concept heating calculation is very abstract, because in order to calculate the heating of a house, it is necessary to perform calculations of heat losses, the power of the heating system, choose a comfortable temperature regime, perform a hydraulic calculation of the pipeline, etc. So let's look at all aspects of calculating heating separately.
To calculate home heating systems, you can use the calculator for calculating heating, heat loss at home.
After performing the calculation, the heat loss of each room must be divided by the volume of the room in m 2, as a result of which we get specific heat loss in W/sq.m. As a rule, heat losses can vary from 50 to 150 W/sq.m. In the case when the results you get will be very different from those given, then, probably, a mistake was made somewhere. It should also be taken into account that the heat loss of the rooms of the upper floor will be higher than that of the first floor, the smallest heat loss will be in the rooms of the middle floors.
For your calculations, you can safely take the temperature mode 75/65/20, this mode fully complies with European heating standards EN 442. You will not be mistaken if you choose this particular temperature mode, since almost all foreign heating boilers are configured for it.
After you have completed the calculations of heat loss at home and have chosen the temperature regime, you need to choose the right radiators for heating. We already wrote about this in the article: Heating radiators, types and types of heating radiators, you can also use the table of characteristics of heating radiators, and then select the required power.
An important step is the calculation of sections of heating radiators, in the article Calculation of sections of heating radiators, an example of calculating the number of sections of heating radiators by volume of the room is given.
The main task of the next stage is to determine the diameter of the pipes and the characteristics of the circulation pump. Hydraulic calculation of the pipeline will allow you to determine the parameters of pressure pipelines, such as the water flow (capacity) of the pipeline, the length of the pipeline section, or its internal diameter, as well as the pressure drop in the pipeline section.
You should also study the material on: How to calculate the pipeline.
If you go a little deeper, you can study the material: Calculation of hydraulic systems.
Information on how to choose the right heating boiler is given in the article: Heating boilers, types and types of boilers.
Special pipes are used for heating a house, so you should familiarize yourself with what pipes are needed for heating a house: Types and types of pipes for heating. For private residential buildings you can use:
It can be difficult for the owner of the heating network to find an intelligible answer on how to calculate home heating. This happens simultaneously due to the great complexity of the calculation itself, as such, and due to the extreme simplicity of obtaining the desired results, which usually experts do not like to talk about, believing that everything is clear anyway.
By and large, the calculation process itself should not interest us. It is important for us to somehow get the right answer to the existing questions about capacities, diameters, quantities ... What equipment to use? There should be no mistake here, otherwise there will be a double or triple overpayment. How to correctly calculate the heating system of a private house?
The calculation of the heating system with permissible errors can only be done by a licensed organization. A number of parameters in everyday life are simply not definable.
All questions show the existing dynamics of changes in heat loss over time in any home. Why then accuracy today? But even at the moment, it is impossible to calculate exactly the parameters of the heating system in domestic conditions based on heat losses.
Hydraulic calculation is also complicated.
A certain formula is known, according to which heat losses directly depend on the heated area. With a ceiling height of up to 2.6 meters in the coldest month in a “normal” house, we lose 1 kW from 10 square meters. The heating power should cover this.
Real heat losses of private houses are more often in the range of 0.5 kW / 10 sq. m. up to 2.0 kW/10 sq.m. This indicator characterizes the energy-saving qualities of the house in the first place. And less dependent on the climate, although its influence remains significant.
What specific heat loss will be at the house, kW / 10 sq.m.?
The total heat loss for the house can be found by multiplying the given value by the heated area, m. But this is all of our interest to determine the power of the heat generator.
It is unacceptable to take the power of the boiler based on heat loss more than 100 W / m2. It means to heat (contaminate) nature. A heat-saving house (50 W / sq. m.) Is usually made according to a project in which the heating system has been calculated. For other houses, 1 kW / 10 square meters is accepted, and no more.
If the house does not correspond to the name “insulated”, especially for a temperate and cold climate, then it must be brought into such a state, after which heating is already selected according to the same calculation - 100 W per square meter.
The calculation of the boiler power is carried out according to the following formula - multiply the heat transfer by 1.2,
where 1.2 is the power reserve, usually used to heat domestic water.
For a house of 100 sq. m. - 12 kW or a little more.
Calculations show that for a non-automated boiler, the reserve can be 2.0, then you need to heat it carefully (without boiling), but you can quickly heat up the house if you have a powerful circulation pump. And if the circuit has a heat accumulator, then 3.0 is acceptable realities for heat generation. But won't they be outrageous in price? We are no longer talking about the payback of equipment, only about ease of use ...
Let's listen to an expert, he will tell you how best to choose a solid fuel boiler for your home, and what power to take ...
The power generated by the boiler should be distributed evenly throughout the house, leaving no cold zones. Uniform heating of the building will be ensured if the power of the installed radiators in each room compensates for its heat loss.
The total power of all radiators should be slightly higher than that of the boiler. In what follows, we will proceed from the following calculations.
Radiators are not installed in the interior rooms, only underfloor heating is possible.
The longer the outer walls of the room and the larger the glazing area in them, the more it loses heat energy. In a room with one window, the usual formula for calculating heat loss by area is applied correction factor(approximately) 1.2.
With two windows - 1.4, corner with two windows - 1.6, corner with two windows and long outer walls - 1.7, for example.
Manufacturers of radiators indicate the nameplate thermal power of their products. But at the same time, the small-unknown ones overestimate the data as they want (the more powerful, the better they buy), and the large ones indicate values \u200b\u200bfor the coolant temperature of 90 degrees, etc., which are rarely found in a real heating network.
Then the usual 10-section radiator from the store is taken as 1.5 kW. Corner room with two windows of 20 sq. m. must lose 3 kW of energy (2 kW multiplied by a factor of 1.5). Therefore, under each window in this room you need to place
at least 10 sections of the radiator - 1.5 kW each.
For a full-fledged heating system, it is advisable not to take into account the power of the warm floor - the radiators must cope on their own. But more often they reduce the cost of the radiator network by 2 - 4 times, - only for additional. heating and creating thermal curtains.
If the boiler has already been selected based on the area, then why not select a pump and pipes using a similar method, especially since the gradation step of their parameters is much larger than the power of the boilers. A rough selection in the store of the nearest larger parameter does not require the most accurate calculations if the network is typical and compact and standardized equipment is used - circulation pumps, radiators and pipes for heating.
So for a house with an area of 100 square meters. you have to choose a pump 25/40, and pipes 16 mm (inner diameter) for a group of radiators up to 5 pcs. and 12 mm for connecting 1 - 2 pcs. radiators. No matter how hard we try to improve our hydraulic calculation, we won’t have to choose anything else ...
For a house with an area of 200 sq. - respectively, the pump 25/60 and pipes from the boiler 20 mm (internal d.) and further along the branches as indicated above ....
For completely non-typical long networks (the boiler room is located at a great distance from the house), it is really better to calculate the hydraulic resistance of the pipeline, based on ensuring the delivery of the required amount of coolant in terms of power and select a special pump and pipes according to the calculation ...
More specifically, about choosing a pump for a boiler in a house based on thermal hydraulic calculations. For conventional 3-speed circulation pumps, the following sizes are selected:
But for pumps under electronic control Grundfos recommends a slightly larger size, as these products are able to rotate too slowly and will not be redundant in small areas. For the Grundfos Alpha range recommended by the manufacturer following parameters pump selection.
There are tables for the selection of pipe diameters, depending on the connected heat output. The table shows the amount of thermal energy in watts, (below it the amount of coolant kg / min), provided:
- on the supply + 80 degrees, on the return + 60 degrees, air + 20 degrees.
It is clear that through metal-plastic pipe with a diameter of 12 mm (outer 16 mm) at a recommended speed of 0.5 m / s, approximately 4.5 kW will pass. Those. we can connect up to 3 radiators with this diameter, in any case, we will make taps for one radiator only with this diameter.
20 mm (25 mm external) - almost 13 kW - line from the boiler to small house- or floor up to 150 sq. m.
The next diameter is 26 mm (32 metal-plastic outer) - more than 20 kW is rarely used in main lines. A smaller diameter is set, since these sections of the pipeline are usually short, the speed can be increased, up to the occurrence of noise in the boiler room, ignoring a slight increase in the total hydraulic resistance of the system, as not significant ...
Polypropylene pipes for heating are thicker-walled. And standardization according to them goes according to the outer diameter. Minimum outer diameter 20 mm. At the same time, the inner pipe PN25 (reinforced with fiberglass, for heating, max. +90 degrees) will be approximately 13.2 mm.
Basically, outer diameters of 20 and 25 mm are used, which is roughly equivalent in terms of transmitted power to metal-plastic 16 and 20 mm (outer), respectively.
Polypropylene 32 m and 40 mm are used less often on the highways of large houses or in some special projects (gravity heating, for example).
Thus, on the basis of thermal and hydraulic calculations, we chose the diameters of pipelines, in this case from polypropylene. Earlier, we calculated the power of the boiler for a particular house, the power of each radiator in each room, and selected the necessary characteristics of the solid fuel boiler pump for this entire household, i.e. created a complete calculation of the heating system of the house.
The problem of providing heat does not arise only among residents of areas with "eternal summer". In our conditions, such a problem needs to be solved. The quality and efficiency of the installed system in the future depends on how accurately and competently the calculation of heating will be performed.
At the design stage of the scheme, all possible options and choose the optimal one. Calculation methods are different and they are carried out taking into account the features of the selected system type.
In each case, there are reasons for choosing one or another type, and they all have the right to exist.
There are many advantages in space heating from electric heaters, underfloor heating, infrared radiation - environmental friendliness, noiselessness and combinatoriality with other schemes. But this type is considered to be highly costly in terms of energy source, therefore, in heating calculations, it is usually considered as an additional option.
Air heating is a rarity. Heating by means of stoves and fireplaces is reasonable in places where there are no problems with the supply of firewood or other heat carrier. Both of these types are also meant only as auxiliary to the main scheme.
The radiator-type water heating system is currently considered the most common, and it should be discussed thoroughly.
Regardless of the purpose of the object - a private house, office or large manufacturing enterprise, a detailed design is required. A complete calculation of the heating system includes energy consumption calculations based on the area of all rooms and their location on the site, the choice of fuel type with its storage location, boiler and other equipment.
It is best if the designers have construction drawings - this will speed up the work and ensure the accuracy of the data. At this stage, the energy needs are calculated (power and type of boiler, radiators), possible heat losses are determined. The optimal heat distribution scheme, system equipment, level of automation and control are selected.
A preliminary design is submitted to the customer for approval, which reflects the methods of communication wiring and placement heating equipment. On its basis, an estimate is formed, modeling, hydraulic calculation of the heating system is carried out, and work begins on the creation of working drawings.
The designer completes and draws up the project in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, which later makes it easy to coordinate the documentation with the relevant authorities. The project includes:
The finished project is considered the key to the efficiency and practicality of heating, its trouble-free operation.
The type of system directly depends on the dimensions of the heated object, therefore, the calculation of heating by area is necessary. In buildings over 100 sq.m. a forced circulation scheme is arranged, because in this case a system with natural movement of heat flows is not appropriate due to its inertia.
As part of such a scheme, circulation pumps are provided. In this case, one important nuance must be taken into account: pump equipment must be connected to the return line (from appliances to the boiler) to prevent contact of parts of the units with hot water.
The calculation work is based on the features of each applied scheme.
The calculation of the hydraulics for heating a private house is one of the complex elements of designing a water system. It is on its basis that the balance of heat in the premises is determined, a decision is made on the system configuration, the type of heating batteries, pipes and valves is selected.
There is a simplified method that is used for a water system with standard components and a single-circuit boiler. The required generator power for a cottage is determined by multiplying the total volume of the house by the required amount of thermal energy per 1 mᵌ (for the European part of Russia, this figure is 40 W).
The specific power of the boiler, depending on the climatic zone, is generally accepted and is: for the Southern regions - less than 1.0 kW, in the Central - up to 1.5 kW, the Northern - up to 2.0 kW.
There are 3 of them on the construction market now constructive type: tubular, sectional and panel radiators. According to the material they are divided:
How is the calculation of heating radiators applied to the water system?
Here the calculation principle is involved, based on the area of \u200b\u200ba specific room and the power of one section. There is a certain guideline: the power of 100 watts of one radiator for fast and sufficient heating of 1 mᵌ of the room. This indicator is set building codes and used in formulas.
Selection heating appliances according to this method, it is performed by simple mathematical operations: multiplying the area of \u200b\u200bthe room by 100, followed by division by the power of one section of the battery. The last characteristic is taken from the technical data of a particular radiator.
As a result, it is easy to determine the number of sections of the device and the required number of batteries for the room. When calculating, windows should be taken into account, adding another 10% to the number of sections for each window opening.
Based on an average height of 2.5 m for a typical living space and heating 1.8 m² of its area with one section. As a result of simply dividing the total area by the last indicator, a radiator with the required number of sections is obtained (with the fractional number rounded up).
This is a kind of standard method for calculating heating radiators, based on averages and room volume. Namely: 1 section with a power of 200 W is required for conditional heating of 5 m² of room volume.
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A modern alternative to sectional batteries is panel radiators. To calculate their number, a method without clear data is used. Its essence is as follows: the accepted indicator of 40 W for heating 1 mᵌ of a room is multiplied by its area and height. The received power serves as a criterion for determining the number of batteries, based on the power characteristics of a particular model.
When designing systems, many important factors, both general and individual, are taken into account. Everything matters here: the climatic conditions of the location of the object, the temperature regime in the heating season, the materials of the walls and roof.
If additional thermal insulation is made in the room or warm window structures are installed in it, then this definitely reduces heat loss. Therefore, the calculation of space heating in this case is carried out with other coefficients. And vice versa: each external wall or a wide protruding window sill above the radiator can significantly change the calculated picture.
It is considered wrong to choose a battery based on the size of the window. If in doubt - to install one long device, or two small ones, then it is better to stop at the latter option. They will heat up faster and are considered a more economical solution.
If the devices are planned to be covered with panels (with slots or gratings), then 15% is added to the required power. The heat transfer of the battery is little affected by its width and height, although the more metal surface, all the better. But for final conclusions, you still need to familiarize yourself with technical specifications models.
All the above methods are not always subject to the ordinary consumer, as they require certain skills and knowledge, the ability to operate with all the initial and received data. A convenient calculator for calculating heating in the "online" mode is an opportunity to carry out all the calculation manipulations in just seconds.
In order to use it, engineering and technical training is not required. You need to enter several parameters for the object into the program, after which the functionality will give the necessary indicators with the cost of installation work.
Use our simple heating system calculator at the bottom of this page.
There are no particular difficulties in calculating heating systems - there are only nuances and features that have already been described. But the work must be done carefully, with skill and correct use available information. Do not neglect the recommendations and help of specialists.
Build a heating system own house or even in a city apartment - an extremely responsible occupation. At the same time, it would be completely unreasonable to purchase boiler equipment, as they say, “by eye”, that is, without taking into account all the features of housing. In this, it is quite possible to fall into two extremes: either the power of the boiler will not be enough - the equipment will work “to its fullest”, without pauses, but will not give the expected result, or, conversely, an overly expensive device will be purchased, the capabilities of which will remain completely unclaimed.
But that's not all. It is not enough to purchase the necessary heating boiler correctly - it is very important to optimally select and correctly place heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors or "warm floors". And again, relying only on your intuition or the "good advice" of your neighbors is not the most reasonable option. In a word, certain calculations are indispensable.
Of course, ideally, such heat engineering calculations should be carried out by appropriate specialists, but this often costs a lot of money. Isn't it interesting to try to do it yourself? This publication will show in detail how heating is calculated by the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, taking into account many important nuances. By analogy, it will be possible to perform, built into this page, will help you perform the necessary calculations. The technique cannot be called completely “sinless”, however, it still allows you to get a result with a completely acceptable degree of accuracy.
In order for the heating system to create comfortable living conditions during the cold season, it must cope with two main tasks. These functions are closely related, and their separation is very conditional.
In other words, the heating system must be able to heat a certain volume of air.
If we approach with complete accuracy, then for individual rooms in residential buildings the standards for the required microclimate have been established - they are defined by GOST 30494-96. An excerpt from this document is in the table below:
| Purpose of the room | Air temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | Air speed, m/s | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | admissible | optimal | admissible, max | optimal, max | admissible, max | |
| For the cold season | ||||||
| Living room | 20÷22 | 18÷24 (20÷24) | 45÷30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| The same, but for living rooms in regions with minimum temperatures from -31 ° C and below | 21÷23 | 20÷24 (22÷24) | 45÷30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Kitchen | 19:21 | 18:26 | N/N | N/N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Toilet | 19:21 | 18:26 | N/N | N/N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Bathroom, combined bathroom | 24÷26 | 18:26 | N/N | N/N | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Premises for rest and study | 20÷22 | 18:24 | 45÷30 | 60 | 0.15 | 0.2 |
| Inter-apartment corridor | 18:20 | 16:22 | 45÷30 | 60 | N/N | N/N |
| lobby, stairwell | 16÷18 | 14:20 | N/N | N/N | N/N | N/N |
| Storerooms | 16÷18 | 12÷22 | N/N | N/N | N/N | N/N |
| For the warm season (The standard is only for residential premises. For the rest - it is not standardized) | ||||||
| Living room | 22÷25 | 20÷28 | 60÷30 | 65 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
The main "enemy" of the heating system is heat loss through building structures.
Alas, heat loss is the most serious "rival" of any heating system. They can be reduced to a certain minimum, but even with the highest quality thermal insulation, it is not yet possible to completely get rid of them. Thermal energy leaks go in all directions - their approximate distribution is shown in the table:
| Building element | Approximate value of heat loss |
|---|---|
| Foundation, floors on the ground or over unheated basement (basement) premises | from 5 to 10% |
| "Cold bridges" through poorly insulated joints building structures | from 5 to 10% |
| Places of entry of engineering communications (sewerage, water supply, gas pipes, electrical cables, etc.) | up to 5% |
| External walls, depending on the degree of insulation | from 20 to 30% |
| Poor quality windows and external doors | about 20÷25%, of which about 10% - through non-sealed joints between the boxes and the wall, and due to ventilation |
| Roof | up to 20% |
| Ventilation and chimney | up to 25 ÷30% |
Naturally, in order to cope with such tasks, the heating system must have a certain thermal power, and this potential must not only meet the general needs of the building (apartment), but also be correctly distributed over the premises, in accordance with their area and a number of other important factors.
Usually the calculation is carried out in the direction "from small to large". Simply put, the required amount of thermal energy for each heated room is calculated, the obtained values are summed up, approximately 10% of the reserve is added (so that the equipment does not work at the limit of its capabilities) - and the result will show how much power the heating boiler needs. And the values for each room will be the starting point for calculating the required number of radiators.
The most simplified and most commonly used method in a non-professional environment is to accept the norm of 100 W of thermal energy per square meter of area:
The most primitive way of counting is the ratio of 100 W / m²
Q = S× 100
Q- the required thermal power for the room;
S– area of the room (m²);
100 — specific power per unit area (W/m²).
For example, room 3.2 × 5.5 m
S= 3.2 × 5.5 = 17.6 m²
Q= 17.6 × 100 = 1760 W ≈ 1.8 kW
The method is obviously very simple, but very imperfect. It is worth mentioning right away that it is conditionally applicable only with a standard ceiling height - approximately 2.7 m (permissible - in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 m). From this point of view, the calculation will be more accurate not from the area, but from the volume of the room.
It is clear that in this case the value of specific power is calculated per cubic meter. It is taken equal to 41 W / m³ for reinforced concrete panel house, or 34 W / m³ - in brick or made of other materials.
Q = S × h× 41 (or 34)
h- ceiling height (m);
41 or 34 - specific power per unit volume (W / m³).
For example, the same room panel house, with a ceiling height of 3.2 m:
Q= 17.6 × 3.2 × 41 = 2309 W ≈ 2.3 kW
The result is more accurate, since it already takes into account not only all the linear dimensions of the room, but even, to a certain extent, the features of the walls.
But still, it is still far from real accuracy - many nuances are “outside the brackets”. How to perform calculations closer to real conditions - in the next section of the publication.
You may be interested in information about what they are
The calculation algorithms discussed above are useful for the initial “estimate”, but you should still rely on them completely with very great care. Even to a person who does not understand anything in building heat engineering, the indicated average values \u200b\u200bmay seem doubtful - they cannot be equal, say, for the Krasnodar Territory and for the Arkhangelsk Region. In addition, the room - the room is different: one is located on the corner of the house, that is, it has two external walls ki, and the other is protected from heat loss by other rooms on three sides. In addition, the room may have one or more windows, both small and very large, sometimes even panoramic. And the windows themselves may differ in the material of manufacture and other design features. And this is not a complete list - just such features are visible even to the "naked eye".
In a word, there are a lot of nuances that affect the heat loss of each particular room, and it is better not to be too lazy, but to carry out a more thorough calculation. Believe me, according to the method proposed in the article, this will not be so difficult to do.
The calculations will be based on the same ratio: 100 W per 1 square meter. But that's just the formula itself "overgrown" with a considerable number of various correction factors.
Q = (S × 100) × a × b × c × d × e × f × g × h × i × j × k × l × m
The Latin letters denoting the coefficients are taken quite arbitrarily, in alphabetical order, and are not related to any standard quantities accepted in physics. The meaning of each coefficient will be discussed separately.
Obviously, the more external walls in the room, the more area through which heat loss occurs. In addition, the presence of two or more external walls also means corners - extremely vulnerable places in terms of the formation of "cold bridges". The coefficient "a" will correct for this specific feature of the room.
The coefficient is taken equal to:
- external walls No(indoor): a = 0.8;
- outer wall one: a = 1.0;
- external walls two: a = 1.2;
- external walls three: a = 1.4.
You may be interested in information about what are
Even on the coldest winter days, solar energy still has an effect on the temperature balance in the building. It is quite natural that the side of the house that faces south receives a certain amount of heat from the sun's rays, and heat loss through it is lower.
But the walls and windows facing north never “see” the Sun. The eastern part of the house, although it "grabs" the morning sun's rays, still does not receive any effective heating from them.
Based on this, we introduce the coefficient "b":
- the outer walls of the room look at North or East: b = 1.1;
- the outer walls of the room are oriented towards South or West: b = 1.0.
Perhaps this amendment is not so necessary for houses located in areas protected from the winds. But sometimes the prevailing winter winds can make their own “hard adjustments” to the thermal balance of the building. Naturally, the windward side, that is, "substituted" to the wind, will lose much more body, compared to the leeward, opposite.
Based on the results of long-term meteorological observations in any region, the so-called "wind rose" is compiled - a graphic diagram showing the prevailing wind directions in winter and summer. This information can be obtained from the local hydrometeorological service. However, many residents themselves, without meteorologists, know perfectly well where the winds mainly blow from in winter, and from which side of the house the deepest snowdrifts usually sweep.
If there is a desire to carry out calculations with higher accuracy, then the correction factor “c” can also be included in the formula, taking it equal to:
- windward side of the house: c = 1.2;
- leeward walls of the house: c = 1.0;
- wall located parallel to the direction of the wind: c = 1.1.
Naturally, the amount of heat loss through all the building structures of the building will greatly depend on the level of winter temperatures. It is quite clear that during the winter the thermometer indicators “dance” in a certain range, but for each region there is an average indicator of the most low temperatures, characteristic of the coldest five-day period of the year (usually this is characteristic of January). For example, below is a map-scheme of the territory of Russia, on which approximate values are shown in colors.
Usually this value is easy to check with the regional meteorological service, but you can, in principle, rely on your own observations.
So, the coefficient "d", taking into account the peculiarities of the climate of the region, for our calculations in we take equal to:
— from – 35 °С and below: d=1.5;
— from – 30 °С to – 34 °С: d=1.3;
— from – 25 °С to – 29 °С: d=1.2;
— from – 20 °С to – 24 °С: d=1.1;
— from – 15 °С to – 19 °С: d=1.0;
— from – 10 °С to – 14 °С: d=0.9;
- not colder - 10 ° С: d=0.7.
The total value of the heat loss of the building is directly related to the degree of insulation of all building structures. One of the "leaders" in terms of heat loss are walls. Therefore, the value of the thermal power required to maintain comfortable living conditions in the room depends on the quality of their thermal insulation.
The value of the coefficient for our calculations can be taken as follows:
- external walls are not insulated: e = 1.27;
- medium degree of insulation - walls in two bricks or their surface thermal insulation with other heaters is provided: e = 1.0;
– the insulation was carried out qualitatively, on the basis of the thermotechnical calculations: e = 0.85.
Later in the course of this publication, recommendations will be given on how to determine the degree of insulation of walls and other building structures.
Ceilings, especially in private homes, can have different heights. Therefore, the thermal power for heating one or another room of the same area will also differ in this parameter.
It will not be a big mistake to accept the following values of the correction factor "f":
– ceiling height up to 2.7 m: f = 1.0;
— flow height from 2.8 to 3.0 m: f = 1.05;
– ceiling height from 3.1 to 3.5 m: f = 1.1;
– ceiling height from 3.6 to 4.0 m: f = 1.15;
– ceiling height over 4.1 m: f = 1.2.
As shown above, the floor is one of the significant sources of heat loss. So, it is necessary to make some adjustments in the calculation of this feature of a particular room. The correction factor "g" can be taken equal to:
- cold floor on the ground or above unheated room(for example, basement or basement): g= 1,4 ;
- insulated floor on the ground or over an unheated room: g= 1,2 ;
- a heated room is located below: g= 1,0 .
The air heated by the heating system always rises, and if the ceiling in the room is cold, then increased heat losses are inevitable, which will require an increase in the required heat output. We introduce the coefficient "h", which takes into account this feature of the calculated room:
- a "cold" attic is located on top: h = 1,0 ;
- an insulated attic or other insulated room is located on top: h = 0,9 ;
- any heated room is located above: h = 0,8 .
Windows are one of the "main routes" of heat leaks. Naturally, much in this matter depends on the quality of the window construction. Old wooden frames, which were previously installed everywhere in all houses, are significantly inferior to modern multi-chamber systems with double-glazed windows in terms of their thermal insulation.
Without words, it is clear that the thermal insulation qualities of these windows are significantly different.
But even between PVC-windows there is no complete uniformity. For example, a two-chamber double-glazed window (with three glasses) will be much warmer than a single-chamber one.
This means that it is necessary to enter a certain coefficient "i", taking into account the type of windows installed in the room:
— standard wooden windows with conventional double glazing: i = 1,27 ;
– modern window systems with single-chamber double-glazed windows: i = 1,0 ;
– modern window systems with two-chamber or three-chamber double-glazed windows, including those with argon filling: i = 0,85 .
No matter how high-quality the windows are, it will still not be possible to completely avoid heat loss through them. But it is quite clear that it is impossible to compare a small window with panoramic glazing almost on the entire wall.
First you need to find the ratio of the areas of all the windows in the room and the room itself:
x = ∑SOK /SP
∑ SOK- the total area of windows in the room;
SP- area of the room.
Depending on the value obtained and the correction factor "j" is determined:
- x \u003d 0 ÷ 0.1 →j = 0,8 ;
- x \u003d 0.11 ÷ 0.2 →j = 0,9 ;
- x \u003d 0.21 ÷ 0.3 →j = 1,0 ;
- x \u003d 0.31 ÷ 0.4 →j = 1,1 ;
- x \u003d 0.41 ÷ 0.5 →j = 1,2 ;
The door to the street or to an unheated balcony is always an additional "loophole" for the cold
door to the street or outdoor balcony is able to make its own adjustments to the heat balance of the room - each of its opening is accompanied by the penetration of a considerable amount of cold air into the room. Therefore, it makes sense to take into account its presence - for this we introduce the coefficient "k", which we take equal to:
- no door k = 1,0 ;
- one door to the street or balcony: k = 1,3 ;
- two doors to the street or to the balcony: k = 1,7 .
Perhaps this will seem like an insignificant trifle to some, but still - why not immediately take into account the planned scheme for connecting heating radiators. The fact is that their heat transfer, and hence their participation in maintaining a certain temperature balance in the room, changes quite noticeably with different types tie-in supply and return pipes.
| Illustration | Radiator insert type | The value of the coefficient "l" |
|---|---|---|
 | Diagonal connection: supply from above, "return" from below | l = 1.0 |
 | Connection on one side: supply from above, "return" from below | l = 1.03 |
 | Two-way connection: both supply and return from the bottom | l = 1.13 |
 | Diagonal connection: supply from below, "return" from above | l = 1.25 |
 | Connection on one side: supply from below, "return" from above | l = 1.28 |
 | One-way connection, both supply and return from below | l = 1.28 |
And finally, the last coefficient, which is also associated with the features of connecting heating radiators. It is probably clear that if the battery is installed openly, is not obstructed by anything from above and from the front, then it will give maximum heat transfer. However, such an installation is far from always possible - more often, radiators are partially hidden by window sills. Other options are also possible. In addition, some owners, trying to fit heating priors into the created interior ensemble, hide them completely or partially with decorative screens - this also significantly affects the heat output.
If there are certain “baskets” on how and where the radiators will be mounted, this can also be taken into account when making calculations by entering a special coefficient “m”:
| Illustration | Features of installing radiators | The value of the coefficient "m" |
|---|---|---|
| The radiator is located on the wall openly or is not covered from above by a window sill | m = 0.9 | |
| The radiator is covered from above by a window sill or a shelf | m = 1.0 | |
| The radiator is blocked from above by a protruding wall niche | m = 1.07 | |
| The radiator is covered from above with a window sill (niche), and from the front - with a decorative screen | m = 1.12 | |
| The radiator is completely enclosed in a decorative casing | m = 1.2 |
So, there is clarity with the calculation formula. Surely, some of the readers will immediately take up their heads - they say, it's too complicated and cumbersome. However, if the matter is approached systematically, in an orderly manner, then there is no difficulty at all.
Any good homeowner must have a detailed graphical plan of their "possessions" with affixed dimensions, and usually oriented to the cardinal points. It is not difficult to specify the climatic features of the region. It remains only to walk through all the rooms with a tape measure, to clarify some of the nuances for each room. Features of housing - "neighborhood vertically" from above and below, location entrance doors, the proposed or already existing scheme for installing heating radiators - no one except the owners knows better.
It is recommended to immediately draw up a worksheet, where you enter all the necessary data for each room. The result of the calculations will also be entered into it. Well, the calculations themselves will help to carry out the built-in calculator, in which all the coefficients and ratios mentioned above are already “laid”.
If some data could not be obtained, then, of course, they can not be taken into account, but in this case, the “default” calculator will calculate the result, taking into account the least favorable conditions.
It can be seen with an example. We have a house plan (taken completely arbitrary).
The region with the level of minimum temperatures in the range of -20 ÷ 25 °С. Predominance of winter winds = northeasterly. The house is one-story, with an insulated attic. Insulated floors on the ground. The optimal diagonal connection of radiators, which will be installed under the window sills, has been selected.
Let's create a table like this:
| The room, its area, ceiling height. Floor insulation and "neighborhood" from above and below | The number of external walls and their main location relative to the cardinal points and the "wind rose". Degree of wall insulation | Number, type and size of windows | Existence of entrance doors (to the street or to the balcony) | Required heat output (including 10% reserve) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area 78.5 m² | 10.87 kW ≈ 11 kW | |||
| 1. Hallway. 3.18 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Warmed floor on the ground. Above is an insulated attic. | One, South, the average degree of insulation. Leeward side | Not | One | 0.52 kW |
| 2. Hall. 6.2 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Not | Not | Not | 0.62 kW |
| 3. Kitchen-dining room. 14.9 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Svehu - insulated attic | Two. South, west. Average degree of insulation. Leeward side | Two, single-chamber double-glazed window, 1200 × 900 mm | Not | 2.22 kW |
| 4. Children's room. 18.3 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Two, North - West. High degree of insulation. windward | Two, double glazing, 1400 × 1000 mm | Not | 2.6 kW |
| 5. Bedroom. 13.8 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic | Two, North, East. High degree of insulation. windward side | One, double-glazed window, 1400 × 1000 mm | Not | 1.73 kW |
| 6. Living room. 18.0 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor. Top - insulated attic | Two, East, South. High degree of insulation. Parallel to wind direction | Four, double glazing, 1500 × 1200 mm | Not | 2.59 kW |
| 7. Bathroom combined. 4.12 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic. | One, North. High degree of insulation. windward side | One. wooden frame with double glazing. 400 × 500 mm | Not | 0.59 kW |
| TOTAL: |
Then, using the calculator below, we make a calculation for each room (already taking into account a 10% reserve). With the recommended app, it won't take long. After that, it remains to sum the obtained values \u200b\u200bfor each room - this will be the required total power of the heating system.
The result for each room, by the way, will help you choose the right number of heating radiators - it remains only to divide by the specific heat output of one section and round up.
The water heating system has become more and more popular recently as the main way to heat a private house. Water heating can be supplemented with devices such as heaters powered by electricity. Some devices and heating systems have appeared on the domestic market quite recently, but have already managed to gain popularity. These include infrared heaters, oil radiators, underfloor heating systems and others. For local heating, a device such as a fireplace is often used.
Recently, however, fireplaces have been performing more of a decorative function than a heating one. From how correctly the project and calculation of the heating of a private house was carried out, as well as the water heating system was installed, its durability and efficiency during operation depend. During operation such heating system it is necessary to adhere to certain rules in order for it to work as efficiently and efficiently as possible.
The heating system of a private house is not only components such as a boiler or radiators. The heating system of the water type includes the following elements:
To calculate the heating of a private house, you need to be guided by such parameters as the power of the heating boiler. For each of the rooms of the house, it is also necessary to calculate the power of heating radiators.
The boiler can be of several types:
The choice of the boiler that will be used by the heating scheme of a residential building should depend on what type of fuel is the most affordable and inexpensive.
In addition to fuel costs, it will be necessary to carry out a preventive inspection of the boiler at least once a year. It is best to call a specialist for these purposes. You will also need to perform preventive cleaning of filters. The easiest to operate are boilers that run on gas. They are also quite cheap to maintain and repair. A gas boiler is suitable only in those houses that have access to a gas main.
Gas is a type of fuel that does not require individual transportation or storage space. In addition to this advantage, many gas boilers modern type can boast a fairly high efficiency.
Boilers of this class are distinguished by a high degree of safety. Modern boilers are designed in such a way that they do not require a special room for the boiler room. Modern boilers are characterized by a beautiful appearance and are able to successfully fit into the interior of any kitchen.
To date, semi-automatic boilers operating on solid fuels are especially popular. True, such boilers have one drawback, which is that once a day it is necessary to load fuel. Many manufacturers produce such boilers that are fully automated. In such boilers, the load solid fuel takes place offline.
It is also possible to make a calculation of the heating system of a private house in the case of a boiler powered by electricity.
However, such boilers are a bit more problematic. In addition to the main problem, which is that electricity is quite expensive now, they can also overload the network. In small villages, an average of up to 3 kW per hour is allocated per house, but this is not enough for a boiler, and it must be borne in mind that the network will be loaded not only with the operation of the boiler.
To organize the heating system of a private house, you can also install a liquid-fuel type of boiler. The disadvantage of such boilers is that they can cause criticism from the point of view of ecology and safety.
Before you calculate the heating in the house, you need to do this by calculating the power of the boiler. The efficiency of the entire heating system will primarily depend on the power of the boiler. The main thing in this matter is not to overdo it, as a too powerful boiler will consume more fuel than necessary. And if the boiler is too weak, then it will not be possible to heat the house properly, and this will negatively affect the comfort in the house. Therefore, the calculation of the heating system country house- it is important. You can choose a boiler of the required power if you simultaneously calculate the specific heat loss of the building for the entire heating period. Calculation of home heating - specific heat loss can be done by the following method:
q house \u003d Q year / F h
Qyear is the consumption of heat energy for the entire heating period;
Fh is the area of the house that is heated;
In order to calculate the heating of a country house - the energy consumption that will go to heating a private house, you need to use the following formula and a tool such as a calculator:
Q year =β h *)
