38. The overall characteristic of English journalism of the first half of the XIX century. Major representatives.
The first half of the 19th century differ in England the rapid development of capitalist production. The agricultural revolution is nearing completion. A rapid pace develops agriculture, light industry, trade. The mass introduction of machines in production leads to a reduction in manual labor, unemployment increases, reduction of remuneration and due to the increase in crime. Among the workers gets distribution protest against cars. In 1832, the "Monthly Political Journal of the Carpenter" expressed the views of advanced workers, wrote that the perpetrators should be sought from among the cars, but their ways to use. On the issue of the influence of cars to the position of workers, the newspaper said that it opens up an opportunity to improve labor, on performance, reduction of the working day. "Chartist Circular" (from 1848), "Northern Star" - against the ug of cars. The official authority "Edinburgh Review" is categorically against, calls on the government to be merciless to such crimes.
In the first place "Northern Star", on the second "People's Gazeta", its program: In order to preserve the Charter Party and the expression of a wide popular movement, it was vital to organize the publication of the weekly genuine democratic printed organ of chartists. Ideal orientation and thematic content: One of the main tasks is the propaganda of the ideas of the revolution, much attention is paid to the coverage of the issue of the colonial policy of England. It was assumed as a private authority. The newspaper could not be official bodies, because The chartist party was illegal. It was supposed to publish a newspaper to the means of workers and other parties of the chartist movement. The volume of one number is 12 pages, the price of 3.5 pence, circulation of 5 thousand. Editor Jones. The editorial article is published in each room on the first page in the Current Notes section. A variety of problems (external and domestic politics, chartist movement, the struggle of colonial peoples, the struggle of the proletariat) are affected. The most remarkable is a foreign section and our colonies. K. Marx provided great influence. Rainskaya Gazeta was considered for the sample.
In addition to charters: conservative, liberal, opposition, radical, religious, working, professional, exchange and others. Periodicity: daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, morning editions, daytime, evening.
Dickens. 1833-35 - sketches of the life of various layers of meshness, interspersed with humor, jokes. Cartoon manner. First published articles without signatures. The newspaper "Mirror of Parliament", "Morning Chronikal". Essays came out when he was 21 years old. "Ivning Chronomick" - meets the family of the editor of the parking lot of wage carriages. From 1836 - Editor "Almanac" and stop working at the "Morning Chronicle" the newspaper "Examer". In 1842, the letters are typing, which is trying to achieve international copyright in America, "American notes" appear. Articles about agriculture, satirical articles. From 1850 - a weekly "home reading". Condemns the vices of society, but the feelings of readers are gentling. Its works publishes in their magazines "David Correfield", "Heavy times." 1859 - the magazine "all year round" leaves him a senior son.
William Tekcket (1811-1863), University of Cambridge. The journalist debut of Tekkesea took place during the years of study in Cambridge: he wrote for handwritten student journals "Snob" and "Chimera". His brushes also belong also 2000 drawings: illustrating to literary works, political cartoons, grotesque. An article "Pictures of life and morals (Hood John Lich)", 1854, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe nature of the English illustrative press, about popular artists-cartoonists working in periodical press. The article is a sample of the artistic criticism of Tekkesey. Sphere of interest - politics, republican views. It is not a supporter of the revolutionary methods of public reorganization, laid hopes for parliamentary ways of struggle. In 1833, the degree and foreign correspondent of the newspaper Nesnel Standed ("National Banner"). In the 1830s. It accounts for the beginning of the active journalistic activity of Tekkesey. He collaborated in the Times newspapers, Morning Kronik, in the journals "Kuitareli Review", "Frazer Megazin", "Panch". Tekrey - a journalist works in the genres of parody, essay, satirical notes, articles, wrote texts to drawings.
In the "Paris letters" (1833) observations over various phenomena of French life: ridicules the absurdity of the names of Paris newspapers. Remarks ironic: mockery over French nuts and tastes. In the sketch, "As the execution, the spectacle arranged" (1840) opposes the public death penalty, considering it as a legal murder incompatible with Christian values. Democratic sympathies. Article "Fashionable Writer" (1841) - the first from civilian civilians, idealizes the life of the highest society. He ridiculed narrative techniques of their authors. Tekakes the main guilt for the distribution of second-class literature places on flattering and selling journalists who created the name of mediocre writers.
Article "Dickens in France" (1842). The first part of the article is the review of the Tekkerea to the drainage of the Dickens novel "The Life and Adventures of Nicolas Nikalby" - a stingy reward. Explains ignorance, cynicism, moral uncleanness and hypocrisy critics. The article is stiven, witty. Brilliant satir and a spheering.
Warrant vehicle: "Rhine Legend" (1845), "Romans of the famous writer" (1847), "Lectures Miss Titobobi on the history of England" (1842) and the book "The History of the Overlooking French Revolution" (1844). The top of the skill - the "book of snobs" (1846-1847), in which the writer created a satirical portrait snob gallery, introduced various layers and institutions of English society (aristocracy, bourgeoisie, political, literary and military circles, church, universal, press and t . d.).
From 1860 to 1862 - editor of Cornhill Megazin magazine. The writer attracted many famous writers: A. Tennison, Bilecher-Stowe, E. Trollop, E. Gaskell, M. Arnold. The magazine enjoys great success.
In the 60s of the 60s in England, a new impetus was received by various types of periodicals. So, in London a lot of evening newspapers appeared.
In the 60-70s, weekly used popularity. In "Wenii Far" ("Vanity Fair", 1868) began to put something like comics with colored lithographic patterns, and also introduced the section gossip. The success of the publication has increased. In 1874, the weekly "de Warld: Eh Jornel Foren End Vimen" was created ("Peace: a magazine for men and women"). He contained the reviews of modern history, promised to reflect the interests of women, publish critical materials written by "gentlemen and scientists." In 1877, by the type "Warld" there was a weekly "Truz" ("Truth"). At the end of the XIX century, new literary publications appeared, but some of them were short-lived. Periodicals of the second half of the XIX century. It was quite specialized. The adventures and travel was wrote "Wyd Warld Megazin" ("Journal of the whole world", 1898), there were religious, professional, technical, sports and other publications.
The first-mention of the mass press was the national daily newspaper "Dale Mail" ("Daily Post"), who became the founder of which A. Harssworth in 1896. His desire to create the morning newspapers was explained by the fact that the press was poorly focused on the new reading public - clerks and artisans. "Daily Mail" was just designed for those "boys and girls annually ending schools who want to read everything that is written simply and quite interesting."
In 1900, Pearson began to publish a cheap newspaper Dale Express ("Daily Express"). She placed the news on the first strip, as is customary in the American press.
Thus, the English "new" journalism was associated with the emergence of a mass press with all its advantages and disadvantages. Undoubtedly, she played a significant role in the involvement of broad layers in the orbit of the impact of media, which were acquired by mass. She revived the newspaper and magazine market of England, introduced new characteristics in journalistic professionalism. If earlier the circle of questions about which journalists wrote, was limited, as a rule, sports and a sphere of finance, now they needed people who work out in matters of international politics, military affairs, aviation, motorism, farming, gardening, housekeeping, theater, music, cinema.
Many parties had their newspapers.
Thus, by the 20th. XX century The English newspaper magazine was a complex and controversial unity. In England's journalism, they originated those trends that clearly show themselves in the next period of development of information. For residents of the United Europe, R. Maxwell was intended for his new Sunday newspaper, published in May 1990 and the regional edition. High-quality, richly illustrated (color printing is used in the newspaper) "YUROPIEN" ("European") issued 300 thousand copies with a circulation.
But in general, in the early 1990s, the situation unfavorable for the press developed in the country. Due to the narrowing of the advertising market, the circulations of many newspapers began to decline and, accordingly, income from these editions. Several incomes "News of De de Warld", "San". Certain losses suffered Sunday newspapers (Sandy Correspondent closed (Sunday correspondent) and a number of other new Sunday publications). I brought the losses "Tudia" ("Today") R. MORROKA. During the period under review, only high-quality newspapers retained their circulation. The "high-quality" press in the coverage of the most important socio-political problems appealed to the mind of the reader, based on the system of arguments that repulse the audience in the logicality of reasoning and evidence. The mass press basically used the inspiring method, which "instills mental states, i.e. ideas, feelings and feelings without the help of logic and any evidence." The abundance of illustrations, catchy headlines, scored by large font, the desire to navigate the language of the street - all this became the distinctive features of the "popular" newspapers. The essential part of the newspaper area of \u200b\u200bthese editions was assigned and was discharged to advertisements and ads, the news occupy a very insignificant place. According to the owners of mass newspapers, they do not need to print what can be seen on television, i.e. information. It is not by chance that the growth of circulation of bulk newspapers caused the concern of the English public in the 70s.
In 1991, England collided with a phenomenon, which is unlikely to be called typical for its journalism: the demand for mass press has slightly decreased and an interest in high-quality publications has increased. This was due to the increased need of audience in serious information, as well as intensified vulgarization of popular newspapers. Some decline in interest in the mass press was caused by the fact that the youth audience reoriented not only to television. At its disposal was a wide range of video products, computer games with which "old" means of competing is quite difficult to compete. In the 1960s, the positions of the most important periodicals of the UK were strengthened. Circulation "Gardian" increased and reached 21 thousand copies (Manchester Gardian & Ivaning News Ltd. was controlled by this newspaper. "). His "qualitative" competitors "Dale Telegraph": its edition amounted to 1407 thousand copies. Circulation mass "Dale Mirrore" overstated the mark of 5 million copies. Before the edition of Dale Mail (2095 thousand copies). Continued to remain a low circulation of the daily central newspaper for the business world "Finenchel Times" - 156 thousand copies. Slightly declined the circulation "Daily Express" (3853 thousand) and "Dale Skatch" (915 thousand).
In 1967, it was revealed that newspapers not related to the largest press magnates, primarily the average and small publications, are serious difficulties, and some of them were on the verge of bankruptcy. Thus, by the beginning of the 70s, newspapers who published cheap advertising were ceased to be the existence of a cheap advertising, "Daly Herald"; "News of the news" ("Chronicle of News") and "Dale Skatch". If in 1960 there were 9 daily London newspapers in the country, then in 1971 they were 8, the number of daily provincial newspapers was reduced by the same period of time.
In 1966, Daily Warker was replaced by the newspaper "Morning Star", which, remaining the communist publication, declared itself as a tribune of all the left forces of the country. The Community sought to strengthen its social base and strengthen ties with the leiborist movement. Initially, the "Morning Star" circulation has grown significantly, but then it has decreased significantly. The problem of the spread of the newspaper acquired a new sharpness.
French journalism in the 2nd floor. XIX - NCH. XX century. Print laws. Press period of the Paris Commune. Dreifus Case and Political Trends in French Journalism. Newspaper "Figaro" ("Le Figaro").
Act on compulsory initial free education -\u003e Increasing the number of reading people.
"Big Four Franz. Press »
- "Poultrynal": February 1, 1863 in Paris, the first issue of the newspaper, which was sold but unheardly low price - 1 Su (5 centimes!). It was a daily "poultry", founded by Moizo-Puldorommimmia. Haliating the people in "small people" - concierge, artisans, workers and landpashtsy, "Poultrynal" tried to loosely, overlooking them virtues, real and imaginary. Inventing numerous receptions of self-workers, "not afraid to be stupid", the newspaper led a real "hunt for the reader in his own house." Supplying readers is simple, but diverse information, often entertaining or sensational, regularly publishing "police" novels with continuations, it quickly increases its circulation. By 1865 - 260 thousand, then Roman-Faketon Emil Gaborier brings it to 300 thousand. A detailed presentation of the "Tropman's business" (about the murder of a family of 8 people) raises the circulation of up to 410 thousand and only the installation of new Marnonne printed machines, which appeared in 1867, allows her to cope with technical problems. According to Zol, in those years, in the very blind corner of France, a shepherd was found, resting along with her herd and the leafing at the same time
- "Poultrynal"
- "Pryryryzen"
- "MATEN"
- "Journal".
In the 60s of the "Poultrynal" turns into a joint stock company (the circulation could reach Paul million Ex.)
Entertainment materials
Attempt to establish feedback.
"Figaro" 1825.founding Maurice Alua. (and to this day published).
The heyday of the newspaper is associated with the name of the major Paris Publisher J.-I. Vilmesana. Vilmessen bought Figaro in 1854 and in a short time turned it into one of the most popular French newspapers.
At first, the newspaper was positioned as a non-political edition. She attracted readers with a variety of information, wit, intonation of a direct conversation. Since 1856, Figaro is released twice a week. Since 1866, becomes daily edition.
Since 1867, the publication acquires an increasingly defined antibonapartist political color. In 1880, Francismanyar became the head of the publication. The tonality of the newspaper has become more serious, the quality of information and literary materials has improved. It was "Figaro" in 1885 published "Manifesto Symbolism" Jean Seaasa. A. France, E. Zola, M. Barres, M. Prust and other major writers and scientists have collaborated with the newspaper. The peak of popularity and infractions "Figaro" fell on the line of the XIX-twentieth centuries. The circulation of the newspaper reached 80 thousand copies.
F. Manyar ( until 1880) - With his arrival, a strong literary section appears in the journal (Emil Zola and others are printed on its pages)
ü A wide network of correspondents in the province and abroad.
ü Lefigaro. (Le Figaro) - Daily French newspaper. The name was received in honor of Figaro - the hero of Plays Boualemsk. From his own play "Marriage Figaro" a newspaper's motto printed right under her name: "Where there is no freedom of criticism, there no praise can not be pleasant" (Fr. "Sans La Liberté de Blâmer, Iln'EST POINT D" ÉloGeFlatteur " ).
ü Since 1866, the newspaper comes out daily. In 2005, the circulation was about 340 thousand copies.
ü In 1975, the newspaper was acquired by Roberomehersan. In 1999, the American Investment Foundation CARLYLEGROUP acquired a 40% stake in the newspaper, which were sold to them in 2003. As of 2004, the newspaper is under the control of the conservative policy of the Iimilliardera Serge Dasso, known as the head of the French Aerospace DassaultAviation group. In one of the radio interviews, Dasso stated that "newspapers must promote healthy ideas."
ü It is believed that the newspaper reflects the official point of view of the current French government and generally moderately right parties. For this, "Figaro" is regularly criticized by the "left" publications, such as Liberation, Marianne and others.
A surge in Revenge nationalist sentiment in France of that time was reflected in the press, like large scandals of that time, for example,
"Dreifus business" -the process (1894-1906) in the case of espionage in favor of the German Empire, in which an officer of the French General Staff, a Jew comes from Alsace (at that time the territory of Germany) Captain Alfred Dreifus (1859-1935). The process has played a huge role in the history of franc and Europe of the late XIX century.
Lecture: The Society was divided into two camps: for both Dreifus.
Alfred Dreyfus - Jew, could he serve 100% France? Blamed, he was not guilty, he was released.
Emil Zola - writer-naturalist, journalist.
Collaborated with many Franz.s.
Investigated independently "Dreifus Case", publishing a letter "I blame." He was condemned, fine and prison. France left to avoid imprisonment and survive outside the country overall hatred in relation to him (crowds of people were walking down the street and shouted the "death of Zol!", The public burning of his books and publications in the library).
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki /dec_Draifus
Colonel Henri and Major Party de clam, resolutely spoke for the legend of Dreyfus accusation. The process of 1894.
At the end of 1894, when Dupyu's office was standing in power, with General Mercier as a military minister, in the General Staff was discovered loss of multiple secret documents. After some time, the head of the intelligence bureau Colonel Henri introduced the Bordero Ministry to the Military Ministry, that is, the transmitted paper, no number and signature, which was reported to the addressee for sending secret military documents. Bordero it was as if, found in the thrown papers of the German military agent, Colonel Schwarzkoppen. Colonel Fabr and expert of the Military Ministry recognized handwriting Captain Dreyfus. Alfred Dreifus was arrested on October 15, 1894. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Gankoto, on the basis of some data, did not believe this Borderero and was against the initiation of the case, but did not decide to insist on his own and later played the ambiguous role of a person who was convinced of innocence, but who did not declare that publicly and supported the ministry, hostile drift. Military Minister Mercier, prompted by the military court.
The court took place in Paris in December 1894, with closed doors. The chief of the General Staff General General Baadeffr decided on the guilt of Dreifus, his assistant General Gonz, the Party de Cllam, Henri and others. The judges oscillated - the evidence was not enough. Then, with the consent of the Military Minister, the investigator made a fake document - a note, allegedly written by the German ambassador and enduring Dreyfus in cooperation with the Germans. Drayfus was sentenced to spying and state treason for degradation and lifelong link to Cayenne, and in January 1895 was transmitted to the Blacks Island.
History in Wikipedia, if that, there is a bit, but the essence is not in that, here is more about the intervention of the sol
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ya_Obvinyu___Teatat):
"I blame" (Fr. "J'Accuse") - Article of the French writer Emil Zol, published in the daily newspaper "Oror" (FR. "L'Aurore") January 13, 1898.
It is written in the form of an open letter addressed to France Felix's president Felix, and accused the French government of Vantiismitism and an illegal conclusion in Alfred Dreyfus prison. Zola pointed to the bias of the Military Court and on the absence of serious evidence.
The letter was printed on the first page of the newspaper and caused an excitement both in France itself and far beyond. Zola was accused of slander and convicted on February 23, 1898. To avoid prison, the writer fled to England. He was able to return to France only after the suicide of Colonel Henri and the flight of Major Estergazi, two main figures of Dreyfus business in June 1899.
The Zola's article caused a wide resonance in the cultural world, becoming proof of that influence that the intellectual elite is capable of providing in power.
German press in the 2nd floor. XIX - NCH. XX century. Prices in public life. Political Differentiation of newspapers. Content of journal periodics.
Print development in Germany went slower than in advanced Western European countries. The reason is the fragmentation of Germany, harsh censorship. In 1749 - limitations for the political press. In 1788, scientific periodicals are subject to censorship. At the beginning of the XIX century, the German press was content with the impassive statement of the facts, score and restrained in the comments. Significant part of the materials were letters. In the mid-90s. XVIII century The need for reforms. The literary magazines "Ore" Schiller and "Propilenes" Goethe (aesthetic issues, the problems of the state of modern culture and literature) were expressed by the "Aesthetic" program. The magazine "Ateney" of the Schlelev brothers. Impetus to the development of the political press - the Great French Revolution. Not all German periodicals in support of France ("Berlin evening leaves" - the organ of conservatives). But French influence at a certain stage turned out to be beneficial for German journalism. New newspapers and magazines appeared, in the left-bank territories - freedom of printing. From 1798 - "Universal newspaper" Cotta. The bastions of German romanticism - "Newspaper for Helds", the literary and art magazine "FEB", "Europe" - appealed to German history, tried to awaken the national self-awareness of the Germans. In 1810 - strict censorship for German newspapers.
By the end of the 1840s. The situation in Germany continued to sharpen. The split in the medium of the liberal-democratic intelligentsia. Its temperate wing was grouped around the "German newspaper", left radicals - magazines "German Spectator" and "Mannheim Journal". The revolution of 1848 caused the rise of the German press. The Assembly of the German Confederation cancels censorship and announces freedom of the press. Many of the newspapers arising in the post-revolutionary era had a liberal and radical-democratic orientation. Democratic Vienna newspapers: "straightforward", "Constitution", "Radikal". All Viennese Democratic newspapers advocated electoral and judicial reform, for the separation of the Church from the state, the abolition of noble privileges, the liberation of peasants from feudal files, etc. Another important topic of the German press: the union of Germany (liberal "National Newspaper", "Berlin Universal Newspaper, "Northemiets Universal Newspaper").
The most influential from German provincial newspapers in the XIX century - "Frankfurt Zeightung", "Magdeburg Zeightung" and especially the "Cologne newspaper". The main opponent of the democratic and liberal press - "New Prussian newspaper". The daily revolutionary-democratic newspaper Karl Marx "New Rhine Gazeta" is occupied in the German political periodical periodics.
In the 1850s. German public for non-political publications, popularizing natural-scientific and historical and cultural knowledge. Among the non-political magazic, the monthly "Westermanus Montesfit" was highlighted (serious scientific articles were adjacent to the novels and the stories of realist writers). Family reading journals in which scientific and popular articles adjacent to the moral publications and entertainment literature. Since 1852, K. Gutsov published the magazine "Entertainment at the home of the hearth", the "native house", "friend of the family", "Gazebo" used very popularity. On July 6, 1854, "General Allied Definitions Concerning Press Abuse were published. The new law significantly limited the freedom of speech. Bismarck financed a government press. The official body of the Iron Chancellor became the once liberal "Nordudoye Algemeine Zayteung". Supervised the development of new print legislation. On May 7, 1874, Reichstag adopted a press law (one copy to the police department). Information about the editor, etc. Three cases when print editions could be confiscated (lack of information about the publisher, a responsible editor and the owner of the printing house, publication in the military time of information on the movement of troops, the publication of materials containing signs of violation of the Criminal Code). At the end of the 70-80s. XIX century Bismarck policy in the print area is more repressive. Prohibition of periodic publications of German Social Democrats. The daily newspaper "Forward" and the "New Time" magazine (for workers). On the eve and after World War I, nationalism and chauvinism of the press increased. The popularity of liberal editions falls.
In England, a massive cheap press appeared. At the turn of the 19-20 centuries, when the division on high-quality and massive, "Times" began in England, becomes the lead qualitative publication . Today it spreads across the country as some other newspapers. To the high-quality press, except for Times, you can attribute daily newspapers "Dale Telegraph" ("Daily Telegraph", 1855), "Guardian" ("Guard", 1821), "Finenchel Times" ("Financial Time", 1888), "INDEPENDENT" ("independent"). The printing of this type is informative and informative, has a relatively small circulation (exception is the circulation "Dale Telegraph" - 1.3 million more.). The "Independent" began to be published in 1986 and in the 1997 he fell into a difficult situation due to a significant decline in the distribution of the newspaper. Then the publishers changed the editor-in-chief and gave "good" to a number of innovations affecting primarily a layout: a catchy logo, the layout of the content on the headings - "one band is one topic", free, without limies between the columns, a set of text. Mass (or popular) Print focus on a wide range of readers, publishes much fewer analytical materials. The edition of individual publications is achieved 5 million. - "San" ("Sun", 1964), "Mirror" ("Mirror", 1903 - 1 in the world of tabloid), "Daily Express" ("Daily Express", 1900), "Dale Male" ("Daily Mail", 1896). Tens of years, the leader of the tabloid press was "Dale Mirror", known as the rurs of the Laborists and the considered newspaper of the working class. Circulation it reached 5.5 million copies, but in 1997 amounted to only 2.2 million: this is the result of a significant strengthening of the positions of two competitors of the publication: Daily Male newspapers (1896) and "San". Then I had to take action. To attract readers, first of all, youth, the word "Dale" was seized from the logo, and the old slogan "Forward with the people" was replaced by the call "Forward in the New Millennium", one large photo and the announcement of one or two "naipetive" materials began to be printed on the first strip Inside the number. However, the revision updated "Mirror" never restored. There were also entertainment editions - "Pal-Mel newspapers" (U.Sted)
But still the confrontation of the elite and mass press did not flow into the complete disappearance of high-quality publications. They continued to navigate on their readers, making a bet on the "high brand," and continued to exist in their own, even if the oppressed niche on the newspaper market. Such is the structure of the British press and today.
18. French journalism in the 2nd floor. XIX - NCH. XX century. Print laws. Press period of the Paris Commune. Dreifus Case and Political Trends in French Journalism. Newspaper "Figaro" (" Le.Figaro.”).
From 1851 in France, the history of the second empire begins. At the head of the emperor - Napoleon 3. 1871 in Paris began a rebellion during the cat. Power went into the hands of Guard, the Paris Commune from 86 people was chosen. The Paris Commune stood two tasks: the liberation of France from the Germans and the class task is all the power of workers and so on. Error PK The fact that they are: 1) did not have a program what to do if everything turned out (nor an economic, nor political program); 2) They did not step on Versailles - the center of the counter-revolution, so they lost time and died. May 21, 1871 with Bismarck - PK was destroyed. During the commune, there was a large presses politicization. Risen "dad dunes." The policies of the Commune regarding the opposition press was that she did not forbid it.
After the Paris commune, the formation of the Third Republic occurs.
On July 26, 1830, Charter was adopted, whose basic laws were adopted that the (№1) of the crime of the press could be solved only by the jury), (No. 8) censorship can never be restored.
On September 9, 1835, the king publishes a decree. 12 articles are devoted to crimes in the field of printing: Copo which cannot be:
1) insult king
2) attack the principles of the country
3) to attribute to someone from the robbed Rights of the throne.
After that, Louis Philip began to fight against the press. He himself established large taxes that had previously abolished. In short, the seal ruined.
1. February 23, 1848 - the February Revolution. Louis Philip is reversed. Society requires reforms.
2. Paris Commune and Printing
Press political difficult to call. The publications were different, but none approached the concept of a political press.
1830 July Revolution, 1848 February Revolution \u003d\u003e There was a liberal press. More than 700 editions have appeared during the July Revol and. "Tribnn", "Naconal"
The most famous newspapers in France: "Journal de Deba" (a magazine of debate, dispute newspaper; Louis Francois Berthend, was present a genre of Faketon); "Monitary" (Bulletin; Official newspaper, particularly informed, close to government circles); "Figaro" (1825), In 1854, Jean Vilmessen acquired it, at a massive popular publication in Paris. From 1866 "F" becomes daily edition. After Vilmesan's death, Manyar became the editor. The newspaper acquired a serious character. Circulation OK.80 000 Ex. Only "F" had an entertainment network of journalists. All this is the golden age of printing. 1871 G.-Paris Commune, a lot of new newspapers, but among the newspapers on PC positions there was no unity of thoughts and action, 3 trends-1) Prudonism, 2) -blanism-3) neokobinia (do not ask what it is ..)
"Golden Age" until 1914, the rapid development of capitalist press; Newspapers and magazines of steel bargains. - industrial. Persons, the total number of periodicals 1870-80 increased from 900 to 2500 items. The compatibility of the press was supposed to comprehend the comprehensive X-R. Empower the press on mass / qualities. The most important component has become "blood on the 1st band." 1903-Newspaper Jacques Dupona "Little Parisian" ("Petit Parisen") reached a record tire in 1,3 million., It became with the subtitle "The largest newspaper circulation of the whole world."
The newspaper "PB magazine" (small newspaper) comes out in half format. In 1863, it appeared in Paris and sold according to a small price, this daily newspaper, publisher - Miyo (or Millo), I turn to my newspaper to the "small" person. The circulation increases after Publishing Fakenov.
The press turns into 4 power. 1892 79 diaries came out. Newspapers are largely formed public opinion.
A.Dreifus - Officer FR.Armia, in Dec.1894 was accused of state. Treason, sentenced to life. Copefully. France split into 2 camps: Dreyfusar and antideafusar.
1898, in the newspaper "L'Aurore" appeared a letter of the famous writer Emil Zola to the President of the Republic, in which it was very strongly argued that Bordero fabricated Estergazy and Henri, and the General Staff and the Military Ministry deliberately roared her dearfus personally to hide Estergazy. Zola's letter made a stunning impression in France and in Europe. From that moment on, Dreifus is seized by the public attention of France and around the world and acquires enormous social importance.
Due to the fact that in the 19th century, the periodicals appeared a mass audience in the 19th century, while the competition increased between various newspapers and magazines, each publication, especially commercial, it was necessary to attract as much readers as much as possible. As a result, consciously focused on the widest sections of the population, which were neither enough educated or properly erudited. That is, the information submitted in the print should have been written in simple, often even a primitive language and contain only facts, really interesting to the reader, while not always reliable.
In 1881, the following happened: the responsibility was abolished for the content of newspaper articles, the message of inaccurate information, speculation and guesses in the press. It was largely unleashed by the authors of the so-called "yellow press" (this term originated in the United States and indicated the publication, often very inexpensive at the cost, containing exclusively entertainment information based on unverified sources, designed to cause readers as much emotions as possible, and not Teach something useful and expand the horizons).
Fragment of the 19th newspaper.
Sexpension sheets and other cheap editions
Until the mid-19th century, most taxes prevented the appearance of inexpensive newspapers. But later, many of the duties were canceled, which led to a large increase in the number of different editions. In addition, it became possible to make them extremely cheap for the consumer, which significantly expanded the target audience.
A strong blow to large publishers caused the appearance at the end of the 19th century the so-called half-beam leaflets. Not only was they very cheap cost (from here and the name), the content of them was such in order to maximize the emotional plan in the emotional plan to a simple audience. The tone of the articles was primitive and vulgar, no serious and useful information was provided there, but scandals, intrigues and unverified information was excess. The goal is to entertain the bored audience most primitive way. It turns out some of the really important news could not reach the reader, but it was no matter how the creators of such cheap newspapers were no matter - the more sensations and rumors contained articles, the more widespread the public they read. Even the facts that really occurred in this case could be distorted beyond recognition.
The spread of such leaves caused significant damage to the press of the press in general, and it took the time that the confidence rating towards it again rose. However, the so-called boulevard editions attracting their sensationality are often in demand and in our time.
