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On a plot with strongly rugged banks. Along the coast, a narrow lowland strip stretched, and the further into the maintenance of the continent, the higher the relief becomes, rising uneven ledgers, called Futa-Dzallo Plateau. The entire southeast of the country occupies the North-Guinea hill, where the mountains of Nimba and the highest peak of the country are located. In the northeast, the plain in the basin of the upper current of the Niger River. Rivers in the country are generally a lot, but all of them are short, rapid and bother with rapids, which is why shipping only in the mouth, and even somewhat.
All year round in Guinea is hot and humid, and so much so that even in the dry season, the humidity in the capital does not fall below 85%.
Guinea vegetation is noticeably changed: over the centuries, cutting down of forests for shipbuilding and simply on firewood. As a result, in the south and in the center there were strongly rarefied secondary forests.
North - Zone Savannan, and on the coast, stretched areas of mangrove forests.
The animal world of Guinea is represented by large mammals (elephant, hippopotamus, leopard, cheetah), there are many snakes, and the Beach of these places - insects, spreading fever, malaria and a "sleepy disease". The latter circumstance was the reason that the development of local places by European colonialists was quite slow.
While science has data about the ancient history of the country. It is known exactly that in the VIII-XI centuries. Most of the northeast of modern Guinea was part of Ghana. Already then, the gold mining was carried out here, which was exported to the north, in the state of the Sahel, where they exchanged the salt and other goods from North Africa.
In the XII century The Ghana Empire broke up, an Empire of Mali, founded by the People Malinka, originated in her place. Then, in the XII century, the territory of modern Guinea penetrated and waslaced. In the XV-XVI centuries. The massive penetration of Islam from the territory of the current Mauritania and other countries of Maghreb began.
This stage of the history of the current Guinea coincided with the appearance on its coast of Portuguese, British and French workers. They were attracted by numerous bays and bays, where and after the ban of slavery was hiding the unfinished court from the British military frigates.
The basis of the current statehood of Guinea and its borders laid the people of Fulbe, at the beginning of the XVIII century. Futu-jalon created on the territory of Plateau (where they live today) the strong Islamic state.
In the middle of the XIX century. The slave trade went on a decline, Europeans began to trade with local tribes, purchasing peanuts, pepper Malagetta, palm oil, wild animal skins and rubber. Mostly it was the French who had a pepper shore place. At first they built for their own protection of the forts, then refused to pay tribute to the Tsarka local tribes, and when they took up the weapon, in 1849, France proclaimed all this land with its protectorate, and then the colony as part of the French West Africa.
Only in 1958, the forces of folk resistance were able to hold a referendum for the independence of the country in Guinea, which was proclaimed in the same year.
The Republic of Guinea is located on the West African Coast of the Atlantic Ocean; Deep river valleys and hilly lowland arrays make Guinea like a mountainous country. Heights smoothly increase from coastal lowlands to the plateau in the depth of the country with a height of over one and a half kilometers.
Mande and Fulbe are two people who make up the majority of the country's population. The relations between them are far from simple, and the reasons for that are lies in the lifestyle and history of both peoples.
Most of the Guinean's population are three people: Fulbe (partially preserved a nomadic lifestyle), Malinka (Mandinka) and Susu. Fulbe's cattle workers inhabit mainly the central part of the country, Malinka burned internal areas, mainly in the Niger pool, and Susu - the Atlantic coast. Inter-ethnic contradictions between the rural population speakers Manda, and Fulbe's Cattlers, and Fulbe's Celebrations. Thanks to the efforts of international organizations, they abandoned armed conflicts and are now fighting for political power in the country.
The cities survived the communities of the few descendants of the French settlers. The legacy of colonial times is French, which has become a language of interethnic communication for the three main peoples of the country, although it owns them a relatively small part of the population. The country holds a policy of supporting the study of national languages \u200b\u200b(officially, eight), for which writing based on the Latin alphabet is also created.
The overwhelming majority of the population are Muslims, but the traditions of animism and faith in the pests of the ancestors are very strong and are distributed even in cities.
Guinea is the world center for mining bauxite (the country has the largest stocks of bauxite in the world), large deposits of diamonds, iron ore and other metals have been found here. However, all this is an export product, and the country itself applies to one of the poorest in the world.
Most of the local working-age population is occupied in agriculture, the products of which are consumed right there in the country. Therefore, the bulk of the population is concentrated in the Futa-Dzallon Plateau area, where a large cattle, sheep and goats graze, and in fertile valleys, various agricultural crops are growing in fertile valleys.
The Guinean's economy is experiencing great difficulties caused by the barbaric cutting of the forest, a lack of drinking water, the spread of the desert from the north to south, significant fractures and the destructive effects of the development of minerals for the environment. The country's development is also hampered by political instability and dissemination of diseases that are epidemic. The measures taken by the government to solve these problems of the proper effect are not allowed.
The capital of the country - Conakry - a large port on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. He has an unusual location: it is located on the Peninsula Kalum and Tombo Island (Melbo), connected by the Dambia with the mainland, and the island is the central district of the city. The main economic center of the country, the majority of industrial enterprises are concentrated here.
Conakry - the city is relatively young, modern buildings appeared here only in the 1960s. The main attraction of the city is the Great (Big) Mosque, one of the largest in West Africa, where the burials of National Heroes of Samori are located (about 1830-1900), the second of the tour (1922-1984) and Alpha Mo Labe (1850-E- 1912). A particularly revered place in the whole country - a monument to the victims installed in the city on November 22, 1970, when the Portuguese army was put on conakry occupied.
The political situation in the country remains unstable, the leaders tribes share power, creating their own political parties, the military arrange the coups, mass strikes and speeches of the population periodically ride.

general information

Capital: Conakry - 1,886,000 people. (2014).

Large cities: Kankan - 472 112 people. (2014), Nzerkener - 280,256 people. (2012), Kindia - 181 126 people. (2008), Farana - 119 159 people. (2013), Laba - 107 695 people. (2007), Mamu - 88 203 people. (2013), bokeh - 81,116 people. (2007).

Languages: French (Official), National (Fula, Mandinka, Susu, Bug, Basari).
Ethnic composition: Fulbe - 40%, Malinke - 26%, Sousse - 11%, other - 23%, just more than 20 ethnic groups (2013).
Religions: Islam - 85%, Christianity (Catholicism, Evangelism) - 8%, Animism - 7% (2013).
Currency unit: Guinean franc.
Large rivers: the origins of Niger and the Gambia, as well as the Bafing, Cogon, Compex, Tomin, Fatala, Forepar.

Airport: GBESSIA International Airport (Conakry).

Neighboring countries and water areas: In the north-west - Guinea-Bissau, in the north - Senegal, in the north and northeast - Mali, in the East - Côte d, Ivoire, in the south - Liberia and Sierra Leone, in the West - the Atlantic Ocean.

Numbers

Population: 11 474 383 people. (2014).
Population density: 46.7 people / km 2.
Occupied in agriculture: 76% (2014).

Lower poverty: 47% (2006).
The length of the land border: 4046 km.

The length of the coastline: 320 km.

The highest point: Mount Richard Mare (Nimba Mountain, 1752 m).

Climate and weather

Seasons: Monsons - June-November, Dry - December-May.
Mid annual temperature: On the coast + 27 ° C, in the center (Futa-jalon plateau) + 20 ° C, in the upper Guinea + 21 ° C.

The average annual amount of precipitation: The Atlantic Coast is 4300 mm, the inner areas are 1300 mm.

Relative humidity: 80-85%.
Dusty wind Harmathan (West African Passat).

Economy

GDP: $ 15.31 billion (2014), I inflate $ 1300 (2014).
Minerals: Boxitics, diamonds, iron, uranium, cobalt, manganese, copper, nickel, pyrite, platinum, lead, titanium, chrome, zinc, stone salt, granite, graphite, limestone.
Industry: Metalworking, Food (Fish Consumer), Chemical, Textile, Woodworking, Cement.
Sea ports: Conakry, Kamsar, Benti.

Agriculture: Crop (rice, corn, millet, sorghum, maniacs, peanuts, bananas, coffee, pineapples, apples, citrus fruits, strawberries, mango, papaya, avocado, guyayava, frying tree), animal husbandry (semi-bed, finely horny cattle).

Marine fishing (Kefal, Macrel, Sea Skat, Sardinell).

Traditional crafts: Wood carving (red and black) and bones, straw weaving (bags, fan, mats), weaving, ceramics, leather goods, metal and stone, rafiy fiber weaving, making musical instruments.

Field of services: tourist, transport, trading.

sights

Curious facts

■ Il-de-Los Archipelago is the six islands at the Atlantic Coast Guinea. The islands began to settle only at the beginning of the XX century. At first, the British were moved here, and then, in exchange for refusal of fisheries in Newfoundland and Labrador, the French moved here.

Bokeh are the largest in the world field of latice boxite. Located 135 km from the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in the northwestern part of Guinea. Bauxite deposits of the field are confined to hilly hills (bovals), bordered valleys of rivers depth to 100m. Boxite latheites were formed as a result of intensive weathered of Paleozoic graultolic shale Paleogen-Neogenous time in conditions of a weakly rested adhesive plain. The capacity of the latice crust of the weathered 10 is 15 m. Bauxites go to the surface and, as a rule, are blocked by ferrous latitis (kirace).
The field revealed more than 100 bauxite deposits, elongated in the form of a northeast stretch zone with a length of 130 km with a width of 30-60 km, an area of \u200b\u200bover 3,500 square kilometers. Under the conditions of formation and location, as well as on structural-textural features, two types of bauxite are observed at the field: eluvial and deluvual. Genetically and spatially they are closely related to each other and go into each other.
Eluvial bauxites Presented with dense stony ores with a massive, haired and shallow texture. Usually they lay down the upper part of the lavetling crust. At the bottom of the boxing thickness, there are sometimes loose and earthy varieties of bauxite.
Delive Bokoxites They are angular or slightly rounded debris of eluvial bauxite in size from several to 15 cm, sacted by pelitis, aleurolite or psammith material formed by the destruction of eluvial bauxite.

• V.V. Avdonin, V.E. Babytsov, V.M. Grigoriev, and others. Metal mineral deposits, M, academic project, 2005

Guinea

(Guinee), Guinea's desired pebble Populaire (Republique Populaire et Revolutionnaire de Guinee), - State-Wax. Africa. It borders on C. C Soregal, on C. and C.-B. C Mali, on B. With the shore of the clone, on Yu. With Liberia, on Yu.-Z. CO Sierra Leone, on C.-Z. C Guinea-Bissau. HA Z. is washed by Atlantic. OK. Pl. 245.8 thousand km 2. HAC. 6.4 million people (1980,). It is divided into 29 administrative P-new. Soligitsa - Kryakri. Ofić. Language is French. Monetary unit - Sili. G. is included in the Argration of AFR. Unity (OAE), is a member of the economy. Communities of the West African countries (1975).
What is the characteristic of the illness. GDP is $ 800 million (at current prices, 1978). B of its structure for a fraction c. The X-Wa accounts for 21%, Prom-STI 25% (including the share of mining 18%). B Fuel and Energy Structure. Balance share of oil 98%, hydropower 2% (1979). Without the length of the highway 30.0 thousand km, the length of it. d. 1.1 thousand km (1980). Rupual mor. Ports - Konakri, Kamsar. O. A. Lykina.
Nature. B relief is distinguished: the inntlantic (highest. Up to 70 m), step-down-jalon plateau (high. 150-1300 m, maximum - 1538 m), Entroduction-Guinea (CP. Height OK. 800 m, Maximum - 1752 m ) and the plains of the first HEGER (high. 300-400 m). Klimat Equatorial-monsoon, hot, summer-wet. CP. Temp-PA of the warmer month (March or April) 27-30 ° C, the coldest (August) 24-26 ° C. The annual amount of precipitation on the coast of St. 4000 mm, in the remaining P-ns 1200-1500 mm. The most means rivers: Heger, Kogon, Hunta, Fatala, Konkur (the mouth of some rivers shipping). Lesosanny, southern prevail prevails. The desperial-Guinean elevation is covered with wet equatorial dense forests (approx. 4% terr.), On Z. Countries - Mangra.
Geological Strip. Located on Z. African platform. HA B., Yu.-B. and Yu.-Z. Leono-Liberian, center. Parts of the country - southern. Synecleses of Taudenni and the deflection of Pokel, on Z. - West Guinea. The Leono-Liberian shield is complicated by the formations of Archey (GNEY, quartzites, metamorphic ultrasound breeds, granites) and bottom. Proterezhoya (, gneus, quartzites, limestone breeds, grains, volcanics and granite breaking them). With ferrous quartzits of Archey, large metamorphogenic massers are connected. ore. South. The board of syclipses of the Taudenni is formed by generous-hazing proteozoic carbonate-terrific strata, the Mrouting of limestone is confined. The deflection of the fleece is made by proteozoic, crumpled in carbonate-terrific precipitation and effusion; There are metamorphic. breeds (slates, quartzites), among the to-rye there are hematitic ores; There are functions. West-Guinean syneclizes are described by the rolling rocks of the Ordovic, Silura and Devon (sandstones, aleurolites, argillites). The manifestations of manganese, in Devonian and Silurian rocks - small Mr. sediment micro-oolithic jams are localized. ore. Koinozoic (, Suglinki, and pebbles) are developed on Atlantic. The coast (Mor. terraces, beaches, braids) and by the valleys of the numerous. rivers. K coastal mor. The formations are dedicated to small zircon, Ilmenit, Rutila, Monazita, Mr. Kaolina, manifestations of lignites and phosphorites, to alluvia river terraces - gold and diamonds. Rannoproterozoic magmatism associated indigenous (core) Mr. Gold, with Latezozoic - kimberlitic dyes and tubes, ne-ry c prom. Diamond content. Dunites, Gabbro-Norites, Mesozoic, less frequently of Paleozoic age, forming arrays, sillas and dikes are widely developed. Mesocynezoic weathered with large mrenines of bauxite, jerks, widespread. ore, a nickel and chromium ore. C. C. Prokofiev.
Hydrogeology. Underground water on terr. G. have limited distribution. ONS Groundwater reserves are associated with alluvium of large PP valleys. Heger, Tominne et al. (Specific flow rate 1-2 l / c, sometimes up to 4 l / c) or with fractured rocks. Parts of weathering in reduced areas of relief (0.1-1.5 l / c). B indigenous breeds in the OSN. Unzable, with the exception of the sandstones of the Ordovic, opened with wells with specific flows of 6-7 l / c. Underground water - ultrapresses, with mineralization up to 0.3 g / l, hydrocarbonate, and mixed cationic composition. Underground waters are performed only in wet seasons. B Dry periods of river costs are sharply reduced, most sources disappear, which creates difficulties in water supply. P. I. TKACHENKO.
Minerals. G. is rich in boxcites and jerseys. ores (Table 1).

There are small grams of gold, diamonds, chromium ores, nickel, ilmenite, zircon, rutile, monazita, beryl, limestone and graphite slates.
ONS Mr. Pyd associated with ferrous quartzits of Archeye focused in the P-sticks of the HEMB ridges (reserves of 2 billion tons, iron content of 60%) and Cymanda (7 billion tons, 60%). B zap. Parts of the Minor Mr. Zack. (hematitic) ores are known to Yu. From the city of Forekaria and Bass. p. Tomine (microloan ores). HA P-OS Kalum Mr. ores (explored reserves 1476 million tons, Fe 51.5%) are confined to the lativity of weathering cortex in the rocks of ultrasound and main compositions; There are also small fields of nickel and chromium ore deposits.
Po reserves of Boxitov G. occupies 1-e place among industrialized capitalist. and developing countries (approx. 40% of reserves, 1980). Extra Mr. focused on the center. and zap. Parts of the country in bauxalone P-na: bokeh-gallow (main. Mr.: Sinthioura, explored reserves 501 million tons, the content of Al 2 O 3 46.6%; Dian-Dian, 300 million tons, St. 40% ; Dubular Tagurata, 431 million tons, 40%); Fria-City (Manga, 507 million tons, 41.3%; Tioreor, 268 million tons, 49.6%); Dongel-Sigor (OPE-LITI, 250 million tons, 47%); Bantinyl (Kasagi, 154 million tons, 46.3%); Dubol (telly-act, 217 million tons, 40-45%); TUGE (Pantiolo, 390 million tons, 40-45%; kox, 391 million tons, 40-45%); Debel - Kindia (debt, 44.4 million tons, St. 40%). Also known Mr. Bauxites on B. Countries, near XP. HEANDAN BANK. The genesis is divided into latitite and polygenic (latically sediment); OSN. Rudny - Gibbsit.
ONS Gold reserves dedicated to quartz veins are divorced to the east. Parts and small parts (Mr.; TEnetso, reserves 24 tons, the content of Au 0.4 g / m 3; Sigirini-Ko, 1 t, 17.4 g / m 3). Mal diamonds are located on Y.-B countries in Pools p. Baul, Macon, Diani. They are confined to kimberlite tubes (0.6-4.5 car / m 3), dikes and small alluvial places (0.2-4.8 car / m 3). Possessing Ilmenite, Zircon, Rutila and Monacite (Mr. Berga and others) focused along the coast of the ocean in the sediments of the first Mor. Terraces, Mor. Kos and beaches. Width off. Rosyper 250-300 m, Length OK. 1.5 km. CP. The total content of valuable minerals is 40-60 kg / m 3. Reserves 20-76 thousand tons are also estimated by 20-76 thousand tons (for example, on Mr. Berga, the total reserves of Ilmenit 60 thousand tons, a zircon of 10 thousand tons, rutila 5 thousand tons). Known small Mr. (Kurund, Amaraya, Lebekistan) of limestone, a also Berylla and Kaolina (near the city of Kay), graphite shale (near pos. Lola). C. C. Prokofiev.
Mining. What is characteristic. Mining. Prom-ST is one of the leading industries, the K-Rui accounts for 60% of those employed in the prom, 87% of the gross volume of prom. Products. (Paschennaya Osn. Objects Minskob. Prom-sch is shown on the map.) Horn Gorn. Prom-STI - Bokuxte Mining (Table 2).




B country There are 3 baxitodobes. Firms: "Compagnie Des Bauxites De Guinee" (49% of the shares belong to Gosv), mixed by the "FRIGUIA" (49% of the shares belong to the State Wu), "Office Des Bauxites De Kindia" (entirely belongs to the state). Minskob products. Prom-st provides 97% of the cost of exports. Countdown in Osn. exported bauxites (St. 10 million tons, of which 2.9 million tons in the United States, Kanadu 0.85 million tons, in socialist. Countries 4.1 million tons) and (0.6 million tons), Imports petroleum products (283 thousand tons), a small amount of coal builds. Materials (1978). GL Trading partners in the countries of the UES, USA, CCCP. O. A. Lykina, C. C. Prokofiev.
Bauxite-producing prom.. PO bouxite production is 2-e. Place (17%), according to their exports 1-E place (30%) among industrialized capitalist. and developing countries (1979). Boxitis exports in 1978 compared with 1970 (811 thousand tons) increased by more than 10 times (10.3 million tons). M-Bowls are developed by the open method with the use of drilling work. The shape of the deposits is plastic (6-12 m reservoirs), the power of the opening in CP. 0.5 m. B p-non-Fria-City (Mr. Kimbo) Development is conducted with 1959. Production. Career Power SV. 2 million tons of ore per year. Recycling C 1960 - on the alumina Z-de in the city of Fria, alumina 85-90% (1978), production of Sv. 600 thousand tons (1980). Dresses d. (for. 145 km) and through the port of Kari. Mr. in the Chang, in the P-non-bokeh-gallow is developed by C 1973. Production. Career Power 9 million tons. D. (DL. 138 km) enters the enrich. F-ku to the port of Kamsar and then transported by rudders with displacement of 45-60 thousand tons. Mining in P-non-debt-Kindia (Mr. Debel) began with con. 70-X. open way. The Parier is built with the participation of owls. specialists. Production. Career power 2.5 million tondes per year. PUDU PO d. (for. 98 km) is delivered to the port of Konakri. For the development of new Mures Bokuxites, 3 open-mining enterprises were created: on the P-on TUGE (design capacity of 8 million tons of ore per year), on Mr. AEEEE in P-Non Bokeh-Gaow (9 million Tues per year), where it is planned to build an alumina z-yes with a capacity of 1.2 million tons and aluminum z-yes, and on the Mrenions of P-for Dubol (6.5 million tons of ore per year), on the basis of bauxite It is supposed to build an alumina z-d. The increase in the producer of alumina is constrained by the difficulties with electricity, which will be, possibly overcome with the commissioning of the hydroelectric power station on P. Konkur.
Mining other minerals. Mining jerk Ruds in the city began in 1953 and until 1967 was developed by Mr. Kalum. Designed the development of large msions. Rud on Yu.-b. in gg HEMBA and Cymanda. Complete development of these ms is planned after page. d. from the city of Konakri to the border with Liberia.
Diamond mining for terr. G. Began in the 30s. And conducted by private companies and prospectors. B Nach. 60-X. Almazodob. Enterprises are nationalized in CEP. 70-X. Prom. Mining is suspended due to reserves and the lack of new will enrich. equipment. EE renewed is planned.
Gold mining to terr. G. has been published by the handicraft in the beginning of the 20th century. Europe. Entrepreneurs have repeatedly tried to establish the development of drags (for example, 218 kg of gold were produced in 1909-14. ONNO due to insignificance of stocks industrial mining is discontinued.
Geological service. Personnel training. Organization of mining geology. Works in G. is carried out by Min-in Horn. Affairs and geology. Gorno-Geol. Frames are preparing at Gorno-Geol. F -E (in the town of Boke) Polytechnic. In-ta in Konakri. Literature : Mihalov B. M., Geology and Western regions of the Liberian Shield, M., 1969; Prokofiev C. C., Tashkin B. I., Geological and Economic Assessment of Boxitite Resources Guinea, M., 1979. C. C. Prokofiev.

Mountain Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984-1991 .

Watch what is "Guinea" in other dictionaries:

1) The Republic of Guinea, state at 3. Africa. The name of the State Guinea (Guinee) is taken by the name of large geogr. oblast Africa Guinea, which from the XIV century. Indicated to Europe. Maps in Ganua, Ginya, A with the XV century. like Guinea. Most likely ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Guinea - Guinea. In the upper reaches Niger. Guinea (Gwinean Republic), the state in West Africa is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Area 246 thousand km2. Population of 7.2 million people, Fulbe, Malinka, Susu, etc. The official language is French. Over 80% ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (The Republic of Guinea), the state in West Africa is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. Area 246 thousand km2. Population of 7.2 million people, Fulbe, Malinka, Susu, etc. The official language is French. Over 80% of the population of Muslims, about 1% ... ... Modern encyclopedia

REPUBLIQUE DE GUINE (REPUBLIQUE DE GUINE), State in Zap. Africa. 246 thousand km & sup2. Population of 7.4 million people (1993); Fulbe, Malinka, Susu and others. Urban population 25.6% (1990). Official language is French. Believers 85% Muslim, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

GUINEA - (Guinee), the Republic of Guinea (Republique de Guinee), the state in West Africa. Pl. 245.8 t. Km2. Us. sv. 5 million h. (1982). Capital Conakry (700 tons, 1982). Prior to the proclamation of independence in 1958, the ownership of France. G.GP. Country with ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

GUINEA - territory of 246 thousand k.km, population of 7 million years old (1986). Agriculture plays a major role in the country's economy. 70% of the population is employed in this industry. Home Food Culture Fig. Main areas of livestock breeding feet Jalon, top ... World shepherdie

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Introduction

The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in Central Africa and is one of the smallest countries in Africa with a population of just over 1 million people.

The basis of the country's economy is up to the last decades of the twentieth century. Agricultural products were made of agriculture (cocoa beans, coffee) and wood. Most of these products were exported to France and Spain. The overwhelming part of the land treated earlier was distributed among small farms of Africans. Europeans owned large plantations where most cocoa beans were produced.

Since the beginning of the XXI century, the economy of Equatorial Guinea has changed significantly due to the active developments of the oil and gas deposits open in 1991 and in 1996. Due to this, the income per capita in recent years has increased dramatically and amounted to almost 38 thousand dollars - the 26th place in the world. Guinea Africa Geological Tectonic Oil and Gasbon

The main income of the country's GDP, which only in 1997 increased by 154%, is currently the production and processing of oil and gas. This factor is important for the country of this size as Equatorial Guinea, despite the fact that the exact amount of existing reserves of oil and gas in the republic is still unknown.

The situation that has developed in the economy requires a sufficiently large number of qualified personnel capable of carrying out work on the complex and technological relations of the equipment of companies leading the production and processing of oil and gas. This problem is also complicated by the fact that the system of professional technical education is not developed in Equatorial Guinea. Therefore, there is a significant share of qualified employees of the company hire from other countries.

Purpose The graduation work is to study and analyze the geological structure and oil and gas potential of Equatorial Guinea.

To achieve the goal, it was necessary to:

Examine the geological structure of Equatorial Guinea;

Conduct analysis of the results of geological exploration and development of oil and gas fields;

Examine the prospects for the development of the oil and gas industry in the republic.

Since these prospects are directly dependent on their own qualified personnel, the work also considered ways of building a personnel training program for the enterprises of the oil and gas processing industry of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea.

Structure and scope of work. The graduation work consists of four chapters, introduction, conclusions and literature of literature.

Chapter 1. General characteristics of Equatorial Guinea

1.1 Geographical position

Figure 1. Guinea Review Map

Equatorial Guinea is a small country located in Equatorial Africa. It has a territory, with an area of \u200b\u200b28051 km, mainly located in the continental part of the country or Mbin (Rio Muni), which stretches for 130 km along the coast and 300 km. deep into the mainland and borders in the north with Cameroon, in the East and South - with Gabon and in the West - with the Atlantic Ocean with the capital - the city of Bata.

Another part of the country consists of the so-called island regions of 2034 km. These regions include the Island of Boco (former Fernando Poo), where the capital of Equatorial Guinea Malabo is located, Annobon Island, Corporator Island, Grande Island and Chico's Emobes and some others. The most important island of Boco (2017 km І) is located north of the mainland, 40 miles from the coast of Cameroon in Bonnie Bay (Biafra), which is part of the Gulf of Guinea. Island of volcanic origin, with a mountain surface mainly with a height of 600-900m, covered with thick forests, with steep and rocky shores, a length of 195 km. The maximum height of the mountain peak, also known as Santa Isabel's peak is 3,007 m. His foot lies the capital of Equatorial Guinea - Malabo city. On the island there are fertile soils of volcanic origin on which cocoa grows. Rivers and lakes are located mainly in the mountains.

And on the mainland, and on the island of cheeky, coastal plains and thick rainforests stretch. They grown here in the main maniacs, bananas and sweet potatoes. Most of the locals are engaged in agriculture and fisheries. On the territory of the state there are evergreens of wet equatorial forests in which ficuses grow, breadwinner; In total, over 150 valuable trees.

The characteristic representatives of the animal world of the state are leopard, crocodile, buffalo, hippopotamus, rhino, monkeys, antelope, a large number of snakes and birds.

The national flag was adopted in Equatorial Guinea at the time of the declaration of independence on October 12, 1968.

Green color symbolizes country flora, blue - sea, white - world and red - independence.

• Chapter 2. Geological Features of West Central Africa and Equatorial Guinea

2.1 Tectonic processes and stages of development of oil and gas pools West Africa

The sedimentary cover of West African passive outskirts is presented by Mesozoic - Cenozoic sediments. On the Precambrian foundation, at the base of the sedimentary case, the rocks of the rift complex, formed at the stage of splitting the ancient continental bark. Continental rifts, according to which there was a split of the ancient supercontinents - Pangays and Gondwans, crossed the deep internal areas of the ancient continents on a high study, so the composition of precipitation accumulated in them was very specific and surprisingly the same type on huge spaces.

Overview schemes of oil and gas geological zoning South Atlantic are presented in the figure

The decline in the ocean level and tectonic movements, apparently, was often led to the loss of communication between these defaults, which in the conditions of the arid climate, inevitably caused the degradation of water bodies, reducing their area and even complete evaporation of water. All this favored the deposition of a variety of evaporites, formed with powerful solenus strata over time, the presence of which is now established on passive outskirts of West Africa. The belt of solebed deposits is stretched along the Okrain of Gabon and Angola (Verkhneapt Salts). The appearance of marine carbonate, and in some cases of terrigenous formations, notes a new stage in the development of these passive continental outflows - the stage of development of primary oceanic depressions and the imposition of continental slopes. In sedimentary cuts, carbonate sediments occur either in salts or on continental redtars.

Figure 2.1 - Oil and gas generic zoning of South Atlantic (Survey Schemes) A- oil and gas coasting provinces (hatching); B - oil and gas pools on the east coast Southeast Brazil; B - oil and gas pools on the west coast of Central Africa.

The Ranner Epoch became the time of widespread dissemination of marine and delta terrigenous sediments. On many shelves began to quickly grow river delta, where the strata was formed, in the cuts of which sandstones, aleurolites and clays alternate, sometimes with the abundances of brown coals and limestone. The power of these thickness reaches several kilometers. In the direction of the continental slope, delta deposits are replaced by an aurolithic clay with the supports of siderite concretions, which have been formed on the slope of the delt or in the settings. Multi-kilometer terrigenous thickness has a cyclical structure. In the lower part of many cyclites, composed of sandy-aurolithic precipitation, there is a gradation lamination. The tops of the same cyclites are represented by black clances, i.e., the presence of turbiditis is noted. Often these turbidates are formed by the ancient underwater removal cones.

A stable tendency to bending and deep distribution into the continent's deposits contributed to the transformation of continental rifts to the center of extensive waterborne pools. Therefore, in the humid zones, they began to serve natural channels of the flow of river waters, and in the ocean level of increase in the advancement of marine transgression. The riverbed of the large and largest rivers of modernity is timed to crushing zones - deep faults inherited from the period of active riftogenesis, is the River Niger, the Ocheree, Congo, Kwanza, Sanga, Kunene, and others. Their delta were formed in the areas of entering the ocean of the specified run zones.

The removal of huge masses of the terrigenous material from land for a long time led to the accumulation within the narrow sections of the continental outskirts of West Africa's significant sediments, which are concentrated, as a rule, not only in the delta, but also in large, and sometimes gigantic underwater cones. so-called deep-sea fans.

Another characteristic group of formations in this region is characteristic of the late Mesozoic, are the formation of carbonaceous terribution - carbonate and carbonate precipitation, called "black clay". This is a rather diverse group of deposits, combined one by one - the only sign - enriching organic matter, which led their black color. The big spread of "black clay" was reached at the end of the Ranners and the beginning of the lateral era (APT - Alb and Senoman - Turon). Among the formations of `black clay` There are stratum of coastal and shelf genesis, as well as deep-sea analogues accumulated within the continental slope and the foot, as already mentioned above.

The end of the lateral era and the first half of the Paleogen was marked by the emergence of specific hemogenic formations - evaporites that do not have analogues in previous geological history, zones transition from continent to the ocean. We are talking about the formations of magnesial clay - Palygorskites and sepiolites, occupying an intermediate position between the continental and solenous series of coastal plains and hemiplagic, silicon or carbonate precipitation of the continental slope and the foot.

The fall in the ocean level in the early and Late Miocene, which were very significant, although we were inferior to the medium-grade, were accompanied by a nomination on the shelf of large and small rivers. In addition, this process took place against the background of tectonic activation, who captured many areas of Africa. All this led to the removal of the shelf and the continental fit for significant amounts of terrigenous and clay material. These terrigenous delta and coastal - marine formations are excellent natural tanks for hydrocarbon deposits.

In general, in the composition of the sedimentary fulfillment of the basins stretching along the western outskirts of Africa, three structural floors, separated by usually disagreements or major stratigraphic breaks, can be distinguished. The lower floor meets the rift set of deposits, most often continental redtars.

The middle, structural floor is the rocks of carbonate and terribution - carbonate complexes that meet the period of formation and initial stages of the development of the passive continental outskirts of West Africa. These complexes are described by a modern ledge of the continental slope and most of the sedimentary lens within the external shelf. Finally, the top, structural floor belongs to young precipitation, overlapping the shelf and many slope areas and forming a sedimentary lens on the foot of the continental slope.

On the outskirts arising during the collapse of the Gondwana, the lower, the structural floor is represented by the breeds of Lateura and Pharmaceous age. The middle, the structural floor is the deposits of the upper chalk - Paleogen, and the upper floor includes the precipitation of myocene and younger age.

The boundaries of sedimentary basins are partly conditionally carried out, since the sedimentary lens is usually covered only towards the internal areas of the continent. It is almost continuous along the stretch of the outskirts itself (the edges of the continent), changing, however, in power. Similarly, the sedimentation case of the outskirts is gradually moving into the ocean's abissal casing case. This transition is fixed both by the facies changes and the sharp reduction in power. However, the reliable criterion is not established here, although it is proposed to be considered the outermost border of the basin, the turns for which turbidates do not apply to the continental foot of the footage, or the power of the sedimentary thickness is reduced to 1.5 or even 1 km

Legend

Province of the Guinean Gulf

The border between the oceanic and continental barks

The main zones of faults

The thickness of the sedimentary layer in kilometers

Figure 13 - scheme of the province of the Guinea Bay with an indication of the main zones of faults, the thickness of the sedimentary layer and the boundaries between the oceanic and the continental bark. Supplemented by Emeryand Uchupi (1984), MacGregor and Others (2003)

Figure 4.

Total stratigraphic column showing the age of deposits, basic geological events, litology and oil-produced rocks, also tectonic steps of Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea, West Africa

Figure 5.

The total geological section, which depicts the occurrence of possible oil-produced rocks of Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea, West Africa. Formations and lithology names are shown in Figure 10 for reef formations. Modified from the Ministry of Mountain Development and Energy Equatorial Guinea (2003). The cut location is shown in red lines on the indexes. Horizontal scale is generalized; Not given.

Chapter 3. Exploration and oil and gas resources Equatorial Guinea

Hydrocarbon system

Pool rio muni. Conducts a powerful promising stratum of SENON sediments, overlapping with tertiary precipitation, the power of which increases from the south to the north. The ranges of breed collectors with good filtration and capacitance properties are proved both in tertiary and in chalk sediments, but industrial productivity to date is eliminated only in the chalome sediment complex. On the G. Turbidate deep-water sediments of the Campan age are the collectors for hydrocarbons migrating from the Maastrian mother breeds, with the fluidoopors are the Maastricht argillites and the rift surface of the disagreement on which they transgressively lie on

3.1 Block J. and n watering Equatorial Guinea

General

Block J is located within the outer area of \u200b\u200bthe pool delta Niger (Delta r. Niger), west of bio (Bioko). The north of this block is open giant Safiro and Alba fields (Zafiro., Alba)West of the block borders are located gas fields Fortune and Likos (Fortuna., Lykos.) , Recently open company Ophir On the R (see Fig. 1). The block area is 1305 square meters. km. The license was received by the company Atlas. (100% share participation on the terms of the SRP) in 2000. During several extensions of the initial period of geological study, search and exploration, the permits for which were obtained from the relevant supervisory authorities, Atlas. fulfilled their obligations under the work program.

Fig.1 - Overview map of the location of the J and Nearest oil deposits (green) and gas (red) in the territorial waters of Equatorial Guinea

Study

Seismic surveys can be 2D in the territory of this unit in 2002 in the amount of 1084. km. The results were obtained to identify several potentially promising objects associated with significant amplitude anomalies. To prepare these objects to leaving deep drilling, detailed seismic surveys were required. In 2008 TGS Nopec. and BGP. under contract S. Atlas. Worked 865 square meters. Km of seismic data in the western part of the block. The data obtained were processed by the method PSTM. (temporary migration to summation) company Geotrace. Also a company Weinman. Geoscience. (Dallas) Special studies were performed on the processing of the results obtained, including Duo analysis, for more complete information on the structures identified and prepared for drilling. In the area of \u200b\u200bpromising objects covered by seismic data, the depth of water is 750 - 1500 m. The positive results of the seismic exploration allowed the company Atlas. Bring to the second period of geological study of this unit. The obligations of the second period include drilling of one search well.

Fig. 2 - Examples of amplitude seismic data anomalies on block J, presumably associated with the presence of HC (a temporary section on a meridional cross-line)

Block H is located in the north of the pool Rio Muni.. South of this block opened oil fields Venus, COMPLEX, CEIBA. (See Fig. 1). The area of \u200b\u200bthe block is 991 square meters. km. The license was received by the company Atlas. (100% shared participation on the SRP) in 1999-2000. In 2004, with the participation of the Australian company Roc Oil. The seismic work works of MOP "Zd in the amount of 1403 square meters. km and one well bore (BRAVO-1, depth 3200 m). According to the results of drilling, the presence of good collectors in tertiary sediments was established, but they were isolated from the underlying hydrocarbon class of chalk age. In the fourth quarter of 2015, it is planned to drill the second well on the block (Aleta-1, Design depth of 5000 m, water depth of 1240 m, predicted resource base of more than 500 million barrels. Oil, the likelihood of geological success 33%). The estimated costs of the "Dry Stem" option are $ 75-85 million with a planned duration of drilling 50 calendar days. At present, the entire territory of the block is covered with data from seismic exploration (study of ~ 2.8 km 2 / km 2).

Well S-3 located in block s (Fig.2.) is located on the territory of the Rio Muni deep-water basin in Equatorial Guinea with coordinates: 1 ° -2 ° Northern latitude and 8 ° 10 ° Eastern longitude. The area is 1.369 km 2 , Depth of 30 yes 1900 m.

Fig.2.Svazhina S-3, located in the "S" block

The unit refers to the Tectonic structure of the G-13 located in the Credo domes with coordinates: 1 ° 18 "11.293" northern latitude and 9 ° 3 "57.471" Eastern longitude, S-3 is approximately 1.71 km south-west of the well 13-2 g, drilled Hess, and about 274 km southeast of Puerto-K5 Malabo (Fig. 3.).

Fig. 3. Geographical location of the well S-3

Table 1. Geological age of breeds at different depths of the well S-3.

Fig. four Interpretation of seismic studies of the S-3 CJUST

Chapter 4.. Oil and gas of Central and West Africa Basic basis for the development of new and old light countries

Gas foundation for the economic development of new and old light countries. Central and West Africa in general and the Guinean Bay, in particular, in recent years have become as one of the areas of special geo-strategic policies to ensure energy security in consumption many countries of the world WC. Among the reasons are: 1) Excellent quality of African oils (30-40 ° API 2 and low sulfur), 2) High potential of the new gas production industry, 3) (current large oil reserves (4.3 per 100 from the global indicator in 2009) and Gas, 4) safety and simplicity - work in the sea, 5) proximity to Western markets without any narrow geographical or other transit restrictions, 6) the value of both the center of global production of liquefied natural gas (LNG), 7) - an increase in the input of production capacity (one 27.7 100 over the past decade) and 8) relative security and political stability in the area. These factors have significantly increased the volume of foreign investment, which are expected to increase even more in the 21st century to preserve the financing of new discovery.

Spain, the Guinean Bay is strategic, because of its geographical proximity, (the boat trip is about 33,100 below the Persian Gulf) 3; Being the main supplier of LNG to be the second region, which increased its market share - the market as a oil supplier in the past decade, and its contribution to the diversification of traditional food sources America, North Africa, Middle East and Europe.

The Guinean Bay is home for 4.4 100 world oil reserves (Map 1 and Table 1 of the Summary of Figures), representing 46,100 of the total reserves of Africa oil. It produces 4.8 million barrels per day representing 6.1 100 production world, 50,100 African, and equivalent 19.9 100 Eastern production average. In addition, in the Gulf of the Gulf of the region, oil production in the last decade (100 +32.4) was more increased as samples. Figure 1 against an increase of 6.9 100 global production, although being followed by the penultimate production area after Asia-Pacific.

For gas (LNG), the only manufacturers of the Guinean Bay are Angola and Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria is much less measurement, Equatorial Guinea (one liquefaction Train faction), although there are several projects in various stages of pregnancy to include more country producers and increase bandwidth existing. Under conditions, when natural gas has proven itself as one of the energy sources further, in the Gulf of Guinea, it is already one of the main poles of world LNG production along Qatar, Malaysia, Indonesia, even if a significant percentage of natural gas has not been taken as an advantage. The region has great potential tial for future growth (more than 100 years of stocks you are in some countries), much higher than in other areas in the world.

As oil exports (Map 1), a significant part goes to the United States (42 100, energy overview of BP) in connection with the presence of most American oil companies in the region. In the Asia-Pacific region there is 27.7 \\ 100, which absorbs China 17 100 overall becoming the second largest buyer of oil I read. For China, in the Gulf Gulf, in addition to the supplier of raw materials, is the most important market for state orders and confrontation in general. Europe is designed for 21.6 100, in South America and Central America 6.5 100 and low 1.9 100 re-absorbing Africa.

Although Spanish imports of hydrocarbons fell, taking into account the unfavorable economic, the ecological of those from Africa 2010 amounted to almost 40,100 from the total, 40.7 of which 100 came from Guinea Bay 4. Imports from the region appeared - they sat 13.6 100 from world volume . While the remaining hydrocarbons produce the Ros regions lose weight in general, imports of this area are becoming more.

The observed weight gain, which won the Guinean bay as a supplier of oil in Spain in the period 1999-2010, with the second largest increase in Europe increased to participate in the same period by 34.4 per 100, in connection, to increase imports from Ukraine, (1532 per 100), Russia (58.3 per 100), and Norway, (99.8 per 100) - I am overtaking America the fourth provider area. In the future, apparently simply continue this progression if new discoveries in the field and the weight of the Maghreb region continues to fall as in the period under review.

Equatorial Guinea

Equatorial Guinea has become, a few minutes for more than 10 years, one of the great powers of the regional production of hydrocarbons and processing, as a result of boom and economic transformations of an unprecedented sociological study and all over the world. Thus, in connection with the importance of Spain for the fact that the former colony is as discussed in this article.

Despite the country far from large manufacturers, such as Russia (ten million barrels), ordered by the thirty-sixth in the ranking of oil producers in 2009. This is, however, the relative person: in the same year there was a 3rd oil-producing south of Sahara, the second LNG that the continent (and one of the three in the Atlantic basin along with Nigeria and Trinidad and Tobago), as well as a manufacturer of liquefied oil gas ( Next, LPG) and methanol

2009, in accordance with the Equatorial Guinea of \u200b\u200bthe Government, more than $ 35,000 million, reaching the peak of the investment flow in 2006, with more than $ 6,000 million. Officials stated that one of the largest issuers, the US countries estimated at $ 17,000 million total investment flows from 1999 to 2006, reaching the cost of assets in 2007 by $ 22,000 million.

From the point of view of its impact on public finances, according to the latest IMF, the hydrocarbon sector (production and processing) represents more than 90% of government revenues and about 98 100 export revenues, having increased particularly contribution to the sector of the processing sector of gross national significance from 7.1 to 13.2 per 100 domestic production from 2006 to 2009 in nominal terms and in the light of existing projects is likely to increase this weight in the coming years.

Internal production is only UN0, 4, 100 in the world, but per soul is the highest in the world (almost half of the barrel per person per day), ahead of the main manufacturers, such as Saudi Arabia and Oman, a consequence of a small country size (between 700,000 and 1 million people, land plot only 28000 km 2).

Current situation

In the republic, it was produced in 2010 a total of 296,000 barrels per day (KB / D) through 4 production areas (Zafiro, Alba, Saiba and Okoume) into two separate pools (in the Delta of the Niger River, and Rio Muni): 244 CB / D Raw Oil (Brent Equivalent, 134 KB / D in the area of \u200b\u200bZAFIRO, 80 kb / d in the OKOUME field, and 30 kb / d in the Seiba region), and 52 kb / d condensate in the Alba region provided according to government sources .

Field of Zafiro. Located in the block northwest from Bioo, with the waters of Nigeria, in the River River Delta. Exxonmobil (71.25 per 100) and GEPETROL participation (28.75 per 100) are managed. Production began in 1996, and was considered the first deep-water oilfield in West Africa at that time, 5. Devon Energy was not part of the consortium until January 2008, when he sold his Gepetrol assets costs 2,200 million.

Fields of ocum and saiba on the coast of the mainland, riotani pool. Hess is managed (80.75 per 100), as well as participation Tullow (14.25 per 100), and gepetrol (5 per 100).

Seiba is a country consisting of 10 production wells and other devoted injections.

Okoume complex takes four oil fields (Okoume, Ebony, Oveng and Elon), known as the North G (from the mainland coast).

Alba Field. And 25 km from the north-west coast of the Island of Biook, in the Niger River Delta, 76 feet depth, and was discovered by the Spanish company Hispanoil in the eighties, currently part of the REPSOL. This field is related to the production of gas and gas condensate oil, with extracted gas reserves are estimated at 125 billion cubic gas meters (BCM), which is equivalent to the liquefaction of the train for 25 years) and 400 million barrels condensates. Marathon Oil is an operator with 63.3 per 100, along with Noble Energy, and 33.7 per 100 100 GEPETROL 3 \u200b\u200bpercent, as for gas production and gas condensate from Alba current field 870 million cubic feet of gas per day (MMCF / day) and 52 kb / d condensate, with four submission of project crossing, described cough in the next section.

As for the evolution of production, from his timid beginnings in 1992, sharply increased since 1995 (always agree to BP), 7 kb / d is collected this year, up to 376 kb / d in 2005, the production of recording. Since then, production remains at these levels, falling in 2009-307 KB / d in 2010 above 244 kb / d. Current reserved reserves in 2009, 1,700 million barrels, which is equivalent to 15.2 years at the current rate of production.

This is the production of oil, according to the American Energy Agency (EIA), in 2009 it was allocated in the USA about 28 100 of the total, Spain 22 100, China UN16 100, France 9 per 100, Italy 7 per 100, Taiwan and 6 per 100 focused on 12 100 remaining for other markets. In the figure, of course, changes from year to year, depending on the conditions of supply and demand for each of the areas that are part of the global oil market.

Current situation

In this area there is a whole industrial complex in Punta-Eugene, Malabo, with 4 processing enterprises. Hydrocarbon derivatives Alba PSC processing condensate factory oil, plants Alba CIS, plant for the production of methanol AMPCO; and EG is a natural gas liquefaction train.

First, the PSC Alba Recycling Plant began its work in July 1991, processing about 52 kb / d condensate and 870 MMCF / day of gas from the Alba field, serving a parent plant for three others mentioned.

Secondly, the GPP Alba plant began its work in 1997, currently produces 13 KB / d propane, 7 KB / D Butane and 6 KB / D condensate. It belongs to American Transnational Corporations Marathon Oil Company (40 per 100), Noble Energy (40 Ave. 100) and the Guinean Society Sonagas (20 100).

Third, AMPCO (Atlantic methanol manufacturing company) is a plant with methanol production capacity of 1 million tons (MT), which is equivalent to about 3 per 100 methanol consumed in the world. It belongs to American Transnational Corporations Marathon Oil Company, Noble Energy and Sonagas Guinea Society.

Finally, fourth, E.G. LNG is the first liquefaction of the company's train in the country, are capable of supplying about 4.5 billion cubic meters (which is equivalent to about 3.4 million tons per year), which is equivalent to about 10 100 currents of natural gas consumption Spanish. It belongs to American transnational corporations Marathon Oil Company (60 per 100), the Guinean Songs Society (25 100), and Mitsui (8.5 per 100) and MARUBENI (6.5 per 100) Japanese.

With its construction with 2007, Equatorial Guinea became the third largest LNG manufacturer in the Atlantic basin, after Trinidad and Tobago and Nigeria, and was successful in terms of construction speed. British Gas Marketing LLC (BGGM), a subsidiary of the British BG Group, has a contract for the purchase of a long-term gauze, which in 2009 sold mainly to Asia (89 per 100 in terms of volume), highlighting Japan (40 100) and Korea (36,100) , and the rest in Chile, Portugal and France.

Downstream

In this area, the country imports 100 100 exquisite oil needs, because it really has a factory. Basically there are two suppliers of these products, and the general branch of the local oil GEPETROL finally, the company is responsible for food Geogam Sug for household needs.

Equatorial Guinea The Government has announced several projects in recent years: a new gas turbine power plant in Malabo (under construction) and the proposed construction of the vapor-gas production of vegetable (PSU) for export, the construction of an oil refinery with a capacity of 20 kb / d, and the construction of the petrochemical industry.

There are several projects to use gas for the production of electricity.

First, the construction of a 120 MW gas turbine power plant in Punta - Europe, near Malano, clearly meet the needs of energy consumption on the island over the next few years. This expands the existing center, which is not enough to meet the needs of the current electricity demand.

Secondly, it is possible to build a mixed cycle of 400 MW of power, export calling to Cameroon and Nigeria, in the immediate vicinity of Punta-Europe or Barny (Bioko).

The latest project will be closely related to the achievement of regional gas reserves and, therefore, the 3G project is described above, which is the key to the concept of mutually depending on the exporting country, selling excess unused gas and after purchasing the electrical energy produced from the foregoing. In the Equatorial Guinea of \u200b\u200bthe authorities to protect the profitability of the project (with the profitability of capital close to 22,100) and demand (overweight in the electricity market in the region is estimated at dozens of Gigavatt), it must contact the other similar industrialization projects generation value based on gas and Nigeria and Cameroon (Cryrib area).

Secondly, the design is provided by the RFZ south of the mainland, in Mcytal City, with a capacity of 20,000 barrels / day for gasoline production, diesel, Jet A-1 fuel oil, lubricants and asphalt, in order to clearly cover internal needs and exports To neighboring countries. The estimated cost of the project is about 300 million euros, in the state budget for 2010 plans a long-term budget of the draft C, do not exclude, is looking for financial partners. At the time of writing the article, the American Engineering Company KBR works in the previous engineering study and on which we will proceed to the international tender.

The reason why the project is to end the complete dependence that the country is forced to import exquisite, and the truth is that it is the only country in the region that has no factory. In accordance with the refinery of the 2008 World Bank report, processing capacity from Central and West Africa is expected to increase from 200,000 to 400,000 barrels / day, depending on the economic situation, which would support the economic viability of the project.

Finally, thirdly, there are plans to create the petrochemical industry on the island of Bioo. Nevertheless, in the phase of the study, including 28,000 tons / year of methanol, how the raw materials and the maximum capacity of 65,000 tons / year is calculated. These applications take advantage of many different methanol and methylamine or formaldehyde derivatives. The economic logic of the project, besides the industrialization of the country, is based on easy access to the internal production of methanol and access to the expanding global market of which demand is estimated to increase from 14 million tons per year today, 19 million tons in 2020.

Chapter 5. Perspectives of oil and gas potential in the block

The block identifies several potentially promising oil and gas complexes. Available geological and geophysical data indicate the possible availability of gas deposits in Miocene's natural tanks and later "1" ages dedicated to

structural and stratigraphic traps, by analogy with objects prepared for the search drilling company Ophir In 2008, according to published data, gas reserves dedicated to the stratigraphic trap of medium-bearer at the field Fortuna, Make up more than 2 trillion cubic meters. Foot Gas 66.67 billion cubic meters. m). Field Lykos.it is timed to a multifacest trap of predominantly structural type, while in the immediate close there are several more similar, presumably gas, objects, the total volume of the reserves of which can be comparable to the gas field

Fortuna. Also within block J suggest productivity and deeper target objects of medium-stage age, by analogy with proven primary target horizons of the field Alba.

The identified objects are distinguished by well-pronounced anomalies. The maximum refurred area of \u200b\u200bone of the objects (green in Fig. 3) is 100 square meters. km, in the redistribution of which several separate structural raises are distinguished. The projected resource base of this object can be 100-200 million Barr. In case of oil filling and up to 700 billion cubic meters. Foot in case of gas filling.

Fig. 3 - promising objects, ranged according to the results of special processing and interpretation of health data on block J

Fig. 2 - combined contours of the identified and prepared structures in the range of Rangesenon deposits (on the insertion on the left structural map of the field Paloma)

In terms of potentially promising senon deposits, several structural and stratigraphic traps (in the upper chalk interval) were revealed. According to the peculiarities of the geological structure, the intended productive complexes are likely to be similar to the proven complexes of open deposits within the block G (70 km south to strike this structural element), the reserves of which exceed 500 million Barr. Oil. The sanded sandy bodies of Santon-Touron age are selected with disagreeable transgressive occurrence on the dorphtic elevation located to the east.

The design depth of the vertical well for the depicting of this object by drilling is ~ 5000 m (3760 m from the seabed or the il boundary). The presence of proven oil-tempered strata of the Middle Albian age is confirmed by the characteristic features of the wave field, in addition, positive amplitude anomalies according to

AVO analysis reduce the geological risks of the prepared structure. The prospective resources of each individual n of non-bodies are left 166 million barrels. Oil, which, together for four such bodies, produces 542 million barrels. Oil, with maximum evaluation of the resource base

in 1.3 billion barrels. Oil. In addition, sediments, complaints, consolidating raising may be potentially productive Amigo. (by analogy with La Ceiba) and prisoners in stratigraphic traps (Paloma) And on the fall (channel complex (Channel COMPLEX) By the analogy of C (Ebano).

Nobleenergy made a new discovery on the "I" block on the shelf of Equatorial Guinea. Well, "I -1", when determining the forestellation of the deposit, Benitis is extremely high quality of the formation of a reservoir container containing 135 feet (41.5 meters) of pure hydrocarbons. Factory tests from well received as a result of a flow rate of 1038 barrels per day condensate and 34.3 million cubic feet per day of natural gas, or approximately 6755 barrels of oil equivalent per day (based on natural gas to the oil conversion factor from 6 to 1) , With the pace of production, limited test objects. "I -1" also, located 2880 feet (886 meters) of water and about 25 miles (40 kilometers) east of the island of Bioo, was drilled to a depth of 10460 feet total (3218 meters). It is about 13 miles (21 kilometers) south of the opening of Belinda, located in the "O" block, the diet was announced at the end of 2005. With the cooling and processing installation, the condensate output can be increased. As expected, in the section of the reservoir at the place of detection of Benitis is much thicker than on Belindes, which is also a minezen at age.

An additional assessment of the work will need to check the square into one opening of Benit. Any assessment of the work will follow the drilling of the additional exploration well on the "I" block. The company is currently conducting a geological exploration program with several well developed to check a number of perspectives in the region. Sang Saturn Drilling will be the next return to the "O" block, where it will drill Belinda, the estimated well is located about 4.5 miles (7.25 kilometers) from "O- 1" opening well. Current plans return to the "I" block in The third quarter of 2007 to the drilling of the second exploration well. Nobleenergy is a technical operator of the block "I" with 40 percent of equity participation. Its partners in the block include AtlaspetroleumInternationalInternationalInternational (54 percent of equity participation), which is an administrative operator and OSBorneresourceSlimited, a company, as part of the organization group Paresources (six percent of equity participation). GEPETROL (National Oil Company of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea) has five percent of Eleven mercantilism is already determined.

Charles D. Davidson, Chairman Nobleenergy, President and Chief Executive Officer, said: "Benita dealer in the first hole ever drilled in the Block" I "and complements our Opening of Belinda in the" Oh "block. While more drilling is needed to fully understand Our resource potential in the area, we are inspired by this new discovery and potential commercial aspects of both blocks. Now we have two wells drilled with three discoveries, since we continue with our drilling program in West Africa. Our next is good, Belinda is good, It will start this month later. "Minister of Ministers, Industry and Energy, H. E. Atanasio Ela Ntugunsa said that" the Government of Equatorial Guinea is glad, which was the other discovery made in the Equatorial Guinea part of the pool dual. The Government believes that this New discovery Further substantial hydrocarbons confirms the potential of the pool dual and emphasizes what positive investment climate Currently exists in the Republic of Equatorial Guinea

CONCLUSIONS AND OFFERS

The formation of NGB on the continental outskirts of the central part of West Africa and Southeast Brazil took place on a general scenario against the background of the disclosure of the southern segment of the Atlantic Ocean. In its geological evolution, three main stages are distinguished: RFT (early chalk), early-repuded (late chalk) and mature-wide (Canezoic-Golocene), in which characteristic sedimentary complexes have accumulated on passive continental outskirts. The composition of each complex contains high-quality and high-quality oil and gas and collector strata, which have undergone catagenetic transformations of a wide range.

In the resulting shelf-slope basins, a significant similarity of structural styles, lithost -ratigraphy and the age range of the oil and gas flooding is established. The study of the biomarket composition of the oil showed their belonging to three geochemical groups with biometers of lake, maritime and delta origin. The fourth group reflects the participation of two or three mixed maternal sources. The oil of these groups is identified in pools and African, and Brazilian outlet of the Atlantic.

Some differences in the building of the pools are due to the local characteristics of the manifestation of gallokines and the varying of the progradation. Both processes, especially activated at the final stage of the formation of the pools, were determined by their structural style, significantly improving and promoting the favorable conditions for oil and gas formation and oil and gas conversion towards the ocean. Many discoveries of large and giant fields are timed to deeply and are associated with the continental slope.

The identified patterns of formation of large clusters of HC in the South Atlantic basins can be used for other regions, in particular for the Arctic basins. According to V.E. Khaina and N.I. Filatova (2007, 2009), under the influence of the African-Arctic SuperPlum in a single system with the Atlantic, the formation of the North-Ice Ocean, which is the most northern end of this system. The presence of a relatively steep gradient of the continental slope of passive arctic outflows by analogy with the Atlantic gives grounds for a high estimate of its prospects, confirmed by the development of fans with well-pronounced channels and cannons. The latter, periodically resumed from the steep stages of the slope, filled with sandy bodies, which can serve as oil and gas reservoirs [Hain, Polyakova, 2006]. Especially significant perspectives are assumed to be closely located to the bank of the continental slope of the Canadian basin, where large masses of sedimentary material are common.

List of used literature

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