Double roof The most common design used in construction residential housesSince the two-tie roof is erected with your own hands quite simple and quickly. The mass use of this type of roof is explained by its reliable, proven to be excellent characteristics: it perfectly copes with the protection of the house from the wind and precipitation, in winter it can easily withstand a significant burden of snow, it does not require special construction skills during its construction. It is widely used not only in the construction of a residential building, but also for the house buildings: baths, garages, cellar, gazebos.
To begin with, let's try to figure out why the two-tight roof is so popular today, in which its advantages for example in front of or tent roof and which is suitable for the most.
To begin with, it is necessary to decide on the size of the roof and the angle of its inclination. This requires to take into account: the amount of precipitation dropped, snow and wind load of your region, as well as the type of roofing material to be used.
On a note! The angle of inclination of the roof will be less better design It will withstand these loads. However, too small angle of inclination will not allow full volume Use an attic room, so it is necessary to find a golden middle.
Before proceeding with the construction of the roof, it is necessary to get acquainted with what it consists of. In accordance with the project plan project, the future design and the roof shape is being developed.
A two-tight roof consists of two inclined planes (skates) located at an angle to each other, connected in the area of \u200b\u200bthe skate. In the ends of the roof, triangular frontones are formed.
Mauerlat. As it is often referred to as the foundation for the roof) - the supporting timber for the rafter, mounted on the upper part of the house wall, evenly distributing the load on the building. In the house from the tree, Mauerlat is the last series of logs.
Installing Mauerlat on brick or block walls to be made using powerful anchors. Maurylalat is made of dried wood treated with a protective fire and antifungal agent, a cross section of 100x100mm. up to 150x150 mm.
Stropile legs - installed in pairs, on both sides of the roof and are fixed on the skate, thereby forming a truly system (roof circuit).
The step of their installation is usually in the range of 0.6-1.2 m., And depends on the type of roof material used. The more severe roof, the smaller the step is used. The rafters are made of edged dry boards of coniferous rocks, 50 mm thick. For safety and durability, the design also needs to use special impregnation for wood.
Kind of roof - Horizontal, top line of connecting rafter legs. Its height at the beginning and at the end towards the top points of the walls should not be different. You can measure it using a hydroeer.
DIY DIY DIY - ELEMENTS OF THE RACE SYSTEM
Hanging rafters are based on each other, and at the bottom of the tightening or overlap beams. In the houses built of wood, the attachment of the rafted to Mauerlat is made by sliding, it will avoid a breakdown of the roof frame when the house will give shrinkage.
Stropyl farm - This is a flat design, which includes: rafters, racks, separation and stretching. The main task of this design, lay all the elements so that the inner walls of the house will not have experienced loads, and the entire vertical load went to the outer, durable walls. The wider there will be a span, the more racks and dilations will be required.
Double roof with your own hands - a rafter farm double roof
Suitable for the type of roofs whose span ranges from 10 to 16 m. The rafters can be installed at any angle, and in the house the presence of bearing walls or columns is necessary. At the upper point, the rafter is based on the ski run, supported by the inner wall or racks, and at the bottom of the Mauerlat.
Loads in such a design vertical, so there is no need to install the tightenings. To strengthen the rafter feet, set rigel and scrollish.
On the walls of the house throughout the perimeter, as well as on the inner, on the anchor bolts, Mauerlat and Liezhalan are fixed, additionally bonding it from the inside of a strong metal plate.
Under Mauerlat, it is necessary to put waterproofing material, most often used rubberoid. Maurelata and Lenzny material serves as a sequence of 100 to 150 mm.
Duch-gata roof with your own hands - Muerolalat mount
On Mauerlat and Liezhalan, opposite the rafting legs, the beams of overlapping are placed. They are made of a cutting board 50x150 mm. For further safe movement on them, it is possible to put a draft floor, consolidating it necessarily with a self-tapping screw or a nail.
Under the ski run on the liter put racks, fastening them with fierce powerful metal corners, plates or nails, a set of no more than 2 meters. Racks (supports), using the level aligned vertically, and temporarily secure them in any suitable way. Then a run of (skate timber) is then mounted on vertically installed supports and is fastened in the same way.
Duch-gata roof with your own hands - installation of vertical racks under the horse
From the edged board make rafting legs. At first, the template of one leg is made, where the angle is measured by the fastening to the skate bruus and Mauerlat. The resulting pattern is necessary to try on both sides of the roof in the places of attachment rafters.
If it was written correctly, the remaining rafters are made according to the template. In the case when the Mauerlat and the skiing timber is installed strictly horizontally, it is possible to fit the template in all places.
double roof with your own hands - fixing scheme of the main nodes
If the board has a sufficient length, then the rods from the roof are left at least 30 cm., Otherwise, it will be necessary to lengthen the rafters by fastening to it an additional board (kobetka).
Skate rafters are bonded with each other with metal plates and nails. In the attachment of rafters to Mauerlat, metal brackets are used, one end of which robbed into the second board is driven into Mauerlat, you can additionally use corners and nails.
If the width of the roof is large, the rafters are strengthened with a pink, which are attached at an angle to the support rack standing on the license, and the rafter. After all the rafters are installed, it is measured again and if there is no need for its adjustment, then the wind strap is nourished to the ends of the board.
Important! The sling of the ultimate type withstand heavy loads than the system with hanging rafters, so this design is chosen during the construction of large houses with the presence of the attic floor and insulated roof.
Such a system of rafters is ideal for the construction of two scanty roofswhere the span does not exceed 6 meters, as well as there are no internal bearing walls. The support of the lower parts of the rafted is Mauerlat, toppings on each other, they themselves are supports.
A feature of this design is the need to use a tightening that does not give the rafter feet to disperse, thereby, the operating load on the walls of the house is missing and only vertical force is valid. Additional tightening (reigleel) can be installed under the skate. Everything construction works Produced by analogy with the system of installation of sprinkled rafters.
Double roof with your own hands - examples of hanging rafting systems (scheme)
The advantages of the suspended system can be attributed to the absence of reference racks, which makes mansard Floor Spacious and allows you to more rationally plan this space.
This design is easier in execution, it is necessary for it less building materialthat automatically significantly reduces its cost. It is recommended to use during the construction of small houses. The reliability of this design is high enough.
As you yourself were able to make sure, the two-tie roof is with your own hands - the task is quite perfect for everyone. It is only necessary to have elementary knowledge and construction skills in order to do everything right.
If you build your home and have already reached the level of the roof, you can learn from our article how to make it with your own hands. The roof is an essential element of any residential design, so she should pay special attention. Not only the comfort in the house in terms of temperature, as well as the overall preservation of the roof depends on the quality of the roof. So, we will look step-by-step instructions On the construction of this node at home.
It is important to understand that the roof of the house is a complex and important constructive element. For its construction, it is necessary to clearly calculate the amount of material, as well as take into account future loads. We invite you to read (in the table) with the average options for building materials for erection duscal roof.
In mandatory, calculate the exact amount of material based on the size of the roof of your home. You can acquire material with a small margin, taking into account possible errors And marriage. It is recommended to draw up a drawing of a future design. For this, by the way, you can use modern computer programs that will help calculate the amount of the required material. After calculations, go to the direct performance of work.
Mauerlat is a actually carrying bar, which is installed on the top of the erected walls and plays the role of support for the entire roof design. For Mauerlala, we choose a timing of 100 × 100 mm or 150 × 150 mm, depending on the size of the frame and its future weight.
Mounting Maurolalat can be made in several ways. The most common of them lies in the mounting of the bar directly to the top of the wall. For this, metal studs are fastened to the wall, and the bar is made for fastening. A layer of insulating material is stacked under Mauerlat, after which the bar "puts on" on the studs and is fixed by bolts. If the wall is wide - the bar can be chosen by the brick, which will give the basis for the roof of greater strength.
You can also lock the Mauerlat with a concrete smelting, but the best option will still fix the bar on special studs. However, for greater strength you can use several installation options.
The row roof of the house is done with their own hands strictly step by step. After mounting, Maurolalat go to the collection and installation of the rafter system. In our roof option, this design is a-shaped element operating on the principle of space. Loads should be provided, so before installing the system, you must strengthen the opposite walls. For this, the timber is used (the section can be selected similar to Mauerlat), which is attached at the ceiling beam level.
By the way, the ceiling beams are stacked before installing rafters. The beam mount is made using the corners. The installation step of the ceiling beams depends on technical features Your home, but should not be less than 30 cm. Fix the beams reliably and constantly check the strength of the structure.
If it is possible to raise a rather heavy load on the roof level, the system assembling can be carried out on Earth. Otherwise, the system is assembled on ceiling floors. We take the versators you need for the rafter feet and form a triangular design, connecting the details of nails. The triangle is installed with rafters on Maurylalat. Be careful and be sure to take into account the desired height of the roof immediately so that in the future it did not have to remake the triangles. Do not forget to check the installation vertical using the level and securely fix the structures to avoid breaks. You can temporarily use additional fasteners in the form of nailed boards, which can be easily dismantled at the end of work.
Important: First of all, we set lateral structures on each side of the house.
Hardly fasten the rafter foot to Mauerlat. To do this, use metal lining. You must have a reliably attached triangular design, which will perform a kind of "template" to continue work. Considering the size of the bar and the angle of inclination rafters, we collect new triangles and alternately install them on Mauerlat. The amount and step rafter depends on the size of the roof.
The side sides of the triangle strengthen the transverse boards (you feed them in the center of each of the parties) and set the racks on the ice. They will play the role of an additional support and will prevent the roof deformation. To the top of the entire system, fasten the skate run.
This element is the front "wall" of the roof, which continues the existing wall of the house. In order for the roof of the house two-tie with their own hands, it looked beautiful and was durable, it is necessary to strictly withstand vertical levels Fronton and, respectively, the rafter system. It is also important to ensure reliable fixation, since the roof will be exposed to atmospheric precipitation and wind, which can lead to skews. Also consider the weight of the future roofingTherefore, it is impossible to neglect the attention to the reliability of the attachment.
The fronton looks like a triangular design, which can be assembled both on Earth and directly at the place of work. You can envisage the presence of the front window. On the bottom, the frontton is attached to Mauerlat, and on top to the skate run. The frontoth can be sewed both at this stage and on any subsequent. As a rule, 50 × 100 mm or 50 × 150 mm boards are used for this. Mounting boards you can both vertically and horizontally - your choice.
The inner side of the front is necessary to insulate and cover insulating layer. You can use the materials and technology that we describe in the next section. As for the outside of the front, you can leave it as it is, but you can entertain siding, which will give your roof of a beautiful look.
So that the roof is two-screwed with their own hands, it will surely warm it. In the role of insulation you can use various materials, for example, very popular mineral Wat or other options based on it. It must be provided for the presence of a vapor and waterproofing layer.
The waterproofing layer is placed directly on rafters and fix it. Next we are making mats from heat insulating material, having them between rafters with reliable fixation. Next, lay a layer of vaporizolation, which we have from the inside of the roof. Compounds of the layers are fixed using a special adhesive tape. On top of the insulating material, you can immediately mount the finishing layer, and you can postpone this stage for later.
Now go to the crate. Along the existing rafters put the timber - a counterclaim. The task of this element includes the creation of a gap between the roofing material and insulation. This helps the moisture relief resulting from the convection of warm air from the ceiling and the attic.
Next, mount the direct crate. It all depends on what roofing material you are going to choose. For example, for the tile, the shadow step must be about 50 mm, and for slate or wide tiles - from 100-150 mm. In other words, it is necessary to take into account the size and weight of the future roofing material. In some cases, you can do in general a solid crate. By the way, this option is considered universal, that is, suitable for any kinds of coating. But this significantly increases the consumption of building material and the weight of the whole roof itself.
Installation technology differs depending on the type of coating. For example, when installing bituminous tiles, first of all, a lining carpet with a fallen layer is approximately 150 mm and secure it to the lamp. The carpet can fit both along and across the existing crate, the main thing is to secure it to secure it.
Next, we make the installation of eaves, if they are provided for by the project. The carnice bar is attached directly to the lining and fixed with nails or self-draws. Do not forget to hind in the cornice Special brackets for installation drainage system. After that, attach end planks to the end of the roof and go to laying the tiles.
Start laying from the center farmery Sve.In both directions to the edges, moving the layer behind the layer to the top of the roof. On the tile there is an adhesive layer protected by a film - we tear it and glue each tile to the lining. Fix nails in four places. Next, repeat the procedure with each next tile. At the ends, the protruding edges of the tile must be neat trim and polished the edges. Do not forget to do roofing penetrations - special holes for, for example, antenna or chimney. For this tile, the tile is drilled in the required place, and the hole is strengthened with rubber at the edges.
A special skating tile of a suitable form is mounted on the roof ride. Here it is necessary to make the laying of a waist of about 5 mm to avoid hitting the rainwater under the material. Installation of the roof using other materials is carried out approximately similarly, taking into account certain nuances for each of the coating options.
Your row roof is presented with your own hands. Now you can go to interior decoration The attic and works on the coating of wood varnish, paint or other suitable materials. How to go, nothing complicated in this process: you will need necessary materials, several assistants, tools and 2-3 days to work.
At the heart of each roof lies a large number of beams, rafters, racks and runs, which are all together called the rafter system. For a centuries-old history of species and methods of its organization, a lot has accumulated, and each has its own characteristics in building knots and wrist. For more information about what a dual-tie roof is a rafter system and how rafters must be attached and other elements of the system will talk in more detail.
In the context, the double roof is a triangle. It consists of two rectangular inclined planes. The two of these planes are connected at the highest point in a single skate bar system (run).
Now about the components of the system and their appointment:
The system can still be attended by the Falinka. These are boards that lengthen the rafting legs to form a sink. The fact is that to protect the walls and the foundation of the house from precipitation, it is desirable that the roofing ending as far as possible from the walls. To do this, you can take long rafting legs. But the standard length of sawn timber 6 meters is not enough for this. Order non-standard is very expensive. Therefore, the rafters simply fuse, but the boards that they do are called "Films".
Stropile construction systems are quite a lot. First of all, they are divided into two groups - with urban and hanging rafters.
These are systems in which rafter legs are based on the outer walls without intermediate supports (bearing walls). For bantal roofs, the maximum span is 9 meters. When installing a vertical support and sub-vessel systems, it can be increased to 14 meters.
The suspension type of the rafter system of the duplex roof is good because in most cases there is no need to put Mauerlat, and this makes the installation of rafting legs easier: no need to make anything, it is enough to throw the boards. For the connection of the walls and rafters, the lining is used - wide boardwhich is fixed on studs, nails, bolts, riglel. With such a structure most of The driving loads are compensated, the effects on the walls are directed vertically down.
Types of rafter systems with hanging rafters for different spans between carrier walls
There is a cheap version of the solo system when it is a triangle (photo below). Such a structure is possible if the distance between the outer walls is not more than 6 meters. For such a rafter system, you can not make a calculation over the angle of inclination: the horse must be raised over the tightening to the height of at least 1/6 of the length of the span.
But with such a construction of rafters, significant bending loads are experiencing. To compensate or take the rafted larger cross section or the word of the skunk part make so that they are partially neutralized. To give greater stiffness at the top of both sides, wooden or metal linings are nourished, which reliably fasten the top of the triangle (see also not pictures).
The photo also shows how to grow rafting legs to create a saint of the roof. Willtail, which should go beyond the line conducted from interior Wall up. It is necessary to shift the place of the outbreak and reduce the likelihood of deadlock.
The ski knot and the mounting of the rafter feet to the lining board when simple version Systems
A variant with the installation of the riglel - used at. In this case, it is the basis for covering the ceiling located below the room. For reliable operation of the system of this type, the womb of the riglel should be awesome (tough). The best way - half-fertility (see figure below). Otherwise, the roof will become unstable to the loads.
Please note that in this scheme there is Mauerlat, and the rafting legs to increase the stability of the design should go beyond the walls of the walls. To secure and docking with Mauerlat, a word is made in the form of a triangle. In this case, with uneven load on the rods, the roof will be more stable.
With such a scheme, almost the entire load falls on the rafter, and therefore they need to take a larger cross section. Sometimes raised tightening strengthen the suspension. This is necessary to prevent its deflection if it serves as a support for the ceiling sheat materials. If the tightening is small, it can be used in the center on both sides by boards, nails. With a significant load and the length of such insurance, there may be several. In this case, too, enough boards and nails.
At a considerable distance between the two outer walls, a grandmother and a sawmill is installed. This design has high rigidity, since the loads are compensated.
With such a long span (up to 14 meters), make a delay one-piece complex and expensive, therefore, they make it from two beams. It connects with direct or oblique bore (drawing below).
For reliable docking, the connection site is enhanced by a steel plate planted on the bolts. Its dimensions should be greater than the dimensions of the Wheel - the extreme bolts are screwed into solid wood at a distance of at least 5 cm from the edge of the wrist.
In order for the scheme to work fine, it is necessary to make a spreader right. They transmit and distribute part of the load from the rafter tightening legs and provide stiffness of the structure. Metal linings are used to enhance compounds
When assembling a two-sheet roof with hanging rafters, a lumber cross-section is always greater than in systems with spots rafters: load transmission points are less, therefore, each element accounts for a large load.
In duct roofs with sputum rafters, they rest on the walls, and the middle part is based on the bearing walls or columns. Some schemes cut the walls, some are not. In any case, the presence of Mauerlat is necessarily.
Houses folded from logs or timber react poorly to spacer loads. For them, they are critical: the wall can fall apart. For wooden houses The solo system of the two-tie roof should be faithful. We will talk about these systems in more detail.
The simplest faded diagram of the rafter system is shown in the photo below. In it, the rafter foot resumes in Mauerlat. In this option, it works on bending, without cutting the wall.
Pay attention to the mounting options for the rafter feet to Mauerlat. In the first, the platform of opira is usually mounted, its length is no more than the sections of the beam. Sword depth is no more than 0.25 of its height.
The top of the rafter feet is laid on the ski bar, without fastening it with the opposite rafter. Operate in the structure of two single roofswhich in the upper part is adjacent (but not connected) one on the other.
It is much easier to assemble the option with a rapid foot fastened in the skunk part. They almost never give the walls on the walls.
For the operation of this scheme, the rafter legs are attached at the bottom with the help of a moving connection. To secure a rafter foot to Mauerlat, one nail is clogged or the bottom of the flexible steel plate is clogged. Options for fastening the rafter feet to the skate run, see the photo.
If the roofing material is planned to use heavy, it is necessary to increase the carrying capacity. This is achieved by an increase in the cross section of the elements of the rafter and amplification of the skate assembly. It is shown in the photo below.
Strengthening the skate assembly under heavy roofing material or with significant snow loads
All the above diagrams of the bantal roofs are stable in the presence of uniform loads. But in practice, this is practically no happening. You can prevent the roof location towards the larger load in two ways: installation at an altitude of about 2 meters of contractions or pins.
Installation kits increases the reliability of the structure. So that it worked normally, in the places of its intersection with the drains, it is necessary to fix it with nails. The bruse cross section for the fight is used as as for the rafter.
Slingetts are attached to bots or nails. Can be installed from one or two sides. The attachment assembly to the rafters and the skate run look in the figure below.
In order for the system to be rigid and not "crawled", even with emergency loads, it is enough to ensure a rigid fastening of the skate bar. In the absence of the possibility of its displacement in the horizontal, the roof will solve even significant loads.
In these embodiments, subcording legs are added for greater stiffness, which are also called piping. They are installed at an angle of 45 ° in relation to the horizon. Their installation allows you to increase the length of the span (up to 14 meters) or reduce the cross section of the beams (rafted).
The pump is simply substituted under the desired angle to beams and is nailed with nails from the sides and below. An important requirement: the boolean must be cut accurately and tightly lay down to the racks and the racking leg, eliminating the possibility of its deflection.
Systems with substropic legs. From above the spacer system, the bottom - the fault. Nodes of proper cuts for each are located nearby. Downstairs - Possible Toward Fastening Schemes
But not in all homes the average carrier wall is located in the middle. In this case, it is possible to establish a pitch with an angle of nnnone relative to the horizon of 45-53 °.
Systems with pins are needed if significant uneven shrinkage of the foundation or walls are possible. Walls can be sitting differently on wooden houses, and foundations - on layered or bright soils. In all these cases, consider the device of rafting systems of this type.
If there are two bearing walls in the house, there are two subcupile beams that are located above each of the walls. The intermediate bearing walls are stacked, the load from the substropyl beams is transmitted to the litters through the racks.
In these systems, the ski runs do not put: it gives spacer forces. The rafters in the upper part are connected one on the other (clipped and fit without gaps), the connection location is amplified by steel or wooden linings that are nailed.
In the upper factional system, the tightening is neutralized with a driving force. Please note that the tightening is placed under the run. Then it works efficiently (upper diagram in the figure). Sustainability can be provided by racks, or extends - beams installed by defective. In the spacer system (in the picture it below), the crossbar is a blower. It is installed above the run.
There is a version of the system with racks, but without inferior beams. Then the rack is nailed to each rafter foot, which rely on the intermediate bearing wall.
Fastening the rack and tightening in the rafter system without a substropsy run
For mounting racks, nails are used for 150 mm and a 12 mm bolts. The dimensions and distance in the figure are in millimeters.
The bartal rafter system is chosen by many owners of residential buildings. This is due to its high practicality and ease of creation. If you carefully examine the device of the solid system of the two-tie roof, the process of its formation can be performed with their own hands. The resulting design is highly reliable and strength, and also guarantees excellent protection of the structure from cold and precipitation.
The design of the rapid system of the two-tie roof is considered simple. It consists of a variety of elements made from wooden elements with different lengths, configuration and cross section. The main nodes include:
Important! The step between the legs of the rafter is chosen according to the severity of the roof, since the more it will be weighty, the less this gap should be.
Thus, the device of the rafter system of the bone roof is considered rather simple, so it is easy to make this design.
The rules and features of the installation of this design depends on the selected variety.
Types of the rafting system of the two-tie roof:
All options have their own characteristics, so their characteristics are evaluated. If you plan to install a solid system of a two-sheet roof with your own hands, then a simple symmetric design is selected.
Important! The basis for obtaining an ideal result is competent calculations, and if they are incorrect, the roof will not be reliable and durable, and will also be dangerous to live in such a house.
When choosing a material, the rules are taken into account:
Important! The presence of bitch is allowed, but their length cannot be greater than 1/3 of the thickness of the timber used. 
To make a rapid system of a two-tie roof reliable and high-quality, preliminarily pays a lot of attention to competent calculations. They should affect all elements of the future design:
Important! When calculating the loads, it is additionally taken into account the possibility of a storm or tornado, as if the house is located in the region where such loads may appear, the turn is made for the roof, read more:. 
In front of the direct work on the creation of a duplex roof with their own hands, a special plan should be made in which the drawing and laying of the entire design will be contained. It takes into account what rafters will be applied, as species can be used:
After determining the main parameters of the structure, the calculation of the desired amount of material begins. Next, you can proceed to the direct creation of the solo system. 
Slinge system The double roof is created with your own hands only after the preliminary formation of the drawings and plans. The scheme of future contracts should be clear and correctly calculated. This is recommended to use special computer programs.
Important! If cash is allowed to contact the specialized construction companies For the correct calculation.
Installation of the rafter system of the bone roof is divided into sequential steps:
Designing any residential structure, architects special attention is paid to the roof, as it does not perform one, but at once there are several functions, depending on its design features. It must be said that far from all future homeowners satisfies the usual two-tie roof, although it can be called the most reliable, as it has only two pitched planes and one bog between them. Many attract more complex structures that add a special attraction and originality. Other, more practical homeowners prefer mansard structureswhich are simultaneously able to perform the role of the roof and the second floor.
The basis of any roof is an individual solry system having its own constructive features. Make the choice of the desired roof frame will be much easier if you understand what types and schemes of rafter systems Used in construction practice. After receiving such information, it will become more clear how complex such structures are in the installation. This is especially important to know if the roof frame is supposed to be erected independently.
When arranging the ribbon structures of the roofs, the rafter system is a coating frame and to hold the materials of the "Roofing Pie". With competent installation frame design will be created the necessary conditions For proper and dismissed types of roofs protecting walls and inner space Houses from various atmospheric influences.
Roofing design It is also always the final architectural element of the exterior design of the structure, supporting his stylistic direction to its appearance. Nevertheless, the design features of the rafter systems must first comply with the requirements of the strength and reliability that the roof must correspond, and only then - aesthetic criteria.
The framework of the rafter system forms the configuration and angle of inclination of the roof. These parameters are largely dependent on natural factors characteristic of a particular region, as well as on the desire and opportunities of the homeowner:
Atmospheric precipitation and wind streams give a very sensitive burden on the structure of the roof. For example, in the regions with abundant snowfalls, it is not necessary to choose a rafter system with a small angle of inclination of the rod, since snow masses will be delayed on their surface, which can lead to deformation of the frame or roofing or to leakage.
If the locality where the construction will be made, is famous for its winds, it is better to choose a design with a small slope of the skate, so that there are no sharp gusts to break the inclusive elements of the roof and roof.
Depending on the selected type of the rafter system, the structural elements used can be significantly varied, however, there are parts that are present in simple, and in complex roof systems.
The main elements of the rafting system of the pitched roof include:
In addition to the design details mentioned, other elements whose functions are aimed at hardening the system and the optimal distribution of the roof load on the wall walls.
The rafal system is divided into several categories depending on different features His design.
Before proceeding to consideration different species The roofs should be understood what an attic space may be, as many owners successfully use it as economic and full-fledged residential premises.
The design of the pitched roofs can be divided into unbred and attic. The first option is called precisely so because the space under the roof has a small height and is used only as the insulation from above the room of the air layer building. Such systems usually refers or having several slopes, but located under a very small angle.
An attic design that has a sufficiently large height of the skate, can be used in different ways, to be insulated and displeasted. These options include mansard or double option. If the roof is chosen with a high skate, then it is necessary to take into account wind loads in the region where the house is built.
To determine the optimal slope of the roof of the future residential structure, first of all, you need to look at the already built low-rise neighbor houses. If they have been standing for more than one year and stepping steadfasts, then their design can be safely taken as the basis. In the same case when the owners are set to create an exclusive original project, unlike the construction of the construction, you need to familiarize yourself with the constructive and operational features of various rafting systems and make appropriate calculations.
It should be borne in mind that on how large the slope of the roof rods, the change in the tangent and normal values \u200b\u200bof the wind power depends - the steeper the angle of inclination, the greater the normal forces and less tangent. If the roof is common, then the construct is more affected by the tangent load of the wind, since the lifting force increases from the leeward side and decreases with the windward.
Winter snow load Also must be taken into account when designing a roof. Usually, this factor is considered in the complex with wind load, since from the windward side, the snow load will be much lower than from the leeward skate. In addition, there are places on the rods where snow will definitely be gathering, giving a greater load on this area, so it should be strengthened with additional rafters.
The slope of the roofs can vary from 10 to 60 degrees, and it must be selected not only taking into account the consolidated external load, but also depending on the roofing coating, which is planned to be used. This factor is taken into account because roofing materials They differ in their mass, for their fix it requires a different number of elements of the rafter system, which means that the load on the walls of the house will be varied, and how big it will be, also depends on the angle of the roof of the roof. Incidentally important, the peculiarities of each coating on the resistance of moisture penetration - many roofing materials are needed in any case, one or another bias is needed to ensure the free gathering of storm water or melting snow. In addition, choosing the bias of the roof, you need to think in advance how the cleaning process will be carried out and repair work on the roof.
When planning one or another corner of the roofing rods, you need to know the smaller the joints between the sheets of the coating, and what they are tightly, the less you can make a slope of the skate, of course, if it is not expected to arrange a residential or economic room in the attic space.
If it uses a material consisting of small elements to cover the roof, for example, a ceramic tile, then the slope slope should be made quite steep so that water is never delayed on the surface.
Given the weight of the roofing material, you need to know - the heavier coating, the angle of the skates must be greater, since in this case the load will be properly distributed on the rafter system and bearing walls.
To coating the roof, the following materials can be used: or profile sheet, galvanized steel, wavy asbestos and bitumen fibers, cement and ceramic tiles, rubberoid, soft roofing and other roofing materials. Below in the illustration show the allowable angles of rolling rods for different types Roofing.
First of all, it is worth considering the basic types of rafting systems regarding the location of the walls of the house, which are used in all the designs of the roofs. The basic options are divided into a weak, hanging, as well as combined, that is, it includes elements and the first, and second type of systems in its design.
fastening for timing
In buildings, where the internal bearing walls are provided, the ultimate rafter system is installed. It is much easier to mount than hanging, since the internal bearing walls provide reliable support for its elements, and in addition, a smaller amount of materials will be required for this design.
For rafters in this system, the defining reference point is the skiing board on which they are fixed. The faded view of the sleeve system can be equipped in three versions:
The lower edge of the rafter feet is attached to Mauerlat moving fasteners.
At the bottom of the rafters, the sliding mounts are used to secure the rafter, as in the previous case.
It is necessary to explain why for fixing the rafted on Mauerlat is often used exactly the sliding fasteners. The fact is that they are able to save the bearing walls from excessive voltage, as the rafters are not fixed rigidly, and during the shrinkage of the structure they have the ability to move, without deforming the overall design of the roofing system.
This type of fastening applies only in the sleeve systems, which also distinguishes them from a hanging option.
However, in some cases, the spacer system is used for the sprinkled rafters, in which the lower end of the rafter is rigidly fixed to the Mauerlat, and to remove the load from the walls into the design, tightening and saws are embedded. This option is called complex, as it includes elements of the change and hanging system.
