5. Errors of statistical observation and control of observation materials The most important task of statistical observation is the reliability and accuracy of the collected statistical information.

A deep comprehensive study of any economic or social process involves measuring its quantitative side and characterizing its qualitative essence, place, role and relationships in the general system of social relations. Before proceeding to the use of statistical methods for studying the phenomena and processes of social life, it is necessary to have at your disposal an exhaustive information base that fully and reliably describes the object of study. The process of statistical research involves the following steps:

• collection of statistical information (statistical observation) and its primary processing;
• systematization and further processing of data obtained as a result of statistical observation, based on their summary and grouping;
• generalization and analysis of the results of processing statistical materials, formulation of conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the entire statistical study.

Statistical observation- the first and initial stage of statistical research, which is a systematic, systematically organized on a scientific basis, the process of collecting primary data on various phenomena of social and economic life. Regularity of statistical observation is that it is carried out according to a specially developed plan, which includes issues related to the organization and technique of collecting statistical information, controlling its quality and reliability, and presenting the final materials. Mass nature of statistical observation it is ensured by the most complete coverage of all cases of manifestation of the phenomenon or process under study, i.e., in the process of statistical observation, quantitative and qualitative characteristics are measured and recorded not by individual units of the population under study, but by the entire mass of units of the population. Systematicity of statistical observation means that it should not be carried out randomly, that is, spontaneously, but should be carried out either continuously or regularly at regular intervals.

The process of statistical observation is shown in fig. 2.1.

Rice. 2.1.

The process of preparing a statistical observation involves determining the purpose and object of observation, the composition of features to be recorded, and choosing the unit of observation. It is also necessary to develop forms of documents for collecting data and choose the means and methods for obtaining them.

Thus, statistical observation is a laborious and painstaking work that requires the involvement of qualified personnel, its comprehensive organization, planning, preparation and implementation.

Types and methods of statistical observation

Direct observation is carried out by registering the facts personally established by the registrars as a result of inspection, measurement, counting the signs of the phenomenon under study. In this way, prices for goods and services are recorded, measurements of working hours are made, an inventory of stock balances, etc.

Survey is based on obtaining data from respondents (survey participants). The survey is used in cases where observation by other methods cannot be carried out. This type of observation is typical for conducting various sociological surveys and public opinion polls. Statistical information can be obtained by different types of surveys: expeditionary, correspondent, questionnaire, private.

Expeditionary (oral) survey is carried out by specially trained workers (registrators), who record the answers of respondents in the observation forms. The form is a form of a document in which it is necessary to fill in the fields for answers.

Correspondent poll assumes that, on a voluntary basis, the staff of respondents reports information directly to the monitoring body. The disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to verify the correctness of the received information.

At questionnaire respondents fill out questionnaires (questionnaires), voluntarily and mostly anonymously. Since this method of obtaining information is not reliable, it is used in those studies where high accuracy of the results is not required. In some situations, there are enough approximate results that capture only the trend and record the emergence of new facts and phenomena. turnout poll involves the submission of information to the bodies conducting monitoring, in person. In this way, acts of civil status are registered: marriages, divorces, deaths, births, etc.

In addition to the types and methods of statistical observation, the theory of statistics also considers forms of statistical observation: reporting, specially organized statistical observation, registers.

Statistical reporting- the main form of statistical observation, which is characterized by the fact that statistical authorities receive information about the phenomena under study in the form of special documents submitted by enterprises and organizations within a certain time frame and in the prescribed form. The forms of statistical reporting themselves, the methods of collecting and processing statistical data, the methodology of statistical indicators established by the Federal State Statistics Service are the official statistical standards of the Russian Federation and are mandatory for all subjects of public relations.

Statistical reporting is divided into specialized and standard. Composition of indicators standard reporting is the same for all enterprises and organizations, while the composition of indicators specialized reporting depends on the specifics of individual sectors of the economy and the sphere

activities. According to the timing of submission, statistical reporting is daily, weekly, ten-day, two-weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual. Statistical reporting can be transmitted by telephone, communication channels, on electronic media with mandatory subsequent submission on paper, certified by the signature of responsible persons.

Specially organized statistical observation is a collection of information organized by the statistical authorities either for the study of phenomena not covered by reporting, or for a deeper study of reported data, their verification and clarification. Various kinds of censuses, one-time surveys are specially organized observations.

Registers- this is a form of observation in which the facts of the state of individual units of the population are continuously recorded. Observing a unit of the population, it is assumed that the processes occurring there have a beginning, a long-term continuation and an end. In the register, each unit of observation is characterized by a set of indicators. All indicators are stored until the observation unit is in the register and has not ended its existence. Some indicators remain the same as long as the unit of observation is in the register, others may change from time to time. An example of such a register is the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations (USRE). All work on its maintenance is carried out by the FSGS.

So, the choice of types, methods and forms of statistical observation depends on a number of factors, the main of which are the goals and objectives of observation, the specifics of the observed object, the urgency of presenting results, the availability of trained personnel, the possibility of using technical means of collecting and processing data.

Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

One of the most important tasks that must be solved when preparing a statistical observation is to determine the purpose, object and unit of observation.

Targets almost any statistical observation- obtaining reliable information about the phenomena and processes of social life in order to identify the interrelationships of factors, assess the scale of the phenomenon and the patterns of its development. Based on the tasks of observation, its program and forms of organization are determined. In addition to the goal, it is necessary to establish the object of observation, that is, to determine what exactly is to be observed.

Object of observation called the totality of social phenomena or processes to be investigated. The object of observation can be a set of institutions (credit, educational, etc.), the population, physical objects (buildings, transport, equipment). When establishing the object of observation, it is important to strictly and accurately determine the boundaries of the population under study. To do this, it is necessary to clearly establish the essential features by which it is determined whether to include an object in the aggregate or not. For example, before conducting a survey of medical institutions for the provision of modern equipment, it is necessary to determine the category, departmental and territorial affiliation of the clinics to be surveyed. When defining the object of observation, it is necessary to specify the unit of observation and the unit of the population.

Unit of observation is an integral element of the object of observation, which is a source of information, i.e., the unit of observation is the carrier of signs to be registered. Depending on the specific tasks of statistical observation, this may be a household or a person, such as a student, an agricultural enterprise or a factory. The units of observation are called reporting units, if they submit statistical reports to the statistical authorities.

Population unit- this is an integral element of the object of observation, from which information about the unit of observation is received, i.e., the unit of the population serves as the basis for counting and has features that are subject to registration in the process of observation. For example, in a census of forest plantations, the unit of the population will be a tree, since it has characteristics that are subject to registration (age, species composition, etc.), while the forestry itself, in which the survey is conducted, acts as the unit of observation.

Each phenomenon or process of social life has many features, but it is impossible to obtain information about all of them, and not all of them are of interest to the researcher, therefore, when preparing an observation, it is necessary to decide which features will be subject to registration in accordance with the goals and objectives of the observation. . To determine the composition of the registered features, an observation program is developed.

Statistical Observation Program call a set of questions, the answers to which in the process of observation should form statistical information. The development of an observation program is a very important and responsible task, and the success of the observation depends on how correctly it is carried out. There are a number of requirements that need to be taken into account when developing an observation program:

• the program should, if possible, contain only those characteristics that are necessary and whose values ​​will be used for further analysis or for control purposes. In an effort to complete the information that ensures the receipt of benign materials, it is necessary to limit the amount of information collected in order to obtain reliable material for analysis;
• program questions should be formulated clearly in order to exclude their incorrect interpretation and prevent distortion of the meaning of the information collected;
• when developing an observation program, it is desirable to build a logical sequence of questions; questions of the same type or signs characterizing any one side of the phenomenon should be combined into one section;
• the monitoring program should contain control questions for checking and correcting the recorded information.

To carry out the observation, certain tools are needed: forms and instructions. statistical form- a special document of a single sample, which records the answers to the questions of the program. Depending on the specific content of the observation being carried out, the form may be called a form of statistical reporting, a census or questionnaire, a map, a card, a questionnaire or a form. There are two types of forms: card and list. form card, or an individual form, designed to reflect information about one unit of the statistical population, and list the form contains information about several units of the population. The integral and obligatory elements of the statistical form are the title, address and content parts. V title part the name of the statistical observation and the body that approved this form, the deadlines for submitting the form and some other information are indicated. V address part details of the reporting unit of observation are indicated. main, content, part of the form usually looks like a table that contains the name, codes and values ​​of indicators.

The statistical form is filled in according to the instructions. The instruction contains instructions on the procedure for conducting observation, methodological instructions and explanations for filling out the form. Depending on the complexity of the surveillance program, the instruction is either published as a brochure or placed on the back of the form. In addition, for the necessary clarifications, you can contact the specialists responsible for conducting the observation, the bodies that conduct it.

When organizing statistical observation, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the time of observation and the place of its conduct. Choice places of observation depends on the purpose of the observation. Choice observation time associated with the definition of a critical moment (date) or time interval and the definition of the period (period) of observation. critical moment Statistical observation is the point in time to which the information recorded in the process of observation is timed. Observation period the period during which the registration of information about the phenomenon under study should be carried out is determined, i.e. the time interval during which the forms are filled out. Usually, the observation period should not be too far from the critical moment of observation in order to reproduce the state of the object at that moment.

Issues of organizational support, preparation and conduct of statistical observation

For the successful preparation and conduct of statistical observation, the issues of organizational support must be resolved. To do this, an organizational plan of observation is drawn up, which reflects the goals and objectives of observation, the object of observation, the place, time, timing of observation, and the circle of persons responsible for conducting the observation.

An obligatory element of the organizational plan is the indication of the supervisory authority. The circle of organizations designed to assist in the monitoring is also determined, these may include internal affairs bodies, tax inspectorate, sectoral ministries, public organizations, individuals, volunteers, etc.

The preparatory activities include:

• development of forms of statistical observation, reproduction of the documentation of the survey itself;
• development of a methodological apparatus for analyzing and presenting the results of observation;
• development of software for data processing, purchase of computer and office equipment;
• purchase of necessary materials, including stationery;
• training of qualified personnel, training of personnel, conducting various kinds of briefings, etc.;
• conducting mass explanatory work among the population and participants in the observation (lectures, conversations, speeches in the press, on radio and television);
• coordination of the activities of all services and organizations involved in joint actions;
• equipment for data collection and processing;
• preparation of information transmission channels and means of communication;
• solution of issues related to the financing of statistical observation.

Thus, the monitoring plan contains a number of measures aimed at the successful completion of work on recording the necessary information.

Observation Accuracy and Data Validation Methods

Each specific measurement of the magnitude of the data, carried out in the process of observation, gives, as a rule, an approximate value of the magnitude of the phenomenon, which differs to some extent from the true value of this magnitude. The degree of compliance with the actual value of any indicator or feature obtained from observation materials is called accuracy of statistical observation. The discrepancy between the result of observation and the true value of the magnitude of the observed phenomenon is called observation error.

Depending on the nature, stage and causes of occurrence, several types of observation errors are distinguished (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1

By their nature, errors are divided into random and systematic. Random called errors, the occurrence of which is due to the action of random factors. These include reservations and misprints by the interviewee. They can be directed towards decreasing or increasing the value of the attribute; as a rule, they are not reflected in the final result, since they cancel each other out during the summary processing of the observation results. Systematic errors have the same tendency to either decrease or increase the value of the attribute indicator. This is due to the fact that measurements, for example, are made by a faulty measuring instrument or errors are the result of an inaccurate formulation of the question of the observation program, etc. Systematic errors are of great danger, since they significantly distort the results of observation.

Depending on the stage of occurrence, registration errors are distinguished; errors that occur during the preparation of data for machine processing; errors that appear in the process of processing on computer technology.

TO registration errors include those inaccuracies that occur when recording data in a statistical form (primary document, form, report, census form) or when entering data into computers, distortion of data when transmitted via communication lines (telephone, e-mail). Often registration errors occur due to non-compliance with the form form, i.e., the entry was made in the wrong line or column of the document. There is also a deliberate distortion of the values ​​of individual indicators.

Errors in preparing data for machine processing or in the process of processing itself occur in data centers or data preparation centers. The occurrence of such errors is associated with careless, incorrect, fuzzy filling in of data in forms, with a physical defect in the data carrier, with the loss of part of the data due to non-compliance with the information base storage technology, or are determined by equipment failures.

Knowing the types and causes of observation errors, it is possible to significantly reduce the percentage of such information distortions. There are the following types of errors:

measurement errors, associated with certain errors that arise during a single statistical observation of the phenomenon and processes of social life;

representativeness errors, arising in the course of non-continuous observation and related to the fact that the sample itself is not representative, and the results obtained on its basis cannot be extended to the entire population;

intentional mistakes, arising from the deliberate distortion of data for various purposes, including the desire to embellish the actual state of the object of observation or, conversely, to show the unsatisfactory state of the object (this distortion of information is a violation of the law);

unintentional errors as a rule, of an accidental nature and associated with the low qualification of employees, their inattention or negligence. Often such errors are related to subjective factors, when people give incorrect information about their age, marital status, education, membership in a social group, etc., or simply forget some facts, telling the registrar information that just occurred to them.

It is desirable to carry out some activities that will help prevent, identify and correct observational errors. These include:

• selection of qualified personnel and high-quality training of personnel related to the conduct of surveillance;
• organization of control checks of the correctness of filling out documents, by a continuous or selective method;
• arithmetic and logical control of the received data after the completion of the collection of observation materials.

The main types of data reliability control are syntactic, logical and arithmetic (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2

Syntax control means checking the correctness of the structure of the document, the availability of necessary and mandatory details, the completeness of filling in the form lines in accordance with the established rules. The importance and necessity of syntactic control is explained by the use of computer technology, scanners for data processing, which impose strict requirements on compliance with the rules for filling out forms.

Logic control the correctness of the recording of codes, compliance with their names and values ​​​​of indicators are checked. The necessary relationships between indicators are checked, answers to various questions are compared and incompatible combinations are identified. To correct errors identified during logical control, they return to the original documents and make corrections.

At arithmetic control the obtained totals are compared with pre-calculated checksums for rows and columns. Quite often, arithmetic control is based on the dependence of one indicator on two or more others, for example, it is the product of other indicators. If the arithmetic control of the final indicators reveals that this dependence is not observed, this will indicate inaccuracy of the data.

Thus, the control of the reliability of statistical information is carried out at all stages of statistical observation, from the collection of primary information to the stage of obtaining the results.

Non-state educational institution

higher professional education

INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL INNOVATIONS

Test

By discipline: "Legal statistics"

On the topic: Stages of statistical observation

Completed by: Vyatkina O.E.

4th year student, correspondence department,

faculty of jurisprudence, specialty lawyer

Volgograd 2014

Introduction

Definition and steps of statistical observation

3. Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

4. Organizational issues of statistical observation

5. Errors in statistical observation and control of observation materials

Ways to improve statistical observation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The study of statistical science plays an important role in the preparation of highly qualified lawyers - both practitioners and researchers. Statistics is of great importance: criminological, criminal law, penitentiary, forensic, administrative and legal. Its corresponding indicators are needed by specialists in administrative, criminal, civil and other branches of law. Accordingly, a specialist in the field of legal sciences must master the basic issues of the theory of statistics, i.e. statistical methodology as a set of techniques and methods, to a certain extent invariant to the specific content of the statistical data used: about its subject and method, the law of large numbers, statistical observation, grouping, generalizing indicators and statistical analysis.

Legal statistics - a system of concepts and methods of the general theory of statistics, applied to the field of study of offenses and measures of social control over them.

In order to study the mass phenomena and processes of social life, including crime, it is necessary, first of all, to collect the necessary information, that is, statistical data. Statistical data is a set of quantitative (numerical) characteristics obtained as a result of statistical research (observation and scientific processing). The formation of an information base (statistical data) with the help of a statistical study of social phenomena and processes is a complex multi-stage process. In this process, the following stages are distinguished: Statistical observation; Summary and grouping of the collected material;

Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized accounting of facts characterizing the phenomena and processes of social life according to a single program.

1. Definition and steps of statistical observation

statistical observation information

Statistical observation is an organized work to collect primary information about the studied mass phenomena and processes of social life. Statistical observation is carried out in an organized manner and according to a previously developed program and plan.

The initial stage of economic and statistical research is statistical observation. The use of objective and complete information obtained in the course of statistical observation at the subsequent stages of the study provides scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.

The object of statistical observation is the population within which the observation is carried out. The unit of statistical observation is an element of the object under study, which represents the necessary initial information of the Trait, and the properties of the units of the population are called features. In order to obtain information, you need to develop a monitoring program. The program of statistical observation should contain a list of features that will characterize individual units of the population.

The process of conducting statistical observation consists of the following steps:

) program - methodological preparation of the observation. At this stage, the goals and objects of observation, signs to be registered are determined, documents for data collection are developed, methods and means of obtaining data are determined, and more;

) organizational preparation for the observation. This stage implies the following types of work: selection and training of personnel; drawing up a calendar plan of work for the preparation and conduct of statistical observation; materials are processed that will be used in statistical observation;

) at the third stage, choose the form, method and type of statistical observation. The most important stage in carrying out statistical observation is the collection of observation data, the accumulation of statistical information;

) control of statistical observation data;

) at the last stage of statistical observation, conclusions and proposals for statistical observation are made.

The results obtained in the course of statistical observation are subject to control in terms of their reliability, completeness and the possibility of errors or inaccuracies.

There are the following requirements that statistical observation must meet:

) observed phenomena must have value and express certain socio-economic types of phenomena;

) the collection of statistical data should ensure the completeness of the facts that are considered in the issue under study;

) in order to ensure the reliability of statistical data, it is necessary to carefully and comprehensively check the quality of the collected objects - this is one of the most important characteristics of statistical observation;

) in order to create good conditions for obtaining objective materials, it is necessary to scientifically organize statistical observation.

Forms, types and methods of statistical observation

The main organizational forms of statistical observation include: reporting and specially organized observation.

The most important form of statistical observation is reporting.

.Reporting is a form of statistical observation, in which the relevant statistical authorities receive information from enterprises and organizations that carry out economic activities within a certain period of time. Information must be submitted in accordance with the procedure for reporting documents established by law.

Reporting documents must be filled out on the basis of primary accounting data and signed by persons responsible

for the information provided. State statistical bodies approve the forms of statistical reporting.

In commercial activities, reporting is divided into:

) nationwide - obligatory for all organizations and is submitted in a consolidated form to the state statistics bodies;

) intradepartmental - this reporting is valid within departments and ministries. There are the following reporting forms:

) standard is called reporting, which contains indicators that are the same for all enterprises, institutions of various organizational forms, as well as for other types of activities

) if the enterprise has its own specific features, then specialized reporting is introduced into this organization;

) reporting provided by each enterprise at the same time intervals is called periodic;

) reporting, which is received by the statistical authorities as needed, is called one-time reporting. Each organization has the right to choose how it provides reporting data.

At present, there are many ways for statistical data to be received by statistical bodies, for example, postal and urgent services are provided by telegraph, teletype, fax, and other methods. Specially organized statistical observation is the collection of information through censuses, one-time surveys and records. An example of a specially organized statistical observation is an inventory at an enterprise.

Consider the following types of statistical observation:

) if absolutely all units of the studied set of phenomena and processes are subjected to examination, then this is a continuous statistical observation;

) if part of the unit of the studied set of phenomena is subjected to the survey, then this is not a continuous statistical observation;

) selective observation is an observation in which the characteristics of the entire set of facts are given according to some of their parts, selected in a random order;

) monographic survey is a detailed study and description of certain units of the population;

) if that part of the units of the population is subjected to the survey, in which the value of the studied trait is predominant in the entire volume, then this is called the method of the main array;

) data collection based on the voluntary completion of questionnaires by addressees is called a questionnaire survey;

) if the observation is carried out continuously, and at the same time all the facts and phenomena occurring in the state of change are recorded, then this observation is called current;

) if the observation is carried out irregularly, but only when required, this observation is called one-time;

) periodic observation is called, which is repeated at certain intervals (year, month, quarter, etc.).

Depending on the sources of information collected, there are:

) observation carried out by the registrars themselves by measuring and with the help of inspection, counting and weighing the features of the object under study is called direct;

) a survey is an observation in which a person's answers to questions are recorded on a specific form;

) when documenting facts, documents serve as a source of information.

The provision by enterprises and organizations of statistical reports on their economic activities in a strictly established manner is called the reporting method. The type of statistical observation, which involves the provision of information to the bodies that conduct the observation, is called the private method.

If correspondents provide information to the authorities, then this method is called correspondent.

The provision of documents that are filled out by the respondents themselves, and special workers only provide forms, is called the method of self-registration.

Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

The development of a plan for conducting statistical observation is the most important stage in the preparation of statistical observation. The plan should contain the formulation and solution of organizational issues, such as setting the goals and objectives of observation, developing observation programs, determining the object and unit of observation, choosing the type and method of observation.

The purpose of observation is to obtain the main result of a statistical study.

In order to organize statistical observation, it is necessary to accurately establish the object of observation.

Sets of units about which statistical data should be collected are called objects of statistical observation. Before performing a statistical survey of the organization's activities, it is necessary to determine the distinctive features and the most important features of the object under study.

The primary element of the object of statistical observation, which is the carrier of certain characteristics, is called the unit of observation, and the primary cell, from which statistical information will be obtained in the future, is called the unit of the population.

Requirements for the program of statistical observation:

) the observation program should contain all its main features, features that characterize those phenomena and processes that will be further used in the development of statistical observation materials;

) all control questions included in the monitoring program should be briefly but clearly formulated;

) the degree of completeness and reliability of the data obtained in the course of statistical observation depends on the quality of the program;

) the issues addressed in this program should be presented in a logical sequence.

Statistical forms are specialized documents of a certain form, which are designed for accounting and reporting. The statistical observation form contains a list of program questions and places for recording answers to them. This form consists of: the title part, which includes the name of the statistical observation and the body conducting it, the date and name of the body that approved this form; the address part of the form must contain a record of the exact address of the unit or set of units of observation, their subordination.

The form has various forms of expression and name: census form, form, questionnaire, reporting form, questionnaire, etc.

Statistical form systems include: an individual form designed to record responses to observation program questions, but only for one observation unit; the list form is designed to record in it the answers to the questions of the monitoring program about several units of observation. In order to interpret the questions contained in the forms in a uniform manner, a statistical hint may be given. Statistical hint - a list of possible answers to the questions. Instructions are drawn up for statistical forms - this is a document that includes explanations and instructions on the program of statistical observation, and also reflects the goals and objectives of observation, information about the object and units of observation, the timing and time of the observation. Instructions should be simple, concise and clear.

Organizational issues of statistical observation

The organizational plan is a document, it should reflect the most important issues for organizing and holding upcoming events. It is compiled in order to successfully carry out statistical observations. It indicates: the bodies conducting observations, the time and date of observation, the preparatory work that was carried out for further observation, the procedure for recruiting and training personnel necessary for statistical observation, the procedure for conducting it, the procedure for receiving and submitting materials, obtaining and providing preliminary and final results. The question of the timing of the statistical observation must necessarily be resolved, including the choice of the season, term and critical moment of the observation.

In order to choose a season, you need to make sure that the object under study is in its usual state.

The time of beginning and end of the collection of statistical data is called the period, or period.

The observation time is the time to which the collected statistical information will be referred.

The critical date is the date as of which information is reported.

The critical moment of statistical observation is the point in time at which the collected data are recorded, which are obtained in the process of statistical observation, for example, they choose the end of one day and the beginning of others.

The organization that prepares, conducts statistical observation and is responsible for its work is the monitoring body. The supervisory body must clearly define the areas of activity, functions, rights and duties for which it is responsible.

The place where the registration of observed facts and the filling of statistical forms is called the place of statistical observation.

Errors in statistical observation and control of observation materials

The most important task of statistical observation is the reliability and accuracy of the collected statistical information.

Accuracy is the level of compliance of the value of any feature or indicator, which was obtained as a result of statistical observation, with its actual value. In the process of preparing and conducting a statistical study, in order to prevent the possibility of deviations or differences between the calculated indicators, it is necessary to foresee and implement a number of measures. If such deviations occur, they are called statistical observation errors.

The materials collected as a result of observation are subjected to comprehensive verification and control. They are checked from the point of view of the completeness of coverage of all units of the observation population and the correctness of filling in the documents and in the order of logical and arithmetic control.

Logical control consists in comparing answers to interrelated questions of the observation program in order to identify logically incompatible answers.

Counting control is reduced to checking the total and group digital totals and their comparison. Its task is to detect and correct incorrect totals of numerical indicators.

Statistical observation errors are representativeness errors and registration errors.

Representativeness errors indicate the extent to which a sample represents the population. These errors arise because only a part of the units of the population being studied is subjected to observation, and this information cannot accurately reflect the properties of the entire mass of phenomena in the population.

Registration errors resulting from incorrect fact-finding can be divided into:

) random - these are errors that can give distortions both in one direction and in the other;

) systematic errors arising from the violation of the principles of unintentional selection of units of the studied population. Systematic errors are dangerous because they affect the resulting scores;

) intentional errors arise from deliberate misrepresentation of facts.

6. Protection of statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations

Statistical information provided by legal entities, their branches and representative offices, citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities for conducting state statistical observations, depending on the nature of the information contained in it, may be open and publicly available or classified in accordance with the legislation as restricted access.

The State Statistics Committee of Russia ensures, within its competence, the protection of statistical information, including information that constitutes a state or other secret protected by law, and confidential information, develops a list of confidential information obtained during state statistical observations, and the procedure for their provision to users.

The State Statistics Committee of Russia guarantees the reporting entities the confidentiality of the statistical information received from them on the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data) and provides for an appropriate record of guarantee provision on the forms.

The provision of statistical information contained in the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data), except for those classified as state secrets, by the State Statistics Committee of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction, is carried out with the written consent of the reporting entities that provided this data, except for cases, provided by law.

The provision of statistical information contained in the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data), which is classified as a state secret, is carried out by the State Statistics Committee of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction in the manner established by the Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 1993 No. 5485 -1 "On State Secrets" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997 No. 41, Art. 4673).

Responsibility for Violation of the Procedure for Presenting Statistical Information Necessary for Conducting State Statistical Observations

In accordance with Article 13.19 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, violation by an official responsible for providing statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations of the procedure for its provision, provision of false statistical information entails the imposition of an administrative fine.

The proceedings on administrative offenses of the procedure for providing statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations and the execution of administrative penalties imposed are carried out in the manner established by the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Reporting organizations compensate, in accordance with the established procedure, the Goskomstat of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction for the damage that arose in connection with the need to correct the results of consolidated reporting when providing distorted data or violating the deadlines for reporting, in accordance with Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation of 13.05. 1992 No. 2761-1 "On liability for violation of the procedure for the provision of state statistical reporting."

8. Ways to improve statistical observation

A comprehensive study of the transformations taking place in society, economic and social processes using the method of a scientifically based system of indicators, generalization and forecasting of the ways of development of farms, identifying reserves for increasing the efficiency of social production is the main task of statistical science at the present time.

The concept of creating an automated statistical information system considers ways and directions for solving such important tasks as the development of a scientifically based system of statistical indicators and the scientific organization of statistical observation.

The system of statistical indicators of socio-economic development is the same for all levels of government, provided by a single methodology for their calculation. It is designed to provide information that will characterize the state and development of economic, social, political and public life in all spheres and at all levels of government.

Obtaining the necessary data on the quantitative and qualitative values ​​of certain indicators should change in accordance with the requirements of the system of statistical observations.

Improving statistical monitoring will increase the content, reliability and efficiency of reporting data based on statistical reporting, censuses, and one-time records.

The main principles of the formation of a system of statistical observation: statistical reporting should contain a system of reporting indicators and provide the possibility of monitoring the progress of the implementation of planned programs; sample surveys, censuses, records, qualifications should ensure the receipt of quantitative values ​​of statistical indicators for the purpose of their subsequent economic analysis.

The main purpose of the reporting indicators system is to control the implementation, implementation and achievement of target figures, government orders, compliance with established standards and limits.

At present, the organizational structures of managing the economy, forms and methods of managing the economy are changing, small and joint ventures, joint-stock companies are being actively formed, and the scope of lease relations is expanding.

In connection with these changes, the statistical authorities need to develop and implement a program to improve the organization of statistical observation.

The program approach will make it possible to carry out a targeted set of measures to improve the system of statistical observation - from asking questions to developing specific reporting forms.

At present, some main directions for improving the system of statistical observation have already been developed: this is the formation, on the basis of a system of statistical indicators of socio-economic development, of a list of the most important measures to monitor the implementation of economic reforms in the system of national economic management; methodology for the most important indicators taken into account when conducting censuses of one-time, sample and monographic surveys.

Consider the sequence of stages in the development and implementation of the improvement of statistical observation.

It is necessary to define a list of indicators that will characterize economic processes for continuous observation, as well as a list of indicators and objects of statistical observation; information on them can be obtained using selective observation and one-time accounting

Development and implementation of reporting forms for complete observation, as well as programs and forms of selective observation and a mathematical apparatus for disseminating selective observation data to the entire set of objects.

Development of a system of census reporting and the necessary mathematical apparatus for distributing census reporting data to the entire set of objects.

Training of economists in methods of selective, monographic surveys and qualification reporting.

Conclusion

Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful preparation. The reliability and reliability of information, the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.

The reliability of statistical data is ensured in various ways. These include: rational development of a monitoring program and instructions explaining the content of indicators: systematic control and verification of accounting and reporting at all enterprises, institutions and organizations; selection and training of personnel, etc.

Statistical literacy is an integral part of the professional training of every economist, financier, sociologist, political scientist, as well as any specialist dealing with the analysis of mass phenomena, be it social, economic, technical, scientific, and others.

The work of these groups of specialists is inevitably associated with the collection, development and analysis of data of a statistical (mass) nature.

Statistical observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research. The importance of this stage of the study is determined by the fact that the use of only objective and sufficiently complete information obtained as a result of statistical observation at subsequent stages of the study is able to provide scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.

Bibliography:

1. Bendina N.V. General theory of statistics (lecture notes). - M.: PRIOR, 2009.

2. Goremykina T.K. General and legal statistics; 2006

legal statistics; Kazantsev S.Ya. , Lebedeva S.Ya.; 2007

4. Eliseeva I.I., Yuzbashev M.M. "General theory of statistics" Textbook. 4th ed., revised. and additional M. Finance and statistics, 2009.

5. Godin A.M. Statistics: textbook / A.M. Godin.- Moscow: Dashkov, 2012

Statistics: textbook / (I. I. Eliseeva et al.) - Moscow: Prospekt, 2011

Tutoring

Need help learning a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Submit an application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

1. Preparation for statistical observation(solution of scientific, methodological and organizational and technical issues).

- determination of the purpose and object of observation;

- determination of the composition of signs subject to registration;

- development of documents for data collection;

- selection and training of personnel for monitoring;

2. Collection of information

Direct filling of statistical forms (forms, questionnaires).

Statistical information is the primary data on the state of socio-economic phenomena that are formed in the process of statistical observation, which are then subjected to systematization, summary, analysis and generalization.

The composition of information is largely determined by the needs of society at the moment. Changes in the forms of ownership and methods of economic regulation led to changes in the policy of statistical observation. If earlier information was available only to state bodies, now it is in most cases publicly available. The main consumers of statistical information are the government, commercial structures, international organizations and the public.

3. Primary data processing

4. Statistical analysis processed information.

It consists in the analysis of the reasons that led to the incorrect completion of statistical forms and the development of appropriate proposals for improving the observation;

As a result of statistical observation, objective, comparable, complete information should be obtained, which allows, at subsequent stages of the study, to provide evidence-based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the phenomenon under study.

The quality and reliability of statistical information determine the effectiveness of the use of statistics in any field. Labor-intensive work to provide the necessary data is the most important task of the state.

2. The concept of statistical observation

Statistical observation- this is mass (it covers a large number of cases of manifestation of the phenomenon under study in order to obtain truthful statistical data), systematic (carried out according to a developed plan, including questions of methodology, organization of collection and control of the reliability of information), systematic (carried out systematically, either continuously or regularly), scientifically organized (to increase the reliability of the data, which depends on the observation program, the content of the questionnaires, the quality of the preparation of instructions) observation of the phenomena and processes of socio-economic life, which consists in collecting and registering individual characteristics for each unit of the population.

Statistical observation is a preliminary stage of statistical research, which is a systematic, scientifically organized accounting (collection) of primary statistical data on mass socio-economic phenomena and processes.

Not every collection of data can be called a statistical observation. Observation will be statistical, firstly, when it is accompanied by the registration of the studied facts in the relevant accounting documents for their further generalization, and secondly, when it is of a massive nature. This provides coverage of a significant number of cases of manifestation of a particular process, necessary and sufficient in order to obtain data that concern not only individual units of the population, but the entire population as a whole.

The essence of statistical observation and his tasks

AnythingstatisticalstudystartsWithreceivinginformation,those.accountingfactsandcollectionprimaryinformation.ScientificorganizedaccountingfactsOmassivephenomenaandprocessesandcollectionreceivedon thebasisthisaccountingprimarydataacceptedcallstatisticalobservation.

Statistical observation– itfirststageanystaticresearch,representingyourselfscientifically organizedonunifiedprogramaccountingfactsOmassivephenomenaandprocesses(publiclife)andcollectionreceivedon thebasisthisaccountingmassiveprimarydata.

Depending on the purpose and content of the static work, the primary material can be very diverse in nature and methods of study (for example, a population census and an assessment of consumer demand for a particular product).

Highauthenticitystatisticaldataandtheircompletenessensuredscientificorganizationstatisticalobservations.On thebasisdefectivematerialinexpedientsubsequentstatisticalJob.

statisticalobservationvcertainsensemustconsideralsotechnologysubsequentprocessinginformationandformsrepresentationresults(specificationscarriersinformation).

Sothe waytasksstaticobservationsare:

one). Ensuring the completeness of information about the phenomenon under study;

2). Obtaining reliable information;

3). Ensuring the efficiency of obtaining data (in the shortest possible time).

Statistical observation (collection of primary statistical material) consists of three main stages:

1) preparation of statistical observation;

2) organization and production of observation;

3) control of the obtained primary data.

At the first stage statistical observation, the goal is determined, the object and unit of observation are established, tools and an observation program are developed.

common goal statistical observation is to obtain reliable information about the trends in the development of phenomena and processes for the subsequent adoption of managerial decisions. It must be specific and clear. A fuzzy goal can lead to the collection of not the data that is necessary to solve a specific problem.

The goal determines the object of statistical observation.

Object of observation there is some studied statistical population of either individuals (population, employees), or legal entities (enterprises, firms, educational institutions), or physical units (production equipment, vehicles and transportation, residential buildings), i.e. the studied statistical population consists of individual units.

Unit of observation - this is the primary element of the object of statistical observation, which is the carrier of signs to be registered.

Indication of the most important features allows you to establish boundaries of the study population. For example, if it is necessary to conduct a study of the profitability of printing enterprises, then it is necessary to determine the forms of ownership of these enterprises, the organizational and legal framework, the number of employees of the enterprise, the volume of sales of products, i.e. something that distinguishes both state and non-state enterprises, as well as small and large enterprises. Only in this case we will get reliable statistical information.

The unit of observation should be distinguished from the reporting unit. Reporting unit - the unit from which the data is reported. It may or may not match the unit of observation.

Justification of the goal, the choice of observation units, reporting units, the selection of essential features, the period of time for statistical observation, reporting forms are set out in the program of statistical observation.

Usually monitoring program call the list of questions that are subject to registration during the observation. In order for the observation program to be scientifically substantiated and correctly drawn up, the following are presented to it: requirements:

1) a clear and specific statement of the main goal of observation;

2) determination of the place and time of observation, where the critical moment (date or time interval, as of which the registration of signs is carried out) and the period (period of filling out the statistical form) are determined;

3) selection of a number of the most significant features of the object of observation;

4) a comprehensive definition of the type, main features and properties of the phenomenon under study;

5) questions formulated in the program should not be ambiguous;

6) observance of the logical principle of the sequence of questions;

7) inclusion in the program of questions of a control nature to verify the collected statistical data;

8) a combination of closed and open questions of the program.

The program is drawn up in the form of a document, the so-called a statistical form that ensures the uniformity of information received from each reporting unit. The form has a title part (information about those who conduct the observation) and an address part (address and subordination of the reporting unit). The program has an appendix - an instruction (statistical observation tools), which determines the procedure for conducting the observation and the procedure for filling out the reporting form.

At the second stage the most important organizational issues of statistical observation are solved. They consist in choosing the organizational forms of observation, types of observation and methods of obtaining statistical information that correspond to the goals and objectives of a particular statistical observation.

At the third stage The collected statistical material must pass the control. As practice shows, even with well-organized statistical observation, there are errors and errors that require correction. Therefore, the purpose of this stage is both counting and logical control of the obtained primary data. The discrepancy between the calculated and actual values ​​of the quantity under study in statistics is called the error of observation. Depending on the causes of occurrence, registration errors and representativeness errors are distinguished.

Registration errors may be random or systematic.

Random bugs do not have a specific focus and arise under the influence of random factors (permutation of numbers, shifting lines and a graph when filling out a statistical form). When generalizing the mass material, these errors cancel each other out.

Systematic errors registrations have a certain focus, they can either overestimate or underestimate a specific value of the indicator, which ultimately leads to a distortion of the actual situation.

Examples of a systematic statistical error in registration are rounding off the age of the population by figures ending in 5 and 0, underestimation of income in the documentation for the tax authorities, elements of unreliability that enterprises introduce into those characteristics on which settlement with creditors depends, etc.

Counting control is used to detect errors, especially to check the totals. In addition to counting, logical control is also used, which may cast doubt on the correctness of the data obtained, since it is based on a logical relationship between features.

For example, in a population census, the fact that a five-year-old child has a secondary education is called into question, and in this case it is clear that an error was made when filling out the form.

If registration errors are characteristic of any observation (continuous and non-continuous), then representativeness errors - just random observation. They characterize the discrepancies between the values ​​of the indicator obtained in the surveyed population and its value in the original (general) population.

Representativeness errors can also be random or systematic. Random bugs arise if the selected population does not fully reproduce all the features of the general population and the magnitude of these errors can be estimated. Systematic errors representativeness can arise if the very principle of selecting units from the initial population is violated. In this case, the completeness of the collected data is checked, the arithmetic control of the accuracy of the information for its reliability, and the logical relationship of indicators is checked.

The statistical observation is completed with a control check of the collected data.