requires much smaller lumber costs. Universality, strength and efficiency has long been appreciated as construction companiesSo and individual developers, most often using roofing structures in their projects.
Today is roofs country houses Surprise the grace of design, fancy forms and a variety of configurations. It is possible to build such complex structures in only one way - combining in one frame of the rafting systems of both types.
The combination of urban and hanging farms allows you to get a truly system of any configuration.
Even for the construction of not the most complex broken roof, both rapid systems are used immediately. Located with sides, rectangular triangles are weak rapid structures. And they are connected at the expense of the top screed, which simultaneously plays the role of tightening for upper hanging rafters.
Since there are two types of roofing frames when building roofs, consider the installation technology of each design separately. However, before proceeding to construction workIt is necessary to study the methods for fastening the elements of the structure between themselves.
It has already been mentioned above that hanging rafters are most often used in the construction of small or undemanding buildings. The log cabin in this case is an almost perfect option, since it is possible to do without Mauerlat. The lower part of the rafter harvested to the upper crown or protruding the ceiling beams (mathitis). In the latter case, the tighten must move up - this will allow you to push the timber over the finish log and make the attic more convenient.
To increase the height of the attic room, the tightening must be installed as close as possible to the top of the roof.
From how qualitatively the preparation of beams for rafter legs will be carried out, the geometry of the rods will depends. Align the supporting surfaces will help the cord, stretched between droves into extreme beams by nails.
Before installing farms, the supporting surfaces are aligned on the cord
The method of attachment rafters depends on the set of factors - the type of support beams, their cross sections, features of the roofing sink, etc.
In order to simplify the process of marking and installing roofing frames, vertical rails installed along the axial line of the roof
In order for the rafters to have the same sizes and configuration, they are made according to the pre-manufactured pattern. For its manufacture, we offer to use the following instructions:
The simplest template allows you to get roofing farms of the same size and configuration.
In order for the design successfully coped with suspension loads, a stubborn tooth at the end of the rafter fenders to recess on the ceiling beam
For fastening farms, several methods are used - it all depends on the type of support beams, the design of the roofing frame and the cross section of its elements
For fastening the riglel to the rafters, overlays of inch segments are used
After the template is lowered to the ground, it is disassembled and on the applied markup. In addition, there are separate patterns for which the ends of the rafter feet will be cut. The manufacture and assembly of hanging rafters is most often engaged in the bottom, raising ready-made designs to the roof. If the weight and dimensions of the collected farms do not allow them to drag them up by hand, then the assembly leads on the spot. In this case, the components of the rafter system are fixed with nails of 100 to 200 mm.
In order to raise and install farms, you will need help at least one person. It is an extremely difficult task to fulfill the fitting and put a plumbing task - it will have to fix them more than once to struts and repeatedly descend from the roof to monitor the deviation from the vertical plane.
With the help of a rafter tooth, it is possible to get such a reliable connection that for final fixation you can use only one nail
Raising the collected rafters upstairs, first mounted the extreme elements of the design, and then the central and intermediate. To enhance the design under each leg, installed support:
Exposing hanging rafters in terms of level, they are fixed by temporary struts. After that, the lower ends of the beams are nourished to the mathitis or overlap beams.
Various time structures significantly simplify the installation process of the rafter by the level
To resort to new-fashioned methods of fixation using a variety of corners and perforated plates is not worth it. Reliable "Dedovsky" method of fastening with the help of nails 200 mm long or construction bracket will be much better both in terms of strength and reliability, as well as cost. At this stage, it is not worth worrying that the design looks hipko. After the remaining elements of the rafter system are installed and the lap is performed, the design will acquire the necessary rigidity and stability.
The process of manufacturing and installing the spelling rafters as a whole is very similar to the construction of a hanging roofing frame. The main difference is at the top point and is connected with the fact that the vertices of the sleeve beams are based on the ski run. In this case, the connection with the latter is performed in several ways:
If the design of the wooden frame is provided for supporting farms on the side run, the rafters are joined, and in the progress places to run recesses.
For fastening the sponsoring rafters, nails, construction brakes or lining of wood and metal
To ensure the strength of the design of the Words should not be too deep. Experts are recommended to perform deepening no more than a quarter of the thickness of the bar or a third width of the board.
Individual developers most often resort to setting rafted in the following way:
For marking, it is convenient to use a building a kittle. After the scale is selected, the values \u200b\u200bof the skate lift and half of the span are selected on the sides of the rectangular triangle. Due to this, it will be possible to get an angle of slope of the skate, without resorting to mathematical computing.
For the manufacture of rafters, we propose to use the most convenient method:
At first glance, this method is very surrounding. However, even a quick acquaintance with the given instruction is enough to master them perfectly. Of course, to postpone the necessary distances and make the markup can also be a calculated way, but when calculating the angles and distances, it will be mistaken much easier.
It should be remembered that the washed in the rafting legs should be absolutely the same, otherwise the roof slope will be uneven. To do this, you can use wooden bar as a template. It is only important that its thickness does not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the workpiece.
For the most common angles of slope, there are patterns, over the calculation of the configuration of which professionals have already worked. Taking advantage of one of these patterns, you can significantly simplify the task on the markup of the corners of the wrist.
Templates with inflicted wrinkles allow you to simplify the process of manufacturing rafted
When choosing a bar for overall roofing farms, it is necessary to look for a reasonable compromise between the length and thickness of the rafter. The reason for this is the features of a standard range of sawn timber, in which longer beams have an enlarged section. On the other hand, their application is not always justified both technologically and due to the increase in the cost of the structure. The output from the current situation is to eliminate the rafter feet by the method of splicing. From how correctly the joint will be performed, the rigidity and mechanical strength of the bar depends, so the connection is performed strictly according to a certain method.
The method of splicing by oblique bore is that inclined cuts (forged) are formed on the conjugated parts of the bars. It should be done particularly carefully - after combining both parts of the bar, there should be no gaps, otherwise deformation will appear at the connection site.
When spanking with oblique borements between the mating surfaces should not be slots and lumen, which can weaken the raftered and cause it to deform
When performing the marbles, a small transverse section is left with a height of at least 15% of the thickness of the rafter - the presence of the end part will make the connection more durable. For calculation optimal length Kosoy cut is needed a height of a bar in the place of the cut multiply by two. The fastening of the gear is performed by nails, clamps or bolted connections.
To lengthen the rafter method (crosslinking), the edges of the boards are connected to the bent and the center of the adjoining zone is installed. The mounting of the elements is performed using nails that are clogged according to a specific scheme:
Combination of boards by rafting makes it possible to do without additional lining, but requires installation of an additional support in the center of the adjoint area
In order that after docking the bar successfully coped with the operational loads, the length of the splitting section (T) is calculated by the formula T \u003d 0.42 × L, where L is the length of the overlapping span.
The front-inclination connection lies in the fact that the edges of individual parts of the rafter are thoroughly traced and embedded. For fastening, listed lifts are used with a thickness of at least 1/3 of the cross section of the main timber. The length of the linings is determined by the formula L \u003d 3 × H, where H is the width of the board.
When soldering a frontal focus, the monolithic design will only work with the right placement of fasteners
The fixation of all parts is performed using nail combat or bolted connections. In the first case, nails are clogged by two parallel rows, trying to place the fastener by Zigzag. The threaded connection is performed in a checker order, determining the number of bolts depending on the length of the linings.
To increase the rafter foot, it is not necessary to use both parts of the same cross section. With composite buildup, the single element can be lengthened by two boards that are sewn onto its side planes. The resulting clearance is filled with a lumber with a length L \u003d 2 × H in a step L \u003d 7 × H, where H, as before, is the thickness of the extensionable element.
Composite extension rafters allows you to mount the riglels, supports and other design elements in the most convenient way.
Starting K. independent design And the installation of the rafter system, be sure to consult with experienced roofers regarding the features of the construction of the roofs in your area. Perhaps their advice will be removed from trouble and will help save time and money. In turn, we offer several recommendations that will help make the design more reliable and durable:
Modern materials and technologies allow you to build a roof of any configuration and destination. Given this variety, to consider in detail all the options within one article is simply impossible. Nevertheless, based on those considered here basic principles Construction, you can easily cope with the most complex design. The main thing is to show attention to the trifles, be attentive and neat in work. And then the roof will be not only a reliable functional superstructure, but also a genuine decoration of your home.
Thanks to the versatile hobbies, I write on different topics, but the most beloved - technique, technology and construction. Perhaps because I know many nuances in these areas not only theoretically, as a result of study at a technical university and graduate school, but also from the practical side, since I try to do everything with your own hands.
Double roof The most common design used in construction residential housesSince the two-tie roof is erected with your own hands quite simple and quickly. The mass use of this type of roof is explained by its reliable, proven to be excellent characteristics: it perfectly copes with the protection of the house from the wind and precipitation, in winter it can easily withstand a significant burden of snow, it does not require special construction skills during its construction. It is widely used not only in the construction of a residential building, but also for the house buildings: baths, garages, cellar, gazebos.
To begin with, let's try to figure out why the two-tight roof is so popular today, in which its advantages for example in front of or tent roof and which is suitable for the most.
To begin with, it is necessary to decide on the size of the roof and the angle of its inclination. This requires to take into account: the amount of precipitation dropped, snow and wind load of your region, as well as the type of roofing material to be used.
On a note! The angle of inclination of the roof will be less better design It will withstand these loads. However, too little angle of inclination will not allow in full use of an attic room, so it is necessary to find a golden middle.
Before proceeding with the construction of the roof, it is necessary to get acquainted with what it consists of. In accordance with the project plan project, the future design and the roof shape is being developed.
A two-tight roof consists of two inclined planes (skates) located at an angle to each other, connected in the area of \u200b\u200bthe skate. In the ends of the roof, triangular frontones are formed.
Mauerlat. As it is often referred to as the foundation for the roof) - the supporting timber for the rafter, mounted on the upper part of the house wall, evenly distributing the load on the building. In the house from the tree, Mauerlat is the last series of logs.
Installing Mauerlat on brick or block walls to be made using powerful anchors. Maurylalat is made of dried wood treated with a protective fire and antifungal agent, a cross section of 100x100mm. up to 150x150 mm.
Stropile legs - installed in pairs, on both sides of the roof and are fixed on the skate, thereby forming a truly system (roof circuit).
The step of their installation is usually in the range of 0.6-1.2 m., And depends on the type of roof material used. The more severe roof, the smaller the step is used. The rafters are made of edged dry boards of coniferous rocks, 50 mm thick. For safety and durability, the design also needs to use special impregnation for wood.
Kind of roof - Horizontal, top line of connecting rafter legs. Its height at the beginning and at the end towards the top points of the walls should not be different. You can measure it using a hydroeer.
DIY DIY DIY - ELEMENTS OF THE RACE SYSTEM
Hanging rafters are based on each other, and at the bottom of the tightening or overlap beams. In the houses built of wood, the attachment of the rafted to Mauerlat is made by sliding, it will avoid a breakdown of the roof frame when the house will give shrinkage.
Stropyl farm - This is a flat design, which includes: rafters, racks, separation and stretching. the main task this design, lay all the elements so that interior walls At home, the load did not experience, and the entire vertical load went to the outer, durable walls. The wider there will be a span, the more racks and dilations will be required.
Double roof with your own hands - a lumpy double roof farm
Suitable for the type of roofs whose span ranges from 10 to 16 m. The rafters can be installed at any angle, and in the house the presence of bearing walls or columns is necessary. At the upper point, the rafter is based on the ski run, supported by the inner wall or racks, and at the bottom of the Mauerlat.
Loads in such a design vertical, so there is no need to install the tightenings. To strengthen the rafter feet, set rigel and scrollish.
On the walls of the house throughout the perimeter, as well as on the inner, on the anchor bolts, Mauerlat and Liezhalan are fixed, additionally bonding it from the inside of a strong metal plate.
Under Mauerlat, it is necessary to put waterproofing material, most often used rubberoid. Maurelata and Lenzny material serves as a sequence of 100 to 150 mm.
Duch-gata roof with your own hands - Muerolalat mount
On Mauerlat and Liezhalan, opposite the rafting legs, the beams of overlapping are placed. They are made of a cutting board 50x150 mm. For further safe movement on them, it is possible to put a draft floor, consolidating it necessarily with a self-tapping screw or a nail.
Under the ski run on the liter put racks, fastening them with fierce powerful metal corners, plates or nails, a set of no more than 2 meters. Racks (supports), using the level aligned vertically, and temporarily secure them in any suitable way. Then a run of (skate timber) is then mounted on vertically installed supports and is fastened in the same way.
Duch-gata roof with your own hands - installation of vertical racks under the horse
From the edged board make rafting legs. At first, the template of one leg is made, where the angle is measured by the fastening to the skate bruus and Mauerlat. The resulting pattern is necessary to try on both sides of the roof in the places of attachment rafters.
If it was written correctly, the remaining rafters are made according to the template. In the case when the Mauerlat and the skiing timber is installed strictly horizontally, it is possible to fit the template in all places.
double roof with your own hands - fixing scheme of the main nodes
If the board has a sufficient length, then the rods from the roof are left at least 30 cm., Otherwise, it will be necessary to lengthen the rafters by fastening to it an additional board (kobetka).
Skate rafters are bonded with each other with metal plates and nails. In the attachment of rafters to Mauerlat, metal brackets are used, one end of which robbed into the second board is driven into Mauerlat, you can additionally use corners and nails.
If the width of the roof is large, the rafters are strengthened with a pink, which are attached at an angle to the support rack standing on the license, and the rafter. After all the rafters are installed, it is measured again and if there is no need for its adjustment, then the wind strap is nourished to the ends of the board.
Important! The sling of the ultimate type withstand heavy loads than the system with hanging rafters, so this design is chosen during the construction of large houses with the presence of the attic floor and insulated roof.
Such a system of rafters is ideal for the construction of two-sheet roofs, where the span does not exceed 6 meters, as well as there are no internal bearing walls. The support of the lower parts of the rafted is Mauerlat, toppings on each other, they themselves are supports.
A feature of this design is the need to use a tightening that does not give the rafter feet to disperse, thereby, the operating load on the walls of the house is missing and only vertical force is valid. Additional tightening (reigleel) can be installed under the skate. All construction work is manufactured by analogy with the installation system of spots.
Double roof with your own hands - examples of hanging rafting systems (scheme)
The advantages of the suspended system can be attributed to the absence of reference racks, which makes mansard Floor Spacious and allows you to more rationally plan this space.
This design is easier in execution, it is necessary for it less building materialthat automatically significantly reduces its cost. It is recommended to use during the construction of small houses. The reliability of this design is high enough.
As you yourself were able to make sure, the two-tie roof is with your own hands - the task is quite perfect for everyone. It is only necessary to have elementary knowledge and construction skills in order to do everything right.
The roof of the house is one of the main components of the home elements. It is the upper building of the building, without which it is difficult to imagine comfortable accommodation. The main functions of the roof are protection from snow, rain and other precipitation, as well as the preservation of heat in the cold season and protection against overheating in the summer months. In our years, there are a wide variety of roofs for every taste and wallet. However, the most common and popular at any time are double roofs that are universal, unfortunately and easy to install. About how to make a two-screw roof with your own hands we will talk in today's article
The design of the two-tie roof is the most common in private construction. As it is clear from the name of this type of roof, it is performed in the form of two rocks or, simply speaking, in the form of a triangle. Such roofs are easy and quickly mounted, they are rather durable and their appearance Finds a lot of fans, as it combines the appearance of the Russian hut and modern buildings. Possessing necessary knowledgeIt can be done independently using accessible tools.
The rapid system of a modern two-sheet roof consists of a plurality of elements, each of which evenly redistributes the weight of the structure and competently transmits it to the walls of the house. The figure below shows the design of the dual-tie roof of the house with its main nodes and elements of the rafter system.
We will analyze each of the elements shown in the diagram, separately:
This roof circuit is universal for a plurality of buildings, but depending on the complexity of the design, special elements that give stability and rigidity of the entire rafter system can be added here.
The choice of an acceptable angle of inclination of the roof is a significant task, but many builders it goes into the background that is incorrect. Standard are the so-called forcep facilities that have straight skates. The optimal angle of inclination of the double roof is an average of 30 ° -45 ° (an angle is at the base at the base of an anose-free triangle).
From the choice of an angle of inclination will depend on how well the upper part of the house will be withstanding the following factors:
The first two points must be taken into account with special care, as the inclination of the inclination of the roof can cost large financial losses and health in case of collapse.
Example: the greater the angle, the smaller the load on the roof from precipitation, however, the threat of damage to the wind is increasing due to the sail-created (the roof can simply be blown away). It will also increase the noise effect if metal is chosen by the roofing material.
Thus, when designing the roof and choosing an angle of inclination, it is important to know in advance what roofing material you will cover it. As you can see, the minimum tilt angle of the two-tie roof can be 6 °.
Most of the rafter systems for two-tight roofs are divided into two main species - hanging and urban. The first species is the most common. We will analyze in detail both types.
This type of roofing structures is used exclusively in the case when the walls of the house are at a distance of up to 10 m from each other and there are no supporting floors between them. The rafters (legs) are joined only with the side parts of the house in the form of Mauerlat. The disadvantage of a two-tie roof with hanging rafters is the possibility of its damage due to the driving load, since there are no stretch marks between the rafters in this case.
Difference of the revolving structures is the presence of an additional backup in the form of a wall or another support. The sling lines system is installed with supports that are attached to intermediate walls. This design allows you to close the big spans without damage to the stiffness of the entire rafter system.
Separately, it is worth telling more about several types of two-sheet roofs. By design, the double roof can be performed in the following options:
Differences of these structures are clear from the name. Depending on the project of your home and from design solutions The roof can be asymmetric, that is, to have different angles of inclination at the base. Such a roof is a bit more complicated in the installation, rather than the usual symmetrical roof, having an equifiable triangle in its base, but experienced Master It is not difficult to build such a construction.
A two-bundle broken roof is also quite common. The rafters of such a roof as it were a bit of broken at the base. Such roofs practically do not delay the precipitation and allow you to win in the attic space for.
Often, novice builders have questions about the design and calculations on the purchase of material there are questions about how to find out the length of the two-tie roof. To do this, it is important at the design stage to know which the width of the building will be, for the selection of the rafted standard size, so that they do not have to sprust them, sacrificing them with the carrying capacity. At the same time, you need to not forget about the coal of the roof of the roof. All these factors will ultimately affect the calculation of length.
So, to calculate the length of the rafters of such a roof, it is necessary to divide the triangle formed by the truss system into two rectangular triangles. Further, knowing the width of the building and the angle of inclination of the roof, you can determine the height of the ridge of the double roof. Knowing two cents of the rectangular triangle and using the Pythagora theorem, it is possible to calculate the hypothenus of each rectangular triangle, which is the necessary length of the rafted of our roof.
As a result, to determine the final length, to the resulting value you need to add another 30-50 cm. To ensure the soles of the roof.
All calculations on the determination of the height of the skate (it is the height of the front) and the length of the rafter is clearly shown in the image:
Of the foregoing, it can be concluded that the two-sheet roof is the cheapest and universal type of roof for a private house. There are examples when, with the help of undergraduate drugs, people erected a two-tie roof alone alone. But still we advise you to use the help of specialists in such matters, because a competently made roof over your head is comfort and comfort in the house.
The first and fundamental stage of the construction of a two-tie roof is its design. We have already told that the load, perceived roofing, and, as a result, the choice of roofing material, which can withstand precipitation and loads from these precipitation and winds will depend on the choice of the roof angle.
At this stage, the drawings of the design of the future roof are created and all the necessary calculations are carried out. This is necessary, first of all to have an idea of general Roofs and sizes, as well as to take into account all the estimated maximum loads.
After designing, you will have the entire package of documents in your hands, in which all the sizes of the future roof will be indicated, its area for the purchase of roofing materials, the full range of sawn timber used in the construction. The presence of a list with the nomenclature of the lumber will not be able to spend unnecessary funds for its purchase, since when building the roof lumber is the main cost of expenses.
After all are fulfilled design work, go directly to construction work. When working with their own hands, half of the budget is saved, which could pay for the builders. With this, it is important to remember the observance of all the rules and the rules that the end result justifies expectations.
Maurylalat takes over the entire load from the roof and transfers it onto the walls, so in the quality of Maurolalat, the thick and strong timber is chosen. The thickness is chosen on the basis of the thickness of the wall, to which it relies. As a rule, the thickness of the Mauerlat Bruse strives to choose equal or close to the wall thickness.
Mauelalat needs to be flush with the outside Walls, firmly by connecting them together. To connect Mauerlat with a wall at the stage of the construction of walls, anchor bolts or wires are laid in Aropoyas). If the wire is used as a fastener, then after laying a bar, it is tightly tied up with this wire around and remains firmly fixed in this form. If the anchor bolts were mounted in the wall, through holes are pre-drilled in Mauerlat, which the beam is satisfied with the bolts and is delayed on top of nuts with wide washers.
It is also important not to forget to lay a layer of waterproofing material in the form of a gasket between the wall and Mauerlat. As a waterproofing, a runneroid or similar materials is used as a waterproofing. Read more about securing Mauharata told in this video
After the basis is prepared, proceed to assembling the solid system of the two-tie roof. Installation of the rafter can be performed in several ways: install rafters immediately on the roof or some design elements are made on the ground, and then raise using special equipment to the installation site. Properly put the rafted on a two-tie roof with your own hands without the help of a partner is quite problematic, so it is better to use the help in order not to be mistaken and not to reduce all efforts.
To make it easier to mount the bars, on each wall it is worth placing the mounting points and connect the opposite walls with beams (liters), which will be installed racks for the backup of the rafter. The railway timber is installed on the rack, which is the guide to install the solo system. In order to connect the rafters as accurately as possible so that the entire skeleton from the rafter was the same, use templates. So you can avoid failures and distortions in the roof.
After installing the skate bar, it is proceeded to the most responsible part - the installation of rafters (already fastened with each other or separately). It is important to constantly monitor the level and level of installation. Fasten rafters among themselves, as a rule, on nails or with the help of iron brackets. Common setting schemes raftered on a two-bund roof and their attachments are shown in the figure below.
After performing the roof frame, you need to install auxiliary fasteners to improve roofing hardness. To do this, plot and middle skates are installed.
We offer you to watch a video in which the installation of rafters is clearly shown for a two-tie roof.
Double roof drying in the simplest case is the mounting of the transverse boards on the line for laying on it of roofing material. But, as a rule, modern roof is a more complex pie from different layers.
After installation, the roof of the roof is covered with a layer of waterproofing, the layers of which are mounted with nasky on each other, and the joints are fastened with scotch.
The next step is to consolidate the counterclaim - planks, fixed at an angle of 90 degrees to the main crate. It is necessary to ensure a ventilated gap in the roofing pie to get rid of moisture.
At the final stage of the installation of a two-tie roof, laying a roofing coating, the choice of which, as mentioned at the beginning of the article, depends both from several factors, including the financial component
External roof installation work ends with the arrangement of the frontones, if they are not part of the walls. After that, go to the internal finishing works and, if there is a need. In detail about the insulation of the roof we will talk in the following articles.
It is worth noting that it is not so difficult to build a two-tick roof, the main thing is to correctly make calculations and step by step to follow the points of instructions so as not to miss important moments When installing.
Brief video structure on a two-tie roof device is presented on video:
