We will tell how to cross the two varieties of one type of plants among themselves - this method is called hybridization. Let it be plants of various colors or differing in the shape of petals, leaves. Or maybe they will be distinguished by flowering timing or requirements for external conditions?
Choose plants that quickly bloom to speed up the course of the experiment. It is also better to begin to choose unpretentious flowers - for example, on-line, calendulas or dolphiniums.
To begin with, specify your goals - what you want to get from the experiment. What desired signs should be new varieties?
Get a diary notebook, where you will write down the goals and will fix the course of the experiment from the beginning to the end.
Do not forget to describe in detail the starting plants, and then the obtained hybrids. Here is the most important point: plant health, growth intensity, size, painting, aroma, flowering time.
In our article, the flower will be considered as an example, you see it in the diagram and in the photos.
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The appearance of colors in different plants can differ significantly, but mostly equally.
1. Start by selecting two plants. One will fatal, and the other - seed plant. Choose healthy and strong plants.
2. Carefully follow the seed plant. Choose a unspacial bud with which you will spend all manipulations, mark it. In addition, it will have to isolate before opening - Touching it in a linen light bag. As soon as the flower starts open, cut all the stamens from him to avoid accidental pollination.
3. As soon as the seed plant flower is completely revealed, transfer to him pollen From the pollinator plants. Pollen can be transferred with a cotton wand, tassels, or pulling out the flimer flower stamens and bring them directly to the seed. Pollen apply a seed plant flower pestle.
4. Put on the flower of the seed plant linen bag. Do not forget to make the necessary marks in the observation diary - about the time of pollination.
5. To progress, after a while, repeat the operation with pollination - for example, after a couple of days (depends on the flowering time).
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Choose two flower - one will serve as a pollinator, another plant will become seed. |
Immediately, as soon as the flower of the seed plant blooms, cut all the stamens from him. |
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Apply pollen taken from a pollinator flower, on a pestle of a seed plant flower. |
Fullarted flower must be labeled. |
1. If pollination has passed successful, Soon the flower will start slugging, and the wound will increase. Do not remove the bag from the plant until the seeds are matured.
2. Seeds obtained land as seedlings. When you get young hybrids plants, then highlight them a separate place in the garden or transfer them to the boxes.
3. Now wait for hybrids flowering. Do not forget to describe all observations in the diary. Among the first, and the second generation, there may be flowers exactly by repeating parent properties unchanged. Such instances take off immediately. Check with your goals and select among the new plants obtained Those that are most suitable for the desired signs. You can pollinate them either manually or isolate them.
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Flower of the seed plant should be protected by a bag of textiles. |
When you get seeds, land them on seedlings. Young plants place in boxes. |
Carefully follow your new hybrid, write your observations into the diary. |
If you decide to engage in new varieties seriously, you will be needed to advice a breeder specialist. The fact you will need to find out if you really brought new Sort Or go already a path that has already been laid. Competition in the field of creating new varieties is very high.
The same one who decided to experiment with hybridization as a home hobby, we wish to get a lot of pleasure from this classes, make a lot of joyful discoveries and finally give all your friends to gardeners a new variety of some wonderful flower called by your name.
The time of the century, a person creates hybrids of both plants and animals. The most ancient in the practice of animal husbandry are horses hybrids with a donkey (mule, husky) and zebra (zebroid), a one-burner camel with dugorbic (na), yak and zebu with cattle. In pig breeding, hybridization of domestic pigs with wild boars to improve adaptability to local conditions is practiced. The XX century spawned the darkness of new hybrids: in poultry farming, fish farming and cattle breeding. And here are still leagues with tyron. And the end is not visible ...
Snail or plant?
Not so long ago, a message about the find of a hybrid of plants with animals appeared in the media. It was about sea snit, the length of which is three centimeters living on the Atlantic coast of North America. Finding this miracle body, a group of scientists from US and South Korean universities called him Elysia Chlorotica.
According to the NEW Scientist magazine, these sea snails "are a form living on solar energy: they eat plants and have the ability to photosynthesis." Found hybrid - a kind of gelatin plant green. It looks like a piece of wood and partially possesses its potential, preserved, thanks to the genes of algae, which he consumes. Not only that the snail receives chloroplasts - intracellular organoids of the plant cell, where photosynthesis is carried out, allowing plants to transform sunlight into energy, - it still keeps them in their cells located along the intestine. The most curious thing is that if Elysia Chlorotica is in the first time (two weeks) feeds on algae, then the remaining life is on average, its duration does not exceed the year - it may not consume food. So far, scientists could not disclose all the secrets of this strange creature, the DNA of chloroplasts of which contains only 10% of the coded protein necessary for the active life of the snail. Nevertheless, a number of observations and conclusions they have published in the magazines of the American Academy of Sciences.
Can't be because ...
The detection of a hybrid of a plant with animals caused a sensation in the world scientist, but the idea of \u200b\u200bcrossing animals with animals of close species painted humanity many years ago. A classic example of hybridization is mule - a hybrid of mare and donkey.
This is a strong, hardy animal, which is used in much more difficult conditions than parental forms. This Mul is obliged to phenomenon, called scientists with heterosis and observed both in the pets and in plants: with inter-partial or interspecific crosses, the first-generation hybrids occur, a particularly powerful development and increased viability occurs. The way heterosis is widely used in industrial poultry industry, for example, during breeding Broiler chickens and pig breeding. In nature, the cases of crossing the wild animal with representatives of other species is extremely rare. Let's say Grant and Thompson Gazelle coexist in mixed groups. These species have a lot of similar, and only experts can distinguish them from each other. Despite this, cases of crossing these two species are not marked.
Domestic dogs can mate with other species without parsing, but wild species of doggy, such as wolves, foxes and coats, multiply only inside their kind. In addition to obvious reasons, it also bothers that in many groups of animals and plants with interspecific crosses, powerful, but sterile hybrids are formed, which is the illustration of the mentioned mule. Since the examples of sterile hybrids are set, scientists concluded that the exchange of genes between different populations or population systems weakened or prevented by observed obstacles, and since they interfere with the widespread hybridization of animals or plants of close species, then the plant's hybrid should be interferent with animals.
From numerous experiments, scientists concluded that hybrids almost always appear in captivity as a result of unnatural habitat conditions or artificial insemination. The hybrids are funny ... An example of this can serve as a majestic league - the Hybrid of the Male Lion and the Tiger females - the largest representative of the Feline family. Equally, like TiGrolev - Machine Tiger and Samka Lion. However, Tig Rolly, or Tigrona, on the contrary, have a tendency to dwarf and usually in size less than their parents. The males of ligra and tiigrolives are fruitless. While females sometimes can bring offspring. One Tigron lived from 1978 to 1998 in India, another aged 24 in 2003 died in the Beijing Zoo. In the American Institute of Protected and Rare Species in Miami lives a league named Hercules whose height in the withers is 3 m.
The first ligrane appeared in our country in the Novosibirsk Zoo in 2004, and then two more ligrants were born. Leopardolvoy call the result of the crossing of the leopard's male with a lion female. He is like her mother's head, and the body is daddy. But there is also hybrids of hybrids - this is a mix between the tiger male and the female lira / tiigrolva or the male of a lion and the female lira / tiigrolva. Such second level hybrids are extremely rare and are mainly in private property. The beginning of the process of crossing large cats goes back to the days when the owners of zoos wanted to get as much as possible strange creatures to attract the public. Hybridization originates in the 1800s, when zoos were stray bellows intended to extract profits, and not to preserve animal species. In India, for example, interspecific crossing was first recorded in 1837, when the princess of the Indian state of Jamnagar presented a hybrid of a large cat Queen Victoria. Despite the fact that all these giant hybrids from the cat's breed invariably attract visitors to zoos, many scientists believe that such a path of hybridization is unpromising and even harmful. In any case, practical benefit from such hybrids is not, while they themselves are susceptible to diseases and early death. ... and useful ...
Recently, in the domestic media reports appeared on the successful hybridization of the Wolf and PSA in the nursery of the Koline Faculty of the Perm Military Institute of Internal Forces. A significant part of the hybrid animals obtained there possesses well-pronounced signs of tolerance, that is, tolerance to a person, which means that it is hardly the main barrier on the path of practical use of wolf sperm in dog breeding in principle can be overcome. In addition, all the wipes in the emotional plan Very restrained. They have much greater than dogs, physical endurance. Quickly master the platform with obstacles, the fence of a height of more than 2 meters is easily jumping from the scene, the shots and explosions are not frightened. With training, they very quickly understand and assimilate that they are required from them, and, in addition, undoubtedly, possess beautiful flavors. Thus, the speed of detection of the conditional offender in squeaks during the search of the object they do not exceed one minute, in dogs, 1.5-4 minutes at a standpoint up to 6 minutes. Of course, the wipes, cold-resistant carp hybrids with Amur Sazan, sheep with a mouflon and archer are not so impressive as ligra and tiigrolyv, but the benefits of humanity are not brought as an example more. And what to wait for us in the future from a tiny snail - will show life.
In plant selection, this method is used as hybridization. At the same time, organisms, characterized in heredity, are cross, that is, by one or more couples of alleles of genes, and therefore one or more external signs. This selection method includes inbreeding (intraspecific hybridization) and outbreeding (distant, or interspecific hybridization).
People have long been observed the process of natural hybridization. So, animal hybrids - mules - were known for another 2000 years before our era. For the first time, artificial hybridization was produced by a gardener T. Farchild, who crossed two types of carnations. The scientific foundations of genetics were laid down by Mendel, who carried out experiments on the hybridization of pea.
It is that in fertilization there is a fusion of two different genotype of sex cells with the formation of zygotes, from which a new organism develops, inherited signs of both parents. Natural hybridization occurs in nature, artificially carried out by man in breeding or with other purposes. At the same time, the coated brine flowers of the parent plant are pollinated by pollen of another type or variety.
In plant selection, hybridization is used extremely wide. If this method is necessary in order to combine the desired properties of the source organisms, this is a "combination selection". In the event that the purpose of obtaining and selecting genotypes of better quality is pursued, compared with parental forms, they are talking about "transgressive selection".
In crop production, the hybridization of forms within one species is common, or intraspecific. As a result of the use of this method, most of the varieties of cultivated plants were created. Remote hybridization is a more complex and time-consuming method for the development of hybrids. The main problem when obtaining remote hybrids is obtained - incompatibilities of groomed forms and sterility of the obtained hybrids.
Technological processes of hybridization of various agricultural crops differ significantly among themselves. To obtain hybrid forms of corn, plants of two varieties are sown by rows alternately, and the sultans on the mother plants are cut off a few days before flowering. In crops with cross-pollination of flowers, for example, rye, use castration of flowers of mother plants. W. fruit trees Castration is performed 1-2 days before buds are blown, and female flowers isolate, covered with gauze. After revealing the buds on the pistol, they apply in advance prepared pollen. From hybrid seeds grow new plants, placing seeds in a special nutrient medium and providing favorable conditions For growth.
Most of us eat hybrid fruits, not even realizing it. And although many people believe that such food is not very tasty, as ordinary varieties, but they are very popular with people. There was a time when a certain fruit was available only at one time in the markets. Now, in grocery stores you will find not only seasonal fruits, but also some species are not seasonal. Some of these fruits may have been brought from another place, but more often you will see the fruits of local varieties. These fruits are hybrids. These fruits are displayed by crossing from two or more similar varieties within one species or kind. As a result, the crossed plant receives the properties of both parents.
There is nothing new in hybridization, it even happens naturally to appear new fruits. Artificial hybridization is done to increase the yield of crops, improving nutritional properties and getting rid of some pests.
The disadvantage of the fruit data is that they may not have taste and original fragrance. Another disadvantage is that putting plant seeds of these plants, they will not always grow the same plants as a hybrid parent plant.
Hybrids are not genetically modified fruit. In genetic modified fruits, the gene of another fruit or even an animal is made. For example, an animal gene, this gene, blocks the synthesis of the enzyme responsible for the ripening of fruits.
You can learn more about citrus fruit hybrids here.
Ageli fruit It turned out to use grapefruit and mandarine crossing. This is a large sweet juicy fruit with greenish yellow wrinkled skin. The fruit of agley has a sweet pulp. Basically cultivated in Florida. Ageli is a little more than grapefruit. The taste is rather reminiscent of a mixture of lemon and mandarin.
Orange is a hybrid of mandarin and pomelo and began to cultivate it for another 2.5 thousand years BC.
The apricium turned out, thanks to the crossing of plums with Apricot. Aprons are available in the USA in June. The fruit is dry and not very juicy, while very sweet with an orange aroma. The taste of ripe fruits is similar to Apricot.
Bogzenova Berry turned out, thanks to the crossing of blackberries, raspberries and Logano berries. Berry more blackberries with large seeds. The berry has a rich burgundy color. And it becomes black when she slews.
Fruit grapes is a combination of grapes and apples. Grape + Apple \u003d Grapple. Fruit taste like grapes, and looks like an apple. Grapel usually looks more and flew swelling and more crisp. Grapetle is a trademark that was specially processed so that the taste of the pulp was like grapes. Grapetle is a variety of Fuji apple.
Grapefruit is a hybrid of two citrus species, a pomelo and an orange. The fetus flesh red. Grapefruit happens with yellow, orange peel and species: white, pink and red. The color does not affect the taste, at the same time pink and red grapefruit will be added to your diet Vitamin A.
Deopon is crossed between Kiyomi Tangor and Ponkan. Kiyomi Tangor himself is a kind of crossed between Trovita Orange and Mikan or Satsuma. Deopan has no stones and has very sweet fruit. Deopan brought in Japan in 1972. Generic name of Deopan Shiranuhi or Shiranui. Decopan's fruit is very big and has a sweet taste.
Yoshta turned out, thanks to the crossing between the black currant and gooseberry. The size of the fetus is very large, but the taste is similar to the currant. The frost withstands frosts as well as black currant. The berry was bred in Germany and completely resistant to fungi and bacteria that damage the currant. Ripe berries have dark blue.
Bloody Lime is a hybrid of red finching lime and Mandarin Ellendale. Peel, flesh and juice has a blood-red. The taste they are very sour. Fruits 20-30 mm wide.
Lymkvat is a citrus fruit, which is crossed between lime and kumkvat. Lymkvat is a small village that has thick foliage and produces a lot of fruits at a young age. It is used in many recipes, where there are limes and lemons. Fruit of Lymkvat small green yellow color. Does not have seeds. Fruit contains little calorie.
Lymkvat varieties:
Justis: Lyme crossed with a round kumquat. Lakeland: Lyme crossed with round kumquat, with other hybrid seeds from parents, like Justice. Tavares: Lyme crossed with oval kumquat, where the fruit is much more and more elongated.
Lemato is a hybrid version of lemon and tomato. Although the Basilic gene added to the tomato, due to which the tomato smells of lemon. Israeli researchers have developed a genetically modified tomato, which looks like lemon and aroma of roses. About 82 people tried an experimental fruit with a non-modified fruit. They described this fruit as a fragrance of roses, geraniums and the greenery of lemon.
Opinions of respondents:
Genetically modified tomatoes are only light red, because they contain two times less liquid, as well as ordinary tomatoes. They have a long shelf life and they need less pesticides for growth.
Rangpur is a hybrid variety of crossed between mandarin and lemon. Rangpur is also known as Lemandarine. The fruit has sour taste. The name "Rangpur" originated from the Bengal language. Since this fruit is grown in Rangpur in Bangladesh, the city is known for citrus fruit. Rangpur can also be used to replace limes. The fruit can be both small and medium in size. Rangpur is used as decorative or indoor plant in USA. But mainly used as a collection in other countries.
Loganova Berry is a hybrid of American blackberry and European red raspberry. Berries are large and elongated. Ripe berries become dark and bright red. They are collected from July to September. Berries juicy and have a sharp sour taste. Fruits always ripen very early.
Marionberry crossed between Chehalem and OLallieBerries. These years I have the most common blackberry varieties. Berries also shine, like other blackberry varieties. The berries are medium in size, sweet, juicy and have a tart taste.
Nekhotum is a hybrid variety of apricot, plums and nectarine. They are reddish green with the flesh of light pink. The fruit has a sweet taste. It will be good to add it to salads.
The fruit is round and a bit of the pear-shaped form, which in size as a grapefruit. The peel is brilliantly yellow and easily cleaned. The inner part is divided mainly by 9-13 segments, not bitter, pulp yellow-orange. The walls are gentle with a mild flavor of orange and grapefruit and a little fresh sour.
Ortanik is a hybrid crossed between orange and tanier. Fruit was discovered on Jamaica. He has a strong citrus fragrance and sharp, vague sweet taste. Ortanik has a pale color and without seeds. It has a juicy flesh and grows in the Mediterranean region.
OLallieberry turned out, thanks to the crossing of Loganova Berries and Youngberry, looks like a classic blackberry. It has a sweet fragrance. Used to create jams and wines. Berries are large shiny and juicy. This berry was bred 1950. Berries are very specific and available mainly in California.
Pinberry turned out, thanks to the crossing of strawberries of Chilean and strawberries Virginia. The fruit is very fragrant with a pineapple taste. When the fruits ripen, they become white with red seeds. Pinbury grown very little, mainly in Europe and Belize.
Plumkot turned out, thanks to the crossing between the plum and apricot. Fruits are yellow with a red tint, flesh red or dark purple, depending on the variety. It has very smooth skin, like plum. Plumkot grows well where plum or apricot grows.
Plot fruit individual crossing between the plum and apricot. This is a new fruit that was led by the Floyd Zeen in 1990. Plot happens different colors From pink to red. Plot is much sweeter than his parents (plum and apricot). The Plot is very juicy and sweet, so children love him so much. There are about 25 varieties. The fruit has a very low fat and sodium content.
Sweets are a hybrid between a pomelo and white grapefruit. The fruit is sweet, large with a small amount of seeds. Sweet to taste similar to the smell of his colors. Trees of Oroblas are not growing in cold conditions. He has a tendency to adapt to the environment very quickly and well grow. The fruit has a thick peel. Mainly imported from Israel.
Citrofortunella Mitis is a hybrid of mandarin and kumkvat. Fruits are sour and commonly used in cooking.
Taiperie is one of the numerous hybrid berries crossed with blackberry and raspberries. She was bred in Scotland and named after the Scottish River Tay. Taiperie often grows in household gardens. It has a strong tart fragrance.
Tangor turned out, thanks to the cropping of mandarin and orange.
Trangelo turned out, thanks to the crossing of the tangerine of a gloomily or grapefruit. Truzhelo and Mandarin are similar. Tranzhelo begins to ripen from the end of autumn at the end of winter. The size of the fetus usually happens from standard orange to the size of the grapefruit. The flesh is a colorful and very juicy. From it you can squeeze juice.
Tomtato is a potato and tomato hybrid. Tomtato grows both tomatoes and potatoes. From Tomtatato seeds, either potatoes or tomatoes appear, they do not retain maternal signs.
This fruit, which is distributed on vacation months, is a type of mandarin. Ripen earlier than other citrus fruits and this kind of fruit can also be grown at home in warm regions. Fairchild Tangerine was obtained by crossing Clementine with Orlando Tangelo. The fruits are delicious and easily clean.
Yuzu turned out, thanks to the crossing of the mandarin with Papa (Ichansky Lemon). This fruit is very similar to grapefruit with uneven skin. The diameter of the fetus from 5.5 cm to 7.5 cm. This fruit is mainly grown in China, Korea and Japan. The fruits are very fragrant and can be yellow or green depending on ripeness. Forward
Hybrid (from lat. hibrida.) - Creating a new individual by crossing the living organisms of various breeds, species, varieties. The hybridization process is used mainly to live beings (animals, plants).
The article will focus on the creation of such organisms in the animal world. These are the most difficult experiments. Also, the reader will be able to see the hybrids of animals whose photos are placed in the sections.
The first attempts to create hybrids were carried out in the XVII century by German scientists in the field of botany chamberrhis. And in 1717, the English gardener Thomas Freidchild, the scientific community presented the successful result of hybridization - the new kind Carnations.
In the kingdom of animals, everything was much more difficult. In the world of wildlife, it is extremely rare to meet animal hybrids. Therefore, the crossing of representatives of different types occurs artificially - in laboratory conditions or in reserves.
The very first hybrid with a thousand-year history is, of course, the mule is a mixture of donkey and horse.
From the middle of the XIX century with the advent of nature reserves and zoos (in this form in which we used to see them in modern times) began to cross the bears among themselves - brown and white, as well as zebra with a horse.
From the middle of the 20th century, scientists around the world carry out experiments on cropping different species animals. All of them pursue various purposes: someone displays hybrids to improve performance, someone - for exotic, and someone - to obtain effective drugs.
Around the world there are more than 80 interspecific hybrids, but will focus on the brightest and well-known representatives.
Pizli (Aknuk) - a mix of a polar bear and a bear Grizzly. The first mention of an unusual animal dates back to 1864. Then in the north-western part of North America, near Lake Randevu, a bear was shot with an unusual muddy-white color and with a golden brown face.
10 years later, the first offspring from white and brown bears was obtained in the German Zoo (Galle). The kids were born white, but over time the color changed to the bluish-brown or golden-brown. Pizli showed good results in terms of reproduction: hybrid animals successfully gave offspring. Crossing took place between acuns, and with representatives of a clean line.
Often, interspervidal animal hybrids are not reproductive, but the pisli is an exception, since both bearings on biological features can be attributed to one type, but, based on a number of morphological signs, the bears were allocated by scientists in separate species.
Before 2006, it existed that animal hybrids are not found in natural environment. This myth was dispelled on April 16, 2006 by American hunter Jim Martelle, who was shot at Pizli on the island of banks (Canadian part of the Arctic), which became an indisputable proof of the appearance of hybrids in the wild.
The first is the hybrid of Tigritis and Leo, and the second is the offspring of a lioness and a tiger. The animal hybrids data appear solely in artificial conditions, the reason for the banal - different habitats (Africa and Eurasia) do not allow them to meet, this is possible only in the bells.
Externally, the leagues are similar to the cave lion, which is extinct in the period of Pleistocene. To date, this hybrid is considered the largest among cat. It is explained by this phenomenon of growth genes: they are not as active in tigers as Lviv. For the same reason, Tigroles less tiger.
In the Amusement Park "Dzhangl Island" (Miami, USA) contains the Merkuls Ligra, by the name of Hercules weighing 418 kg. For comparison: the average weight of the Amur tiger varies from 260 to 340 kg, and the African lion is from 170 to 240 kg. So, Hercules for one approach absorbs up to 45 kg of food, and the speed of 80 km / h develops in 10 seconds.
The remarkable ligra is that these cats love to splash in the water. Another feature: Ligras are one of the few hybrids that are able to reproduce offspring. So, in the Novosibirsk Zoo on August 16, 2012, Lev Samson and Zita Ligriters became parents, giving life to Liligritice Kiara.
To date, there is a little more than 20 ligras in the world.
Bester - hybrid of two representatives of the sturgeon family - Beluga female and male sterody. By his appearance, Bestel is obliged to the Russian scientist-biologist - Professor N. I. Nikolaukin. Since 1948, he has come close to the problem of hybridization of sturgeon. In 1952, Nikolai Ivanovich's spouse, who, together with her husband, worked on the creation of fish hybrids, tried artificially to get the offspring of sterliths and Beluga. Noolobins did not assume that this unscheduled experiment began the beginning of a new direction in fish farming.
During experiments, the professor crossed the different types of sturgeon, but before Beluga and the sterling did not reach. Perhaps he considered a similar experiment initially failure, as these sturgeon different in size and weight (Beluga - up to tons, and the sterlet - no more than 15 kg), live and spawn in different places, and their hybrids cannot give offspring. But everything happened up to the opposite.
Bester took rapid growth from Beluga, and from sterlidi - fast puberty, which is an important factor for industrial fish. Also, the hybrid had incredibly gentle meat and delicious caviar.
Now in the territory of Russia, the ribs are bred on an industrial scale.
This is a hybrid of Bactrian male and lia-females. The first kama saw the light in 1998 in the reproductive center of Animal Dubai. The individual was created artificially, the main goal of such a crossing was to get an animal with the endurance of the camel and the quality of the wool of Lama. The experiment was a success. Kama turned out to be weighing up to 60 kg, with no less than 6 cm with wool, with the ability to transport goods up to 30 kg. The disadvantage of camellams is the inability to reproduction. Of course, in nature, this option would be impossible, as Lama lives in South America, and Bactrians - in Asia and Africa, and in size, the first are significantly inferior to the second. Despite this data, it turned out that the camel and Lama have the same number of chromosomes.
To date, six families are obtained in the UAE.
Kopäkodelphin - Paluscate hybrid (small black) and aphalines. The first Wolfer appeared in the water park in Tokyo, but he died at a semi-annual age. The second hybrid of Kosahkodelphin appeared in Hawaii in SealifePark Marine Park in 1986. Wolfin's female named Kekaimalo began reproduction at the age of five, which is pretty early for the tales and dolphins. The first motherhood experience was somewhat unsuccessful: the mother refused to feed the baby, so it was painted artificially, which made it possible to grow an absolutely manual person, but her life was short and cut off at the age of 9. The happiness of Maternity KekaImal was experiencing three times, but the most successful turned out to be the last: in 2004, the Samochka of Kavi Kai appeared on the light of the aphathin. The baby was very playful, and a month after birth, it reached the sizes of his father.
An interesting fact was discovered by scientists: at Wolphin 66 teeth, Athalina - 88, and by the quantity - 44.
Now in the world there are two Capacodelphine individuals, which are contained in Hawaii. Sometimes the information appears that Wolphins were seen on the will, but the scientists have not yet managed to confirm this data.
Let's see what the most common hybrids of animals. Examples are quite interesting. These are the following hybrids:
But these in the course of many experiments were obtained
About animal hybrids can be spent very long, given their quantity and diversity. But is there other options, for example, hybrids of animals and plants?
To date, there is the only famous hybrid - sea snail (Elysia Chlorotica), inhabiting North America on the side of the Atlantic Ocean. These animals feed on solar energy: drinking plants, they are photosynthesize. Snail dubbed the gelatin plant of green. This hybrid receives chloroplasts, which are then stored in bowel cells. Curious Fact: Sea Snail With the life expectancy of no more than one year can only eat the first two weeks from the date of birth, after which food consumption becomes irradictory.
Hybrids of plants and animals have become familiar, and how would the public responded to a human and animal hybrid? And do there be such?
There are many rumors about the existence of such hybrids, but, unfortunately, there are very few facts. However, studying the mythology of different nations, scientists point out the presence of internally in all epos of beasts. Scientists from Australia and the United States studied more than 5,000 rock paintings, texts. Most often there are descriptions of people whose bodies (usually the lower part) consist of a horse's body, a goat, a ram, dogs. The names of such beversions are well known from mythology. These are centaurs, minotavras, satires and others.
The existence of such "people" scientists explained by the fact that in the ancient times of Zoophilia was the usual phenomenon, especially in the army, because the herds and goats were always kept nearby. Animals were for military not only potential food, but also objects to satisfy sexual needs. Many scholars are Middle Ages, there are references to the birth of children of children from animals and vice versa. These facts remain under a big question, since it is impossible from a biological point of view due to a different set of chromosomes.
Recently, the public offers all new, ambiguous facts. One of these facts is to conduct an experiment to fertilize the woman with chimpanzees in fascist Germany and the USSR. According to some reports, the Soviet Union after a number of attempts received a positive result. The further fate of the experiment is not yet disclosed.
A human and animal hybrid for modern society is nonsense, but information about such experiments continues to appear in the media. Is it true or fiction? We will be judged by 10-20 years. Time will tell how far the science will step, but for now we will absorb hybrid fruits and vegetables, enjoy beauty hybrid plants And animals and hope that humanity will not return to the Stone Age.
Represent a final result of crossing various types of flora. The process of crossing animal species occurs without human intervention, while plants hybridize scientists who want to achieve a certain goal. So, thanks to hybrid varieties, vegetables are high and able to quickly adapt to various climatic conditions. In addition, hybrid plants are more resistant to changes in weather conditions.
To date, hybrid products are grown almost everywhere, and most of the varieties of pepper, cucumbers and tomatoes are grown by hybridization.
However, this method has its own. Hybrid plants are either sterile, or their seeds will not give the harvest of the same improved fruits, which is directly related to the splitting of the signs. However, anyone can independently derive a hybrid plant that can be useful in the farm and may become a new sensational agricultural species.
The overstate is well tolerated by zucchini, pumpkin and patissons. Therefore, to obtain a new hybrid variety, several different types of any of these vegetables should be placed in close proximity to each other. Insects pollinate them, moved to pollen of one plant to another - and the result with the most likely becomes an unprecedented patisson or zucchini.
Hybrid plants do not always take the best qualities from their "parents" - often they give fine and unprecedented vintage in all parameters.
You can also withdraw the hybrid variety of strawberries, however, it is already necessary to make hands seriously. It is necessary to explore the fully matured inflorescences of plants-hybridizers, collect with them a soft brush to pollen and gently put it on the squealing stains. Each recurring flower needs to be placed in a transparent individual sachet and tie it with a rope.
To obtain a hybrid, strawberries need to wait for full ripening of berries, disrupt them and dry to obtain seeds. For sowing, only small strawberry branches are taken, which usually crunch on the teeth and get stuck in them when eating strawberries or strawberry jam. They are seeded as seedlings to obtain a hybrid variety of this delicious forest berry.
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It is known that the overwhelming majority of plants and animals multiply in sexual path. Seed offspring them arises only as a result of fertilization - the mergers of male and female sex cells, which gives rise to new organisms.
In contrast to the vegetative breeding method (tubers, cuttings, kidneys, etc.), in which the growing organisms continue their development from that stage, to which the development of the maternal bush was taken to prepare for them, during sexual reproduction, the fertilized egg - the zygote gives The beginning of a new plant starting his development of Syznov.
The process of fertilization has enormous biological significance, since due to it developing new organisms acquire dual heredity - maternal and fatherly, and as a result of this, and greater vitality, which is manifested in their best adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions.
According to the Lysenko, the biological role of the fertilization process is that by combining distinguished to a certain extent in its hereditary properties of female and male sex cells in one cell and the merger of two nuclei of them in one core, the facilitation of the living body is created, which is the cause of self-development, self-duration, t . e. a life process with the inherent exchange of substances.
Artificial crossing of various varieties of plants and breeds of animals is widely used in breeding practice.
Decisive moments when removing new highly productive varieties of plants and breeds of animals from the standpoint of materialistic Michurin biology is a meaningful and skilled selection for crossing the initial parentaries and further management of the emerging nature of the hybrid offspring by regulating the living conditions.
By many years of persistent practical work, having a deeply reasonable foundation, I. V. Michurin consistently, step by step, built his theory of sexual hybridization. This theory refutes the main provisions of supporters of formal-genetic science, approving the independence of the heredity of organisms on the conditions of their life and the promoting "notorious pea laws of Mendel", on the use of which in the selection of many years of cultures, as Ivan Vladimirovich wrote, should not even dream. He sharply condemned those who worked on the principle: "Rash, mix, chat, maybe something else will come out." In contrast to this, the motto I. V. Michurin says: "We cannot wait for mercies from nature: to take them with her - our task."
Rejecting against views on the heredity expressed by supporters of the formal-genetic "science", he repeatedly argued that with repeatedly crossing the same initial parental couples in their consecutive offspring, the same amount of hybrids would never have the same number of hybrids that would always dominate strictly defined signs. Father or mother according to Mendelian law 3: 1. The obtained plants in all cases of crossing the same parent couple in their morphological and biological signs are not identical, because the inheritance of the signs of parents depends on both the selection of crossed varieties and from many other reasons.
The correct selection of parental pairs is impossible without knowing the biological patterns of inheritance by the hybrid offspring of the signs and properties of parents and the presence of deep relationships between the emerging nature of plant organisms and the conditions for their upbringing established by I. V. Michurin, T. D. Lysenko and their followers.
1. To get a new variety with the desired qualities, it is necessary first of all to pick up such plants for crossing, which have economic valuable signs corresponding to the selection task.
I. V: Michurin repeatedly emphasized the idea that modern breeders, as a rule, no need to pass again the path passed to them; Due to the presence of heredity among the organisms, they should use the results of the works of many generations of their predecessors.
The same thought conducted in his writings and Luther Burbank. It figuratively compared the selection of plants to cross the architect. As an architect picks up a building material that corresponds to the ideological intent of the future building, and the breeder is planning to cross the plant forms, which have the signs that he wants to see in the future. At the same time, at the disposal of the breeder, there is an incomparably richer and diverse material that it can attract to work to make its plan, than the amount of minerals or wood breeds, which is known to the architect.
When removing new varieties, as indicated by T. D. Lysenko, it is very important to choose the initial forms on the principle of the presence of the smallest number of negative qualities that could limit in these specific conditions in the offspring of the best signs and properties of parents.
2. I. V. Michurin attached the importance of the varietary and individual history of the maternal and fatherly plants, since knowledge allows it to foresee the possible nature of inheritance of signs of parental forms of hybrid offspring.
"The most energetic ability to transfer its properties," Ivan Vladimirovich pointed out, - first, all plants of clean species growing in a wild state, secondly, more energy differ all old cultural varieties of plants, and the weakest in this regard need Consider recently bred young varieties of fruit trees and berry bushes. "*
* I. V. Michurin, Selected Works, 1948, p. 69.
The dominance of signs of wild plants when crossing them with cultural is due to the presence of significantly more conservative heredity, which have a cultural forms formed in the process.
Even Ch. Darwin noted that in plants and animals common in natural conditions, such sharp and sudden changes are observed, which are known in the tamed animals and cultivated plants. It must be assumed that the very fact of the evulsion, that is, the movement of plants from natural conditions into new - artificial, and the cultivation of them for many generations under the influence of certain techniques of agricultural equipment and phytotechnics contributes to the formation of more plastic heredity and more active reaction to change them environmental conditions than wild forms.
3. To obtain hybrid offspring with plastic heredity capable of a largest to the right to upbringing and giving the most rich forms of forms the material for subsequent selection, I. V. Michurin recommended applying geographically and genetically remote bashing.
As a rule, with a remote (interspecific or interhocoous) hybridization, the obtained hybrid offspring is relatively easily adjusted to the terms of life that is provided to him.
On a large practical material I. V. Michurin proved the possibility of crossing distant for the relationship of plants and widely used remote hybridization in its practical work when removing famous varieties: Apple - Bellefler-China, Candille-Chinese (hybrids between home and Chinese apple trees), beltlefler Red, Belfler Record (hybrids between the home apple tree and an apple tree of the Nedzhetsky), Taiga (Hybrid between Candil-Chinese and the Siberian Apple tree); Pears - Bere Winter Michurina, Tolstobhet, Rocky (hybrids between ordinary - cultural pear and Ussuri); Cherries - the Beauty of the North, Bastard Cherry (Cherry Hybrids with Cherries); new plants - cerapadus (steppe cherry hybrids with Japanese cherry); Plums - transparent yellow (plum hybrid with apricot), renclode crop, turn sweet (plum hybrids with wild turn); Grapes - Russian concord, metallic, luminosity (hybrids between American and amur species), Cinnic Michurin (hybrid between amur and cultural types of grapes). His varieties are also known - Hybrids of Ryabina with Musmule, Ryabina with hawthorn, raspberries with blackberry, etc.
The method of remote hybridization was widely used in the work of Soviet breeders, as it opens up great opportunities to obtain new forms of beneficial plants.
Reliable plants may also be distant in geographical origin and under the conditions of the medium in which each of them was formed.
Crossing geographically remote plants and the upbringing of their hybrid offspring is desirable to conduct in new natural conditions, alien to both maternal and father's parents. In this case, according to Michurinskaya teaching, no matter how excluding the conditions that are necessary for a strong manifestation in the offspring of signs of the nearest ancestors. A classic example of the practical use of this situation can be the receipt of I. V. Michuryin in the conditions of the Tambov region of the new high-quality winter variety of pears Bere Winter Michurina.
He did not manage to get a new variety of pears with the fruits of good taste, suitable for long-term winter storage. To this end, he conducted numerous crossings of high-quality Western European winter varieties of pear (Bere Dil, Bere Clebré, Bere Ligel, Saint-Germain) with local varieties (thinner, Tsarskaya, Meshamian). However, the grown seedlings did not possess the desired property due to the dominance of the offspring of the early period of ripening of fruits characteristic of the local varieties of pears. Only by crossing the Italian variety of pear Bere Royal with a young, first-to-the-sighted seedlings of the Ussuri pear (the birthplace of this type of pear - the Far East) he received hybrids with the fruits of summer, autumn and winter maturation. One of them turned out to be particularly valuable, since he inherited the best properties of both parents - frost resistance inherent in the Ussuri pear, and the magnitude of the fruit, the beautiful dessert taste of their taste, as well as the ability to prolonged storage in the fresh form inherent in the variety of Bere Piano.
4. Based on perennial experiments and observations, I. V. Michurin discovered another important pattern: in the process of crossing varieties, equivalent in the sense of conservatism of heredity, the maternal organism, being a natural mentor, as a rule, more fully transmits its signs and properties to offspring than fatherly .
Guided by this pattern, Soviet breeders when conducting crossings in the role of a maternal parent often select the plant, economic valuable signs and whose properties are desirable to see in the offspring. If there is a need to weaken the individual strength of the hereditary transfer of the parent parent, then it is necessary to select the Mother of the Mother of the young, first blooming sighter, with the heredity already dissected by preliminary hybridization.
5. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - the first breeder applied to crossbow the mixture of pollen of various varieties. True, it used the method of a mixture of pollen, mainly in order to overcome undisguisedness in hybridization of plants remote in relational, but his followers proved the feasibility of using a mixture of pollen of a range of varieties and with conventional crossings.
Darwin also noted that the crossing of individuals under the life of previous generations various conditions, has a beneficial effect on the offspring, since in this case their sex cells are one degree or another differentiated. In case of self-polling the flowers of such differentiation of the genital elements is not observed, so the effect of it for the offspring is unfavorable.
This observation served as the basis for another important conclusion of Ch. Darwin on the presence of a mandatory selectivity of the genital elements of plants in vivo. I. V. Michurin, and T. D. Lysenko, developed the Darwinian provision on the presence of selectivity of plant fertilization and proved that the inheritance of the parents of parents with offspring in artificial hybridization is dependent on the electoral nature of the fertilization process, and this dependence has a dual character.
Not every pollen grain biologically corresponds to a certain egg cell, so the more pollen grains of various varieties are applied during pollination on the straight of the castrated flower, the greater the possibility is provided to the parent plant to choose the most acceptable of them. The numerous experiments of Michurintsev proved that in the presence of a large selection of pollen with flowers, fertilization occurs more actively, the tied seeds are significantly viable and richer with nutrients, and the plants grew up more crops.
In addition, when polluted, the mixture of pollen as a result of the interaction of pollen grains of various varieties creates a qualitatively new physiological environment, more favorable than in conventional pollination.
I. V. Michurin paid the attention of breeders and on the other side of this process. Not always, with artificial hybridization, we should expect a relatively more viable offspring. Indeed, often as parents are attracted by biologically inconsistent plants whose crossing is forced. For example, with remote hybridization, there are sometimes plants that are not capable of building even the most vital organs. Nevertheless, T. D. Lysenko emphasizes that the election capacity of plants must be used to obtain sharp changes in heredity by compulsory crossing with those individuals whose pollen would not choose the maternal body in vivo.
In this area, Michurinsky agrobiological science puts forward new, not yet permitted problems with an important theoretical value.
For practical selection works, the mixture for crossing pollen is selected according to the same principles that were noted earlier, i.e., the selection task is taken into account, economic qualities of parental varieties (including several paternal), their biological features and history of origin.
6. Not always by one-time crossing in advance, taking into account the specified patterns of dominance of the heredity of parental pairs of parents, a breeder can get a hybrid offspring with the desired signs. To achieve your goal, it is sometimes useful to resort to re-crossing the best of the obtained hybrid plants with one of the parents or with any other grade with the necessary qualities.
Giving exceptional importance to re-crossing the first hybrid generation of fruit crops obtained in the middle lane of Russia, with southern varieties, I. V. Michurin persistently pointed to breeders: "Further, the most essential in the destruction of new varieties of fruit plants should be considered the third method - the method of re-repeated Crossing hybrids with better cultural (and foreign) varieties ... Here, in most cases, we will get a significant overall improvement as from the impact of the grade introduced into the crossing with new good propertiesand from the easier susceptibility of the hybrid in his young age and more than the korecological "*.
* I. V. Michurin, Op., Vol. 1, 1948, p. 496-498.
At the same time, he warned against the use of seedlings in the harsh climatic conditions of the second or even third generation from natural pollination, because the new forms obtained are shied mainly for the worse due to the re-negative impact of local environmental factors on the domination of signs of parents.
Installed by I. V. Michurin, T. D. Lysenko and their students, the patterns of dominance of heredity of plants are distributed to the culture vine grapes.
Perennial research conducted by the selection department and the variety of Ukrainian research institute of viticulture and winemaking them. Tairova (P. K. Ayvazyan) found that in the first and second seed offspring of sex hybrids there is a rather complicated picture of inheritance of signs of parents. Some seedlings may prevail signs of one parent, from others - another, thirdly - there may be an intermediate inheritance of signs and, finally, there are cases when completely new signs and properties appear in hybrid offspring, completely absent from the initial parentaries.
As a rule, the most constant in the sense of heredity are wild forms of pure species: Vitis Riparia, Vitis Ruperestris, Vitis Labruska, Vitis Amurzis, etc., therefore, with interspecific hybridization of grapes, the seedlings of the first offspring, obtained from crossing cultural grapes with American wild species and Foundation and grown in conventional agrotechnical conditions, mostly inherit signs of wild parents. At the same time, most of the plants that left in morphological features in the direction of wild forms inherits from maternal plants (European varieties) instability towards mildew and low frost resistance, and from paternal varieties (wild forms) - poor harvest. Seedlings approaching morphological features to cultural varieties are inferior in terms of the quality of the harvest by the parent cultural variety.
A small amount of interspecific hybrids with practical resistance to Mildia and Frost, in their morphological features (shoots and leaves), as well as by the number and quality of the crop approaching wild species. Such seedlings are of interest for re-vegetative hybridization.
Studies have also shown that with intersportal hybridization it is best to take an older vintage vintage as maternal plants with good harvest quality. Such varieties formed in local conditions and possess more sustainable heredity, it is easier to give hybrid offspring their signs and properties than the introduced.
In the hybrid offspring, obtained from repeated crossings of interspecific hybrids with high-quality varieties, as expected, a significant part of the seedlings is wild forms. Obtaining and in this case, a large number of seedlings deviating in their signs of cultivated plants can be explained by the fact that wild species took part in the origin of one of the parents, which, by virtue of existence, differ in exceptional ability to maintain their hereditary properties.
Within the same hybrid combination, under the same environment conditions, the grade fully transfers his signs and properties (yield, strength of bush growth, the magnitude of the covers and berries, the color of the berries and juice, the quality of the crop, the stability of plants against adverse conditions and others) In the event that he is taken as a parent plant. By providing a hybrid embryo in the most young age, since the formation of the zygotes, the necessary nutrients, the maternal organism as a mentor affects the formation of the heredity of the offspring.
The correct selection of initial parental varieties for crossing is only the first phase of breeding work, ending with obtaining hybrid seeds. The subsequent process of forming the heredity of the seedlings is a very complex biological phenomenon, which is influenced by the conditions of the medium and often accompanied by the manifestation of a number of deep changes.
Centaurians in the world of plants
"Centaurs" in the world of plants. Achievements of Russian, European and American scientists. As the drain and all the favorite strawberry appeared. The creation of new wheat varieties. The main achievement of Russian scientists - cabstore.
Another, no less ancient way to obtain new varieties of plants and rock breeds is crossing, or, as scientists say, hybridization among themselves different species. Imagine that in the hands of the agronoma turned out to be two plants, each of which possesses some useful properties. Naturally, very tempting looks like the idea of \u200b\u200bgetting one plant, which would combine signs of both of them. How to make this idea? Of course, we traveled between both these plants. This technique began to use in distant antiquity, first unconsciously - simply selecting natural hybrids in nature from time to time, then purposefully crossing different shapes. Examples of this is a huge set. Take at least such a well-known cultural plant as a drain. Probably, few of you know that there is no such kind of plant in the wild. Plum - This is a hybrid resulting from the natural hybridization of two other species - Tern and Alychi, and combining properties and the other plant. In the mountains of the Caucasus and sometimes wild hybrids of these species can sometimes be discovered. Ordinary is also the result of interspear hybridization in nature. It appeared in ancient times from crossing cherry with a steppe cherry - a non-fried bush, not exceeding in a height of 1-2 meters.But, as you know, people are very rarely satisfied only by giving them nature. Very quickly they learned how to cross the various wild views as a result of which such hybrids appeared, which nature never knew. We list only a few examples. So, loves by all the garden strawberries (it is often wrong to be called strawberries) originated from the hybridization of two wild species of strawberries - Chilean and Virgin. And although her ancestors come from America, she was launched still in Europe. The American breeder of Burbank was widely used the interspecific hybridization. Perhaps, one of the most remarkable achievements was the creation of a four-valid hybrid of a dwarf edible rape chestnut, which gives the fruits for the second year after sowing.
A genuine sensation was at one time the creation of the American genetic church of the N. Children of the so-called short-satellite wheat. The researcher accidentally discovered in the US wheat collection extremely low wheat, which has long been grown in India. The presence of a short stem is very important quality for grain culture - otherwise, most of the nutrients goes to the rise of the stem, and not on the formation of grain. So it turned out: a lot of straw, but the grain is not very. Borloug crossed this wheat with another carlock form - this time Japanese (she managed to detect as many as three carlikoviness genes). Based on these two forms, the American breeder managed to bring together several excellent dwarf and semi-class wheat varieties, which is currently being grown throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. Just because of this, the achievement of genetics and selection managed to raise grain yields in two, and somewhere three times!
Extremely difficult, but successfully completed, there was the work of English breeders in hybridization of a wild-growing diploid form of blackberries with a tetraploid cultural blackberry, distinguished by unusually tasty fruits, but extremely late. Initially, researchers were lucky: a chance was found blackberry without spikes. But, despite numerous efforts to cross these two species, we managed to get just four hybrid seedlings and, alas, all with spikes. Among other things, three of them were triploid (that is, with triple sets of chromosomes) and, accordingly, the seeds did not give. But the last seedman was pleased with scientists - he turned out to be a fruitful tetraploid. When they waited for fruiting, sowed and raised new offspring, it was found that 37 plants without spikes, and 835 carry spikes. Of the first, one selected one and crossed with a prickly cultural variety. In a new offspring, every three plants with spikes had one without thorns. From the shattered breeders, only one plant was liked - it became the hedleacher of the famous English variety of Merton Torn Less.
However, the genuine masterpiece of selection is considered to be obtained by real plant "Centaurs" - hybrids between plants belonging not only to different types, but also to different kinds. The most famous of these experiments are the works of the Russian breeder GD Kkarechenko. As a result of a genetic experiment conducted by a researcher, a new plant appeared on the light - the cabstore. His shoots were swayed half cabbage, half-rated fruit. Let's get acquainted in more detail with the history of its creation.
Every breeder who tried to cross different types of plants knows that the most difficult is not to get a new hybrid , and ensure that he began to give seeds. After all, if the new grade cannot multiply, all works will be in vain - the resulting plant will die sooner or later, without leaving the descendants after himself. Why are the prolific hybrids - is it a very big rarity? To answer this question, we again, again, will have to turn to the mechanism of the formation of genital cells - Games. Recall that every gamet, and men's, and female arises as a result of a special cell division process called Meiosis. During MEIOS, the number of chromosomes in cells decreases, so the gamets carry exactly two times less chromosomes than the cells of the parent organism. But at the very beginning of Maiza, another very important event occurs - pair or, as scientists say, homologous chromosomes are tightly pressed together and exchange DNA pieces each other. And what will happen if the chromosomes "don't recognize" each other and can not exchange genes? And nothing - normal gametes will not be able to.
Now imagine yourself hybrid arising when crossing two different types of plants or animals. Each chromosome from a pair of homologous chromosomes in its cells comes from different organisms. In the case of cabbage and radish, each "cabbage" chromosoma accounts for one "radiant" - both of these plants are carried in the genual cells of 9 chromosomes. But cabbage genes are nothing in common with radish genes (these plants are generally related to different biological gods). It means that even if it is possible to obtain a hybrid plant (for example, by "violent" pollination of the colors of cabbage of pollen radish), chromosome "do not recognize" each other, and hybrids will be not capable of reproduction.
Is there any opportunity to get a hybrid capable of reproduction? As you know, hopeless situations does not happen. Nobody said that hybrid plants do not form grounds at all - no, they still appear, but they are not strictly defined by chromosomes (9, as the cabbage and radish relies), and random, for example, 5 or 8. means There is a very small probability that goveta with 18 chromosomes - 9 cabbage and 9 rally chromosomes will be in the same cell. From the mass of cabbage crossings with radish, ended in failure, in one case Karpechechenko received a plant that grew up and even bloated, after which the scene of the one-mounted seed. This was the happiest case: all 18 chromosomes got into one Games.
An unusual Gameta accidentally met with Gamena, also carrying 18 chromosomes, as a result, a plant with 36 chromosomes increased, that is, the usual single set of 9 chromosomes was repeated 4 times (we already know that such plants are usually called tetraploids). Thus, here we are again faced with the already familiar with the phenomenon of polyploidy - increase the number of chromosomes. The division of cells and the formation of Games from this hybrid has passed safely - each of the nine-wheeled chromosomes now found a couple of themselves, the same thing was with the cabbage chromosomes .. the offspring of such organisms were given. When the first hybrid plant has grown out of the seed, its nature manifested itself in the most amazing way: half of the fruit turned out to be the cabbage, and the other half is height. Cabstormochka completely justified its name. But Karpechechenko did not stop at the achieved. Games of the obtained hybrid, he connected with a normal radiant games. Now the radar chromosomes turned out to be twice as low as the cabbage, which did not slow down to affect the fruits: two thirds of each fetus had a rarest shape and only one third - cabbage. So thanks to the polyploidy, for the first time, they managed to overcome the natural slope of two different clans.
The list of plant "Centaurs" is not limited to cabbage-oscillating hybrids. Thus, as a result of crossing two grain crops - rye and wheat - scientists received a number of forms united by the common title name. Triticale has good yields, winter hardiness and resistant to many wheat diseases. Thanks to the hybridization of P. chenicy and malicious field weed - Pouring - breeders received valuable plant varieties - wheat-flowered hybrids resistant to lodging and possessing high yields. Another famous Russian breeder - I.V. Michurin - crossed the Pennsylvanian cherry (very frost-resistant, in contrast to the cherry usual usa) with a cherry and synthesized a new plant, which called Ceramapadus. Only later later it was found that cerapads spontaneously arise on the Pamir, but a little different.
How to get high-quality seeding vegetables at home, what is the difference between varieties from hybrids? Answers to these and other questions on seed-breeding can be found in the material below.
Tomatoes and other grapleny - cultures self-polishing (i.e., the fruits are tied to pollination with their own pollen). To obtain its own seeds, it is necessary that there was a spatial insulation about 50 m between one variety (or hybrid) in the open soil, and if the place is protected by trees, shrubs - at least 30 cm.
Currently, many vegetable crops breeders are out of grades, but hybrids (F1). Such hybrids are called heterosexis. Heterosis is a way to obtain the first generation hybrids (F1), which are superior to parental forms (paternal and maternal) when crossing. Heterosexis hybrids are more yields, resistant to disease and pests, have many others. useful properties Compared to varieties. However, seeds should not be taken from their fruits, since when sowing such seeds on next year A splitting will occur, in the offspring there will be signs of maternal and paternal plants (the plants will have a variety of height, coloring and the form of fruits, later or earlier to ripen, etc.).
A variety compared to hybrids have a major positive property - they will not be split under the observance of conditions for obtaining cleansery seeds.
Tomato, pepper, eggplant - thermal-loving cultures, they do not tolerate early spring frosts. To obtain seeds, you need to grow high-quality seedlings. Seeding by the time the disembarkation should have a height of 25-35 cm, 7-8 leaves, flowering buds. Before landing at a permanent place, smooth plants are selected.
Plants are planted in a greenhouse or in open ground. In the south (Volgograd region, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territory), these cultures grow well in the open soil and give a full-fledged crop of seeds and fruits. But in the non-black earth and in the northern regions they must be grown in the greenhouse.
Seed plants require reinforced filoffs mineral and organic fertilizersMore frequent irrigation. After planting the plants are tested to the support. For better fetus tying, it is recommended to gently tapping on a stalk with a stick, so that pollen gets on the flower stil. Then the fetal seeds will be much more.
The first fruits on the plant have the strongest and viable seeds. Seeds should be isolated from fruits that ripen right on the plant.
The well-matured tomato fruits wash water, cut across, remove the seeds with the pulp in a cup or a jar, leave for 2-3 days. After the seeds are beaten, washed with water and dried. Then the well-dried seeds are poured into paper bags and stored before sowing.
It should be remembered that to obtain pepper seeds, it is necessary to observe the main rule - to plant sweet varieties separately from acute varieties (i.e., it is necessary to observe spatial insulation: in the open plot - 2000 m, on a protected - 1000 m). Otherwise, the sweet varieties of pepper - their fruits and seeds will become sharp. Best of all on cottage plot Grow some one variety or kind of pepper (or sweet or sharp).
When you receive your own hybrid tomato seeds and other grained cultures, the most important thing is in the technique of pollination of flowers. Pre-selected one grade - father's form. From 8 to 10 in the morning, ripen anthers (stamens with pollen) are found on the blossomy flowers), cut them with tweezers and fold into a glass jar.
Then choose another variety - maternal form. At this variety, neatly tweezers reveal unaccustomed buds (they will open tomorrow-day after tomorrow), break out the stamens and applied on the pestle to the pestle toothfuts, pre-open the anthers tweezers. To pollimate one flower, it is recommended to apply pollen from 2-3 anthers (the warranty of the fetus tying and more seeds are formed in the fruit).
After applying pollen on the stilts, the flowers are isolated from insects (they wear a bag of non-woven material on them), the label hang onto the flowers (they write down the father's and maternal form and the date of pollination).
The next day, the bags can be removed from the flowers. In a few days, it will become clear how the crossing passed: if the maritime will begin to increase in size - it means that pollination has passed successfully.
Thus, you can get your own hybrid seeds, i.e. The first generation hybrid (F1).
Seed out of one sweet pepper fetal - 150-250 pcs., Sharp pepper - 300-700 pcs., Eggplant - 600-1300 pcs., Tomato - 600-1800 pcs. Tomato seeds retain to 7-8 years old, pepper and eggplant - 2-3 years.
Vegetable peas and beans - self-polling plants. Using this property to obtain their own seeds, you can land several varieties, observing the distance between them 20-50 cm.
Pea seeds sow in the ground in late April - early May, and beans - in late May - early June. The distance to the row between the plants is 10-12 cm (for beans) and 5-6 (for pea), between rows - 20-30 cm.
After the appearance of germs, swakes, feeding with mineral or organic fertilizers before flowing or during it.
To obtain seeds, typical plants are taken, healthy and homogeneous. Selection and cleanings need to be conducted from the appearance of germs, then during the flowering period and forming beans.
Remove plants after yellowing. Gently pull them out, bind and dry under a canopy for dosing. Then completely dried pods with seeds are fine (cleaned). From one seed plant you can get 30-40 pieces. Vegetable bean seeds, 100 or more pieces. Vegetable pea seeds.
In the Getya times, as Guete himself recalled, in Carlsbad - do not look for a map, now it is Karolovya - on the waters, holidaymakers loved to determine the plants in the bouquets on Linne. These bouquets drinking mineral waters in the shadow of the colonnade (sodium bicarbonate-sulfate-sulfate-sodium - to the information of going to Karlovy Vary) delivered a young beautiful gardener daily, causing the pale lonely ladies increased interest.
The correct definition of each plant was the matter of honor and success at the gardener who encouraged innocent botanical hobbies for a modest fee. It is difficult to say why - because of the jealousy whether to the gardener, or to Lynne, but the poet stiffedly spread with Linnese in the principles of plant systematics. Linno, as you know, I was looking for a distinction in plants, Goethe began to look for the general and, I must say, took the first step towards the genetic systematization of plants.
The passion for women by Botanya could be understood: Linnei's system was simple and understood. This is not the "determinant of higher plants of the European part of the USSR" Stankov-Talieva more than a thousand pages, leading students in the pre-infarction state.
Linney, I have not loved the arithmetic software, nevertheless laid it, you can say the basis of my system. He divided the plants on the 24th grade, of which 13 are highlighted by the number of stamens. Plants with one sticky in each flower are placed in the first class, with two - in the second and so on to the tenth class, to which plants are attributed to ten stamens. Class 11th included plants with 11-20 stamens, 20 and more stamens in the flower spoke of belonging to the 12th and 13th class. These two classes distinguished in terms of the location of the base of the stamens relative to the place of attachment of the pestle. Plants of the 14th and 15th grades have non-long-length stamens. In the colors of classes of the 15-20th stamens in plants, they are smashed among themselves or with a pestle. In the 21st grade, one-bedroom plants were placed, having a part of the latch, part of the flourling (pestile) flowers. In the 22nd class, two-walled plants, developing on some plants, only sticky, on others - only fluttering flowers. Class 23rie included plants with chaotic scattering of male and female flowers (including sometimes and collaborated) on the plant. In the 24th grade, "creeping" plants were combined - all the inceptuous plants, starting with fern-shaped and ending with algae. Named the last "tinarial" for the reason that nerds did not know how they breed. It is now biologists are known for their organization and reproduction better than flowering plants.
