Municipal solid waste
Don't litter!
Garbage in a container
Municipal solid waste (MSW, household waste) - items or goods that have lost consumer properties, the largest part of consumer waste. MSW is also divided into garbage(biological TO) and actually household waste(non-biological TO of artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often referred to simply at the household level rubbish. Every year, the amount of garbage increases by about 3% by volume. The amount of MSW in the CIS is about 100 million tons / year, and Russia accounts for more than a quarter of this volume (according to other data for 2007 for the Russian Federation - about 63 million tons / year).
The science of garbology is engaged in the study of garbage, "garbage archeology", methods of its disposal.
Solid domestic waste is a complex heterogeneous mixture.
old tires
According to the morphological feature, MSW currently consists of the following components:
Fractional composition of MSW(mass content of components passing through sieves with cells of different sizes) affects both the collection and transportation of waste, and the technology of their subsequent processing and sorting.
Chemical composition of MSW necessary to determine the quality of compost or biogas obtained during the processing of MSW.
The composition of MSW is different in different countries, cities. It depends on many factors, including the well-being of the population, climate and landscaping. The composition of garbage is significantly affected by the collection system in the city of glass containers, waste paper, etc. It can vary depending on the season and weather conditions. So in autumn there is an increase in the amount of food waste, which is associated with a large consumption of vegetables and fruits in the diet. And in winter and spring, the content of small screenings (street estimates) is reduced.
Over time, the composition of MSW changes somewhat. The share of paper and polymeric materials is increasing. And with the transition to district heating, coal and slag practically disappear in MSW.
Separate collection of different categories of solid waste
History has shown that simply throwing unusable items out of the house cannot solve the problem. In the 20th century, it was necessary to move from the spontaneous creation of landfills to the design and implementation of special engineering facilities, landfills for the disposal of household waste. The project provides for minimization of environmental damage, strict observance of sanitary and hygienic requirements.
The most common method of MSW disposal is incineration followed by disposal of the resulting ash at a special landfill. The method has serious drawbacks, such as the formation of highly toxic chemical compounds, such as dioxins and furans. To neutralize them, the so-called "afterburning" is required (heating the outgoing gases to a temperature above 850 degrees and maintaining it for at least two seconds). There are quite a few waste incineration technologies - chamber, stratified, in a fluidized bed. Garbage can be burned mixed with fossil fuels. The most dangerous from an environmental point of view is low-temperature combustion in boilers.
A significant part of MSW is successfully utilized in modern furnaces of the cement industry. Existing technologies allow this operation to be carried out without reducing the quality of the finished product and without negative impact on the environment. Garbage before entering the cement plant must go through the stage of crushing and sorting. The presence of advanced systems such as By-pass and Hot Disc significantly increases the efficiency of waste disposal in modern rotary kilns.
Garbage in the forest
Garbage near summer cottages. Unauthorized dump
Russia annually produces about 3.8 billion tons of all types of waste. The amount of MSW is 63 million tons/year (an average of 445 kg per person) . The composition of MSW: paper and cardboard - 35%, food waste - 41%, plastics - 3%, glass - 8%, metals - 4%, textiles and other - 9%. On average, 10% - 15% of waste is recycled. Solid household waste is recycled only by 3% - 4%, industrial by 35%. Basically, garbage is taken to landfills - there are about 11 thousand of them in Russia. About 82 billion tons of waste are buried in them.
Tour. "What do we throw away, or the Golden placers of garbage dumps."
Teams receive three plates - an index with the numbers 1, 2, 3. For each question asked, the leader gives three answers. At the signal of the leader of the team, they raise a sign with the number of the answer.
Questions:
1. Most of the garbage that pollutes the Earth is:
Plastic
2. The world record holders for the amount of household waste are residents of:
2. London
New York.
3. Which industry in France is considered the most active and prosperous:
1. production of packaging materials
Waste recycling
3. car manufacturing.
4. Before you start recycling waste, you need to:
Sort
2. collect in one place
3. crumble
5. In order to recycle plastic, it must be:
1. compost
Burn under special conditions
3. melt down
6. Primary concern when choosing a landfill site:
Protection of the earth's surface and groundwater
2. landfill site fencing
3. staffing with appropriate equipment.
7. The appearance of "partisan" landfills entails:
1. soil pollution
2. landscape ugliness
Changing climatic conditions (temperature, humidity)
8. The basis for the development of sanitary standards, as well as for decisions to open or stop a particular production:
1. maximum allowable concentration of a substance
2. the presence of heavy metals.
3. state quality standard.
9. Harmful emissions affect:
1. only to those regions where pollution has appeared
2.for the nearest regions
Even in areas far from the place where the pollution "saw the light".
1. household waste
Pesticides
3. mineral fertilizers.
11. Which country is called the "dustbin of Europe":
Britain
3. Poland.
12. More than half of the total waste in the countries of the European Ecological Community comes from:
1. for heavy industry
2. for light industry
For agriculture.
13. Which of the radioactive waste is purposefully dispersed into the environment:
gases
2. fluids
3. solids.
14. The most effective way to deal with the growing amount of waste, released into the environment:
1. their burial
2. development of legal mechanisms for regulating the process
Recycling (reuse of waste).
15. The entry into the environment of harmful substances that lead to disruption of the functioning of ecological systems is called:
by pollution
2. environmental crisis
3. introduction.
16. The first place in terms of total emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is occupied by:
1. thermal power engineering
2. oil and gas processing
Motor transport.
17. What is vermiculture:
1. a systematic summary of information about the water resources of the country
2. special breeding of earthworms (for processing organic waste and increasing soil fertility).
3. method for determining the degree of purity of water.
18. The optimal solution to the energy problem:
Energy saving
2. development of nuclear energy
3. development of wind energy.
19. Garbology is:
1. the science of home, residence
2. the science of soil
Garbage management.
20. A bottle or jar of plastic thrown into the forest will lie unchanged.:
Years and more.
21. Discarded paper will be "eaten" by invisible microbes for:
Of the year
2. 5 - 8 years
3. 20 years or more.
Leading. Game for fans "Litter and clean up"
(Two participants are invited from the hall, who must collect as much garbage as possible in 1 minute. The one who collects more wins, accompanied by music, 1 point).
"Clean up the planet from garbage" - a worldwide action, which was first held by the inhabitants of Australia several years ago, cleaning the ocean beaches. Gradually, people from many countries joined it, and every year hundreds of thousands of people in all parts of the globe participate in it. Schoolchildren also participate in the garbage collection.
(After finishing the work, the judges count the points and remove the “waste” from the image of the globe corresponding to the points earned by each team.)
tour. Don't rush to throw away your future (or waste).
"Through the mouth of a baby"
In this tour, the guys get acquainted with the most common waste, the possibility of their recycling. The facilitator reads statements about waste. Five statements were prepared for each of the wastes. The task of the teams is to try to understand what the children had in mind. And guess as soon as possible. The first team to correctly name the waste wins. If a team gives an incorrect answer, it is eliminated from the further struggle in this round.
Children's sayings:
1. It is produced by an ordinary cow.
2. In small quantities, it is very useful.
3. When there is too much of it, it becomes a real disaster.
4. When it enters water bodies, it collapses, fish and other aquatic animals begin to suffocate.
5. It needs to be composted.
(Manure.)
1. I have a lot of toys made from it.
2. It comes in many colors and is very hard to break.
3. Items made from it weigh little.
4. If you set it on fire, then a lot of black smoke appears, which smells bad.
5. It cannot be thrown away, as it does not decompose in nature by itself.
(Plastic.)
1. It was invented by the Chinese.
2. We get it from wood.
3. It burns easily.
4. It produces a lot of garbage.
5. They usually draw or write on it.
(Paper.)
1. It is made from sand.
2. Most often it is transparent.
3. When it falls, it breaks.
4. If it is heated, it becomes viscous, like dough.
5. Abandoned in the forest, it can become a source of fire.
(Glass.)
1. This is something that is abundant in the city, but few in the countryside.
2. Especially a lot of this in an industrial city, where there are many plants and factories.
3. People get sick from this, they get a lot nervous, they shout louder, and this becomes even more.
4. It is published by various devices, machines.
5. It causes pollution of the air and the environment, if there is a lot of it, then it causes intoxication and acts like a drug.
(Noise.)
1. This is almost invisible.
2. There is a lot of this in an industrial city where factories and plants operate.
3. From this, people have asthma, bronchitis, cancer.
4. Green plants can collect it on their leaves.
5. In a city where there is a lot of this, lichens do not grow.
(Gas waste.)
1. It happens when it gets old or breaks down.
2. It can be seen everywhere - in the city, in the countryside, even along the roads.
3. You can turn it in and get money.
4. Something new can be made from this.
5. It comes in color and you can get money for it.
(Scrap.)
1. always black.
2. There is a lot of this in the city, especially where there are plants and factories.
3. It is very harmful.
4. It causes illness in a person, and his clothes become dirty.
5. This is a lot when burning.
(Soot.)
1. This is something without which he can no longer live.
2. We use this every day.
3. When it gets into the water, it creates a lot of foam.
4. It kills fish in the water, plants on the ground.
5. With this, everything becomes cleaner.
(SMS.)
1. It's lighter than water.
2. It can float on water and won't sink.
3. There is a lot of this in the river when cars are washed in it.
4. It prevents the fish from breathing.
5. It must be removed from the surface of the water.
(Machine oil.)
3 round. The main allies of environmentalists.
Homework - craft competition Waste into income! or the Tidy Up Your Planet poster contest
Leading: Reuse and recycling of obsolete things and materials can be carried out across the country, city and in each apartment. In the first case, special plants, machine tools, equipment and capital investments are needed. And in the second - only the desire and invention of people. Our schoolchildren took part in the competition "Waste - into income!"
Round 4 What can one do?
Each team is asked questions. It is necessary to continue what was said, to finish the phrase. (allow time for discussion).
Tasks.
Team.
1. Fix and fix the thing instead of .... (throw it away).
2. Try not to use Styrofoam as it is practically....(does not biodegrade)
3. If there is a garden plot, use food waste for .... (preparing fertilizer)
4. Do not buy more than you can ... (you will need)
Team.
1. Clothes that you no longer wear can be ... (give away to those in need)
2. Do not throw away old toys, books: they can ... (someone will need it)
3. Try to carefully handle the glass containers that .... (can be handed over, reused)
4. Find out where there is a recycling point nearby, and ... (hand over used paper there).
In cities and other settlements, the most intensive accumulation of solid waste occurs, which, if not properly and untimely removed and neutralized, can pollute the environment.
Seasonal changes in the composition of MSW are characterized by an increase in the content of food waste from 20 - 25% in spring to 40 - 55% in autumn, which is associated with a large consumption of vegetables and fruits in the diet (especially in the cities of the southern zone). ) from 20 to 1% in the cities of the southern zone and from 11 to 5% in middle zone.
MSW accumulation rates - this is the amount of waste generated per settlement unit of a person - for housing stock, one place in a hotel; 1 m 2 of retail space for shops and warehouses, per unit of time - day, year. Accumulation rates are determined in units of mass (kg) or volume (l, m 3)
The accumulation rates and composition of MSW are influenced by the following factors:
the degree of improvement of the housing stock (the presence of garbage chutes, gas, water supply, sewerage, heating systems),
number of floors, type of fuel for local heating,
the development of public catering, the culture of trade, the degree of well-being of the population, etc.,
climatic conditions (various duration of the heating period - from 150 days in the southern zone to 300 days in the northern one),
food specifics, etc.
The quality of the organic fertilizer or biofuel obtained in the process of MSW processing depends on the chemical composition of the original MSW.
An important indicator of the physical properties of MSW is density. The density of MSW in the well-maintained housing stock in the spring-summer season (in containers) is 0.18 - 0.22 t/m 3 , in the autumn-winter season - 0.20 - 0.25 t/m 3 . For various cities, the average annual value is O.19 - 0.23 t / m 3.
Solid waste has a mechanical (structural) cohesion due to fibrous fractions (textiles, wire, etc.) and adhesion due to the presence of wet sticky components. Due to the coherence, MSW have a tendency to free-form and do not wake up in a fixed grate with a distance between the rods of 20 - 30 cm. MSW can stick to a metal wall with an angle of inclination to the horizon up to 65 - 70 °.
Due to the presence of solid ballast fractions (ceramics, glass), MSW and compost are abrasive, i.e. the property of abrading mutually intersecting surfaces in contact with them. MSW have caking properties, i.e. during prolonged immobility, they lose their flowability and compact (with the possibility of leachate release) without any external influence. With prolonged contact, MSW has a correlating effect on the metal, which is associated with high humidity and the presence of solutions of various salts in the filtrate.
Depending on the load, the properties of MSW change as follows. When the pressure rises to 0.3 - 0.5 MPa, various kinds of boxes and containers break. The volume of MSW (depending on its composition and humidity) decreases by 5 - 8 times, the density increases to 0.8 - 1 t/m 3 . Within this stage, pressing devices used in the collection and removal of solid waste operate.
When the pressure rises to 10 - 20 MPa, intensive release of moisture occurs (up to 80 - 90% of all water contained in MSW is released). The volume of solid waste is reduced by another 2 - 2.5 times with an increase in density by 1.3 - 1.7 times. The material pressed to such a state stabilizes for some time, since the moisture contained in the material is not enough for the active activity of microorganisms. The access of oxygen to the mass is difficult.
With an increase in pressure to 60 MPa, the volume slightly decreases (mainly due to the extrusion of moisture) and the density of MSW practically does not increase.
Depending on the initial humidity and pressing conditions, moisture extrusion begins at a pressure of 0.4 - 1.0 MPa, which should be taken into account when developing devices for briquetting MSW.
MSW classification.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) in the Russian Federation is a coarse mechanical mixture of a wide variety of materials and decaying products that differ in physical, chemical and mechanical properties and sizes. Before processing, the collected MSW must be subjected to separation into groups, if it makes sense, and after separation, each group of MSW should be processed.
MSW can be divided into several compositions:
In terms of quality MSW are subdivided into: paper (cardboard); food waste; tree; black metal; non-ferrous metal; textile; bones; glass; leather and rubber; stones; polymeric materials; other components; screening (small fragments passing through a 1.5 cm grid);
Hazardous MSW include: waste batteries and accumulators, electrical appliances, varnishes, paints and cosmetics, fertilizers and pesticides, household chemicals, medical waste, mercury-containing thermometers, barometers, blood pressure monitors, lamps.
Some wastes (for example, medical, pesticides, residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives, cosmetics, anti-corrosion agents, household chemicals) pose a danger to the environment if they get through sewage into water bodies or as soon as they are washed from a landfill and get into ground or surface water. Batteries and mercury-containing devices will be safe until the case is damaged: the glass cases of devices break easily on the way to the landfill, and corrosion will corrode the battery case over time. Then mercury, alkali, lead, zinc will become elements of secondary pollution of atmospheric air, underground and surface waters.
Domestic waste is characterized by multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (the ability to rot).
According to the nature and degree of impact on the natural environment, they are divided into:
industrial waste, consisting of inert materials,
disposal of which is currently economically unjustified;
recyclable materials (secondary raw materials);
waste of the 3rd hazard class;
waste of the 2nd hazard class;
waste of the 1st hazard class.
Of the total amount of waste generated annually at the enterprises, the cities make up the majority of inert solid waste, and a small part - industrial toxic MSW.
1Recycling of production and consumption waste is one of the most significant problems in the modern world. It is also very relevant for Russia. With a clearly growing interest in the problem of processing domestic waste, a single systematized terminology on this issue has not yet been developed, the methodology for the study and evaluation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has not been formed, there is no generally accepted classification of domestic resources, the structure of the relationship "waste - resources - raw materials" suffers from gaps, and the very concept of "anthropogenic raw materials" is interpreted ambiguously. In view of the obvious relevance of the many outlined problems, we will try to deal with at least some of them. The article deals with the structure and composition of municipal solid waste. Characteristics and differences of such concepts as "waste" / "resources" / "raw materials" are given. The analysis of interrelations of these concepts is carried out. The concepts of anthropogenic resources and anthropogenic raw materials are specified separately. A classification of anthropogenic household resources is given, built on the basis of systematized features that reflect the efficiency of their use as raw materials.
municipal solid waste
structure of municipal solid waste
anthropogenic resources
anthropogenic raw materials
1. Bryantseva O.S. Development of methodological tools for assessing the effectiveness of the use of technogenic metallurgical raw materials / Abstract of the dissertation for the competition of uch. degree cand. economy Sciences, Yekaterinburg - 2012.
2. Research Center for Resource Saving and Waste Management. URL: http://www.fgunitspuro.ru
3. Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedovat N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions / Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Cultural Foundation. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional – M.: AZ, 1994.
5. Churkin N.P. Formation of the waste processing industry and its legislative support / N.P. Churkin, V.V. Zhukov // Ecological Bulletin of Russia. - 2012. - No. 6.
Recycling of production and consumption waste is one of the most significant problems in the modern world. It is also very relevant for Russia. The scale and rate of waste generation in the Russian Federation is impressive: from 3.9 billion tons in 2007, their amount increased to 5.0 billion tons in 2012. The total volume of accumulated unutilized waste is estimated at approximately 90 billion tons. In our country, waste, landfills, and burial sites of highly toxic and toxic substances cause enormous environmental damage. On the territory of the Russian Federation there are about 12 thousand landfills and landfills. At the same time, the average level of use of waste for economic purposes is no more than 36%, the average level of recycling industrial waste is about 35%, solid household - 3-4% .
The cycle of appearance and life of garbage is as follows. First, an object of value is made in the factory, the product is sold to the buyer. The consumer uses the product and throws it away when the value of the product to the buyer becomes zero. Garbage falls from the trash can into the trash can. Then it is taken out of the city on garbage trucks and unloaded at landfills, a landfill outside the city. And that's where the trash lives. So in terms of our planet trash doesn't go anywhere, it simply moves from factories and households to landfills. An alternative to burial, which does not bring any income, - recycling of household waste, recycling.
Purpose of the study
With a growing interest in the issue processing household waste unified systematized terminology on this issue has not yet been developed, methodology for research and evaluation of municipal solid waste (MSW) not formed generally accepted classification of household resources missing , the structure of relationships "waste - resources - raw materials" suffers from gaps , and the very concept of "anthropogenic raw materials" interpreted ambiguously . In view of the obvious relevance of the many outlined problems, we will try to deal with at least some of them.
1. Structure of municipal solid waste (MSW)
All products manufactured in the country are almost completely transferred to the category waste after its use by consumers both in the sphere of production and services, and in the process of final consumption. A significant amount of waste is generated in treatment facilities, both in the industrial and municipal sectors of the economy.
globally all waste divided into 2 types - waste production and household consumption. The second type includes municipal solid waste (MSW) - object of further study. These are packaging waste, worn-out clothes and shoes, used batteries, galvanic cells and fluorescent lamps, as well as furniture, household appliances and household appliances that have lost their consumer properties, vehicles, electrical and radio equipment, used oils and process fluids, etc.
The country annually produces (according to FGU NITsPURO):
Of particular note medical waste, which make up, it would seem, an insignificant share in the structure of MSW - only about 2%. However, this group of waste epidemiologically dangerous, since, in addition to toxic chemicals, they contain pathogenic bacteria and viruses, including tuberculosis, plague, anthrax, hepatitis, helminth eggs, as well as radioactive substances. The amount of hazardous and highly hazardous medical waste in Russia is about 1 million tons per year. Only in Moscow, about 100 thousand tons of them are produced annually. At the same time, if over the past 10-15 years their number has increased by 3-4% per year, then at present there is a tendency for their more intensive growth. However, the system of their collection, removal, processing and neutralization is currently far from perfect.
Compound urban MSW (according to studies conducted in the USA) is approximately as follows (in%):
As seen, home (household) garbage is very diverse in its composition. Most of the household waste (about 40-60%) is made up of polymers and plastics, which practically do not decompose. But many wastes can be used for recycling. This applies to almost all types of MSW, except organic (food) waste.
2. Correlation between the concepts of "waste", "resources" and "raw materials"
Understanding and conducting an economic assessment of various types of raw materials is complicated by the existing fragmentation of terms, which predetermines the need terminology clarifications in this area of natural resources.
In studies devoted to the recycling of secondary raw materials, the terms " raw materials”, “resources”, “waste”. However, the issue of differentiation of these concepts is not fully covered in the literature. Often a particular concept is used only in context, which requires focusing on this issue and research conducted systematically and logically.
The concepts of "resources" and "raw materials" are far from being equivalent. Indeed, forest resources(for example, a forest) is difficult to perceive as raw material: This concept corresponds to the term wood". However, the current classification raw materials far from perfect. Primary raw material used in various industries, most often - natural obtained as a result of the development of deposits (minerals) or the processing of natural resources: timber, water, furs, etc. However, with regard to secondary raw materials, should be more precise.
Secondary raw materials usually divided into technogenic and solid household waste (MSW). However, even semantically, such a division is imperfect, since raw material and waste are unequal concepts.
In dictionaries, the concept resources defined as " available stocks, funds are used if necessary", and the concept raw material means " mined or produced material, designed for further industrial processing and manufacturing of the finished product. Thus, resources are potential raw materials, and resources become raw materials if a series of conditions relating to the efficiency of their processing.
The essential difference between these two concepts entails a difference in their classifications. In economic research in the field of nature management resources accepted to be divided into natural and technogenic(i.e. created by human activity).
technogenic resources are the most general concept denoting the theoretically possible volume and resource potential industrial waste , which can be used for industrial processing.
Usually technogenic raw materials defined as part man-made resources obtained from waste industrial production. Human participation is indirect here. The main character - manufacturer one product or another. This definition is quite consistent with generally accepted ideas.
Thus, the chain "industrial waste" - "technogenic resources" - "technogenic raw materials" looks quite logical, which cannot be said about the MSW chain. Therefore, in order to replenish and improve the classification of resources, we further introduce the concepts of "anthropogenic resources" and "anthropogenic raw materials" (Fig. 1).
Anthropogenic resources - that part solid household waste, which satisfies a number of criteria , allowing to use them as secondary anthropogenic raw materials. This waste is produced by the population (Human) as a result of his life, carried out in the natural environment and households (not in production). The source of anthropogenic resources are Not all MSW, but only about 80% of their composition (with the exception of food waste ) (see Fig. 1).
The analysis of economic studies devoted to the issues of involvement in the processing of household waste made it possible to formulate the following characteristic features of anthropogenic resources affecting the feasibility of their use:
1) concentration in areas where large cities are located;
2) deterioration of the ecological situation in areas where anthropogenic resources are located, increasing over time;
3) complex multicomponent complex composition anthropogenic resources, due to the specifics of household consumption;
4) uniqueness of each type of anthropogenic resources separately, which necessitates special studies of the composition and development of a specific processing technology;
5) accumulation of valuable components in the composition of anthropogenic resources, of interest as a raw material for various industries;
6) low level of use of anthropogenic resources in the presence of already developed technologies.
The identified features should be taken into account when assessing efficient use of anthropogenic raw materials.
So under anthropogenic raw materials understood that part of anthropogenic resources, which corresponds to the definition edelenn th technical requirements or quality standards imposed on secondary raw materials, and the use of which in recycling technologically feasible and cost-effective.
The described differences in terms and their relationship are reflected in the diagram in Figure 1.
Rice. 1. Scheme of formation of secondary raw materials on the basis of anthropogenic and technogenic resources
3. Classification of anthropogenic resources
For the effective development and use of resources, the development of practical recommendations in this area, it is necessary to group anthropogenic resources based on the identification of a number of basic classification features according to technical, chemical, environmental and other characteristics. The systematization of anthropogenic resources is also important for ensuring the necessary and sufficient degree of accuracy in the economic assessment of the feasibility of their use.
However, an analysis of the existing classifications of household waste showed that among the features of the classification are absent signs reflecting the efficiency of their processing . In this regard, it is of practical interest to identify classification features that reflect their resource value as raw material, revealing the advantages and economic efficiency of its use. The classification will also make it possible to identify the most profitable sources of anthropogenic raw materials.
It is logical to assume that value of anthropogenic (domestic) resources determined by the possibility of their direct use for processing. In accordance with this premise and the scheme shown in Figure 1, where an anthropogenic resource serves as a source of anthropogenic raw materials, it is proposed (by analogy with the features identified in man-made resources) use the following classification features:
1) scale of resource formation: volumes of accumulation of resources identical in terms of technological characteristics;
2)its demand: the level of market demand for the resource;
3)technical identity: technical possibilities of using the resource within the existing production capacities;
4) complexity of use: possible degree of use all useful components of the resource;
5) profitability of use: the ratio of profit to the cost of production obtained by using the resource;
6) environmental and economic efficiency use of anthropogenic raw materials: the ratio of the total environmental and economic effect from the use of an anthropogenic resource to the corresponding costs for its preparation for use.
Table 1
Classification of anthropogenic resources, reflecting their value as raw materials
|
sign |
Resource types |
|
scale resource formation |
|
|
Demand |
|
|
Technical identity |
|
|
Complexity of use |
|
|
Profitability of use |
|
|
Ecological and economic efficiency of use |
|
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a consumer waste generated as a result of household activities of the population. They consist of products and materials unsuitable for further use in everyday life.
This is waste that accumulates in housing stock, institutions, public enterprises (schools, entertainment and children's institutions, hotels, canteens, etc.).
Solid household waste, taken into account by the accumulation rate, includes waste generated in residential buildings, including waste from the current repair of apartments, waste products of combustion in local heating devices, estimates, fallen leaves collected from courtyards and large-sized household items.
The composition and volume of household waste is extremely diverse and depends not only on the country and locality, but also on the season and many other factors. The volumes of household waste for some countries are shown in the table. Paper and cardboard make up the most significant part of MSW (up to 40% in developed countries). The second largest category in Russia is the so-called organic, incl. food waste; metal, glass and plastic each account for 7-9% of the total waste. Approximately 4% each falls on wood, textiles, rubber, etc. The amount of municipal waste in Russia is increasing, and its composition, especially in large cities, is approaching the composition of MSW in Western countries with a relatively large share of paper waste and plastic.
The modern period of development of production is characterized by an increasing volume and variety of final and intermediate products, an increase in the volume of natural resources involved in production activities, an increase in the amount and variety of waste discharged into the environment.
The volume of mining in our country almost doubles every 10 years, but at the same time, no more than 5% of the extracted raw materials go into finished products, while the overall coefficient of human economic activity is 1-2%. The rest of the mass - 95% in the form of waste is returned to the natural environment, polluting it.
In Russia alone, 4.5 billion tons of production and consumption waste are annually stored on the surface of the earth. The total amount of accumulated waste is 50 billion tons, and more than 250 thousand hectares of land are occupied for storage.
A great threat to the environment and human health is posed by toxic waste, which can contain toxic and harmful substances tens and hundreds of times more than the permissible norms. According to Academician B.N. Laskorin, their number in industrialized countries already in 1995 exceeded 30 billion tons in terms of absolutely dry weight. In the Russian Federation, 76 million tons of hazardous industrial waste are generated annually.
All this confirms the conclusions of scientists that the main reason for the negative impact on the environment is not so much the growth of production, but the lack of complex processing of minerals, as well as waste disposal.
In different countries, the system of waste disposal and disposal developed differently. The level of this system was determined by the level of household and
technological culture.
For a long period, pollution of the natural environment by domestic and industrial waste was of a local nature. The natural dispersion and chemical decomposition of the waste proved to be sufficient for natural systems to be completely freed from pollutants as a result of self-purification processes.
Until the 1970s, due to the lack of effective means of industrial waste disposal, methods of storing them in city dumps along with household waste or in specialized landfills that had a primitive arrangement were widespread, which causes environmental pollution.
The problem of increasing the use of production waste lies not only in its negative impact on the environment, but also in its potential value as a possible raw material.
To determine the efficiency of waste disposal and the capital investments required for this in order to plan their integrated use, the classification of solid waste is of particular importance.
Solid waste includes lumpy, dusty, pasty waste generated during production and consumption, as well as waste captured by treatment facilities during emissions into the atmosphere and discharges into water bodies. This also includes liquid waste prohibited from being accepted into the sewerage network and to treatment facilities.
Generalization and analysis of literature data show that at present the classification of industrial waste is based on their systematization by industry. Each industry has its own classification of waste, which creates difficulties for their integrated management.
For practical purposes, most often they use the classification of waste according to the place of their formation, while highlighting waste and secondary resources. Since waste is generated as a result of production activities and during their consumption, they are, respectively, divided into production and consumption waste.
Production wastes are the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, chemical compounds formed during the production of products or the performance of work and which have lost their original properties in whole or in part.
Consumption waste - products and materials that have lost their consumer properties in whole or in part as a result of physical or moral wear and tear and human activity.
Among the classification features, the degree of impact of waste on the environment is important. Harmful (toxic) waste includes waste that has a harmful effect on the environment, pollutes, poisons and destroys it, creating a danger to living organisms.
Toxic waste is waste containing or contaminated with materials of such a nature, in such quantities or in such concentrations that they pose a risk to human health and the natural environment.
According to GOST 12.1.0007-76 "Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements", all toxic wastes are divided into four hazard classes.
The presence of mercury, potassium chromate, antimony trichloride, benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic oxide and other highly toxic substances in the waste allows them to be classified as the first hazard class.
The presence of copper chloride, nickel chloride, lead nitrate and other toxic substances in the waste gives grounds to refer these wastes to the second hazard class.
The presence of copper sulphate, lead oxide, carbon tetrachloride and other substances in the waste makes it possible to attribute them to the third hazard class.
The presence of manganese sulphate, zinc sulphate, zinc chloride in the waste gives grounds to attribute them to the fourth hazard class.
According to the possibility of use, production and consumption wastes can be divided, on the one hand, into secondary material resources that are already being processed or which are planned to be processed, and, on the other hand, into wastes that are inexpedient to be processed at this stage of economic development and which inevitably form irretrievable losses. .
Secondary material resources are production and consumption wastes that can currently be used in the national economy.
Secondary material resources are classified according to two criteria: the source of education and the direction of use. Wastes characterized by close physical and chemical properties, making it possible to use them in the same directions, can be classified according to the main types (groups). For example, the group "Waste plastics and polymers" includes nylon, caprolactam, lavsan, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene film, polypropylene, polystyrene, artificial leather waste. The group "Wood waste" includes waste from harvesting and processing wood (boughs, branches, stumps, roots, bark, sawdust, shavings, trimmings).
The enlarged classification of secondary material resources subdivides waste into 28 groups, which provides data for the development and organizational and methodological measures to involve them in the sphere of material production.
Among consumer waste, as a rule, housing and communal waste is distinguished, where a significant part is municipal solid waste (MSW).
MSW includes waste from economic activities of the population (cooking, cleaning and repairing apartments), including waste from local heating devices, large-sized household items, packaging, estimates, fallen leaves.
Solid waste is generated in residential buildings, institutions, organizations, public enterprises (catering, trade, utilities, consumer services, culture, sports, recreation, hotels, stations, marinas, educational institutions), in places of mass recreation, on the streets and courtyards.
Any classification of waste, no matter what criteria it is made, should provide the data necessary for the development of organizational and technical measures to reduce the amount of waste and their disposal.
At present, more than 20 methods of neutralization and processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) are known in the world. According to the ultimate goal, they are divided into liquidation and disposal, according to the technological principle into biological, chemical, thermal and mechanical. The main trends in the elimination and processing of MSW are: storage in landfills and landfills - 66%, incineration - 30%, composting - 3%, chemical methods - 1%.
The following factors influence the total accumulation of MSW:
degree of improvement of buildings / availability of garbage chutes, heating systems, thermal energy for cooking, water supply and sewerage);
· development of a network of public catering and household services;
the level of production of consumer goods and the culture of trade;
· the level of coverage of communal cleaning of cultural and community and public organizations;
climatic conditions.
According to the latest data, MSW production fluctuates between 0.5 and 1.2 kilograms per person per day.
At the moment, the most common way to destroy solid waste is landfills. However, this simple method is accompanied by the following problems:
Excessive overflow of existing landfills due to the large volume and low density of the disposed waste. Without pre-compaction, the average density of MSW is 200-220 kg/m 3 , which reaches only 450-500 kg/m 3 after compaction using garbage trucks.
Negative factors for the environment: contamination of groundwater with leached products, the release of an unpleasant odor, scattering of waste by wind, spontaneous combustion of landfills, uncontrolled generation of methane and unaesthetic appearance are only some of the problems that concern environmentalists and cause serious objections from local authorities.
Lack of areas suitable for placement of landfills at a convenient distance from large cities. The expansion of cities is pushing polygons further and further away. This factor, combined with rising land prices, increases the cost of MSW transportation.
Inability to eliminate polygons. Despite the use of the most modern technologies, our society will always need their use for the destruction of non-convertible fractions: ash, tires, scrap metal, construction waste.
