Introduction
1. Purpose of the object
6. Features of landscaping
7. Territory balance
8. Landing list
Conclusion
Introduction
In recent years, there has been a positive trend of an integrated approach to solving the landscape design of school institutions. The main task of landscape design is to organize the space in accordance with functional, environmental and aesthetic requirements, create its vivid artistic image and evoke positive emotions in the surrounding people.
In our country, for school educational institutions, equipment is produced developed by specialists in the physical development of children in collaboration with hygienists, teachers, engineers, designers and architects.
A lot of useful and original things can be seen today at educational institutions of various regions of our region and city. And this is a great merit of the city administration, which pays great attention to improving the improvement of both the city and the territories of educational institutions.
When solving the issues of planning and improvement of school institutions, much attention is paid to landscaping.
Green spaces affect the microclimate and are of great sanitary and hygienic importance, which is as follows:
they have a positive effect on the temperature regime of internal spaces;
directly protect the building of the school institution, gazebos, sheds and areas of the territory from excessive insolation;
protect from strong winds;
have a beneficial effect on the child's body as a whole and, in particular, on his nervous system;
make it possible to organize children's recreation directly on the territory of the school institution.
Vegetation can be used in architectural and planning solutions.
Using the example of a term paper, I would like to offer my options for landscaping and landscaping the territory of a school institution.
The purpose of this project is to develop a project for landscaping and beautification of the school territory in accordance with the design standards and rules, to meet the social and functional needs of children, their physical and mental development, while trying to preserve the landscape and natural integrity of the territory.
1. Purpose of the object
The object of improvement considered in this course work is the territory of a school located in the village of Maryina Roshcha, not far from Gelendzhik. The site is intended for physical education classes for students, conducting experiments in natural disciplines, holding school assemblies and events, as well as a place of recreation for students during their free time from lessons. Therefore, on the site of the school, in addition to the main building, training and sports areas with appropriate equipment are usually placed. The list of structures and landscaping objects on the school site and their dimensions are given below:
In addition to the listed elements of the educational and sports zones, rest areas are placed among the ornamental plants on the school site. In some cases, when the size of the school site is insufficient, some elements of the zones have to be excluded.
The area of plots for schools corresponds to the capacity of the latter: if the school has a capacity of 640 places, it is allocated a plot of 2 hectares, 960 places - 2.8, 1280-3, 1600-3.4 hectares. In this course project, the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire site is the school is 1.8 hectares, the projected fragment of the territory is 7700 m 2
One of the decisive factors of improvement are natural and climatic. These conditions determine the specifics of landscaping and special requirements for creating comfortable conditions for people's life. According to climatic characteristics, Gelendzhik belongs to the zone of dry subtropics of the Mediterranean type. It is characterized by dry, hot summers and warm, wet winters. Since ancient times, the climate of the area was determined by the magnitude of the slope of the sun's rays above the earth's surface (clima in Greek means slope). In this regard, Gelendzhik is located in favorable conditions - between 44 and 45 degrees north latitude. The Caucasus Mountains protect it from the northern cold air masses. The Black Sea softens the summer heat, and in winter, on the contrary, gives off the heat accumulated over the summer to the coast. The average annual air temperature in Gelendzhik is +13.7, Kabardinka +12.9, on Thin Cape +13.3 degrees Celsius. On the plain, negative temperatures in winter occur most often at night and during the northeast. And temperatures below 10 degrees are extremely rare. Table 1 shows the average monthly temperatures (in degrees Celsius) in some settlements. Table 1 - Average monthly temperature (in degrees Celsius mesyatsyZaIIIIIIShIIVIVVVIVVIIVVShIIHHHHHIHHIIgodAnapa12,116,250,410,115,620,023,423,217,212,572,431,411,9Kabardinka33,127,750,410,115,720,224,323,519,515,395,851,812,6Tonky mys32,948,060,810,816,020,224,023,819,915,195,461,113,3Gelendzhik55,245,870,611,717,219,924,124,019,315,485,871,013,7Tuapse44,347,670,611,316,220,123,023,419,615,610,261,613,5Sochi-tsentr68,064,080,011,516,120,122,923,119,815,911,881,414,1 The duration of sunshine in Gelendzhik is 2374 hours per year with a maximum in July and August. On average, there are 250 sunny days. Cloudiness is small. In summer it is 30%. The amount of precipitation in Gelendzhik does not exceed 796 mm per year, and on its northwestern outskirts, on Thin Cape - 598. In the coastal strip, with advancement to the southeast, the amount of precipitation increases to 1000 mm (Arkhipo-Osipovka). Moreover, precipitation everywhere falls unevenly throughout the year. Their maximum falls on November-February. Moreover, this precipitation falls mainly in the form of rain. Snow on the plain is rare and does not last long - from 1-2 hours to 2-3 days. In the summer, precipitation falls extremely irregularly and their duration is short. In some years, there may be no rain at all for several months. The average relative humidity reaches its highest value - 75% in May, in the summer months - only 62-69% (compare: in Sochi - 78%). This is an important element of the climate. The lower the relative humidity of the air, the easier the summer heat is tolerated. The spur of the Siberian anticyclone creates stable northeast winds over the Black Sea - the famous Black Sea north-east winds. They are strongest in winter. During the north-east, the wind speed can reach 40 m/sec, and the air temperature sometimes drops to 15 degrees below zero. On the sea coasts, where there are river valleys, gorges, foehns are formed - warm, dry winds blowing from the mountains. Such winds usually operate in spring, sometimes in autumn and winter. The soil on the territory of the projected object is sand and gravel. More than half of the sandy soil consists of sand particles smaller than 5 mm in size, the shape of which is close to spherical. The space between individual grains of sand is called pores, they are filled with water and air. Unlike clay<#"center">2. Rationale for the choice of the designed solution
The main trend in the development of areas of secondary schools in the near future is a significant improvement in planning, equipping with universal types of lightweight modern equipment, landscaping and territory design. The main requirement in creating the aesthetic appearance of the site is not an increase in objects, but a comprehensive design, i.e. creation of uniform equipment in style, aesthetic integrity of the environment. When deciding on the architectural planning of the zone of the school educational institution, I chose a mixed style of landscape design, based on a combination of regular and landscape styles. Of all the styles of landscaping, regular is rightfully considered the most conservative. The basic principle of a regular style in landscape design is order and regularity in everything. All lines are geometrically correct, its paths are usually straight, and if not, then the lines of their bends are drawn on the plan using a compass. This style is used where they want to emphasize the impact of man on nature, to bring a sense of order, rigor and solemnity into the composition. As for the layout itself, it must be strictly geometric, where the building is the axis of symmetry. The main feature is its isolation from the surrounding nature, so the random arrangement of garden elements is unacceptable. It is difficult to imagine a regular style of landscape design without topiary figures. Many trees and shrubs (both deciduous and coniferous) lend themselves to topiary haircuts; Topiaries are given a variety of shapes (ball, cube, pyramid, cone, spiral). From plants for regular gardens choose evergreen species that remain decorative throughout the year. Arches often twine vines and climbing plants<#"justify">landscaping microclimate school planting 3. Description of the road and path network
One of the most important elements of improvement is the covering of paths and grounds, as they play an important role in the decorative design of the landscaped area. In this regard, when choosing the type of pavement, in addition to taking into account such indicators as reliability in operation, ease of installation and sanitary and hygienic characteristics, it is necessary to pay attention to the decorative properties of pavements. The road and path network in school institutions is basically not much different from the rest of the coverage of urban areas. The exception is children's playgrounds and sports facilities, where it is desirable to use a green lawn or new modern soft and environmentally friendly surfaces. In this work, I used the following paving methods: Paving on concrete. These are the most durable paths and platforms. This type of paving is used on the pavement around buildings and recreation areas, as well as on the site for school-wide events; synthetic coatings used on sports fields; Gravel paths and platforms are usually arranged in places of recreation and walks. Such paving needs periodic repairs, adding gravel or screenings, however, due to the contrast of textures, gravel paths give the park a special charm. So that gravel or screenings do not crumble to the sides, do not fall on the lawn, in flower beds, in a pond, curbs can be installed. The installation of borders gives the paving more strength, prevents the edges from breaking off. Large stones, special concrete curbs, wood are used as curbs. You can install curbs flush with the paving or higher. In the first case, they usually strive to give more strength to the edge, and in the second, to prevent the loose material from spilling. The installation of borders is carried out before the start of paving. Tiled coverings also provide the most interesting decorative solutions. Slabs can be concrete, cement, silicate, ceramic, natural stone and decorative mosaics. Tiled coatings are quite durable and easy to use. They make it easy to replace damaged slabs, shift them in case of subsidence of the base or repair of communications laid under the tracks. The device of such coatings is very simple, not laborious and does not require expensive machines and equipment. Gravel paths are arranged using granite cuttings (granite chips). Sports grounds. The most promising are synthetic coatings, among which the most widespread are polymers - polyurethanes in the form of monoliths - recortan, tartan, sportan - and coatings based on solid rubbers in the form of plates - armand, discord. These coatings are primarily elastic, have the properties of elastic oscillation, allow the runner to achieve great results with the same expended energy and at the same time have high performance properties: they react poorly to climatic conditions, are easily removed by mechanisms, and are not sensitive to the type of sports shoes. This project uses tartan - a gray-green or brown coating, laid on an asphalt concrete base 10-12 cm thick. 4. Description of the small architectural form
Small architectural forms - in landscape design, it is customary to call small structures installed in gardens and parks for functional and aesthetic purposes. These include gazebos, trellises, pergolas, arches, benches, sculptures, bridges, lamps, fountains, flowerpots, etc. In this project, a bench is considered as a small architectural form. Benches are used for short-term (without backrests) and long-term (with backrests) rest for visitors to the facility. They are distinguished by a wide variety of shapes and are made of various materials (metal, concrete, wood and stone). Benches used on the territory of the school site are benches for long rest. Benches tend to do: with one span 1.2 - 2 m long; with two spans 3.5 - 4 m long. The height of the benches is 40 cm. Wood is the most accessible material, it is easily processed and has a high thermal conductivity. With antiseptic and drying, the tree can be used for a long time and, most importantly, it is easily replaced in case of breakage. For the backs and seats, wooden slats with rounded top edges and a convex surface are used, which contributes to the rapid discharge of atmospheric precipitation from the slats and the drying of the surface of the backs and seats. Wide boards and half-beams retain moisture on their surface longer and dry out more slowly. Small architectural forms for recreation areas, gaming purposes - benches, tables, swings, carousels, booms, climbing walls, sandboxes, pyramids, creepers, rolling hills, etc. - are mass-produced. 5. Description of equipment used
When designing the landscaping of the courtyard area, the following types of site equipment were used. Garden furniture. Canopies for adults ,
are installed at meeting points with children on the playground in different compositions - a line, a semicircle, a square, etc. Rest benches are an integral part of landscape design. Used mainly in the design of walking areas, they have a metal base. The seats for the benches are various coniferous woods. The wooden parts of benches and benches are subjected to antiseptic treatment and tinted. After that, the benches are covered with several layers of a special varnish that is resistant to various mechanical and atmospheric influences. Children's play complexes, playgrounds, various sports facilities - all this contributes to the proper development of children and health promotion. All equipment is made of metal and has all the necessary certificates and conclusions. The special coating of sports gaming complexes provides an attractive appearance and resistance to mechanical and atmospheric influences. Fireproof bins - principle of operation: The lid of the bin acts as a guaranteed high quality fire extinguisher, shutting off air in the event of a fire, thereby eliminating the flame. This reduces the risk of emergencies at the school site. Flower girls, vases and various forms are grouped into picturesque compositions or located on the site strictly functionally. street lighting Street lighting is necessary for the full life of any settlements. And it is used not only for security purposes, but also for decorating individual architectural objects, as well as parks and squares. .
The installation of lighting poles allows you to increase visibility on the roads at night. In addition, lighting poles form a peculiar appearance of the settlement, and also provide the necessary level of safety for both pedestrians and traffic. Lighting poles can be turned on in the evening either from the control room or manually. As street lighting, special street lamps and lamps are installed. Street lamps are called lighting poles, made in the form of one form or another, on which light sources are placed. And street lamps are called special lighting devices that are used to illuminate roads, parks, squares, as well as special illumination of various landscape and architectural objects. One of the most common types of lighting poles are street lamps, which are mounted in a special way on lighting poles or lighting poles. This type of lamps is considered one of the most reliable and efficient due to the fact that in this case the light comes from a certain height. And this means that it is able to cover a large area and is less prone to various mechanical damage. Lighting poles include a wide variety of street lighting poles, including metal lighting poles, polyhedral poles, and others. Lighting poles are made of steel sheets with a thickness of three millimeters. The lighting column has a conical shape, which has six or eight faces. The height of lighting poles can reach four, six, eight and ten meters. At the bottom of the lighting column there is a special hatch with a lid, which allows you to install and operate the electrical switching device. In addition, at the bottom of the lighting pole there is always a flange with a diameter of 200 millimeters, which is designed for installation and fastening on a concrete foundation, as well as on similar devices and an underground part. At the top, the outdoor lighting pole has a diameter of 62 mm. This part is designed to install brackets with fixtures. The steel structures of the street lamps are hot-dipped galvanized. These brackets are made of a metal pipe, the wall thickness of which is three millimeters. The outer diameter of such pipes is 48 millimeters. Sports ground equipment. Sports grounds include: a football field, volleyball, basketball, tennis, camps, gymnastics grounds. The composition of the equipment of sports grounds depends on the facilities available for team sports. Thus, the equipment of a basketball court consists of racks (wooden or metal) with transparent boards made of hardboard measuring 1.8x1.2 m, on which metal rings with a diameter of 450 mm are fixed at a height of 3.05 m from the surface of the site. Shields should move away from the supports: for schoolchildren - by I.1.2 m; for adults - by 1.6.2.2 m. Metal or wooden supports are painted white. The volleyball court is equipped with two round metal or wooden poles with a diameter of 100.120 mm with a rope and a net tightly stretched between them at a height of 2.1 m - for children; 2.2 m - for women: 2.5 m - for men. In addition, the site has a mobile judges' tower, a table for judges-informers and benches for participants. Tennis court equipment includes: -low supports made of pipes with a diameter of 100.120 mm, sunk into the ground (into glasses with cement mortar): -"a mesh 12.8 m long, fixed on a rope stretched between supports at a height of 1.07 m - at the ends; 0.91 m - in the middle; -a training wooden wall 3.2-3.5 m high and of any width. To tension the rope, a “shoe” with a hook is installed in the center of the site, for which the mesh regulator is attached. The football field will be equipped with goals with an internal dimension of 7.32x2.44 m, made of round posts with a diameter of 120 mm and painted white. At the corners of the field, corner flags-limiters are installed. The gymnastic ground is equipped with a gymnastic town or an installation for hanging apparatus. A fence that separates the site from neighboring ones and protects the site from wind and noise. For the construction of such fences, durable materials are used: brick, concrete blocks, stone. The minimum height of the fence is 1.5 m. To protect against precipitation, stone and concrete fences are covered with cornices from above. Massive fences will become a little more elegant if they are supplemented with arches and niches for flowers. From the side of the courtyard, benches of the same material are sometimes attached to the fences. Balls, flowerpots, containers with flowers or slabs, the ends of which hang from all sides of the pole, can be used as decoration for supporting posts. Drinking fountains. The fountain is designed for installation in standard water supply systems of schools and multi-stage purification of drinking water through a filtration system and disinfection using an ozonizer. After cleaning with ozone, the water is not inferior to spring water in taste and quality. Even if the permissible concentration of microorganisms that are usually harmful and hazardous to health is repeatedly exceeded, the system returns the water to its original purity, while all useful minerals are preserved in ozonized water, which is very convenient for installing and using such fountains in the school yard. 6. Features of landscaping
Proper landscaping of a general education school site is a factor in the aesthetic, mental, moral and physical education of children and adolescents. When choosing plants, they take into account not only artistic, but also practical goals. So, alley (ordinary) plantings sometimes serve as protection from noise, wind, dust, snow, which will undoubtedly affect the selection of plant forms. It has been established that when creating a green protective zone along the fence of a school institution, the wind speed is reduced by more than half, and the air temperature in the green zone is set below the city level by 8-10 °. Experts say that phytoncides (volatile protective substances) secreted by plants are able to kill pathogenic bacteria and purify the air (up to 70%) from dust. A variety of trees and shrubs, the beauty of shapes, density and color of the crown allow you to create expressive landscaping compositions. Plantings: group, alley, single, bay window, row, chess, enclosing, labyrinth, etc. - enliven the site, allow you to better use the expressive qualities of trunks, crowns, foliage. But planting trees and shrubs should not interfere with the insolation of the room (sunlight), and depending on the nature of the crown and the degree of foliage fall, they are planted at a distance of 5-10 m from the building. Before drawing up a landing drawing (dendroplan), you also need to find out where the electric and telephone cables, heating pipes and other communications pass. So, planting trees closer than 1.5 m from the water supply and sewerage and 2 m from other networks is not allowed. Shrubs are planted no closer than 2 m from the gas pipeline, 1 m from the heating system and 0.5 m from the electric cable. Trees and shrubs such as maple, birch, linden, spruce, pine, poplar, ash, elm, bird cherry, larch, alder, chestnut, mountain ash, lilac, jasmine, spirea, cotoneaster, etc. In places where children play for a long time, it is recommended to plant trees with a dense crown - linden, maple, elm, etc. In early spring and late autumn, it is necessary to clean the landscaping. Maple, linden, poplar, elm, hawthorn, hornbeam, apple, willow, ash tolerate circumcision well, chestnut, birch, and walnut are bad. When designing tree and shrub plantations, I observed the norms of planting between trees and from trees to the walls of buildings, structures, etc. The standards are given in table 2. Table 2 - Distance from objects to plant axes ObjectMinimum distance to the axis of a plant, mtree of shrubsExternal walls of buildings and structures51.5 Curb of sidewalks and garden paths0.70.5Edge of the carriageway, edges of reinforced lanes of roadsides or edges of ditches21Masts of lighting network supports, trams, columns, galleries and overpasses41Fences up to 2 m high21 Fences more than 2 m high 41 Soles of slopes, terraces, etc. 10.5 Soles or internal edges of retaining walls 31 Underground utilities: gas pipelines, sewerage 1.51 Heating networks (from the walls of the channel) 21 Water pipelines, drainage 2-Power cables and communication cables (from the outer wall of the pipe) 20, 7From underground utility networks protected by pipes (from the wall) 10.3 Small flower beds are also laid out on the site, but in such a way that the flowering of plants does not coincide. For example, tulips and daffodils begin to bloom in spring, peonies, carnations and delphiniums begin to bloom in early summer, then phloxes, gladiolus, dahlias, and until late autumn - chrysanthemums, perennial asters, etc. These plants are perennial and require only top dressing, tillage and weed removal. The flowers on the school lawn are also selected for their continuous blooming. First, lawn grasses are sown, then flowering plants are planted. Perennials require cutting. Color design is simply necessary when landscaping school institutions, but even here it is necessary to approach the selection with all caution. Lawn coverings of group and sports grounds, sown with stable grass mixtures in combination with annual and perennial plants in a common flower garden, in flower beds and rabatka group sites, play an important role in landscaping the site. The aesthetic appearance of the lawn is maintained by periodically mowing the grass, but it is also good to leave islands of tall-grass landscaping with field vegetation. A wide variety of types of lawn gardening are widely used, combined with flower beds, flower beds, oases with water, sand, pebbles, etc. The floral and woody design of the school site is fully consistent with the style I have chosen. Planting is carried out in the morning. With a scoop, they dig holes of the right size so that the roots of the plants do not bend during planting, and the seedlings are planted a little deeper than the root collar. The distance between plants depends on their size. Flower beds are watered in the evening after 17 hours or in the morning. Flower beds from carpet plants are watered more often, up to 40-50 times per season. In dry and hot weather in the evening between waterings, a refreshing watering or spraying is carried out. To create a rose garden, a rose of two types is used. Californian on the sides, because it has almost no thorns, the flowers are not large, pink. Far Eastern in the middle, it is more prickly with large red flowers. Tulip - varieties from the group of Darwin hybrids are especially good for decorating gardens and parks. They look elegant against the background of a lawn or shrubs, in flower beds. For planting, it is better to take the bulbs of the first and second parsing, blooming the next year. The most attractive are small groups of the same variety. Since the varieties bloom non-simultaneously, the height of the plants and the color of their flowers are different, it is not advisable to mix them. In flower beds, tulips are grown in one place for 2-3 years. So that the site does not lose its decorative appearance after flowering, annual and perennial plants grown in pots are planted between rows. Viola (violet, pansy) is a member of the violet family. A plant 20 - 25 cm high with large flowers of different shapes and colors. Varieties of large-flowered garden viola are complex hybrids. So, tricolor violet (viola tricolor) appeared as a result of many years of selection work of specialists and amateur flower growers. It is believed that simple pansies came to the garden from England. Their progenitors are wild violets (viola tricolor and lutea). Although flower growers have long known these wild flowers well, the first serious attempts to cultivate them were made only at the beginning. Caring for plants in a flower arrangement consists in regular watering, weeding and loosening the soil. In order not to develop fruits, all faded flowers are removed, otherwise flowering will stop. For viola allocate sunny places. In partial shade, it blooms longer, but the flowers are smaller and paler. In summer, after flowering, it is replaced by other annual plants. In our country, the following varieties are most often grown: Forbote (flowers white and blue), Zurich See (blue), Bergwacht (dark purple), Himmels Koenige (light blue), Gold Crown, Abendglut (reddish brown). These varieties bloom early in spring. Brief description of climatic subregions. Trees and shrubs. Lawns and flower beds. Spring plantingAutumn plantingBeginning of sowingEnd of sowingClimatic subregion with an average monthly temperature of January - 15 0C and above July from +25 0C and above. MarchOctober - November1st decade of March1st decade of November 7. Territory balance
Since the territories of school institutions are restricted areas, and since these areas occupy a significant part of the territory of the microdistrict, they are of great importance in the overall landscaping system of the microdistrict. Zoning of the territory of the school site provides for the organization of group and sports grounds, a meteorological site, a utility yard, etc. On the basis of the master plan, calculations were made, on the basis of which the balance of the territory was compiled, presented in Table 4. Table 4 - Balance of the territory of the site Name of elementsAreaNumber of elements per 1 ha. landscaping Note. m 2%of the total area Buildings and structures203026,42030School building and workshopCarriageways, m. ) paving made of concrete, slabs 25*25 cm. a) bench - 810b) urn - 68Area under plantations, m 2including: 3773.750-10000 a) under trees145018.8-1883-b) under bushes2353.1_305-c) under flower beds87.51.1_113-d) under lawns2001.226_2598-And that: 7700100--- Thus, the percentage of landscaping of the site is 50%, which is slightly lower than the norm of landscaping for the southern region, therefore, in the future, it is planned to increase the area of landscaping through the use of stationary garden flowerpots on recreation areas and on the site for events. Plantations with paths, areas for recreation and games occupy more than 70 %
total area. Since the proportion of plantings equal to 75% of the total area of the site is recognized as reasonable, and in this project it is 74%, the distribution of the territory complies with the standards. 8. Landing list
The planting list of plants used in the design is presented in table 5. Table 5 - Landing List Changing the breed and species of spaces from the TRAST, Poll., Square1Clene ostolist107s Komom 1.3x1,3х0.65 M2BERES Warf 1035С Komom 1.3x1,3х0.65 M3lip Meltsolite 1030s Komom 1.3x1,3х0.65 M4SPA Krymskaya1075Sashit Common 338Sholes6Shis m8Viola-345With a clod 0.1x0.1x0.15 m9Petunia hybrid-560With a clod 0.1x0.1x0.15 m10Lawn - sowing Conclusion
Designing a general education school site is a long and painstaking work. In my course project, I tried to take into account all the goals and objectives of creating a green zone, taking into account the natural and climatic conditions, the needs of the population, the functionality and diversity of the object, as well as aesthetic appeal. At the same time, special attention was paid to the issue of preserving the existing landscape and vegetation. In my opinion, the main task of a landscape architect is to harmoniously combine nature with the activities of human hands. Without destroying the green island she has already created, to be able to transform it into something beautiful, capable of serving the good and pleasing to the eye, but the issue of gardening must be approached very seriously. The appearance of the school site should be thought out to the smallest detail even before the completion of the project of the building itself, based on the experience and mistakes of previous layouts, and is largely determined by its relationship with the building, the surrounding landscape, but most importantly - the layout and appearance of architectural structures, small forms and landscaping. Having learned a lot about the design and improvement of a school institution, I realized how important it is for the health of our children, our future, for their physical and mental development. Architects must create a beautiful and durable house, and the task of landscapers is to enclose and create comfort, to create as many corners of nature as possible. I am very pleased that now the administration of Novorossiysk pays great attention to landscaping and beautification of streets, courtyards, school grounds and city parks. Bibliography
1.GOST 21.204-93* SPDS. Conditional graphic designations and images of elements of master plans and transport facilities 2.GOST 21.508-93* SPDS. Rules for the implementation of working drawings of master plans for enterprises, structures and civil housing facilities .GOST 21.101-97* SPDS. Basic requirements for design and working documentation .SNiP 23-01-99* Building climatology .SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements .Garnisonenko T.S. Handbook of the modern landscape designer. - Rn / D: Phoenix, 2005. - 315 p. .Kaznov S.D. Kaznov S.S. Improvement of residential areas of urban areas. - M.: Izd-vo ASV, 2009. - 216 p.
school grounds
Landscaping of a school site is an interesting process, primarily because the students themselves can act as designers. To do this, you can hold a competition among the classes for the best design project, the idea of which will form the basis for the improvement of the school territory. After the study of the territory has been carried out, the composition and type of soil has been identified, and a situational plan has been drawn up, one can proceed to the definition of functional zones. Zoning of the territory is carried out in accordance with the functional features of the school.
What zones can be included in school grounds project:
Functional zones are separated from each other by such elements of landscape design of the site as: hedges, paving paths, flower beds, alleys. Trees or shrubs are planted along the perimeter in the form of a hedge, which helps in protection from external noise and dust, creating a special microclimate on the school grounds.
Mandatory in the school yard are large trees and shrubs that create a natural shade that suppresses the effects of sunlight. An alternative for them can be covered verandas or gazebos.
Types of green spaces on the school site:
Areas for active games or sports on the school site may or may not be provided with permanently installed sports or play equipment. Equipped sites must be protected from ultraviolet rays. This can be achieved with a combination of large trees and artificial roofing. Open areas involve the use of lawns, paving or special surface. And you need to understand that the grass needs the sun for healthy growth. If this condition is not met, it is better to replace it with a special coating (for example, based on crumb rubber).
In passive playgrounds and school grounds, for example, outdoor lessons should use small trees in combination with artificial roofing. Since the lawn will not feel comfortable in shady areas, it is recommended to replace it with a special coating or paving.
The combination of facilities and green spaces is also recommended in the area of basketball, volleyball and tennis courts to create shade for players and spectators. In this case, the trees should be planted at a distance of 10 meters (or a little less, depending on the size of the root system of the tree) from the paved area.
The main entrance, as a rule, is the hallmark of any school, so it should be especially decorative. Decorative groups of plants and colorful flower beds would be appropriate here.
Factors to consider when designing landscape design and beautification of the school grounds:
When landscaping the school grounds, never use plants that have poisonous parts, such as leaves, bark, fruits, or seeds. Do not use plants that are obvious allergens.
The range of trees for planting along the perimeter of the school territory consists of large plants: maple, birch, common aspen, elm, linden, ash. In addition, trees can also form the basis for decorative groups of plants. Along with the trees listed above, you can use white willow, mountain ash, chestnut and bird cherry.
It is mandatory to use coniferous plants on the school territory, as they not only have antimicrobial properties, but also retain their decorative effect all year round. The most common of them are Siberian larch and prickly or common spruce. Creeping varieties of juniper will decorate the school garden not only as padding for taller plants, but will also look great in single plantings.
Indispensable in landscaping school plots and various types of shrubs: mock orange, spirea, lilac, forsythia, deren, wild rose, cotoneaster, vesicle and snowberry.
One of the attractive elements of landscape design of the school site is a flower garden. More often, flowerbeds, borders and borders are used on school territories, since the layout of the plots is, in most cases, quite geometric. The most popular among annuals are: aster, marigolds, petunia, salvia, cosmea, zinnia, snapdragon, calendula, balsams, coleus, cineraria. Tulips and daffodils are often used in flower beds. And representatives of perennial plants are dahlias, daylilies, lupins, peonies and phloxes.
School ground lighting
Another important element of the improvement of the school territory is landscape lighting. This is especially true in the winter period, when daylight hours are significantly reduced. Lighting acts as one of the guarantors of the safety of children, parents and teachers.
Functional and decorative lighting is used in school areas. Functional lighting is used on sports grounds, along the perimeter of the school territory, along the paths. Decorative lighting serves to illuminate small architectural forms, some plants with an interesting texture and parts of the building (for example, the main entrance).
Lighting of areas of the school territory requires compliance with special standards and rules. Therefore, when choosing a contractor for installation work, you need to be very careful, and it is better to entrust the project of lighting the school territory to landscape studio professionals.
An example of the improvement of the school site, made by the designers of our studio, you can see in the finished
Territories of schools are an integral element of residential complexes. Schools are subdivided into city and district levels. Urban schools include: music, sports, art, boarding schools. This type of school is located in large residential areas of the city with accessibility no more than 15 ... 20 minutes from a residential building. Plots of sports schools and boarding schools are accepted at 2 ... 2.5 hectares per facility (district). Specialized sports schools, in addition to the main educational building, include indoor gyms and swimming pools, outdoor football fields, volleyball and basketball courts. The areas of territories of music and art schools according to approximate standards are calculated based on 15 m 2 per student.
Architectural planning the decision of the territories should be purposeful, meet the relevant requirements. The territories should be areas with a set of cozy recreation areas and a walking route with equipment and small architectural forms. On the sites of art schools, special areas are provided for practicing on the player. Plantings are designed in the form of single, large plants and picturesque groups of trees and beautifully flowering shrubs. Perhaps the device of a sports playground.
In the territories music schools secluded areas for music lessons and areas for recreation, as well as paths for walking, are being designed. Plantings should be presented in the form of plant groupings of trees and shrubs placed on the lawns of the lawn and be psychologically calming. The whole composition should be conducive to rest after intense musical work and at the same time contribute to the rise of creative forces. It is possible to provide a sports ground for playing ball.
Secondary school in a residential complex. The territory of the school is a green area limited use. The school site, as a rule, is fenced with a fence of metal structures with a height of at least 1.5 m. The distance (gap) from the boundary of the site to the red lines of streets or driveways should be at least 15 ... 20 m, to the walls of houses of residential buildings - at least 10, utilities - at least 50 m. planning center site is a school building. The building, as a rule, is located at one of the sides of the site and is oriented to the cardinal points in accordance with the current sanitary standards for lighting school premises. A fire passage with a width of at least 3.5 m with a turning platform is provided around the building (the distance from the facade of the building to the nearest side is at least 8 m). When designing external landscaping and landscaping, it is necessary to carry out a clear functional zoning. On the territory of the school, in accordance with the educational process and programs, various sites and devices are provided for both training sessions and outdoor physical education. In accordance with this, the school site is divided into various functional zones: sports (physical culture and health), educational and experimental, recreation, economic.
Plantations should unite all zones into a single whole, occupy at least 40 ... 50% of the territory and play a functional role, separating sites from each other, providing protection from noise, eliminating dust and purifying the air, thereby creating favorable conditions for classes and rest of schoolchildren. The placement of plantings depends on the general planning solution of the site, the placement of individual zones, sites, paths. The approximate planting density (planting density) is given in Table. 6.12.
Sports zone - one of the main and occupies the largest area of the site. It includes a complex of playgrounds with equipment designed for physical education, in accordance with school curricula (2 hours per week for each class). In the sports zone usually provide:
Sports core (118 x 48 m) with a circular running track (250 m) or, if the area does not allow, a combined platform (96 x 37 m) with a running track (200 m);
Table 6.12. Approximate density of plants per 1 ha of school territory
An example of the layout of the school territory is shown in Figure 6.17.
Rice. 6.17.
1 - school building; 2-5 - sports grounds; 6 - meteorological training ground; 7- zoological site; 9 - greenhouse economy; 10 - educational and experimental sites; 11 - playground for younger students; 12 - a playground for older students; 13 - economic yard; 14 - quiet rest area
According to modern standards, the total area of the sports zone should be, according to calculations, not less than 5500...6000 m 2 . When designing sports grounds, the relief of the territory is of great importance. On a rugged terrain, a sports zone is designed on terraces. The steepness of the slopes with a difference in the elevations of the terraces of 2 m is taken as 1.0: 1.5 and 1: 2 - with a greater difference. In some cases, it becomes necessary to combine two school sites into one. In these cases, the sports area may be common to both schools. If there is a sports school in the nearest area, then the sports core can be reduced within 20% of the entire area. Plantings in the sports zone are placed on the dividing strips or areas between the sites in the form of rows of trees or hedges of shrubs. Compact groups of trees can be provided between the sports and educational-experimental zones. Plants should not obscure the playing fields of the playgrounds. The range is selected in accordance with the requirements of landscaping sports grounds. In table. 6.13 provides an approximate ratio of individual elements of the planning of the territory of an ordinary general education school in a residential complex (neighborhood).
Table 6.13. Approximate balance of the territory of the school for 960 places with a total land area of 1.72 hectares (according to the Institute of JSC "Mosproekt-1")
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Name of elements |
Quantity, m 2 |
Note |
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Built-up area |
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Roads, sidewalks, pavements |
Coating - asphalt |
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Economic yard |
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Training and experimental zone Including: |
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plot of vegetable and field crops |
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collection and breeding plot with hotbeds and a greenhouse |
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experimental section of junior classes |
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orchard and berry garden |
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sites: geographical and astronomical |
Coating crushed stone |
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sports zone |
Execute on standard projects |
Training and experimental zone Designed for outdoor activities and practical work in biology. This zone includes the following planning elements:
An experimental plot for growing field and vegetable crops and a plot for younger schoolchildren are located adjacent to and next to the orchard. The greenhouse and hotbeds are placed near the household yard. All experimental plots should be well insolated and protected from the wind. The geographical and astronomical sites are placed in isolation from all other sites and on the opposite side from the sports zone. The plantings of the educational and experimental zone have a purely functional purpose and serve to isolate individual plots and sites. They consist of dividing ordinary strips of trees (from the side of the sports area), hedges (between the sites and experimental plots), which must be at least 10 m from the orchard.
The recreation area includes areas for students to relax (100 ... ... 150 m 2), as well as walks and games for children of the extended day group. Playgrounds for walks and games for children of 1.,. 4th grades should have an area of 200 m 2 (2 sites), and for children of 5 ... 8 grades - 300 m 2 (2 sites per school).
Plantings in the recreation area are placed in the form of groups of trees or shrubs in small areas around the sites. The requirements for the placement of individual plants and groups are the same as for the placement of trees and shrubs around recreation areas near residential buildings. The sites should have both shady corners for relaxation and well-sunshed areas. To prevent excessive insolation in the southern regions, large wide-crown trees should be placed on the sites themselves. The distance from the edge of the paths to the trees should be at least 1.0 ... 0.75 m. Plants should be placed in certain areas of the recreation area, taking into account the disclosure of their decorative qualities. The assortment should be carefully selected and, if possible, include introducers in order to study the dendrological flora and expand the biological knowledge of schoolchildren in the field of ornamental gardening. In recreation areas, perennial flower beds and open lawn areas in gaps between groups of trees should be provided.
economic zone located on the side of the entrances to the production premises of the catering unit and insulated with rows of trees or a hedge of shrubs 3 ... Near the yard, an open area of 12 x 12 m is provided for the entrance and turn of vehicles with asphalt coating to the intra-school and intra-quarter driveways.
Near the school building, one or two recreational areas are provided for resting children of senior and junior classes during breaks, as well as (between the passage and the school building) lawn strips with small groups of shrubs and herbaceous perennials, with single instances of low trees. Trees are placed at a distance of at least 10 m from the building, and shrubs - 5 m, so that the school premises are not shaded. When choosing an assortment, sustainable native species of woody plants from ornamental nurseries should be used. Plants should be diverse in their biological and decorative qualities. The introduction of exotics to enrich the vegetation, which will serve to improve the biological education of schoolchildren, is topical. The most valuable species should be concentrated in the collection area (coniferous species). Poisonous plants should not be included in the assortment ( euonymus, wolf's bast, so-foru, aconite, digitalis, etc.)
Along the perimeter of the inner part of the school site, rows of trees and shrubs are provided in a strip 4 ... 6 m wide, and on the outside - a strip of plantations 5 ... 10 m wide. For more effective isolation, use large-leaved linden, Norway maple with a hedge vesicle, common hawthorn.
This project was developed for an integrated approach to the implementation of activities for the improvement of the school area in order to create conditions for the educational process, as well as improve the external and aesthetic appearance of the school area. The project allows, through the involvement of students and teachers, joint socially significant activities to improve the territory of the school yard, to solve in unity the tasks of forming a civil, creatively active, physically healthy personality, labor and environmental education of students.
SOCIAL PROJECT RELATED TO THE TOPIC:
"IMPROVEMENT OF THE SCHOOL TERRITORY".
Project business card |
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FULL NAME. | Gaitanova Inna Anatolyevna Shchedrina Inga Vladimirovna |
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City, region | Tula region, Novomoskovsk, md. Sokolniki |
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Educational institution | Municipal state educational institution "Secondary general education school number 3" |
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Project information |
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Project name | Project "Improvement of the school territory" |
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Project type | Social, creative, research, ecological. |
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ANNOTATION
School is an amazing and native place for every person. Here the child should be comfortable - both psychologically and physically. Undoubtedly, the main part of the childhood and youth of each person passes at school. Dozens of songs and poems have been created about this time, because school years are the beginning of our conscious life. Best friends, first love, the joys of victories and the sorrows of defeats are known to us here, within the walls of our own school, at lessons and breaks, in the schoolyard.
This project was developed for an integrated approach to the implementation of activities for the improvement of the school area in order to create conditions for the educational process, as well as improve the external and aesthetic appearance of the school area. The project allows, through the involvement of students and teachers, joint socially significant activities to improve the territory of the school yard, to solve in unity the tasks of forming a civil, creatively active, physically healthy personality, labor and environmental education of students.
RELEVANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT
The school yard is the planet of childhood, this is the place where we spend most of our time. And we are not indifferent to what our schoolyard looks like. Seeing daily well-groomed beautiful, always blooming flower beds, we will not only receive positive emotions, but also learn to protect beauty, create it with our own hands.
On the school territory there is a school building, outbuildings, a sports ground, a small garden and flower beds. The state of the school territory is always in the field of view of schoolchildren, parents and teachers.
The school yard is not only a part of the educational environment in which the process of socialization, upbringing and development of the child's personality takes place. It is also a place where students spend their free time. Therefore, the appearance of the school territory is very important for us.
“Beauty will save the world,” said the great humanists. A beautiful personality can be brought up only when everything around it is beautiful. A person feels comfortable when he is surrounded by beautiful alleys, flowering lawns and brightly decorated flower beds. Improvement of the school territory is necessary both to create an attractive appearance and to maintain the reputation of the educational institution. Therefore, each educational institution should have its own “face”, its own image. But how to harmonize the surrounding area? Why has this problem become relevant at this time? Such questions arose before us when developing a project for the improvement of the school territory.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
Goals:
Tasks:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
During the work on the project, it was decided:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
Work on the improvement of the school territory consists in cutting down old trees and planting new ones, forming lawns, flower beds and a mini garden, creating an alley of graduates and medalists of the school. We have to carry out these tasks on our own, with the help of parents and school staff. An important goal of the school yard improvement project is the installation of comfortable benches or benches, as well as the creation of mini lawns or flower beds.
The playground is an important part of the school grounds where students spend a lot of time. Therefore, the compact placement of all objects on it (a football field; basketball, volleyball and tennis courts; a specialized area for shooting classes; a specialized area for long jumps; a platform for studying traffic rules) is a very important and necessary element in the improvement. Benches and rubbish bins are required. Sports grounds should be convenient not only for physical education lessons, but also for students to relax during breaks, where they will have the opportunity to run around, work out on various simulators. Active recreation is very important for students, since they spend most of their time sitting at their desks and computers.
Schedule for the implementation of planned activities with the obligatory indication of dates:
Event | date | Responsible | Supposed participant coverage |
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Distribution of the school territory between classes | April | 5-11 grades |
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Cleaning of the school territory (cleaning the territory of garbage, cleaning dry grass and branches) | April | Classroom teachers | 3-8 grades |
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Cutting down old trees and bushes | April | Class teachers, technology teachers | 9-11 grades |
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Acquisition of tree seedlings and seedlings of flowers and vegetables | May | manager | ||
Tree planting | May | Biology teacher | 8-10 grades |
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Creation of flower beds and lawns | May | technology teacher | 5-8 grades |
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Creating a mini garden | May | technology teacher | 5-8 grades |
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Installing trash bins | April | technology teacher | Grade 10 |
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Installing benches or benches | May | building maintenance worker | ||
Creating an alley of graduates and medalists of the school | May | Project organizers | Grade 10 |
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Coverage of activities on the school website | April May | Project organizers | ||
Delimitation of sports zones (football field; basketball, volleyball and tennis courts; a specialized area for shooting lessons; a specialized area for long jumps) | May | Physical education teachers | 9-11 grades |
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Creation of a platform for studying the rules of the road | May | OBJ teacher | 9-11 grades |
EXPECTED RESULTS
Quantitative indicators:
Qualitative indicators:
RESULTS ASSESSMENT MECHANISM
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT
An indicator of the further development of the project will be the inclusion of events related to sports competitions, the opening of a summer school camp, the successful operation of the alley in the summer.
PROJECT'S BUDGET
No. p / p | Name | Qty | Price per one. (rub.) | Total cost (rub.) |
Tree seedlings (cherry) | 3000 |
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Seedling of flowers and vegetables for flower beds and mini-garden | 1000 |
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Dye | 6000 | 6000 |
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Football goal net | 2500 | 5000 |
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Schools: Schools of city and district significance include: music, sports, art, boarding schools. Specialized sports schools, in addition to the main educational building, include indoor gyms and swimming pools, outdoor football fields, volleyball and basketball courts.
The areas of territories of music and art schools are calculated on the basis of 15 m 2 per student. The architectural and planning solution of the territories must be purposeful and meet the relevant requirements. The territories should be decorative gardens with a set of cozy recreation areas and a walking route, with appropriate equipment and small architectural forms. On the sites of art schools, special areas for plein-air classes are provided. Plantings are designed in the form of single, large plants and picturesque groups of trees and beautifully flowering shrubs. Perhaps the device of a sports playground.
On the territory of music schools, secluded areas for music lessons and recreation areas, as well as walking paths, are being designed. Plantings should be presented in the form of plant groupings of trees and shrubs placed on the lawns of the lawn and have a "calming" character. The whole composition should be predisposed to rest after intense musical work and, at the same time, contribute to the rise of creative forces. It is possible to provide a sports ground for playing ball.
Secondary school in a residential complex. The territory of the school is a green area of limited use. The school site, as a rule, is surrounded by a fence made of metal structures with a height of at least 1.5 m. The distance (gap) from the border of the site to the red lines of streets or driveways must be at least 15 ... 20 m, to the walls of houses of residential buildings - at least 10, utilities - at least 50 m.
The planning center of the site is the school building. The building, as a rule, is located at one of the sides of the site and is oriented to the cardinal points in accordance with the current sanitary standards for lighting school premises. Around the building, a passage with a width of at least 3.5 m with a turnaround area is provided (the distance from the facade of the building to the nearest side is at least 8 m).
When designing external landscaping and landscaping, it is necessary to carry out a clear functional zoning. On the territory of the school, in accordance with the educational process and programs, various sites and devices are provided for both training sessions and outdoor physical education. In accordance with this, the school site is divided into various functional areas: sports (physical culture and health), educational and experimental, recreation area, economic.
Plantations should unite all zones into a single whole and occupy at least 40 ... 50% of the territory. Plantings should play a functional role, separating playgrounds from each other, providing protection from noise, eliminating dust and purifying the air, thereby creating favorable conditions for schoolchildren to study and relax. The placement of plantings depends on the general planning solution of the site, the placement of individual zones, sites, paths.
Plantings in the sports zone are placed on small dividing strips or areas between the sites in the form of rows of trees or hedges of shrubs. On larger plots, between the sports and educational and experimental zones, compact groups of trees can be provided. Plants should not obscure the playing fields of the playgrounds. The range is selected in accordance with the requirements of landscaping sports grounds.
The plantings of the educational and experimental zone have a purely functional purpose and serve to isolate individual plots and sites. They consist of dividing ordinary strips of trees (from the side of the sports area), hedges (between the sites and experimental plots), which must be at least 10 m from the orchard.
Plantings in the recreation area are placed more freely. These are mainly groups of trees or shrubs in small areas around the sites. The requirements for the placement of individual plants and groups are the same as for the placement of trees and shrubs around recreation areas near residential buildings. The sites should have both shady corners for relaxation and well-sunshed areas. The distance from the edge of the paths to the trees should be at least 1.0 ... 0.75 m.
Along the perimeter of the inner part of the school site, rows of trees and shrubs are provided in a strip 4 ... 6 m wide, and on the outside - a strip of plantings 5 ... 10 m wide.
Near the school building, one or two recreational areas are provided for recreation of senior and junior classes during breaks, as well as (between the driveway and the school building) lawn strips with small groups of shrubs and herbaceous perennials, as well as single instances of low trees. Trees are placed at a distance of at least 10 m from the building, and shrubs - 5 m, so that the school premises are not shaded.
Preschool institutions: The level of landscaping according to modern standards should be up to 60%. Kindergartens-nursery, as a rule, are located in the central part of residential buildings in well-lit, ventilated and dry locations with normal natural surface water flow.
According to Moscow standards, preschool institutions are designed with a capacity for 10 ... 12 groups, and in some cases for 6 groups attached to the ends of residential buildings. Playgrounds for children are removed from the entrance to the kindergarten building by no more than 30m, and from the windows of the residential building itself by 15m. The area of a group playground for toddlers is taken at 7.5 m 2 per place. The service radius of a preschool institution in the microdistrict is 300 m, in small towns - 500 m.
The site of the kindergarten-nursery has a rectangular configuration. The distance from the boundaries of the site to the red line must be at least 25 m, to the walls of residential buildings - at least 10 m, the walls of public utilities - at least 50 m. The building is placed at one of the borders or in the center of the site. Around the building, a 3.5 m wide driveway with a 12x5.5 m turning area is usually provided. The distance from the facade of the building to the border of the passage (the nearest side stone) must be at least 8 m.
When designing the territory of a kindergarten, it is necessary to subdivide it into the following functional zones: the entrance zone to the territory, the zone of group playgrounds, and the economic zone.
Zone group sites includes directly group playgrounds for toddlers up to 3 years old and for children aged 4-6 years old, as well as a common sports ground (area 250m 2) and a splash pool (area 20m 2). All sites must be interconnected by a network of tracks.
The entire economic zone is concentrated at the border of the site and isolated from the zone of group sites.
Group sites- the main places of stay of children on the site. They are designed for outdoor recreation and play. Usually, for every two sites, one double canopy is installed, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is included in the area of the group site. The canopy is used for group activities and games that do not require active movement (reading, games). Each group playground should be appropriately equipped, have a sandbox, playpens, wall bars, etc. Playgrounds are designed in such a way that educators can see what each child is doing at any time. The area of a group playground for children under the age of 3 years should be 150 m 2 (with the number of children in a group of 20 people and the norm per child is 7.5 m 2), and for children from 4 to 6 years old - 180 m 2 (with a norm per child 9m 2).
For children 4 ... 6 years old, a common sports ground (250m 2) is equipped with climbing, jumping, outdoor games and a splash pool with an area of 25 ... 30m 2 and a depth of 25 ... 30cm. The bottom of the pool should be concreted, smooth and have the greatest slope (0.005). A 0.6 m wide tiled path is provided around the pool. The pool is filled with heated water.
The interconnection of all planning elements is carried out by paths 1.5 m wide. Group sites are connected by a common circular path. The coating of the tracks should be from a special mixture - gravel chips, loamy soil, seedings.
Landscaping of the territory. Plantings are envisaged in the form of the following types: rows of trees and shrubs (trees with a dense crown), groups and single specimens of trees, hedges of shrubs, flower beds (biennials, perennials).
When placing trees and shrubs, consider the following. Along the perimeter of the garden, rows of trees with a dense crown should be provided. A hedge of shrubs is designed along the outer border, shrubs in groups along the inner border. Trees are designed around the sites, both with a dense and openwork crown. To ventilate the area between groups of trees, it is necessary to leave gaps. Trees and shrubs are placed so that most of the sites (up to 50%) are illuminated by the sun during the day. The sports ground should also be well lit, so it is not recommended to place trees with a wide and dense crown around this site.
The planting density of trees and shrubs depends on the climatic conditions of the area and the availability of underground utilities.
Flower beds are located mainly at the entrances to the building, as well as in the strips between the building and the ring passage. Near the entrances to the sites, compact flower beds in the form of rectangles or circles look good. The assortment of floral herbaceous plants should include mainly perennial species of plants - phloxes, peonies, delphiniums, aquilegia, etc., as well as annuals blooming for a long time - antirrinum, petunia, kosmeya, clarkia, purslane, etc.
The lawn on the territory of the kindergarten must be resistant to trampling. To create it, it is best to use cereal types of herbs (bluegrass, fescue, bent grass). In some cases, some of the playgrounds are provided with a lawn surface. A stable turf is created from a stolon-forming bent grass.
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