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Description.

1. Organism and habitat
2. Human health and environmental safety
3. Food quality
4. Environmental aspects of the demographic situation in Russia
5. Man and space
Conclusions and results
Bibliography

Extract from work.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

Saint Petersburg State University

service and economy

NOVGOROD BRANCH

Department of "Mathematical and natural sciences"

TEST

Discipline "Ecology"

Theme "Regularities of the relationship between organisms and the environment"

Completed:

Student of the 1st year of the 58th group of the specialty 080109

Blinova Olga Ivanovna FULL NAME. student

Record book number:___________

Checked:

____________________________

FULL NAME. teacher

Velikiy Novgorod

2009

1. Organism and habitat……………………….….3
2. Human health and environmental safety….3
3. Food quality…………………………6

4) Environmental aspects of the demographic situation in Russia…………………………………………………….…6

5) Man and space…………………………………………8

Conclusions and results………………………………………….10

References…………………………………….11

1. Organism and habitat

One of the main conclusions of the teachings of V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere was the idea of ​​the relationship of all living organisms with each other and with the environment. The elementary unit of evolution - the population - is in dynamic equilibrium with other populations and with the environment. Such dynamic equilibria are called population waves. In no case should a person interfere with natural population waves (the 4th law of B. Commoner - nature knows best). Population size is the result of a dynamic balance between its biological potential and environmental resistance. When the resistance of the environment weakens, the population increases explosively.

The human population, like any other, is subject to the same laws. But, unlike other living organisms, man has sharply reduced the resistance of the environment, practically violating the natural balances, overcoming the action of limiting factors. As already mentioned, man won in the competition with other species by learning to produce food in abundance, irrigate the fields and improve his dwellings, and also by creating means of combating disease-causing microbes and, thereby, cutting himself off from natural selection. With the help of technology, in order to meet their needs, humanity began to exploit natural resources, bringing them to almost complete depletion, which led to the disappearance of entire ecosystems (for example, deforestation of the planet), i.e. to a large extent, we support our own existence by depleting resources and decimating other populations.

However, having developed production excessively, man not only won, but also lost, since the factors listed above for his “victory” over nature hit the human population hard and painfully. An ecological danger hangs over mankind, threatening, first of all, its health.

2. Human health and environmental safety

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease (WHO definition - World Health Organization).

Let us consider in more detail how pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil affects the health of every person, nations and all mankind.

Air pollution. Potentially most dangerous for human health are nuclear facilities, chemical industry facilities, oil refining, metallurgy, pipelines, and transport. In large cities, however, the leading source of air pollution is not industry, but motor vehicles. Car emissions contain toxic carbon monoxide and lead compounds, as well as soot, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, etc. (more than 200 components in total). Since all these emissions are heavier than air and accumulate mainly near the surface of the earth, children with whom their parents walk along large highways are poisoned more than the adults accompanying them. The result is a dramatic increase in respiratory disease in today's children (even compared to the previous generation).

From air poisoning along the highways, the leaves turn yellow and fall from the trees. Bushes, leaves and grasses along the roads accumulate significant amounts of heavy metals, so picking mushrooms, berries, medicinal herbs, hay is not allowed in these places, since the meat and milk of domestic animals fed with such hay contain toxins that are dangerous to human health. Heavy metals are concentrated in the soil and root crops, mushrooms and berries, which not only reduces yields, but also poses a threat to health.

The hydrosphere is poisoned by the discharge of industrial wastewater. They currently pollute more than a third of the world's river flow. In addition to oil and oil products, heavy metals, toxic pesticides, dioxins and radioactive waste, thermal pollution of waters is very dangerous, as a result of which water bodies “die”. Heat is one type of pollution. Warm sewage heats the reservoir, the solubility of oxygen in water decreases (which is so poorly soluble in it), the fish kill begins, the silting of the reservoir increases sharply, which eventually leads to its swamping.

According to Russian environmental authorities, the number of water bodies with a high level of water pollution is growing every year, the maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of a number of harmful substances in these reservoirs are exceeded by 10 or more times (the definition of MPC and other environmental quality criteria will be discussed in topic 3). The most polluted sea areas of the Russian Federation include the Azov-Black Sea basin, the Northern Caspian, the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Peter the Great of the Sea of ​​Japan, the Barents Sea in the area of ​​the Novaya Zemlya archipelago.

Not only the seas suffer, but also large and small rivers of Russia, in many of them, due to excessive pollution, swimming and fishing are unacceptable.

One of the most polluted places in Russia and, as some environmentalists believe, on the entire planet, turned out to be the town of Karabash in the Chelyabinsk region, where a copper and sulfur plant operates, pouring its raw sewage into a local river and lake. This village recorded the highest death rate per thousand inhabitants in the country, which is the result of many times exceeding environmental standards in the area.

Freshwater objects are also sources of drinking water, the quality of which has fallen catastrophically in Russia over the past decade. Raw water "from the tap" is now impossible to drink in any of the settlements of the Russian Federation.

Environmental safety is a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society, nature and the state from real and potential threats created by anthropogenic or natural impact on the environment. Environmental safety is the most important natural human need, along with his need for food, water, clothing, housing. All human life is aimed at meeting physical, spiritual and social needs, including ensuring environmental safety. The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation in 1993 developed the program "Ecological Security of Russia", the Security Council of the Russian Federation in the same year discussed the issue of the state of health of the population of Russia (including in connection with the environmental situation in the country).

Russia, like the whole planet, is in an ecological crisis, to which at the end of the last century, due to the transition period, economic and technological crises were added. Scientists have repeatedly warned about the detrimental impact of man-made pollution on human health back in the 70s of the last century. At the beginning of this century, warnings about the possibility of man-made disasters have already begun to come from politicians. The possibility of such disasters arises due to the wear and tear of equipment that has been continuously operating at some industrial facilities for more than 60 years (accidents in mines, falling planes and helicopters, etc.).

At the same time, “silent” catastrophes occur every day, since discharges and emissions of pollution have the insidious property of accumulating, accumulating in the biosphere, and the catastrophe is approaching without explosions and firing, imperceptibly, but inevitably. At the same time, the adult population suffers from diseases of the liver, kidneys, and lungs caused by lead emissions; poor-quality water is the cause of diseases of the digestive system and excretory system. The main causes of childhood disability in areas of ecological trouble are damage to the respiratory organs, the central nervous system and the brain.

All of the above indicates that in the Russian Federation, environmental danger threatens the country's gene pool and hinders Russia's exit from the socio-economic crisis.

3. Food quality

One of the types of environmental security is food security, since it is one of the main factors determining the health of the country's population. The situation in this area in the Russian Federation deteriorated greatly in the early 90s of the last century due to the flow of uncontrolled deliveries of low-quality food from abroad, the weakening of control over the production and sale of food products. All this led to mass food poisoning, primarily low-quality alcoholic beverages.

One of the reasons for this deterioration was the poor technical equipment of many domestic enterprises in the food industry and trade (most production capacities in this area have not been updated for 30 to 50 years!), the low level of sanitary culture, the use of low-quality raw materials, the lack of production control due to the elimination of laboratory services in this industry.

The situation began to gradually improve at the beginning of the 21st century. in connection with the introduction of strict control over food quality, the elimination of numerous "points" that do not have licenses for the manufacture and trade of food products, the technical renovation of production facilities in the food industry.

4. Environmental aspects of the demographic situation in Russia

The demographic situation in Russia is closely related to environmental safety. In terms of the number of inhabitants, the Russian Federation ranks seventh in the world after China, India, the USA, Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan. By the beginning of the XXI century. Russia came up with one of the highest rates of population loss (depopulation). The reasons for this are:

low birth rate, mass distribution of a one-child family that does not ensure the reproduction of the population;

high mortality, the level of which is one of the highest in Europe (16.3 people per thousand inhabitants);

huge losses of able-bodied men from accidents, poisoning and injuries (about 30% according to 2002 data), which is largely due to the growth of alcoholism and the low quality of alcoholic beverages;

family crisis, high divorce rate;

significant volumes of forced (often illegal) migration, including those due to environmental reasons (the problem of environmental refugees).

As can be seen, the causes of the demographic crisis in Russia lie not only in the social sphere, but in many respects have an environmental character as well. At the beginning of 2003, 143.1 million people lived in Russia. Demographers' forecasts are disappointing: by 2010 the population in the Russian Federation will be approximately 138-139 million people, and Russia will move from seventh to ninth place in the world in terms of population. Long-term forecasts indicate that if current trends continue, then in 5-6 decades, in the second half of the 21st century, the population of Russia will be reduced by about half.

To overcome negative demographic trends in Russia, it is necessary to:

improving the health status of the population, which will help reduce preventable mortality, especially for men of working age;

stimulation of the birth rate and strengthening of the family on the basis of improving the quality of living standards and material incentives for the birth of children;

the formation of certain social and spiritual and moral attitudes in society.

In 2005, there was a certain demographic turning point: the birth rate increased compared to previous years. This is probably due to some stabilization of the standard of living of the population and the manifestation of social optimism. The Presidential Program adopted in 2006 is also aimed at correcting the depopulation situation in Russia, providing both stimulation of the birth rate in the country (material and social assistance to mothers) and reduction of mortality (support for pensioners and the disabled). If this program is carried out and the trend towards an increase in the birth rate continues and intensifies, then the gloomy forecasts of domestic and foreign demographers may not come true.

5. Man and Space

So far, we have been talking about the influence (mostly negative) of man on nature. But it is obvious that there is also an opposite influence: natural factors (and in this part we will talk about cosmic factors) undoubtedly affect the physiology and behavior of a person.

A few decades ago, it almost never occurred to anyone to connect their performance, well-being and emotional state with the activity of the Sun, the phases of the Moon, magnetic storms and other cosmic phenomena. The pioneer in this area was the Russian scientist Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky, who created heliobiology, a branch of biology that studies the influence of the Sun on the physiological and behavioral mechanisms of man. The fact that the Sun largely determines the functioning of plants and animals has been known to people since ancient times (flowering and fruiting in plants, mating seasons in animals, etc.). Rhythm inherent in cosmic bodies - the movement of the Earth, Sun, Moon and stars - is also an integral property of living organisms, a universal quality of all living things, the general principle of the organization of the universe. This property is manifested at all biological levels: cellular, tissue, organismal, ecosystem and biospheric.

Despite the diversity of environmental factors, a number of general patterns can be identified in the nature of their impact on the body and in the responses of living beings. The effect of environmental factors depends not only on their nature, but also on the dose perceived by organisms. All organisms in the process of their evolution have developed adaptations to the perception of factors within certain quantitative limits, which are the limits of a positive effect on the body, its vital activity. However, for each organism, be it a plant, animal or microorganism, there is a specific amount of a factor that is most favorable for it. Favorable impact force is called the zone of optimum ecological factor or simply ecological optimum for an organism of a given species. The optimal conditions should be considered those under which individuals of a given species show maximum vital activity (grow and develop) and leave the largest number of descendants, i.e. are the most adapted to the environment. A decrease or increase in the strength of the factor's influence relative to the limits of the optimal range reduces the viability of organisms. And the greater the deviation from
optimum, the more pronounced the inhibitory effect of this factor on the body. The maximum and minimum tolerated values ​​of the factor are critical points, beyond which the existence of the organism is no longer possible, death occurs. These are called upper and lower limits or ecological minimum and ecological maximum. The range of strength of the factor between the ecological minimum and maximum is called endurance limits or tolerance limits. Within the limits of tolerance, the vital activity of the organism varies greatly depending on the severity of the factor and is graphically described by a dome-shaped curve (Fig. 1)

reproduction
Growth of individuals
Individual survival

As can be seen in the presented figure, within the limits of tolerance, several zones are distinguished depending on the degree of manifestation of the vital activity of the organism with different strengths of the factor. These zones are as follows:
1(F - F) - optimum zone - this is the range of the strength of the factor, within which the organism shows maximum vital activity and its growth, development and reproduction are observed;
(C - F, F - C) - zone of normal life activity - these are the ranges of the strength of the factor, within which the body shows normal life activity and its growth and development is observed, but reproduction is no longer possible;
(S - C, C - S) - the zone of survival - these are the ranges of the strength of the factor, within which the organism shows a reduced vital activity that can only ensure its existence, but insufficient to ensure its growth, development and reproduction;
(A - S, S - A) - the zone of oppression or the zone of pessimum - these are the ranges of the strength of the factor, within which the factor has a depressing effect on the organism and its vital activity is so reduced that the death of the organism may eventually occur.
The curve can be symmetrical or asymmetrical, wide or narrow. Its form depends on the species belonging to the organism, on the nature of the factor and on which of the reactions of the organism is chosen as a response and at what stage of development.
Representatives of different species differ greatly in the optimum zone and the limits of tolerance to the same factor (for example, fish from warm and cold seas). The same strength of a factor can be optimal for one species, pessimal for another species, and go beyond endurance limits for a third species. Depending on the position of the optimum zone within tolerance, organisms are heat-loving and cold-resistant, moisture-loving and drought-resistant, etc. The optimum zone can be different in organisms of the same species at different stages of development (for example, in fish during the maturation of germ cells and spawning) to the same factor, different in relation to different factors.
Each species is specific in its ecological needs. Each species has its own limits of tolerance in relation to the same factor. This feature of species was formulated in 1924 by the Russian botanist L.G.
but later this rule was widely confirmed in zoological studies.
The ability of species to adapt to a particular range of environmental factors is denoted by the concept of ecological plasticity or ecological valence of a species. The wider the range of factor fluctuations within which a given species can exist, the greater its ecological plasticity and the wider its tolerance limits. Organisms with wide tolerance limits are more hardy and are called eurybiont. Species that can exist with small deviations of the factor from the optimal value are ecologically non-plastic and have little endurance. They have narrow limits of tolerance and are called stenobiont or highly specialized. Species that exist for a long time under relatively stable environmental conditions develop stenobiontic traits, while those that exist with significant fluctuations in environmental factors become eurybiontic.
The biontism of an organism to one or another factor is indicated by adding the prefix eury- or steno- to the name of the factor. For instance:
stenothermic or eurythermal (in relation to temperature);
stenohydric or euryhydric (in relation to humidity);
stenohaline or euryhaline (in relation to water salinity);
stenophagous or euryphagic (in relation to food); stenooykny or euryoikny (in relation to the habitat).
There are very few eurybiont organisms in relation to all factors. Eurybiontism contributes to the wide distribution of species (protozoa, bacteria, fungi, etc.). Stenobionty usually limits the ranges. However, due to their high specificity, stenobionts can occupy vast territories (osprey).
Thus, individuals adapt to each of the environmental factors in a relatively independent way, while
ecological plasticity in relation to various environmental factors is not the same. Therefore, each species has its own specific ecological spectrum, i.e. the sum of ecological valences in relation to environmental factors.

The concept of habitat and environmental factors

Habitat of an organism is a combination of abiotic and biotic conditions of his life. The properties of the environment are constantly changing, and any creature, in order to survive, adapts to these changes.

The impact of the environment is perceived by organisms through environmental factors called environmental.

Environmental factors- these are certain conditions and elements of the environment that have a specific effect on the body. They are divided into abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic (Fig. 2.1).

abiotic factors - the whole set of factors of the inorganic environment that affect the life and distribution of animals and plants. Among them are physical, chemical and edaphic.

Physical factors are those whose source is a physical state or phenomenon (mechanical, wave, etc.). For example, the temperature, if it is high - there will be a burn, if it is very low - frostbite. Other factors can also affect the effect of temperature: in water - current, on land - wind and humidity, etc.

Chemical factors are those that come from the chemical composition of the environment. For example, the salinity of water, if it is high, life in a reservoir may be completely absent (Dead Sea), but at the same time, most marine organisms cannot live in fresh water. The life of animals on land and in water depends on the adequacy of the oxygen content, etc.

edaphic factors, i.e. soil, are a combination of chemical, physical and mechanical properties of soils and rocks that affect both the organisms living in them, that is, for which they are the habitat, and the root system of plants. The effects of chemical components (biogenic elements), temperature, humidity, soil structure, humus content, etc. are well known. on the growth and development of plants.

Biotic factors - a set of influences of the life activity of some organisms on the life activity of others, as well as on the non-living environment. In the latter case, we are talking about the ability of the organisms themselves to a certain extent influence the living conditions. For example, in the forest, under the influence of vegetation cover, a special microclimate or microenvironment is created, where, in comparison with an open habitat, its own temperature and humidity regime is created: in winter it is several degrees warmer, in summer it is cooler and wetter. A special microenvironment is also created in tree hollows, burrows, caves, etc.

Of particular note are the conditions of the microenvironment under the snow cover, which already has a purely abiotic nature. As a result of the warming effect of snow, which is most effective when its thickness is at least 50-70 cm, at its base, approximately in a 5-cm layer, small rodent animals live in winter, since the temperature conditions for them are favorable here (from 0 to - 2 °C). Thanks to the same effect, seedlings of winter cereals - rye, wheat - are preserved under the snow. Large animals - deer, elk, wolves, foxes, hares, etc. - also hide in the snow from severe frosts, lying down in the snow to rest.

Intraspecific interactions between individuals of the same species are made up of group and mass effects and intraspecific competition. Group and mass effects - the terms proposed by Grasset (1944) denote the association of animals of the same species in groups of two or more individuals and the effect caused by overpopulation of the environment. Currently, these effects are most often referred to as demographic factors. They characterize the dynamics of the number and density of groups of organisms at the population level, which is based on intraspecific competition, which is fundamentally different from interspecific competition. It manifests itself mainly in the territorial behavior of animals that protect their nesting sites and a known area in the area. So are many birds and fish.

Interspecific relationships are much more diverse. Two species living side by side may not influence each other at all, they may influence favorably or unfavorably. Possible types of combinations and reflect different types of relationships:

neutralism- both types are independent and have no effect on each other;

competition- each of the species has an adverse effect on the other;

mutualism- species cannot exist without each other;

duct operation(commonwealth) - both species form a community, but can exist separately, although the community benefits both of them;

commensalism- one species, the commensal, benefits from cohabitation, and the other species, the host, has no benefit (mutual tolerance);

amensalism- one species, amensal, experiences inhibition of growth and reproduction from another;

predation- a predatory species feeds on its prey.

Interspecific relations underlie the existence of biotic communities (biocenoses).

Anthropogenic factors - factors generated by man and affecting the environment (pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, etc.) are considered in applied ecology.

Among abiotic factors, climatic (temperature, air humidity, wind, etc.) and hydrographic factors of the aquatic environment (water, current, salinity, etc.) are quite often distinguished.

Most factors change qualitatively and quantitatively over time. For example, climatic - during the day, season, by year (temperature, illumination, etc.).

Factors that change regularly over time are called periodic. These include not only climatic, but also some hydrographic ones - ebbs and flows, some ocean currents. Factors that arise unexpectedly (volcanic eruption, predator attack, etc.) are called non-periodic.

The division of factors into periodic and non-periodic (Monchadsky, 1958) is very important in studying the adaptability of organisms to living conditions.

Lecture 9

Basic ideas about the adaptations of organisms

Adaptation (lat. "fixture") - adaptation of organisms to the environment. This process covers the structure and functions of organisms (individuals, species, populations) and their organs. Adaptation always develops under the influence of three main factors - variability, heredity and natural selection (as well as artificial - carried out by man).

The main adaptations of organisms to environmental factors are hereditarily determined. They were formed on the historical and evolutionary path of the biota and changed along with the variability of environmental factors. Organisms are adapted to constantly operating periodic factors, but among them it is important to distinguish between primary and secondary ones.

Primary- these are the factors that existed on Earth even before the emergence of life: temperature, illumination, tides, ebbs, etc. The adaptation of organisms to these factors is the most ancient and most perfect.

Secondary periodic factors are the result of changes in the primary ones: air humidity, depending on temperature; plant food, depending on the cyclicity in the development of plants; a number of biotic factors of intraspecific influence, etc. They arose later than the primary ones and adaptation to them is not always clearly expressed.

Under normal conditions, only periodic factors should act in the habitat, non-periodic ones should be absent.

The source of adaptation is genetic changes in the body - mutations that occur both under the influence of natural factors at the historical evolutionary stage, and as a result of artificial influence on the body. Mutations are diverse and their accumulation can even lead to disintegration phenomena, but due to selection, mutations and their combination acquire the significance of “the leading creative factor in the adaptive organization of living forms” (TSB, vol. 1, 1970).

On the historical-evolutionary path of development, abiotic and biotic factors in combination act on organisms. Both successful adaptations of organisms to this complex of factors are known, as well as "unsuccessful", i.e., instead of adaptation, the species dies out.

Ecology(from the Greek "oikos" - housing and "logos" - science) - a science that studies the patterns of relationships between organisms and the environment, the way of life of animals and plants, their productivity, changes in numbers, species composition.

Environmental factors

Living environment is part of nature in which organisms live. There are three environments of life - water, air, soil. Water is the primary environment for living beings, since it was in it that life originated. Organisms can live in one environment (fish - in water), in two (terrestrial plants in air and soil) and even in three environments (coastal aquatic plants - in soil, water and air). Some organisms periodically move from one environment to another (insects with aquatic larvae, amphibians). Individual elements of the environment that interact with organisms are called environmental factors.

By their nature, two groups of factors are distinguished:

1. inorganic, or abiotic factors: temperature, light, water, air, wind, salinity and density of the medium, ionizing radiation;
2. biotic factors, associated with cohabitation, the mutual influence of animals and plants on each other.
3. Allocate also anthropogenic factor- human impact on nature. Each of the environmental factors is irreplaceable. So, the lack of heat cannot be replaced by an abundance of light, the mineral elements necessary for plant nutrition cannot be replaced by water.

The intensity of the factor, the most favorable for life, is called optimal or optimum.

The boundaries beyond which the existence of an organism is impossible are called the lower and upper endurance limits.

Abiotic factors

solar radiation serves as the main source of energy for all processes occurring on Earth. The biological effect of light is diverse and is determined by its spectral composition, intensity, and periodicity of illumination.

The spectrum of solar radiation includes ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays.

Ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of 0.29 microns are detrimental to all living things, they are delayed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Longer ultraviolet rays (0.3-0.4 microns) have a high chemical activity. In small doses, ultraviolet rays are beneficial.

Visible rays (wavelength 0.4-0.75 microns) are of particular importance for organisms. Green plants synthesize organic matter. For most animals, visible light is one of the important environmental factors.

Infrared rays (wavelength over 0.75 microns) are an important source of thermal energy.

Temperature- an important factor affecting the vital processes of organisms: growth, development, reproduction, respiration, synthesis of organic substances, etc. The optimal temperature depends on the habitat conditions of the species; for most terrestrial animals and plants, it varies within rather narrow limits (15-30°C). Organisms with variable body temperature are called cold-blooded. In them, an increase in temperature causes an acceleration of physiological processes. However, these organisms have adaptations from overheating (the presence of stomata in plants, evaporation through the skin in animals).

The most perfect thermoregulation in the process of evolution was acquired by birds and mammals, i.e. warm-blooded animals, due to the formation of a four-chambered heart. This ensured their existence regardless of the temperature conditions of the environment and allowed them to settle throughout the globe.

Water- an indispensable component of living things, an important climatic factor, as it serves as the main means of regulating temperature on the surface of the Earth. Adaptation to experience with a lack of moisture is pronounced in the inhabitants of arid steppes and deserts (modified spiny leaves, a well-developed root system, high osmotic pressure). Some plants (agave, stonecrop, young) have fleshy leaves and stems and are able to retain water for a long time. Other plants (tulips, poppies, goose onions, etc.) have time to grow and bloom in a short spring, when there is still enough moisture in the soil. The ability of these plants to sink into a state of deep physiological dormancy is of great adaptive importance.

Seasonal changes in external conditions are associated with changes in the most important factors of life - temperature, lighting, humidity. The inhabitants of temperate latitudes are characterized by the manifestation of seasonal cycles of development.

In the spring, with an increase in temperature and lighting, an active vital activity of organisms is observed: plants grow and bloom, birds arrive, etc. In summer, plant seeds ripen, most animals give offspring. In autumn, the preparation of organisms for unfavorable winter conditions begins: nutrients are deposited in plants, molting occurs in animals, etc. In winter, at low temperatures, deep rest sets in. This phenomenon is especially characteristic of plants and some animals.

Each organism has certain adaptations to endure low temperatures. Moreover, the frost resistance of plants and insects increases during the winter. It's called cold hardening. Deep cooling causes a temporary reversible stoppage of life. Such a state is called suspended animation. In birds and mammals, the state of complete suspended animation does not occur, since they are not adapted to hypothermia. They have developed other adaptations for the transfer of the winter season (seasonal migrations, etc.).

In the regulation of seasonal cycles in most plants and animals, the main role belongs to changes in the length of day and night. The response to the length of the light period of the day is called photoperiodism.

photoperiodism- this is a common, important adaptation that regulates seasonal phenomena in a wide variety of organisms. A change in the length of the day is always closely related to the annual course of temperature and precedes its change, following the shortening of the day, the temperature also decreases. During the year, the length of the day changes strictly regularly and is not subject to random fluctuations. Therefore, the length of the day serves as an accurate astronomical harbinger of seasonal changes. Elucidation of the role of day length and the regulation of seasonal phenomena opens up great opportunities for scientific understanding of the development of plants and animals.

MBOU "Shumyachskaya secondary school named after. V.F. Aleshin»

The final project on the topic: "Patterns of the relationship between organisms and the environment."

I've done the work:

9th grade student "A"

Sidorenkov Egor

Teacher: Vasilenkova

Olga Vladimirovna

town Shumyachi

Project passport

Explanatory note

Currently, much attention is paid to maintaining the health of schoolchildren. The Government of the Russian Federation has developed and approved the National Educational Initiative "Our New School". One of the areas of work is the preservation and strengthening of children's health.

The concept of school education says that at school age the foundation of health is laid, the vital systems and functions of the body mature and improve, resistance to external influences increases, movements, posture are formed, habits are acquired, ideas, character traits, without which a healthy lifestyle is impossible.

The significance of this problem is also considered in the Federal Program for the Development of Education, the Concept for the Modernization of Education, and in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Law "On Education" article 51, paragraph 1 states that an educational institution creates conditions that guarantee the protection and strengthening of the health of pupils.

One of the problems is, in our opinion, the lack of awareness among children about their health. We believe that the main thing is to help schoolchildren develop their own life guidelines in choosing a healthy lifestyle, teach them to evaluate their physical capabilities, see the prospects for their development, and realize responsibility for their health.

In a modern school institution, it is necessary to search for new approaches to the improvement of children, based on monitoring the health status of each child, taking into account and using the characteristics of his body, individualizing recreational activities, and creating certain conditions.

One of the promising methods that contribute to solving this problem is the method of project activity. Based on a student-centered approach to education and upbringing, it develops cognitive interest, curiosity in various fields of knowledge, forms cooperation skills, and practical skills. In the project, it is possible to combine the content of education from various fields of knowledge, in addition, great opportunities open up in organizing joint cognitive and search activities of schoolchildren, teachers and parents.

Students feel the need to communicate with nature. They learn to love her, observe, empathize, understand that our Earth cannot exist without plants, as they not only help us breathe, but also treat various diseases. We must protect and preserve them, be able to properly use their healing properties.

Forming a humane attitude towards nature, it is necessary for the student to understand that man and nature are interconnected, therefore, caring for nature is caring for a person, his future.

Hypothesis: The effectiveness of the formation of the foundations of a healthy lifestyle among schoolchildren is ensured by the following pedagogical conditions: information about the basics of a healthy lifestyle; enrichment of the object-spatial environment by selecting medicinal plants for aroma and herbal medicine;

Rationale for the relevance of the project

In order to actively influence the child's position in relation to their own health, it is necessary to know, first of all, that the term "health" itself is defined ambiguously.

The concept of "health" has many definitions. But the most popular, and perhaps the most capacious, should be the definition given by the World Health Organization: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease or physical defects” .

Expected Results

Development of research skills and abilities;

Formation in children of a conscious attitude to their health;

Enrichment of the object-spatial environment by selecting medicinal plants for aroma and herbal medicine;

Goals:

Formation in children of a conscious attitude to their health and ensuring maximum activity of children in the process of learning about the world.

The study of the influence of tree species on the air environment and the health of students.

Tasks:

To draw attention to the problem of forming a culture of maintaining their own health among students.

To study the issue of the influence of tree species on the air environment, based on scientific literature; phytoncidal properties of tree species.

To carry out the selection of tree species based on their phytoncidal

1. Introduction

In recent years, much attention has been paid to the climate issues of the school territory (site), since the state of educational, educational, public and other types of institutions is directly related to human health.

Creating fences that visually expand the boundaries of the site and create the effect of privacy is the creation of plantations from trees and shrubs.

Describing the useful functions of plantings, one can note their significant role in protecting the territory from dust, gaseous compounds harmful to humans. Plantings significantly reduce the concentration of harmful gaseous substances in the atmosphere. In this regard, shrubs are effective, namely cotoneaster, hawthorn, viburnum, and poplar from trees. These are plants that have pubescent or sticky leaves.

Phytoncidal properties are inherent in the entire plant world, however, the degree of antimicrobial activity of volatile secretions of certain species is different. So, phytoncides kill harmful microorganisms in bird cherry - in 15 minutes, lemon tree - in 5 minutes, in black currant - in 10 minutes, but it is worth remembering that microbes do not multiply in the air, but can retain their viability and pathogenic properties for a long time .

Project relevance: Currently, much attention is paid to maintaining the health of schoolchildren. One of the problems is, in our opinion, the lack of awareness among children about their health. We believe that the main thing is to help schoolchildren develop their own life guidelines in choosing a healthy lifestyle, teach them to evaluate their physical capabilities, see the prospects for their development, and realize responsibility for their health.

One of the promising methods that contribute to solving this problem is the method of project activity.

Phytoncides kill harmful microorganisms - this helps to improve human health.

Object of study was the air environment of the school site and the health status of school students.

Purpose of the study:

- study of the influence of tree species on the air environment and the health of students.

Formation in children of a conscious attitude to their health and ensuring maximum activity of children in the process of learning about the world.

Tasks:

To draw attention to the problem of forming a culture of maintaining their own health among students.

To study the issue of the influence of tree species on the air environment, based on scientific literature; phytoncidal properties of tree species.

To carry out the selection of tree species, based on their phytoncidal properties.

Research methods:

literature analysis,

explanatory and illustrative method,

practical method,

individual work.

Research methodology:

The study was carried out in three stages. At the first stage, I studied the problem, determined the purpose and objectives of theoretical and experimental work, and selected the most optimal diagnostic methods for assessing health.

At the second stage, based on the data of the medical worker of the school, he studied the health status of students by type of disease and the level of physical fitness in relation to the health group.

At the third stage of the study, I processed the data, summarized the results and drew conclusions.

2. Literary review

In this project, books were used not only directly on this topic, but also additional books on the geographical location of the object of study, the natural conditions in this area.

Different books contain different information: some focus on habitats and the area of ​​plant definition, others on the biological characteristics of the species. Therefore, in the project, I did not single out any one book that I relied on and completely based on it; all available books were equally useful.

In general, all the books helped me to correctly explore the area around the school. Based on data from many books, I was able to correctly formulate the purpose and objectives of the study, as well as clearly draw a conclusion.

3. Geography of the Shumyachsky district

Vegetation

Climate

Climate temperate continental. The average January temperature is −9 C, July +17 C. Refers to excessively humid areas, precipitation from 630 to 730 mm per year, more in the northwestern part - where cyclones pass more often, maximum summer. The average annual number of days with precipitation is from 170 to 190. The growing season is 129-143 days. The period with a positive average daily air temperature lasts 213-224 days. The average duration of the frost-free period is 125-148 days. The area is characterized by significant variability of atmospheric circulation during the year, which leads to very noticeable deviations in temperature and precipitation. The distribution of precipitation throughout the year is also uneven. The greatest number of them falls in the summer (about 225-250 mm). For the year as a whole, winds of the western, southwestern and southern directions prevail. The Shumyachsky district is also characterized by high cloudiness (the largest number of clear days in spring - up to 10%)

Soils

The predominant soil types are sod-podzolic (78% of the area) and sandy loam. Less common are typical podzols, soddy, various types of marsh and floodplain soils. There is a low content humus and degradation of fertility, and as a result of the cessation land reclamation in some places, water erosion of soils develops.

4. Research results

4.1. Studying the layout of the school territory

The school is a multifunctional institution. During the school year, students not only study, but also relax, play sports and walk on the territory of the school site. Therefore, every child on the territory should be not only comfortable, but also safe.

To do this, an assessment of the school territory was carried out according to the presence and location of the main functional zones next to it.

Table #1

Evaluation of the school territory by the presence and location of the main functional zones next to it

Conclusion: all sanitary and hygienic standards are met in the location of the main functional areas.

4.2. The study of the species composition of tree species on the territory of the school site MBOU "Shumyachskaya secondary school named after. V.F. Alyoshin"

The main species composition of trees and shrubs was determined. There are 17 types of trees and 2 types of shrubs in total.

According to the results of the study it was found that on the territory of the school site there are tree species with phytoncidal properties (birch, linden, mountain ash, lilac, etc.) and they are located on the side of the road, protecting the school from soot, dust and harmful microorganisms.

Conclusion: most of the tree species are properly planted on the site, with the main goal of protecting children from dust and harmful microorganisms.

4.3. The study of the green protective strip of the school site

It is not in vain that the green part of the school territory is called the "green protective strip". It performs the functions of protecting the school building from noise, dust, and normalizes the composition of the air. Therefore, with the help of a tape measure, measurements were made of the main indicators characterizing the green protective zone, and the following data were obtained

Table number 2

Green protective strip of the school area

Conclusion: the main indicators characterizing the green protection zone comply with sanitary and hygienic standards.

4.4. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of tree species

An assessment of the vital stability of trees was made.

The research results are summarized in the table.

Table #3

Sanitary and hygienic assessment of tree species

4.5. The study of the therapeutic effect of trees and shrubs

Phytoncidal properties of tree species have been studied and their influence on the human body has been revealed.

The study was carried out by analyzing the scientific literature, the results of the study are summarized in the table.

Table No. 4

Trees and shrubs whose volatile secretions have a healing effect

From the analysis of the results table, it is clear that birch, blackcurrant, lilac, pine have the greatest phytoncidal properties - these are the breeds that are most useful for humans.

5. Analysis of the health status of school students

Based on the sanitary and hygienic condition of the school territory, I decided to make an assessment of the health of students in our school.

School illnesses

The results of medical examinations show that diseases of the respiratory tract, stomach diseases, posture and vision disorders are in the first place.

Most of the time children spend at their desks, TV, computer. The cause of visual impairment is eye fatigue from excessive stress and non-compliance with the rules of eye care. Survey data show that overwork does not come from school workload, but from lifestyle. Teenagers spend most of their free time watching TV shows and playing computer games.

Health groups

Table number 5

Diagnosis of students' health in school mode

Table No. 6

There is a negative trend in the health of children compared with each previous year.

Diagnosis of sick students in school mode

Table number 7

It can be seen from the tables that slightly more than 1/3 of school students are recognized as healthy.

Conclusions and conclusion:

Speaking about the aesthetic evaluation of trees, we can say that, in general, trees have high decorative qualities and sanitary measures are not required. But there are also trees of medium decorativeness, which require a little work on treating wounds, pruning dry branches and branches, followed by sealing and decorating the damaged areas. Birch needs such help.

In the course of the work, a lot of material was analyzed, research was carried out, conclusions were drawn. The following principles were used in all forms of organization:

work for the school should be useful;

work should be aimed at solving issues of protecting children's health;

the work should contribute to the acquisition by students of additional knowledge and skills in the field of environmental culture, medicine and health care.

With my project, I decided to show my attitude and draw the attention of other guys to a healthy lifestyle. After all, taking care of our health is the task not only of parents, teachers, but also of ourselves.

7. Literature

Andreeva N.D., Malinovskaya N.V. "Biology at school" No. 8, 2010.

Artyukhova I.S. "Biology at school" No. 7, 2008.

Medvedev V.A. "A Thousand Forgotten Recipes", 2005

Appendix

Juniper

Limes around the perimeter of the school

Lilac

Maple

Volleyball Court

Playground

Playground