For the manufacture of critical structures, it is customary to use GOST standards in construction. Metal stairs and railings belong to this type of structure, therefore, certain standards are applied in the design and manufacture of these products.
The regulatory documents and drawings must indicate the requirements for the material used in the manufacture of stairs, for the permissible dimensions and method of placing products in the building plan.
To describe the conditions for the manufacture and installation of metal stairs and fences, GOST have been developed:
This regulatory document provides for the arrangement of platforms, fences and metal stairs. GOST 23120 78 is mandatory when installing products at an outdoor temperature of up to -65 C o.
In construction, when installing these elements, the following rules are used:
This standard regulates the production and placement of metal ladders at the installation sites for organizing evacuation and emergency descents in industrial and civil buildings, as well as for arranging portable structures.
In the manufacture of metal stairs, Gosstandart provides the following requirements:
The dimensions of the steps. GOST for vertical metal stairs prescribes the following standards:
Dimensions of vertical stairs. Requirements for metal stairs of inclined and vertical type are established by this standard. The standard takes into account the manufacture and use of various types of aluminum stairs.
The state regulation contains the following rules for the production and installation of stairs:
Height of handrails. This standard establishes standards for the arrangement of staircases for flights equipped with more than three steps. It applies to balcony stairs and roof rails.
When installing iron fences of this type, you should adhere to the rules:
Variants of the surface of the steps. Compliance of fences and stairs with SNIP and GOST allows you to achieve safe infrastructure in residential and industrial premises.
EVACUATION ROUTES
1.90. The number of ascents in one flight between platforms (with the exception of curved staircases) must be at least 3 and no more than 16. No more than 18 ascents are allowed in one-flight staircases, as well as in one flight of two- and three-flight staircases within the first floor.
1.91. Stairways and platforms must have railings with handrails.
1.92 *. Handrails and fences in the buildings of preschool institutions and on the floors of schools and educational buildings of boarding schools, where the premises for the first grades are located, must meet the following requirements:
the height of ladder fences used by children must be at least 1.2 m, and in preschool institutions for children with intellectual disabilities - 1.8 or 1.5 m with a continuous fence with a net;
in the fencing of stairs, vertical elements must have a clearance of no more than 0.1 m (horizontal divisions in fences are not allowed);
the height of the porch fence when going up three or more steps should be 0.8 m.
When the estimated width of stairs, walkways or hatches in the stands of open and covered sports facilities is more than 2.5 m, dividing handrails should be provided at a height of at least 0.9 m.When the estimated width of a hatch or staircase is up to 2.5 m for hatches or stairs wider than 2.5 m dividing rails are not required.
1.93. External stairs (or their parts) and platforms with a height of more than 0.45 m from the sidewalk level at the entrances to buildings, depending on the purpose and local conditions, should have fences.
1.94. The slope of the flights of stairs in the above-ground floors should be taken no more than 1: 2 (except for the stairs of the stands of sports facilities).
The slope of the flights of stairs leading to the basement and basement floors, to the attic, as well as stairs in the aboveground floors, not intended for evacuation of people, is allowed to be 1: 1.5.
The slope of ramps on the paths of movement of people should be taken no more than:
inside a building, structure ........................ 1: 6
in hospitals of medical institutions ................ 1:20
outside ........................................... 1: 8
on the path of movement of people with disabilities
on wheelchairs inside and outside the building ............. 1:12
Note. The requirements of this clause and clause 1.90 do not apply to the design of walkways with steps between rows of seats in auditoriums, sports facilities and lecture halls.
1.95. The slope of the stairs of the stands of open or covered sports facilities should not exceed 1: 1.6, and provided that handrails (or other devices replacing them) are installed along the escape routes along the stairs at a height of at least 0.9 m - 1: 1.4 ...
The device of stairs or steps on the escape routes in hatches is not allowed.
1.96. The width of the staircase in public buildings should be at least the width of the exit to the staircase from the most populated floor, but not less, m:
1.35 - for buildings with more than 200 people staying on the most populated floor, as well as for buildings of clubs, cinemas and medical institutions, regardless of the number of seats;
1,2 - for other buildings, as well as in the buildings of cinemas, clubs leading to premises not related to the stay of spectators and visitors, and in buildings of medical institutions leading to premises not intended for the stay or visiting of patients;
0.9 - in all buildings leading to a room with up to 5 people simultaneously staying in it.
An intermediate platform in a straight flight of stairs must have a width of at least 1 m.
The width of the landings must be at least the width of the march.
1.97. In stairwells intended for the evacuation of people both from the above-ground floors and from the basement or basement floors, separate exits to the outside from the basement or basement floors should be provided, separated to the height of one floor by a deaf fire-prevention partition of the 1st type.
Separate staircases for communication between the basement or basement floor and the first floor leading to the corridor, hallway or entrance hall of the first floor are not included in the calculation of evacuating people from the basement or basement floor.
If the stairs from the basement or basement floor go to the lobby of the first floor, then all the stairs of the aboveground part of the building, except for the exit to this lobby, must have an exit directly to the outside.
1.98. As a rule, spiral staircases and run-down steps, as well as split staircases, should not be provided for on escape routes. When constructing curvilinear staircases (except for medical buildings and outpatient clinics), leading from office premises with no more than 5 people permanently staying in them, as well as curved front staircases, the width of the steps in the narrow part of these stairs must be at least 0, 22 m, and service ladders - not less than 0.12 m.
1.99. In the IV climatic region and in the IIIB climatic subregion, it is allowed to install evacuation outdoor open stairs (except for stationary medical institutions).
1.100. Outdoor open stairs with a slope of no more than 45 ° in preschool buildings and no more than 60 ° in other public buildings, used in all climatic regions as a second evacuation exit from the second floor of buildings (except for buildings of schools and boarding schools, preschool institutions for children with impaired physical and mental development and hospitals of medical institutions of all degrees of fire resistance, as well as preschool institutions of the general type IIl-V degrees of fire resistance), should be calculated for the number of evacuees no more than, people:
70 - for buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance
50 - "" III degree "
30 - "" IV and V degrees "
The width of such stairs should be at least 0.8 m, and the width of the continuous treads of their steps should be at least 0.2 m.
When arranging a passage to external open stairs through flat roofs(including unexploited ones) or outdoor open galleries, bearing structures of coatings and galleries should be designed with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.5 hours and a zero fire spread limit.
1.101. Stairwells should be designed with natural light through openings in the outer walls (except for basement stairs, as well as grate staircases in buildings of entertainment enterprises).
In no more than 50% of staircases of 2-storey buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, as well as 3-storey buildings, when the clearance between stair flights is at least 1.5 m, only overhead lighting can be provided.
At the same time, in the buildings of hospitals of medical institutions, it should be provided automatic opening staircase lanterns in case of fire.
In station buildings, natural lighting through windows in the outer walls must have at least 50% of the stairwells intended for evacuation. Stairs without natural light should be smoke-free, type 2 or 3.
1.102. One of the internal stairs in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance up to nine storeys high can be open to the entire height of the building, provided that the room where it is located is separated from the adjacent corridors and other rooms by fire partitions.
When device automatic fire extinguishing it is not necessary to separate rooms with open stairs from corridors and other rooms throughout the building.
In hospitals of medical institutions, open stairs are not included in the calculation of the evacuation of people in case of fire.
In buildings of I - III degrees of fire resistance, the internal staircase from the lobby to the second floor can be open if the lobby is separated from the corridors and other rooms by fire partitions with ordinary doors and fire ceilings.
In the buildings of retail trade and public catering enterprises of I and II degrees of fire resistance, the staircase from the first to the second or from the basement to the first floor can be open even in the absence of a lobby. At the same time, these stairs or ramps for retail outlets can be taken into account in the calculation of escape routes for only half of the number of buyers present in the corresponding trading floor, and at least two closed stairwells should be provided for the evacuation of other buyers. The length of an open staircase (or ramp) should be included in the distance from the farthest point on the floor to the emergency exit to the outside, but its area is not included in the area of the main escape routes.
In a complex of theater auditoriums, no more than two staircases can be open, while the remaining staircases (at least two) must be in closed staircases. Open stairs as evacuation stairs are counted from the level of the lobby floor to the level of the next floor. On the next floors, isolated evacuation passages leading to closed staircases should be arranged from the premises of the spectator complex.
From the premises of public buildings, regardless of their purpose (auditoriums, classrooms, educational and commercial premises, reading rooms, etc., except for storage of combustible materials and workshops), one of the exits can be directly to the lobby, dressing room, floor hall and foyer adjacent to open stairs.
When placed in the basement or basement of the foyer, dressing rooms, smoking rooms and restrooms, separate open stairs from the basement or basement floor to the first floor can be provided.
In theater buildings, in the complex of stage service premises, at least two staircases should be provided in closed stairwells with natural lighting, with exits to the attic and the roof.
1.103. The stage box should have two type 2 fire escapes, brought to the roof of the stage and communicating with the working galleries and grates.
For evacuation from working galleries and grate flooring, it is allowed to provide external fire escapes in the absence of grate staircases.
1.104. External fire escapes should be located at a distance of no more than 150 m between them along the perimeter of buildings (with the exception of the main facade). The need for external fire escapes is determined by SNiP 2.01.02-85 and clause 1.103 of these building codes.
1.105. The width of the evacuation exit from the corridor to the staircase, as well as the width of the flights of stairs, should be set depending on the number of evacuees through this exit per 1 m of the width of the exit (door) and the degree of fire resistance of buildings (except for buildings of cinemas, clubs, theaters and sports facilities) :
I, II .................................... no more than 165 people.
III, IV, IIIb ........................... "" 115 "
V, IIIa, IVa ............................ "" 80 "
1.106. The largest number of people simultaneously staying on the floor in the buildings of schools, boarding schools and boarding schools at schools, when calculating the width of the evacuation routes, must be determined based on the capacity of classrooms, premises for labor training and sleeping quarters, as well as a sports and assembly hall - a lecture hall located on this floor.
1.107. The width of the doors of exits from classrooms with an estimated number of students over 15 people. must be at least 0.9 m.
1.108. The greatest distance from any point in halls of various sizes without seats for spectators to the nearest evacuation exit should be taken according to Table. 8. When combining the main evacuation passages into a common passage, its width should not be less than the total width of the combined passages.
Table 8
|
The purpose of the halls |
Fire resistance |
Distance, m, in halls with a volume, thousand cubic meters |
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1. Lounges for visitors, cash desks, |
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exhibition, dance, recreation, etc. |
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2. Dining rooms, reading rooms at the square |
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of each main pass from the calculation of not |
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less than 0.2 cubic meters for each person evacuated on it |
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3. Trading with the area of the main evacuation passages,% of the area of the hall: |
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not less than 25 |
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1.109. The distance along the evacuation routes from the doors of the most remote premises of public buildings (except for latrines, washrooms, smoking rooms, showers and other service premises), and in preschool institutions - from the exit from the group cell to the exit to the outside or to the staircase should be no more than specified in tab. 9. The capacity of rooms facing a dead-end corridor or hall should not exceed 80 people.
The capacity of premises facing a dead-end corridor or hallway of school buildings, vocational and special educational institutions I-IIl degrees of fire resistance with a height of no more than 4 floors should be no more than 125 people. In this case, the distance from the doors of the most distant rooms to the exit to the distant staircase should be no more than 100 m.
Given in table. 9 distances should be taken for buildings: preschool institutions - according to gr. 6; schools, vocational, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions - by gr. 3; hospitals of medical institutions - by gr. 5; hotels - by gr. 4. For other public buildings, the density of the traffic in the corridor is determined by the project.
Table 9
|
Fire resistance |
Distance, m, at the density of the human flow during evacuation *, person / sq.m |
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A. From rooms located between stairwells or external exits |
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B. From rooms with exits to a dead-end corridor or hall |
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* The ratio of the number of evacuees from the premises to the area of the evacuation route. |
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1.110. The width of the evacuation exit (door) from the halls without seats for spectators should be determined by the number of people evacuated through the exit according to table. 10, but not less than 1.2 m in halls with a capacity of more than 50 people.
Table 10
|
The purpose of the halls |
Fire resistance of the building |
Number of people per 1 m wide emergency exit (doors) in halls with a volume, thousand cubic meters |
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1. Shopping - with the area of the main |
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evacuation passages - 25% or more |
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hall area; dining and reading rooms - with a flow density in each main aisle of no more than 5 people / m2 |
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2. Shopping - with the area of the main |
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evacuation passages less than 25% |
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hall area, other halls |
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1.111. The width of the main evacuation passages in the trading floor must be at least, m:
1.4 - with a retail area of up to 100 sq.m
1.6 - "" "St. 100" 150 "
2 - " " " " 150 " 400 "
2.5 - "" "over 400"
The area of the passages between the turnstiles, the cabins of the check-out cashiers and the aisles from the outside of the trading floor along the settlement hub is not included in the area of the main evacuation aisles.
1.112. To calculate escape routes, the number of buyers or visitors to businesses consumer services, simultaneously located in the trading floor or premises for visitors, should be taken on the basis of one person:
for shops in cities and urban-type settlements, as well as for consumer services - 1.35 sq. m. of the trading floor area or premises for visitors, including the area occupied by equipment; for shops in rural areas - 2 sq. m. of the trading floor area;
for markets - 1.6 sq. m. of the trading floor of the market trade.
The number of people simultaneously in the showroom and the family event room should be taken according to the number of seats in the room.
When calculating the evacuation from the sales areas of stores, the future expansion of the sales area should be taken into account.
1.113. When calculating emergency exits in the buildings of retail trade and catering establishments, it is allowed to take into account service staircases and exits from the building, connected with the hall directly or by a direct passage (corridor), provided that the distance from the most distant point of the trading floor to the nearest service staircase or exit from buildings not more than indicated in table. eight.
The device of emergency exits through the unloading rooms is not allowed.
1.114 *. The number of people per 1 m of the width of the evacuation routes from the stands of open sports facilities should be taken according to table. eleven*.
Table 11 *
|
The number of people per 1 m of the width of the escape route |
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fire resistance of structures |
up the stairs of the grandstand aisles leading |
through the hatch from aisles leading |
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III, IlIa, IIIb and |
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The total number of evacuees per one evacuation hatch, as a rule, should not exceed 1500 people. at stands I, II degrees of fire resistance; in stands of III degree of fire resistance, the number of evacuees should be reduced by 30%, and in stands of other degrees of fire resistance - by 50%.
1.115 *. The evacuation routes from sports halls with stands for spectators and other auditoriums in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance must ensure evacuation in the required time, given in Table. 12.
For buildings III, IlIa, IIIb and IV degrees of fire resistance are given in table. 12, the data should be reduced by 30%, and for the V degree of fire resistance - by 50%.
When the location of emergency exits from the halls (with a volume of 60 thousand cubic meters or less) above the floor level of the hall by half or more of the height of the room, the required evacuation time should be halved (indicated in Table 12).
If the volume of the hall W is more than 60 thousand cubic meters, the required evacuation time from it should be determined by the formula
but not more than 6 minutes.
The required evacuation time, calculated according to the formula, should be reduced by 35% when the emergency exits are located at half the height of the room and by 65% when they are located at a height equal to 0.8 of the height of the hall. At intermediate or lower values, the required time should be taken by interpolation, and at large values, by extrapolation.
The required time for evacuation from a building with a hall with a volume of more than 60 thousand cubic meters should not exceed 10 minutes.
The required time for evacuating people from the stage (stage) should be taken no more than 1.5 minutes, and the number of people being evacuated should be determined at the rate of 1 person. on 2 square meters of the area of the stage (stage).
Time of evacuation through smoke-free staircases, taking into account the time of evacuation from the building
Should not be taken.
1.116. In indoor sports facilities, the number of spectators evacuating through each exit (hatch, door) from a hall with a volume of more than 60 thousand cubic meters should be no more than 600 people.
When arranging a parterre in a sports arena, if there are only two exits, the distance between them must be at least half the length of the hall.
1.117. The width of the escape routes must be at least, m:
1.0 - horizontal walkways, ramps and stairs in the stands of indoor and outdoor sports facilities;
1.35 - evacuation hatches in the stands of indoor sports facilities;
1.5 - evacuation hatches in the stands of outdoor sports facilities.
1.118. Width doorways in the auditorium should be 1.2-2.4 m, the width of the lobby should be at least 2.4 m. The width of the doorway for the entrance to the boxes is allowed 0.8 m.
Doors of exits from the auditorium and on the evacuation routes of sports facilities (including hatches) should be self-closing with sealed porches.
1.119. The depth of armchairs, chairs and benches in the auditorium should ensure the width of the aisles between the rows of at least 0.45 m.
The number of continuously installed places in a row should be taken with a one-sided exit from a row no more than 26, with a double-sided one - no more than 50.
1.120. The calculation of the total width of emergency exits from dressing rooms with dressing rooms located separately from the lobby in the basement or basement should be performed based on the number of people in front of the barrier, equal to 30% of the number of hooks in the dressing room.
Table 12
|
Evacuation time required, |
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Hall types |
from the hall at his volume *, thousand cubic meters |
from building to |
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Halls with grate stage |
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Halls without grate stage |
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* The volume of the hall is determined by the internal enclosing structures (in halls with stands - without taking into account the volume of the stand). At intermediate values of the volume, the required evacuation time from the hall should be determined by interpolation. |
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1.121. In rooms designed for a one-time stay in it no more than 50 people. (including the amphitheater or balcony of the auditorium), with a distance along the passage from the most remote workplace to the emergency exit (door) of no more than 25 m, it is not required to design a second emergency exit (door).
1.122. In the buildings of schools and boarding schools from workshops for wood processing and a combined workshop for metal and wood processing, it is necessary to provide for an additional exit directly outside (through the insulated vestibule) or through a corridor adjacent to the workshops, in which there is no exit from the classrooms, classrooms and laboratories ...
1.123. The number of evacuation exits from the stage (stage), working galleries and grate flooring, from the hold, the orchestra pit and the safe of rolled decorations should be designed at least two.
1.124. In year-round cinemas, as well as in clubs in the halls of which a film screening is provided, it is not allowed to design evacuation routes through premises that, according to the design assignment, are designed for the simultaneous stay of more than 50 people.
When designing cinemas with seasonal action without a foyer, it is allowed to consider the entrance to the auditorium as the second evacuation exit from the hall.
1.125. In auditoriums with a capacity of no more than 500 seats with a stage (in cinemas - regardless of capacity), a passage through the hall can be taken as a second evacuation exit from the stage.
1.126. When designing premises with division into parts by transforming partitions, emergency exits from each part should be provided.
1.127. The evacuation of spectators on the balcony should not be carried out through the sports, assembly or auditorium.
1.128. Exits from control rooms and light projection rooms to the premises of the spectator complex may be carried out through non-combustible vestibules with self-closing doors made of non-combustible materials or a corridor.
1.129. In one-story retail buildings with a retail area of up to 150 sq. M, located in rural settlements, it is allowed to use an exit through a group of non-commercial premises, excluding storerooms, as a second exit from the trading floor.
1.130 *. Entrances and staircases for service personnel should be separate from entrances and staircases for buyers, as well as for visitors to consumer services with an estimated area of more than 200 sq. M.
Entrances to storerooms and other non-commercial premises should be located on the side of production groups of premises. In enterprises with a trading area of up to 250 sq.m., it is allowed to provide additional exits to the trading floor for supplying goods from storerooms adjacent to the trading floor.
1.131. Hotels located in railway station buildings must have their own escape routes.
Exits from 50% of the stairwells, as well as the corridors of the station buildings, to the unified passenger hall, which has exits directly to the outside, to an external open overpass or to a platform, are considered evacuation exits.
1.132. Corridors with a length of more than 60 m should be separated by partitions with self-closing doors located at a distance of no more than 60 m from one another and from the ends of the corridor.
In the ward buildings of medical institutions, the corridors should be separated by type 2 fire partitions with a distance between them no more than 42 m.
1.133. When the floor difference is more than 1 m in one or in adjacent rooms (not separated by a partition) along the perimeter of the upper level, it is necessary to provide a fence with a height of at least 0.8 m or another device that excludes the possibility of people falling. This requirement does not apply to the side of the stage tablet facing the audience.
1.134. On the stands of sports facilities, when the difference in floor marks of adjacent rows is more than 0.55 m, a fence with a height of at least 0.8 m must be installed along the aisle of each visual row, which does not interfere with visibility.
1.135. On balconies and tiers of sports and auditoriums in front of the first row, the height of the barrier must be at least 0.8 m.
The barriers should be provided with devices to prevent objects from falling down.
1.136. On the glazed doors in kindergartens, schools, rest homes and sanatoriums for parents with children, protective grilles must be provided up to a height of at least 1.2 m.
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
TO BUILDINGS WITH A HEIGHT OF 10 FLOORS AND MORE
1.137. In buildings with a height of 10 above-ground floors and more, staircases should be smoke-free.
One of the two staircases (or 50% of the staircases, if there are more of them) must be type 1 smoke-free.
The distance in the axes between the doors of floor exits and entrances to these staircases must be at least 2.5 m. Entrances to smoke-free staircases are not allowed to be designed through floor lift halls. Smoke-free staircases should not be placed in inner corners the outer walls of the building.
The rest of the stairwells should be designed as smoke-free type 2 or 3.
Type 2 staircases must be divided into compartments by installing a solid wall of non-combustible materials at the height of the floor, having a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours. Smoke protection of such staircases should be provided by supplying external air to the upper part of the compartments. Overpressure must be at least 20 Pa in the lower part of the staircase compartment and not more than 150 Pa in the upper part of the staircase compartment with one open door.
The performance of the fans, the cross-section of shafts and valves are determined by calculation.
Note. In 9-storey buildings and buildings with a smaller number of floors, with a height from the average planning level of the earth to the floor level of the upper floor (excluding the upper technical floor), more than 30 m, staircases should be designed in accordance with the requirements for 10-16-storey buildings.
1.138. The exit from the smoke-free staircase of the 2nd type to the lobby should be arranged through a vestibule-sluice with air pressure during a fire.
1.139. The walls of staircases with pressurized air should not have other openings, except for window openings in the outer walls and doorways leading to floor corridors, lobbies or outside, as well as openings for air supply in order to create excess pressure.
1.140. Internal walls and partitions (including those made of translucent materials) separating the escape routes should be made of non-combustible materials with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.75 hours.
1.141. The number of passenger lifts should be set by calculation, but, as a rule, not less than two. It is allowed to replace the second elevator with a freight one, in which it is allowed to transport people, if, according to the calculation of vertical transport in the building, it is sufficient to install one passenger elevator.
One of the elevators in the building (passenger or freight) must have a cabin depth of at least 2100 mm to be able to transport a person on a stretcher.
Freight lifts should be provided in accordance with technological requirements.
1.142 *. (K) Passenger lifts should be provided in buildings:
Research institutes, higher educational institutions and institutes for advanced training with a difference in the floor marks of the entrance lobby and the floor of the upper floor (except for the technical upper) of 13.2 m and more;
management institutions, design, engineering and credit and financial institutions with a height of more than 3 floors. In the buildings of the executive committees of the Soviets of People's Deputies and other institutions frequently visited by the population, starting from the 3rd floor;
hospitals and maternity hospitals:
elevators for buildings of medical and preventive institutions (hereinafter referred to as a hospital elevator) with the location of ward departments on the 2nd and higher floors;
outpatient clinics:
hospital elevators in buildings with a height of 2 floors or more;
passenger elevator with a cabin with a depth of at least 2100 mm in buildings with a height of 2 and 3 floors;
sanatoriums and sanatoriums-dispensaries:
passenger elevators - in buildings with a height of 3 floors and more;
hospital elevator - when medical facilities are located above the first floor in buildings with a height of 2 floors or more;
hotels and motels of the highest categories "A" and "B" with a height of 2 floors and more;
hotels, tourist centers and motels of the 1st category with a height of 3 floors and more;
the same, II grade and below, as well as all other recreation and tourism establishments with a height of 4 floors or more;
catering establishments when the halls are located above the third floor;
consumer services enterprises with a height of 4 floors and more.
Notes *: 1. In residential buildings of sanatoriums for patients with
of the musculoskeletal system, one of the elevators must be hospitalized.
2. The need for elevators and other means of vertical
transport in public buildings of lower number of storeys and heights, as well as
not specified in this paragraph, is set by the task for
design.
1.143. In public buildings with a height of 10 floors or more, one of the passenger elevators must be designed to carry fire brigades.
1.144. The distance from the doors of the most distant room to the door of the nearest passenger elevator should be no more than 60 m.
1.145. Passenger elevator exits should be designed through the elevator hall.
In buildings with a height of up to 10 floors, exits from no more than two elevators are allowed to be located directly on the staircase.
The width of the elevator hall of passenger elevators must be at least:
with a single-row arrangement of elevators - 1.3 times the smallest depth of the elevator car;
in a two-row arrangement - twice the smallest cabin depth, but not more than 5 m.
In front of lifts with a car depth of 2100 mm or more, the width of the lift hall must be at least 2.5 m.
From storerooms and other rooms for storing and processing combustible materials, it is not allowed to go directly to the elevator hall.
1.146. Shafts and machine rooms of elevators should not adjoin directly to the premises for the stay of children in preschool institutions; to study rooms in educational institutions, to living quarters located in public buildings, to auditoriums and reading rooms, club rooms, work rooms and offices with a constant stay of people.
In medical and outpatient clinics, sanatoriums, mines and machine rooms of elevators and lifts should be located at a distance of at least 6 m from wards and diagnostic and treatment rooms. The distance can be reduced by implementing appropriate noise protection measures.
1.147. The doors of the elevator shafts in the basement and basement floors should go out into the halls or vestibules, fenced off with fire partitions. The doors of the elevator halls and vestibules must be fireproof, self-closing, with sealed porches, and from the side of the elevator shafts they can be made of combustible materials (without glazing).
GARBAGE AND DUST CLEANING
1.148. In public buildings, a system for cleaning garbage and dust collection, temporary (within the limits of sanitary standards) storage of garbage and the possibility of its removal should be provided.
In large public buildings and complexes, the device of pneumatic waste disposal systems should be determined by a design assignment based on the technical and economic feasibility of their operation.
1.149. Garbage chutes (in the absence of a pneumatic garbage disposal system) should include:
in 3-storey or more buildings of higher educational institutions, hotels and motels with 100 beds or more;
in 2-storey or more hospital buildings with 250 beds or more and maternity hospitals with 130 beds or more;
in 5-storey or more buildings for other purposes.
The need for garbage chutes in other public buildings is established by the design assignment if there is a justification.
For buildings that are not equipped with garbage chutes, a garbage collection chamber or an utility site should be provided (in cities, it is mandatory with a hard surface).
1.150. The system for removing garbage from a building should be calculated based on regional standards for daily garbage accumulation (taking into account the degree of improvement of the building).
The means for removing debris from the building should be linked to the community's cleaning system.
1.151. The trunk of the chute must be airtight and soundproofed from building structures and should not adjoin residential, as well as office premises with the constant presence of people.
1.152. The waste collection chamber should be placed directly under the chute shaft.
The waste collection chamber is not allowed to be located under living rooms or adjacent to them, as well as under premises with constant presence of people.
The clear height of the chamber must be at least 1.95 m.
The waste collection chamber must have an independent outward opening entrance, isolated from the entrance to the building by a blank wall (screen), and stand out with fire partitions and overlap with a fire resistance limit of at least 1 hour and zero fire propagation limits.
The elevation of the floor of the waste collection chamber should rise above the level of the sidewalk or adjacent carriageway within the range of 0.05 - 0.1 m. It is allowed to place cameras at a different level while providing mechanization of waste removal.
1.153. A centralized or combined vacuum dust extraction system should be provided in the following buildings:
theaters, concert halls, museums;
reading and lecture halls and book depositories of libraries for 200 thousand storage units and more;
shops with a sales area of 6,500 square meters and more;
buildings of hotels, sanatoriums, recreation and tourism establishments, hospitals of medical institutions for 500 beds and more;
management institutions, research institutes, design and engineering organizations with 800 employees. and more;
specialized buildings with increased sanitary and hygienic requirements.
The need to design a central or combined vacuum dust extraction system in other buildings should be established by the design assignment during the feasibility study.
In other cases, it is necessary to provide for dusting the premises with household vacuum cleaners or manual (wet).
1.154. When designing a combined vacuum dust extraction system, the service radius of one suction valve should be no more than 50 m.
1.155. In the absence of centralized or combined dust collection, the device for cleaning the filters of vacuum cleaners is determined according to the design assignment.
DAYLIGHT
AND ROOM INSOLATION
1.156. In addition to SNiP II-4-79, it is allowed to design without natural lighting: premises, the placement of which is allowed in basement floors; assembly halls; conference rooms, lecture halls and lobbies; trade halls of shops; salons for visitors to consumer services; demonstration, sports-demonstration and sports-entertainment halls and skating rinks; rooms for instructors and coaches; rooms for massage, steam rooms, as well as rooms for dry heat baths; parking spaces, pantries, reception centers and rooms for the personnel of preschool institutions; anesthesia, preoperative, hardware, weighing, thermostatic, microbiological boxes, sanitary passages, as well as, in accordance with the design assignment, operating rooms, procedural X-ray diagnostic rooms and other similar rooms and rooms.
Lighting only with a second light can be provided: in rooms that can be designed without natural light (except for storerooms, sales areas of stores and book depositories); in toilets and washrooms kitchen utensils preschool institutions; in the reception and dressing rooms of preschool institutions designed for construction in the IA, IB, IG climatic subdistricts, as well as dressing rooms and waiting rooms in baths and bath and recreation complexes.
1.157. In buildings designed for construction in areas with an average monthly July temperature of 21 ° C and above, light openings for rooms with constant presence of people in the room and rooms where, due to technological and hygienic requirements, the penetration of sunlight or overheating of the room is not allowed, when the openings are oriented within 130-315 ° openings should be equipped with sun protection.
Protection from the sun and overheating can be provided by the space-planning solution of the building. In buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a height of 5 floors and more, the external sun protection should be made of non-combustible materials. In one-, two-storey buildings, it is allowed to provide sun protection means of landscaping.
1.158. In buildings with a height of less than 10 floors in corridors without natural light, intended for the evacuation of 50 or more people, smoke exhaust must be provided. Corridors used as recreational facilities in educational buildings should have natural light.
1.159. Rooms with natural lighting should be ventilated through transoms, vents or other devices, except for rooms where, according to technological requirements, air penetration is not allowed, or air conditioning must be provided.
1.160. In buildings designed for climatic regions III and IV, end-to-end or corner ventilation of premises with a constant presence of people (including through a corridor or an adjacent room) * should be provided.
* Except for rooms where, due to technological requirements, the penetration of outside air is not allowed.
1.161. Placement of group in kindergartens, classrooms 1 - 4 classes in mainstream schools and boarding schools and dormitories in boarding schools must provide insolation in accordance with SNiP 2.07.01-89.
1.162. Regardless of the lighting (side, top or combined) in the classrooms of schools and boarding schools, left-hand light distribution should be provided. If the normative natural lighting is insufficient, additional artificial lighting is required.
1.163 *. The orientation of the windows of the premises to the cardinal directions in hospitals should be taken in accordance with the table. 13*.
Table 13 *
|
Geographic latitude |
|||
|
Premises |
within |
farther north |
|
|
Operating rooms, resuscitation rooms, sectional rooms, delivery rooms |
|||
|
Laboratories for bacteriological research, for the reception of infectious material and its analysis, dissection |
|||
|
Wards for tuberculosis and infectious patients |
|||
|
Intensive care wards, children's wards up to 3 years old, game rooms in children's wards |
Not allowed west, for intensive care units west and southwest |
||
|
* No more than 10% of the total number of beds in the department is allowed. Note. In the wards oriented to the west in the areas of 55 ° N lat. and to the south, for children from 3 years of age and older and for adults, the premises should be protected from overheating by the sun's rays (blinds or other devices). |
|||
Wherever the staircase is located, no matter what type it belongs to and from what materials it is made, one thing remains unchanged - the design must strictly comply with the existing norms and requirements of SNiP and GOST. It is on compliance with these standards that the safety of a stepped system, its comfort, convenience and functionality depend. We will talk further about what requirements are imposed on wooden, metal, fire and other stairs located in private residential buildings (apartments) and public buildings today. For your attention, the article also provides high-quality photos and a helpful supporting video.
A beautiful, comfortable and safe staircase cannot be built without observing SNiP standards.
The construction of staircase systems is regulated by the requirements and standards recorded in such regulatory legal acts as GOST and SNiP. Let's analyze these standards regarding:
Before building any staircase, for its safety and convenience, be sure to study all the existing requirements for these systems. The safety of staircase systems located inside a residential building depends on how fully and accurately all the regulatory requirements of SNiP and GOST are met.
Stairs in residential premises can be of the most diverse types, the only thing that unites them is the SNiP and GOST standards As you know, according to the material of manufacture, structures are divided into:
All structural elements must be carefully calculated in accordance with regulatory documents Since the first three options are the most common, let's consider the regulatory requirements for them in more detail.
For wooden stairs in residential buildings there are two main regulatory documents concerning the requirements for their construction - these are:
The most popular in private houses are wooden systems, but their construction must also be carried out in strict compliance with established standards. Consider the most significant provisions of these acts:
According to existing requirements, the best species for making stairs for the house are spruce and pine. In addition to the above requirements, the wood used for the construction of the stairs must be treated with a special antiseptic solution to avoid rotting.
SNiP for staircase systems erected in residential buildings was approved back in 1981, its number is II-23-81. Consider the main provisions of this normative act:
A metal structure must be painted or treated with an anti-corrosion mixture Also, SNiP describes methods for calculating the strength of structures and gives advice on the use of steel and cast iron grades in different climatic zones.
All public buildings, according to the instructions, must be equipped with special fire escapes for evacuating people in the event of a flammable situation.
No one apartment house or the public building will not be allowed to operate if they do not have a fire department evacuation stairs SNiP for these systems does not regulate their placement, volumes and other properties. All these points are indicated in another regulatory document - GOST R 53254-2009. It is in it that stationary external fire escapes and the requirements for them are described.
The construction of fire structures must be carried out in strict observance of GOST R 53254-2009 
The photo shows a detailed diagram of the staircase located in a multi-level public building The requirements for flights of stairs and cells, both in private houses and in public buildings, are established in SNiP 21-01-97. Installation and removal procedure reinforced concrete products and sites are additionally regulated by GOST 9818.
A staircase in a public space should be as functional and easy to use as possible. 
The photo shows a drawing of the staircase railing, which was drawn up in strict accordance with the SNiP documentation 
When designing multi-level buildings, architects attach the most importance to the development of a comfortable and safe staircase structure. Thus, when building stairs different types in private houses and in public buildings, builders, even at the design stage, must take into account and comply with all the prescriptions and requirements of such regulatory documents as SNiP and GOST. This will make it possible to create only high-quality, reliable and safe products that can serve for more than one decade.
Stairs in public buildings are the most important functional objects, without which it is impossible to imagine any modern building. Such step systems are offered to consumers by the popular online store of finished products "Super Ladder". Here you will find the most various designs for your house, dacha or apartment. And the lowest prices for staircase products in Moscow and the Moscow region will pleasantly surprise you.
One of the many models from the "Elegant" series presented in the "Super Ladder" online store has a cost of only 50 390 rubles Below is the interesting video that will help you navigate the variety of existing regulatory requirements concerning modern staircase systems.
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Ladder structure, its appearance, convenience and safety are essential to any home. A successful staircase design increases the overall comfort level of people who will use it in the future, and also affects the level of ergonomics of the room. Considering the importance and significance of the structure, almost all of its elements are subject to regulation at the legislative level: the width and length of the span, the size of the fences, the number and height of stair steps (GOST and SNiP).
Basic structures are calculated even at the stage of developing a house project. Width and height allows builders to calculate the most important parameters of the future building.
Often, when developing a staircase project, they are guided by the current standards and the wishes of the building owner. Compliance with administrative documents governing construction and repair work is mandatory. After all, drawing a beautiful, amazing staircase is half the battle. The structure must be functional, reliable, comfortable and safe.
Ladders to destinations or educational institutions require particular attention.
The documents that contain standards, norms and rules, in accordance with which all stairs must be erected, are GOST and SNiP.
For concrete and reinforced concrete stairs, there are GOST 8717.1-84 and 8717.0-84. The latter document also applies to stairs made of metal structures.
Their individual points describe how high the marches should be, how many steps should be placed in them and what height they should be done. The angle at which the flight of stairs is placed, the width of the site and the type of fences are also stipulated.
Some sizes are given with specific values, others represent a range within which master builders can select the appropriate numbers for them.
The angle at which the staircase will be located in a private house, multi-storey apartment or public building is the recommended value. The minimum angle is 20 degrees, the maximum is 50 degrees.
A smaller angle indicates that the staircase is low, which means it is shallow. Of course, it is quite easy to climb such steps and the risk of falling is reduced, but such a structure turns out to be many times longer and takes up much more space. Often, designers urge owners to save space by shortening the length of the stairs. GOST establishes the maximum permissible angle of inclination at the level of 50 degrees, since steeper steps are unsafe for a climbing person.
However, there are exceptions, such as the installation of stairs to attics and basements. Steep stairs may be allowed here due to their infrequent use and limited space.
Optimal (for a private house) is a flight of stairs inclined at an angle of 30-35 degrees. This range of indicators corresponds to the natural rhythms of human movement.
Most important parameters affecting the ladder structure are:
These data, which are determined from construction drawings, affect the height of the steps of the stairs, GOST is also necessarily taken into account. In addition, the figures obtained allow you to see what the total height of the stairs will be, the length of the flights, the number and size of the turning platforms.
The existence of the established parameters does not mean at all that the staircase does not need to be calculated. Individual projects are necessary, since the final dimensions are influenced by many factors (the material of manufacture of the stairs and fences, the type of their finishing, the materials used in the interior design).
The angle of inclination of the structure depends on how many steps there will be, on their height, as well as on the distance between them.
The standards define administrative documents - GOST and SNiP. The height of the steps of the stairs can be from 12 cm to 22 cm. The choice of a specific size is influenced by the location of the structure and its purpose. For those stairs that are used intensively and often, it is recommended to choose a value of about 14.5-17.5 cm.
Speaking about the depth of the tread (the horizontal plane on which a person steps), its optimal indicator should be indicated: the permitted range is from 25 cm to 40 cm.However, the most convenient are the steps, the width of which is 30-37 cm.
The rationale for these values is the size of the average person's foot, as well as the width of his stride. If for some reason the optimal parameters cannot be applied or the planned slope of the stairs prevents the placement of steps of such dimensions, the project developers reduce the depth to 14.5 cm. At the same time, they provide for a protrusion that increases the depth by two or three centimeters (overhang of the step).
The height of the degrees of any staircase directly depends on the size of the riser and the thickness of the step itself. A riser is a vertical element located between two treads.
As already noted, the standard height of the stair step is 14.5-17.5 cm. In this case, the process of calculating the parameters provides for a mandatory check for convenience and safety. To do this, add the width of the tread and the height of the riser (according to the drawing). If the amount is between 44 cm and 48 cm, then the ladder can be considered safe.
Standard flight of stairs contains on average 12-15 steps. This amount allows most people to safely climb from the beginning to the end of the structure or to the entryway.
To determine how many steps the staircase will have, the craftsmen use the following method:
This algorithm is rather simplified, since many other factors are taken into account in the process of real calculations (thickness flooring on the first and second floors, the type of the staircase itself, the finishing of the steps).
Today, the choice of a staircase structure for many home owners is facilitated by the existence of ready-made modules made of high-quality concrete (grade at least B15).
Certified manufacturers are engaged in their manufacture, therefore, all the requirements of GOST and SNiP (height of steps of the stairs, their depth and width, as well as the angle of inclination) are met.
The use of such structures greatly facilitates, speeds up and reduces the cost of the construction of stairs. RC ladders are very durable and can be decorated various materials and technicians, therefore they are installed both in residential buildings and in public buildings.
The height of the steps of the stairs (GOST provides for this) must be the same for all elements of the stairs. This is a mandatory requirement, which is designed to ensure the balance of a person moving between floors.
In addition, experts say that people are more comfortable completing an ascent or descent with the foot with which they started moving up the stairs. Therefore, many designs contain an odd number of degrees.
If the area between flights consists of several levels, the difference in their height should be equal to the step height.
When designing spiral or spiral staircases, designers have to deal with winders. The requirements for their height remain the same as for straight, pivot or combined structures.
However, due to the specific shape of the steps, the depth of the tread and the width of the staircase itself are subject to strict regulation.
This is due to the fact that moving on screw structures is not as convenient and safe as on traditional ones. For this reason, designers are not advised to build such a staircase as the main one.
Often spiral staircases are used to climb to the attic or as adjuvant movement. True, many modern designs screw type have a very Beautiful design and become the main decoration of the room. To increase the comfort of future residents, their width and height between the steps of the stairs should be as close as possible to the optimal parameters.
Spiral staircases are completely unsuitable for installation in public buildings and educational institutions. They should also be avoided if a person with reduced mobility will live in the house. True, if the owner still really wants to see just such a staircase in his house, he should place all significant objects and premises (bedroom, kitchen, living room) on the ground floor.
In order for the staircase structure to be safe and easy to use, it is necessary, when designing it, to adhere to the requirements of regulatory documents. Calculations are made in accordance with SNiP - stairs in residential buildings, steps and fences must be of appropriate dimensions. It is necessary to take into account all the factors affecting the staircase structure, its functionality, as well as reliability. An important point is its appearance, definition of style and structural load. In addition, it is worth considering the age of people who will live in the house and pay attention to the safety of movement of children.
The planning of the staircase structure begins at the design stage and preparation of documentation. To do this, determine the location of its location, the height of the room, the available area, maximum loads, then select the possible structures and materials, then make the necessary calculations. All this is done before the start of work on the construction of the house - in the drawings and in explanatory notes, called technical documentation. Installation of structures, including staircases, is carried out only after the final approval of the project by the customer.
Ladder calculations must be made in such a way as to exclude the possibility of:
According to the requirements of the relevant SNiP, staircases in residential buildings located between the floors of two-level apartments cannot have a march width of less than 0.9 meters, and a slope of less than 1: 1.25. The same standards are provided for both basement and basement floors. Marches installed on the stairwells of sectional buildings have slightly different parameters. Their width should be not less than 1.05 meters, and the slope should be no more than 1: 1.5 for two-storey buildings or 1: 1.75 for three or more storey structures. The SNiP states that the minimum width of the march of the corridor staircase should be 1.2 meters or more with a slope of 1: 1.75. It is worth noting that the width of the march is the distance between the railings, or the enclosing structure and the wall.
The norms also establish that with a difference in the levels of the base of the floor, the staircase can have at least three steps, and the interfloor march, with the exception of spiral staircases, - no more than 18 lifts. With a larger number of treads, intermediate platforms must be installed.
Highly important indicator, which is also defined by regulatory documents, is the minimum height from the step to the ceiling. It must be at least 1.90-2.00 meters. A shorter distance will cause inconvenience when moving people who are taller than average.
Ladder requirements are set out in two main documents:
The regulations stipulate that the dimensions of the steps within the same march should not differ from each other. This is a necessary requirement for the safety of movement of people. When going down or up, a person involuntarily puts his foot at the distance that preceded his next step. Therefore, at different heights or widths of the steps, he may stumble and get injured.
Most optimal height the riser for intra-apartment stairs is considered by the designers to be 150 mm with a tread width of -300 mm. According to the norms, it is allowed to increase the riser up to 200 mm, but it cannot be made below 120 mm. The width of the treads can be reduced to 250 mm, although for mansard and basement stairs it is allowed to make a step depth of 200 mm. Wedge-shaped, or run-in, treads on the narrow side should have a width of at least 100 mm, and in the middle - at least 250 mm. All these dimensions are provided in the current regulatory documentation.
