Medicinal plants of the Republic of Adygea.
The flora of the Republic of Adygea is extremely diverse and unique. This is due to the heterogeneity of the relief, climate, soils on the territory of the republic, as well as the history of its formation. Before the cold snap at the end of the Tertiary - the beginning of the Quaternary periods, the vegetation on its territory resembled tropical. The cooling of these periods led to the formation and spread of plant communities characteristic of the modern Caucasus. In the last millennium, the vegetation cover has changed under the influence of human activity.
The species composition of the vegetation of Adygea includes about 2000 species of higher plants. About 1500 species of higher plants grow in the most studied foothill and mountain zones of the republic, where part of the Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve is located. The composition of the vegetation cover includes many useful plants for humans: ornamental, melliferous, technical, food, medicinal, etc.
Calendula officinalis.
Synonyms: Calendula Officinalis L. . Calendula officinalis Calendula officinalis L.
Description of the plant.This is an annual herbaceous plant from the Compositae family with an upright branched stem 20–50 cm high with densely pubescent short hairs and alternate, ciliated along the edge, oblong leaves. The lower leaves are petiolate, obovate, the upper ones are sessile, oblong-lanceolate. Small flowers are collected in large single baskets with a diameter of 3-5 cm with a flat receptacle and a green wrapper, marginal - reed, median - tubular, yellow or orange, located at the ends of the shoots. This plant is better known as an ornamental and medicinal.
Habitats. Spreading. Calendula is readily grown in gardens and orchards. She does not require special care. Seed sprouts appear after 10 days. After that, a straight, low, slightly branched stem develops.
Chemical composition.Carotene, lycopene, violoxanthin, citroxanthin, rubixanthin, flavochrome, resins, mucus, phytoncides, organic acids - malic, salicylic were found in calendula flower baskets. The leaves contain the bitter substance calendene, saponins, vitamin C. The smell of flowers is due to the presence of essential oil. It is about 0.02% in them. The more intensely colored the flowers, the more carotene they contain (about 3%).
Application in medicine.Calendula has a multifaceted effect on the body. Very popular alcohol tincture or water infusion for external use in inflammatory processes. Compresses, washings, lotions accelerate tissue regeneration. Calendula tincture is used for long-term non-healing ulcers, wounds, osteomyelitis, eczema, in the form of rinses for sore throats, stomatitis, to strengthen the gums. Quite often, calendula preparations are used in cosmetics. Lotions and rubbing with tincture and infusion reduce pores on the face, reduce sebum secretion, help with oily seborrhea, acne and blackheads. Calendula is an excellent remedy for dandruff and hair loss.
Red clover
Trifolium pratense L. Legumes - Fabaceae (Mguminosae ). Popular names: redhead, red porridge, woodpecker, honey color, meadow trefoil, trinity.
Parts Used: Flowers.
Pharmacy name: red clover flowers - Trifolii pratensis flos (formerly: Flores Trifolii pratensis).
Botanical description.Many shoots grow from a short rhizome, but only a part of them form inflorescences. The leaves are ternary; the lower ones have long petioles, the upper ones have short ones. Leaflets are ovate or elliptical, bright green, with light spots. Small purple-red flowers are collected in heads. They have a lot of nectar, but they serve as a good "honey pasture" only for bumblebees with their long proboscis. Blooms from May to September. Grown in clover fields, from where it spreads through meadows and along roads.
Collection and preparation.Collect inflorescences and lay out to dry in a ventilated area.
Active ingredients: tannins and various glycosides, as well as phenolic compounds and isoflavones.
Healing action and application.Thanks to tannins, clover can be used for a variety of inflammations of the mucous membranes, including the intestines (diarrhea). Can be applied to wounds as a lotion. The active ingredients of clover have not yet been studied enough to be used by official medicine.
Application in folk medicine.Clover is used against many diseases, but mainly in rural areas, most likely because there is an unlimited amount of it. Tea is made from it. Clover tea sweetened with honey (not sweet for diabetics!), Good for coughs and liver diseases. It is also considered an excellent blood purifier.
Clover tea: 4 - 6 dry heads (inflorescences) pour 1/4 liter of boiling water and leave for 15 minutes; sweeten with honey after straining. For blood purification, 2-3 cups of tea per day are recommended for 4 to 6 weeks.
Side effects are not to be feared.
Addition. Creeping clover, or white, (Trifolium repens L.) is distinguished by white flowers, a creeping stem and smaller leaves. In folk medicine, it is used for rheumatism and gout. Tea is prepared in the same way as from red clover.
Pedunculate oak.
Pedunculate oak, or ordinary. Quercus robur L.
Description of the plant.Oak is a deciduous tree of the beech family, up to 40 m high with a trunk up to 2 m in diameter and a powerful spreading crown. The bark of young shoots is olive-brown, later - silver-gray smooth (“mirror-like”), in old trees (from 50 to 60 years old) - deeply fissured, brown-gray, several centimeters thick. The kidneys are broadly oval or hemispherical, light brown with cilia along the edges of the scales.
Leaves 7-15 cm long, alternate, short-petiolate, glabrous, shiny, green, paler underneath, pinnately lobed, oblong-obovate in outline. On coppice shoots, the leaves are larger, their length reaches 30 cm. In the axils of the leaves, during their blooming, rare-colored inflorescences are formed - catkins. Flowers unisexual, plant monoecious. The fruit is an oval acorn 1.5 - 3.5 cm long, brownish-yellow with longitudinal greenish stripes and a spine at the top.
Oak blossom usually begins at 30-40 years of age. Oak lives up to 400 - 500 years, individual trees up to 1000 - 1500 years, reaching 4 m in diameter.
Oak blossoms in late April - early May; fruits ripen in September - early October.
In medicine, the smooth young ("mirror") bark of branches and young trunks of wild-growing and cultivated common oak is used.
Habitats. Spreading. Common oak grows in the middle and southern strip of the European part of the country, in the Crimea and the Caucasus.
Common oak is one of the main forest-forming species in the zone of broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved forests of the European part of the CIS. It forms forests with an admixture of other broad-leaved species: linden, elm, Norway maple, ash and elm. These forests are most widespread in the forest-steppe and northern part of the steppe zone. In the northern and eastern parts of its range, the common oak grows along with coniferous trees. Oak forests are found mainly in Ukraine, Belarus, the Tula region, the central black earth regions, the Volga region, the Orenburg region, the North Caucasus and Moldova.
Oak belongs to heat-loving species. Often suffers from late spring frosts. It is relatively photophilous, and at a young age, when it grows slowly, it is often drowned out by fast-growing species (birch, aspen and hornbeam). Therefore, it requires care - clarification by cutting down fast-growing species.
It develops a very powerful crown, a highly branched powerful root system, penetrating to a depth of more than 5 m. In this regard, the oak has a very high wind resistance.
It is well renewed not only by seeds (acorns), but also by shoots (shoots from a stump). Coppice stands are less stable and less valuable in terms of silvicultural and technical qualities. In the first years of life, the oak grows slowly, by the age of 10 it reaches a height of only 0.5 - 1 m. With lateral shading and lighting from above, the oak grows up to 2 - 4 m by this time. fur coat, but with an open head. The growth of oak in height continues for about 200 years.
Procurement and quality of raw materials. Oak bark is harvested during the sap flow period, from April to June. To remove the smooth ("mirror") bark on thin trunks and young branches, make deep annular cuts with a knife at a distance of about 30 cm from each other and then connect them with deep longitudinal cuts, while removing the bark in the form of a gutter or tube. The prepared raw materials are dried under a canopy or in well-ventilated attics, spread out in a thin layer on paper or fabric and turning over daily. Dry bark must contain at least 8% tannins and no more than 15% moisture; when bent, it should break with a bang. Under-dried bark bends when bent.
It is forbidden to remove the bark from young trees on the vine. Harvesting of raw materials can only be carried out from felled trees during forest care felling.
According to the requirements of the CIS State Pharmacopoeia (Article 184), oak bark can be whole, cut and in powder form. Whole raw materials are pieces of bark tubular, grooved or in the form of narrow strips of various lengths and about 2 - 3 (up to 6 mm) thickness. Cut raw materials - pieces of various shapes from 1 to 10 mm long. Powder - yellowish-brown particles passing through a sieve with a hole size of 0.5 mm.
Moisture not more than 15% is allowed in raw materials; total ash no more than 8%; pieces darkened from the inner surface, no more than 5%; pieces of bark with a thickness of 4 - mm, not more than 5%; organic impurities not more than 1%; mineral impurity not more than 1%; tannins Not less than 8%.
In whole raw materials, pieces of bark shorter than 3 cm should be no more than 3%. In cut raw materials, pieces larger than 10 mm - no more than 10%, and pieces passing through a sieve with a hole size of 0.5 mm - no more than 3%. In oak bark powder, particles that do not pass through a sieve with a hole size of 0.5 mm are allowed no more than 5%.
Whole raw materials are packed in bales of 50 kg; cut raw materials - in bags; powder - in two-layer bags (inner layer - paper, multilayer, outer - fabric). Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life of raw materials is 5 years.
Chemical composition. The bark of the common oak contains 10 - 20% gallotannins, 1.6% gallic and ellagic acids, 13 - 14% pentosans, 6% pectins, the flavonoid quercetin, as well as quercete, levulin, starch, flobafen, etc. Acorns contain up to 40 % starch, 5 - 8% tannins, up to 5% fatty oil, proteins. The leaves contain quercetin, quercetin, tannins and pentosans. As the tree ages, the content of tannins in its bark decreases.
Application in medicine. Oak bark preparations have astringent, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic properties. Oak bark is used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent for rinsing the mouth and throat, with stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, etc. It is also recommended for excessive sweating of the feet, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, heavy menstruation, mushroom poisoning, copper and lead salts, in diseases of the liver and spleen. A decoction of the bark is effective in chronic enterocolitis, inflammation of the urinary tract and bladder. There is evidence of the successful external use of a decoction of oak bark in patients suffering from chronic purulent ulcers, non-healing wounds, and some pustular skin diseases. It is also used for the preparation of therapeutic baths and wetting of tampons in dermatological practice and for colpitis.
Oak bark is part of various collections of medicinal plants used for gargling, and in complex complex medicines. When used in therapeutic doses, oak bark does not cause complications.
Decoctions of oak bark. 20 g (2 tablespoons) of raw materials are placed in an enamel bowl, poured, 200 ml (1 cup) of hot boiled water, closed with a lid and heated in boiling water (in a water bath) for 30 minutes, cooled for 10 minutes, thinned out, the remaining mass is squeezed out. The resulting broth is diluted with boiled water to the initial volume - 200 ml. The broth is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. Used for rinsing 6 - 8 times a day for inflammatory diseases - the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, pharynx, larynx, gingivitis and stomatitis.
Tourists from all over Russia come to breathe the air of the alpine meadows of Adygea. However, you should be careful - poison lurks behind the external beauty of the collected flowers. I decided to tell about the dangerous properties of the ancient plants of the planet "AiF-Adygea".
Aconite (wrestler)
In the Alpine belt of the mountainous regions of Adygea, a perennial plant grows with very beautiful purple flowers of an unusual shape. The flower resembles the wrestling helmet of a warrior of the ancient Roman army, the plant has a second name "wrestler". And according to ancient Greek myth, aconite grew out of the poisonous saliva of the terrified hellish dog Cerberus, whom Hercules brought from the underworld to earth. Aconite is very similar to delphinium, but not harmless.
Aconite - from roots to pollen - is an extremely poisonous plant, even its smell is poisonous. Plutarch writes that the warriors of Mark Antony poisoned by aconite lost their memory and vomited bile. No wonder in ancient times aconite was called the mother-queen of poisons.
And although traditional medicine uses it in small doses to treat bronchitis and oncology, touch the flower, and even more so make bouquets from it. The whole plant contains glycosides, which cause immediate skin irritation. Aconite is also toxic, as it contains alkaloids (primarily aconitine), which affect the central nervous system.
Heracleum (hogweed)
It is a biennial plant with very large, lobed leaves. The name was given to the plant in honor of the ancient Greek hero Hercules for its gigantic size. The cow parsnip is also called "Hercules grass". However, the Caucasian variety of hogweed, the so-called Sosnovsky's hogweed,. It is very difficult to exterminate it, it grows in the mountains, in the meadows of Adygea.
Heracleium is spreading at a terrible speed, capturing more and more new territories. A few years ago, this plant even appeared on the streets of Moscow. It is almost impossible to destroy the cow parsnip.
Caucasian ash tree (burning bush)
In the mountains of Adygea, perennial grass grows, the leaves of which look like ash leaves. Hence the name of the plant. The second - the burning bush - is taken from the biblical story about the wanderings of Moses with the Jewish people through the desert on the way from Egypt to the Promised Land. Only there the bushes of the burning bush flare up by themselves, which is quite possible under the hot desert sun.
Ash tree often attracts the attention of tourists with very beautiful pinkish-lilac flowers with purple veins, collected in inflorescences.
However, you should know that Caucasian ash is very poisonous. The plant contains a large amount of volatile essential oil. And on sunny days, ash can cause allergic reactions and burns. Moreover, the lesion occurs both upon contact with the flower and non-contact (at a distance of 1–2 meters).
Hemlock spotted (Omega)
In alpine meadows and in the mountains of Adygea, you can find a biennial plant from the umbrella family. The ancient Greeks called this plant "top" because of the dizziness that occurs when eating the fruit. Some ancient historians claimed that Socrates was poisoned with the poison of this particular plant. Children often confuse hemlock with angelica, which is used to make whistles.
The fruits and leaves of hemlock are especially poisonous. They contain toxic alkaloids coniine, conhydrin, pseudoconhydrin, which have a nicotine-like effect.
Wolf bast (wolf berry)
The Latin name Daphne (Daphne) was given by the scientist Carl Linnaeus not at all to the laurel, into which, according to Greek legend, the beautiful daughter of Peneus turned into. This is the name of the genus of perennial plants from the wolf family - in some species, leathery leaves outwardly resemble laurel leaves. The Russian name "wolf's bast" was given to these plants for their strong, hard-to-break bark. The wolf's bast loves mountain meadows and the shade of vegetable gardens.
But all parts of the plant, and especially the fruits, contain a sharply burning poisonous juice. Poisoning occurs when eating berries (often by children), chewing the bark, skin contact with wet bark, or contact with plant sap.
So, walking through the meadows of Adygea, do not rush to collect bouquets of flowers. Sometimes it is healthier to watch their beauty from a distance.
The Republic of Adygea is located in the Caucasus. A unique and rich ecosystem has developed here, where there are mountain slopes, forests, wide steppes, and alpine meadows. The biodiversity of the animal and plant world is promoted by a mild and warm climate. In the summer, plants bloom luxuriantly, and animals breed their offspring. Autumn is quite warm, cooling, rains and fogs come in November. In winter, the air temperature rarely drops significantly below 0 degrees. In spring, heat comes very quickly, everything blooms, animals wake up from hibernation.
In Adygea, a diverse flora is represented, which has over 2 thousand species of higher plants:
Among the endemic flora in Adygea, Caucasian blueberries, Otran's bluebell, Trautvetter's maple, Oshtenskaya gentian, and Pontic rhododendron grow. The arcuate birdman, Caucasian lily, belladonna are rare plants, are on the verge of extinction, therefore they are listed in the Red Book. A huge number of species of mushrooms, lichens, mosses, ferns grow here. In the forests you can find trees such as chestnuts, oaks, hornbeam, beech, maple, birch, fir.
In different parts of Adygea, various types of herbs are common, such as spring primrose, forest forget-me-not, anemone, European hoof, yaskolka, hellebore Lobel.
Not all types of flora growing in Adygea can be consumed by people and animals, since some of them are poisonous. This is Heracleum, spotted hemlock, aconite, Caucasian ash.
The fauna of Adygea is no less unique. A huge number of birds live here:
Among the rodents in the steppe of Adygea one can meet field mice and ground squirrels, hamsters and forest dormouse. Wild boars, wolves, weasels, forest cats, foxes, jackals live here. In the forest-steppe zone, the fauna is somewhat different. Deer, badgers, hares, brown bears, hedgehogs, raccoons, wild dogs, martens, shrews, minks appear on the territory, Caucasian vipers and snakes are found.
There is a very interesting world of nature in Adygea. Despite the influence and presence of people here, there are many wild places where you can see animals in forests, steppes, meadows and forest-steppes.
Relief. Most of the territory of the Republic of Adygea is located on a slightly undulating plain, which, in the north from elevations close to sea level, rises to the southeast to the village of Khodz up to 300 m. to the foothill and mountainous region up to a height of 600-900 m and then to the zone of mountainous and high-mountain relief with peaks up to 3238 m (Chugush), 3064 m (Tybga) and 2867 m (Fisht). The foothill zone is characterized by low, gentle ridges (not higher than 500 m), dissected by wide river valleys. To the south of the village of Abadzekhskaya, a strip of asymmetric ridges-cuests begins with steep southern and gentle northern slopes. The width of the kuesto strip increases from west to east and in the valley of the river. Kurdzhips reaches 45 km. The northern cuesta passing here is indented by river valleys and deep gullies covered with dense forests, which is why it is sometimes called "Wood". It is composed mainly of tertiary shales, limestones and sandstones. Its width in some places reaches 25-30 km, and the height above sea level varies from 200 to 700-800 m. The more southern cuesta is represented by separate hills with gentle northern slopes, convenient for pastures, and is called the Pasture Range. It is composed of chalk limestones. The southernmost cuesta or the Rocky Range is a limestone ledge and stretches parallel to the Main Caucasian Range from the southeast to the northwest, connecting the upper reaches of the Urupa and Pshekha rivers, where the Lagonaki ridge ends. The rocky ridge is composed of Jurassic limestones, clearly expressed and distinguished by high altitudes (up to 1300 m). Most of it is covered with beech and fir forests. All three cuestas are separated by deep depressions, the height of which does not exceed 300-500 m above sea level.
Hydrography. surface waters. Under water ≈ 6.9% of the area, 0.5% is occupied by swamps. Rivers flow through the territory: Kuban, Belaya, Laba, Pshish, Psekups, Kisha, Dakh, Sakhrai, Khodz, Fars, etc.
The groundwater. The 1st hydrogeological region occupies the watershed highland part of Adygea. Aquifers are drained and appear as numerous springs. The 2nd hydrological region borders on the 1st region from the north and west, occupies the entire watershed zone in the east, and is represented by an aquifer complex of the Lower and Middle Jurassic deposits. The hydrogeological conditions of the zone are characterized by a wide distribution of fissure-karst and karst underground waters confined to the thickness of limestones, sandstones of the Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous. 3rd hydrological region extends from the river. Pshekha to the eastern border of Adygea. Among the sediments of this region, the most water-abundant are carbonate rocks of the Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous, containing fissure-karst and fissure-formation waters. The 4th hydrological region is located in the western part of Adygea. The waters of the Upper and Lower Cretaceous flysch deposits take part in the underground feeding of the rivers. In general, the area is characterized by low water content. In the aquifer of alluvial deposits in river floodplains and alluvial deluvial deposits in large gullies, the depth of groundwater is 0-15 m (in high floodplain areas). The waters are usually unpressurised. The source of food is atmospheric precipitation and the flow of water from the river during floods. Alluvial waters in floodplains are not protected from pollution from the surface. Aquifers of fissure waters of rocks, confined to massifs of bedrocks of various lithological compositions (from mudstones to conglomerates) of the Jurassic age, occur at a depth of 1 m near the water level in the river (alluvial deposits are eroded) to 20 m or more in the sides of the valley. As a rule, the groundwater of the considered horizon is hydraulically closely connected with the groundwater of alluvial deposits. The waters are predominantly pressurized. Only in some cases in the river valleys is there a lack of pressure.
Aquatic bioresources.
Vegetation. Broad-leaved forests. Forests occupy ≈ 38.1% of the territory. The vegetation cover changes in the direction from north to south along the altitudinal belts. The northern and part of the central territory up to about a height of 200 m is occupied by plant communities of the steppe zone. In this part of the Republic, forest vegetation is concentrated along river channels and on floodplain terraces, and is also found along the slopes of gullies, relief depressions and on even or slightly convex hilly plains. Plantations located along the river channels and on the riverine part of the floodplain consist of white willow, white poplar, black sap and birch bark. Pedunculate oak, common ash and maples grow on the elevations. In the undergrowth there are shrubby willows, svidina, elderberry, hazel, privet, etc. In the central floodplain part and on the terraces of the forest are formed by pedunculate oak, ash, aspen, hornbeam, birch bark, maples, in depressions - white poplar, Caucasian pear and apple trees serve as an admixture eastern. The dense undergrowth consists of pork, privet, hawthorn, elderberry. Pedunculate oak is the main forest-forming species on the slopes of beams, as well as other areas of the forest-steppe, where, depending on the conditions of moisture and salinity of the soil, maples, ash, pear, elm and elm are mixed with it in various proportions. The undergrowth of medium density, and on saline soils it is rare, consists of euonymus, hawthorn, svidina, blackthorn, Tatar maple, etc. With an increase in altitude above sea level, the vertical zonality of the forest vegetation of Adygea manifests itself more clearly. Low-mountain oak forests start from the forest-steppe regions in the north and spread along narrow hill-like ridges to the south up to a height of 600 m. hornbeam, pear, apple tree and bereka. From a height of 350-700 m, low-mountain beech forests begin to wedge into the forest oak belt, where they settle along the steep and sloping slopes of wet beams, maple and hornbeam are mixed with them. Oak plantations rise to a height of 1100 m, their growth here is, as it were, intrazonal. Along with pedunculate oak, there are sessile oak and downy oak, which pass to the steep slopes of southern exposures. Dogwood, hazel, azalea, hawthorn are found in the undergrowth. The wild-growing Caucasian pear and oriental apple tree grow together with oak, forming fruit forests with the participation of 4 units and more in the composition of plantations. They rise mainly to a height of 500-600 m, and in separate islands up to 1000 m. Above this mark, only single specimens are found.
Soils. According to the shares of the area, they are distributed: merged chernozems - 18%, leached micelle-carbonate chernozems (deep leached chernozems) - 16.3%, slightly unsaturated brown forest (weakly unsaturated burozems) - 12.2%, leached meadow-chernozem - 11.1%, brownish-light gray forest and gray forest (transitional to brown forest) - 10.3%, sod-calcareous (including leached and podzolized) - 10.1%, brown-taiga illuvial-humus (rough-humus illuvial-humus burozems) - 4.3%, brownish-dark gray forest (transitional to brown forest) - 4.3%, non-soil formations (water) - 3.2%, mountain-meadow chernozem-like - 2.4%, meadow (without separation) - 2.3%, acidic podzolized brown forest soils (podzolized acidic burozems) - 1.9%, weakly acidic and neutral floodplain soils - 1.9%, mountain-meadow soddy soils - 1.8%.
In the southern part of the foothills, gray forest and humus-calcareous soils are widespread over a large area. In mountainous areas brown forest soils. Mountain-meadow subalpine and mountain-meadow soils predominate in the high-mountainous region, used mainly for grazing.
Agriculture. Agricultural land occupies ≈ 46.2%, in their structure - arable land ≈ 72.2%, perennial plantations ≈ 2.6%, hayfields ≈ 1.4%, pastures ≈ 23.8%.
Animal husbandry and crafts. They breed cows (beef and dairy cattle breeding), pigs, poultry (chickens, turkeys), horses, sheep, goats, fish (starlet, grass carp, silver carp).
Plant growing. They grow wheat (winter), barley (winter, spring), oats, triticale (winter), rice, buckwheat, millet, corn (grain, fodder), peas, sunflower, tobacco, sugar beets, rapeseed (winter), soybeans, tea , potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes (ZG), table beets, carrots, onions, garlic, green peas, pumpkin, zucchini, melons, tangerines, lemons, peaches, apricots, cherry plums, pears, apples, currants, gooseberries, strawberries , hazelnuts, grapes, annual and perennial herbs, flowers (roses (ZG)).
Approximate calendar of agricultural work in the Republic of Adygea
| Month | Decade | Events |
|---|---|---|
| January | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| February | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| March | 1 | Winter crops |
| 2 | Top dressing of winter crops; sowing of spring crops | |
| 3 | Sowing of early spring crops (oats, legumes, perennial grasses); top dressing of winter crops with nitrogen fertilizers | |
| April | 1 | Sowing of spring crops; completion of processing of crops of winter crops from mouse-like rodents; top dressing of winter barley and wheat |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| May | 1 | Completion of sugar beet sowing |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| June | 1 | |
| 2 | Harvesting of cereals, legumes | |
| 3 | Harvesting of winter barley, legumes; fodder harvesting | |
| July | 1 | Harvesting winter barley, wheat, legumes, rapeseed (grain); sunflower seedlings obtained |
| 2 | Harvesting of winter cereals, winter rapeseed; fodder harvesting | |
| 3 | Harvesting of winter cereals, winter rapeseed; the beginning of harvesting row crops; fodder harvesting | |
| August | 1 | Completion of grain harvesting; harvesting row crops |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | Corn harvest (silo) | |
| September | 1 | Harvesting corn (grain), soybean, sunflower |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| October | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| November | 1 | |
| 2 | Sowing of winter crops | |
| 3 | Sowing of winter crops | |
| December | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 |
Districts of the Republic of Adygea
Adygeysk city district.
Located in the northwestern part of Adygea. The area of the territory is 32.39 km2. From the north it is washed by the Krasnodar reservoir.
The climate is humid temperate with a noticeable influence of the proximity of the Black Sea. The average temperature in January is 0°С, in July +24°С. The highest air temperatures are observed in early August, the lowest in late January - early February. The sum of active temperatures is ≈ 3800°С. The average annual rainfall is ≈ 770 mm. The value of relative humidity is unstable. The greatest amount of precipitation falls from November to February.
It is located in the flat zone of the republic. The terrain is predominantly flat, without sharp changes in relative heights. To the southwest of the city district, mountains gradually begin to rise. The average heights in the territory of the district are ≈ 57 m above sea level.
Rivers flow through the territory: Psekups, Dysh, Chetuk.
Cows, horses, sheep, goats are bred. They grow wheat (winter), corn (grain), sunflower, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, table beets, carrots, onions, garlic, pumpkins, zucchini, fruits, berries, nuts, grapes.
Giaginskiy district.
Located in the north of Adygea. The area of the territory is 796.63 km2.
The climate is temperate continental with relatively mild winters and warm summers. On average, 670 mm of precipitation falls per year. The warmest month is July (+22°C), the coldest month is January (-1...-2°C). There are winters with snow storms and snowstorms. Snow usually melts in mid-March. Southeasterly winds prevail.
The Trans-Kuban Plain, on which the region is located, is slightly inclined to the northwest. The landscape is flat with a slight hilliness in the eastern part. A characteristic feature is the large indentation of the rivers.
Rivers flow through the territory: Giaga, Fars, Chekhrak, Kelermes, Medovaya, Ulka, Zakalyaevka, Gryaznukha; there are reservoirs and ponds.
Soil - chernozems, leached merged, meadow-chernozem, meadow-marsh.
Cows (dairy cattle breeding), pigs, sheep, poultry, goats, horses are bred. They grow barley (spring, winter), wheat (winter), oats, triticale (winter), corn (grain, feed), peas, sunflower, soybeans, rapeseed, potatoes, cabbage, cucumbers, tomatoes, table beets, carrots, onions , garlic, green peas, pumpkin, zucchini, apples, berries, grapes, annual and perennial herbs.
Koshekhablsky district.
It is located in the northeastern part of Adygea. The area of the territory is 607.528 km2.
The climate is temperate continental. The average annual rainfall is 600 mm. In the middle of summer the air temperature reaches +25...+27°C. During the dry period, winds blowing from the east can take on the character of dry winds. Winter is unstable, with frequent thaws, snow cover depth does not exceed 25 cm.
The relief of the surface is divided into 2 parts: northern and eastern - flat; southern and western - foothill.
The river Laba flows through the territory.
The soils are mostly drained and leached chernozems. The latter are distinguished by the thickness of humus horizons (≈ 170 cm) and heavy mechanical composition.
Agricultural land occupies ≈ 78%, of which arable land ≈ 70%. Cows (meat and dairy cattle breeding), sheep, poultry (chickens), pigs are bred. They grow wheat (winter), barley (winter, spring), oats, corn (grain, fodder), sunflower, rapeseed (winter), soybeans, potatoes, tomatoes, fruits, annual and perennial grasses.
Krasnogvardeisky district.
Located in the north of Adygea. The area of the territory is 725.52 km2.
The climate is warm temperate continental with moderate moisture. The sum of active temperatures (above +10°C) ≈ 3400-3600°C. The frost-free period lasts 170-180 days. The average annual rainfall is 600-700 mm. HTC 0.7-0.9.
The relief is flat, with a general slope to the north and northwest to the valley of the Kuban River. In the interfluve of the Laba and Belaya rivers, there is an inclined plain.
The total length of the rivers in the region is more than 190 km. There are 14 springs, more than 40 ponds, the Tshchik reservoir (located 45 km east of Krasnodar, not far from the confluence of the Belaya River with the Kuban River) on the territory.
The soils are mainly confluent and leached chernozems.
Agricultural land occupies ≈ 58% of the territory, in their structure - arable land ≈ 82%, pastures ≈ 16%, perennial plantations ≈ 0.9%. Cows, pigs, horses, sheep, goats are bred. They grow wheat (winter), barley (winter), oats, rice, corn (grain, fodder), peas, sunflowers, soybeans, potatoes, tomatoes, fruits, berries, nuts, grapes, annual and perennial grasses.
Maikop city district.
Located in the central part of Adygea. The area of the territory is 283.6 km2.
The climate is temperate, humid, with an average annual temperature of +10.9°C. The duration of the summer period is 180-198 days.
Agricultural land occupies ≈ 51% of the territory, of which ≈ 82% is arable land. Grow fruits.
Maikop region.
Located in the southern part of Adygea. The area of the territory is 3667.43 km2.
The climate is moderately warm and mild. The average annual temperature is +10.9°С. The total solar radiation is 115-120 kcal/cm2. The average air temperature in July-August is +20...+30°С. Winters are warm, the average January temperature is -1...-2°C. Precipitation falls 600-1200 mm. The sum of active temperatures (above +10°С) is 2400-3600°С. HTC from 0.7 to 2 or more. Frost-free period 160-195 days.
The southern part of the region is located on the territory of the foothills and mountains of the Greater Caucasus.
The territory is densely cut by the rivers Belaya, Dakh, Kish, Sakhrai, Kurdzhips, Fars, etc., originating among glaciers and eternal snows. In the mountainous part of the region there is the Pshekhinskoye deposit of fresh underground waters with reserves in the amount of 73800 m 3 /day.
The forest cover of the region is 67%.
Pigs, cows, horses, sheep, goats are bred. They grow wheat (winter), barley (winter), triticale (winter), oats, corn (grain), peas, sunflowers, soybeans, tea, potatoes, tomatoes (ZG), cabbage, apple trees, pears, strawberries, nuts, grapes, perennial herbs.
Takhtamukaysky district.
Located in the northwest of Adygea. The area of the territory is 463.6 km2.
Bred cows (dairy cattle breeding), poultry. They grow rice, vegetables (ZG), hazelnuts, flowers (roses (ZG)).
Teuchezhsky district.
Located in the northwest of Adygea. The area of the territory is 697.97 km2.
Most of the Krasnodar reservoir is located on the territory.
Cows (dairy and beef cattle breeding), sheep, fish (sterlet, grass carp, silver carp) are bred. They grow wheat (winter), barley (winter), oats, peas, corn (grain, silage), vegetables, melons, fruits, perennial grasses.
Shovgenovsky district.
Located in the northeast of Adygea. The area of the territory is 521.43 km2.
The climate is temperate continental. The total intake of radiation is 117-120 kcal/cm 2 /year. Vegetation period 230-240 days. Cold air masses from the Arctic and Kazakhstan penetrate the region, Mediterranean winds bring humid tropical air, dry warm air masses come from Iran. Continental arctic air brings severe frosts and strong night cooling to the territory of the region. Tropical continental masses in winter bring rising temperatures, drizzle and fog. In winter, east and northeast winds prevail. In summer, westerly winds dominate. The northern plains contribute to the stationing of air masses moving from the north and northeast. The average annual air temperature is +9.8°С. The coldest month is January (average temperatures are -2°C, in the extreme northeast -3°C). In July, the average monthly temperature is +22...+23°C. The duration of the frost-free period is 190 days. The average annual temperature of the soil is +12...+13°С, in July the maximum soil temperatures are observed (up to +30°С), in January - minimum (-3...-4°С). Average soil temperatures decrease from north to south and from west to east. The average annual amount of precipitation is 500-700 mm, 115-150 days with precipitation are recorded per year. The maximum precipitation is observed in May-June, the minimum amount falls on autumn and spring. The nature of precipitation changes seasonally: from October to April, heavy rains prevail, from May to September - showers, and the intensity of precipitation increases from east to north- and south-west. Snow cover with an average height of 20-30 cm lies from the 3rd decade of November to the 2nd decade of April, while the number of days with stable snow cover on the plain increases from west to east, in low mountains - from north to south. The frequency of snowless winters is high (40-70%). In general, winds from the east, northeast, west and southwest directions prevail throughout the year. In January, the frequency of eastern and northeastern winds is the highest. In July, western and southwestern winds prevail over the plains. The average wind speed reaches 3.3 m/s. In the annual course of the wind speed, 2 maxima are noted - the main one in March and an additional one in November-December. The minimum wind speeds are observed in summer in August, in winter - in January. Dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena include: flooding of floodplain lands during floods on rivers; flooding during floods of the territories of settlements; deformation channel processes that contribute to the erosion and collapse of river banks in the flat part of the republic (lateral erosion, landslides); air and soil droughts in the Zakuban plain; deflationary processes ("dust storms"); thunderstorms, hail, fog, sleet.
The territory is located on the alluvial-proluvial route, in the western part on the watershed plain, dissected by rivers. The surfaces of the floodplain terraces are flat and have a slight slope. They are complicated by a river, beam and ravine network. Temporary watercourses form hollows, hollows, gullies, potholes, ravines and gullies. Gullies and small ruts formed on the slopes as a result of jet erosion, under favorable conditions, can give rise to the formation of ravines, which occurs, as a rule, in elevated plain spaces or on steep terrace-like ledges of rivers in the area of development of weakly connected and loose, easily eroded deposits, such as sandy loam and loam, especially loess. The average height above sea level is 80-100 m, to the south-east the territory of the region rises. The landscape is characterized by inter-river and inter-beam plains, which are completely plowed up.
The Laba River skirts the territory from the north. From the left, Chekhrak, Fars, Ulka with its tributary Gryaznukha, Giaga with its tributary Medovka flow into it. Except for Fars, all the rivers are steppe, with a variable regime, the sources are of a spring nature. Fars is a typical mountain river in the upper reaches, so the water level often rises to critical levels on it. The main sources of food for the rivers of the region are atmospheric precipitation, which provides up to 90% of the flow in many watercourses. The Laba River is characterized by alpine snow and glacier feeding. There are glaciers in the basin of the Laba River, whose sources lie on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. In the river basin Laba has 48 glaciers with a glaciation area of 15.2 km2. Storm and rain runoff plays an important role in the regime of all watercourses. Heavy rains, coinciding in time with intense high-mountain snowmelt, are the cause of catastrophic floods in the Laba River basin. The Laba River carries out ≈ 100 tons of salts from 1 km 2 /year. The territory is located within the West Kuban hydrogeological region of the Azov-Kuban artesian basin. In general, the area is characterized by low water content. Groundwater is found in aquifers that form single aquifer complexes, confined to deposits of the Lower and Upper Cretaceous, Chokrak, Karagan, Sarmatian and Meotic stages of the Miocene, as well as to the Pliocene and Quaternary formations. The aquifer of alluvial deposits is developed in floodplains of rivers, alluvial-deluvial deposits - in large beams. The depth of groundwater varies from 0 to 15 m (in high floodplain areas). The waters are usually unpressurised. The source of food is atmospheric precipitation and the flow of water from the river during floods. The small thickness of the aeration zone (mainly 0.15-3 m) and the insignificant total thickness of weakly permeable deposits (up to 3 m) led to the classification of aquifers in river valleys as unprotected, the worst conditions for groundwater protection prevail here (mainly I and, partially, category II). The rate of erosion of river banks is determined mainly by the velocity of the current and the erosion of rocks. The highest speeds are noted on the Laba River. The maximum flow rates along the rivers of the North Caucasus are 3-5 m/s. The most eroded rocks are rocks of the Quaternary age of accumulative alluvial terraces, the presence of a base in most cases significantly reduces the rate of coastal erosion. Erosion of the banks of large left tributaries of the river is very significant. Kuban, especially in their middle and lower reaches. Numerous erosional and accompanying landslide and landslide processes have been noted along the banks of the river. Laby and its tributaries - Chekhrak, Fars. The linear erosion of the banks of these rivers increases significantly downstream - 20-70% along the Laba River, 20-40% along the Fars River, 30-40% along the Chekhrak River. High and low floodplains of rivers with upper reaches in the mountainous part are subject to flooding: on the territory of the district, this is the Laba River. On the river The Laba floodplain is flooded for 5-7 days, usually when the spring-summer flood passes with a layer of water up to 0.5 m, in depressions - up to 1.5 m. Water overflows the banks sometimes during large autumn floods, covering the floodplain by 1-2 day. The impact of this process on the floodplain of the river. Laba is 60-70%. The maximum water levels on Laba can be observed throughout the year (except for winter). Fars is flooded in the lower and middle reaches 1 time in 5-7 years during large floods associated with increased precipitation. In the upper reaches, flooding is 70-80% of the floodplain area. On the river Chekhrak is flooded by 20% of the floodplain. Planar erosion or planar washout is understood as the eroding activity of rain, storm and melt snow water, occurring over the entire surface of slopes and watersheds. The occurrence and intensity of water erosion of soils is greatly influenced by the relief and, especially, the steepness of the slopes, the dissection of the territory, the valley-beam network and the shape of the slopes. The stronger the dissection of the territory, the more sloping lands that can be subject to water erosion. Usually, the following ratio of the degree of washout from the steepness of the slope is taken, all other things being equal: weak washout at a slope of 3°, medium - at 3-5°, strong - at 5-7°, and very strong washout at a slope of 8° or more. The steeper and longer the slope, the more destructive the work of water. On the territory of the region, according to the degree of activity of planar erosion, a zone of weak planar erosion was identified. In the interfluve of the Laba and Psenafa, a strip of swampy lands develops in the trans-Caucasian north-western direction, which is apparently explained by the existence of a general inflection of the relief during the transition from the mountainous zone to the foothill terraced plain. Excessively moistened areas are located mainly in the floodplains of the rivers, in the bottoms of beams, dammed for one reason or another, as well as in drainless depressions. Excessively wet areas are overgrown with marsh vegetation. Many of these sites are located on regulated floodplains such as Giaga. The swampiness of river floodplains grows downstream and reaches 100% in some places (the Laba and Gryaznukha rivers).
Forest vegetation has been preserved along the river valleys. The largest forest area is the Black Forest, with an area of more than 3,000 hectares. Steppe prevails among the vegetation. In the forests: oak, ash, elm, poplar, willow, willow. In the undergrowth: hawthorn, blackthorn, elder and other shrubs.
Most of the region is occupied by West Caucasian leached chernozems. The chernozems in this area are not completely leached, at a depth of 125-130 cm carbonic salts are found, deeper they are represented by white-eye nests. The leached chernozems have up to 6% humus, dense structure, and low water permeability. There are small areas of drained chernozems in the southernmost part of the district. These soils are also low-humus, with a heavy texture. The humus horizon has a thickness of 150-210 cm. In the Laba valley, meadow (floodplain) chernozems occur in narrow strips from 2-3 to 15 km. The geological activity of these rivers during the epoch of glaciation caused the formation of thick deposits in the form of terraces. Meadow and meadow-chernozem soils formed on these terraces. The greatest damage to the soil cover of the region is caused by wind and water erosion, flooding, a drop in soil fertility, waterlogging, overconsolidation, pollution and littering with industrial and consumer waste. Almost half of the surveyed lands are subject to erosion, ≈ 38.2% - deflationary hazardous lands, 31.2% - waterlogged, 6.8% - swampy. The northern part of the region is located in the valley of the Laba River, which consists of alluvial deposits of recent times. Meadow solonetzes are predominantly distributed on the territory of the district. They are confined to closed depressions above the floodplain terraces and are formed on alluvial clays with a close (average 1.15 m) occurrence of groundwater. Salinization is most clearly manifested in the territory of Adygea in the interfluve of the Fars-Ulka rivers, where it is 80-100%. On the territory of the region, landslide processes are developed along the banks of the Laba River. An increased degree of damage is noted within the development of the water-resistant Maikop clayey stratum in the basins of the Laba and Chekhrak rivers. Landslide massifs here are due to the erosional activity of the river. In the area of development of clay deposits of fine clastic molasses, landslides in natural conditions, not caused by artificial undercutting, develop as a result of rock softening in the hypergenesis zone. There are stabilized, partially active and active landslides. In the areas of development of Quaternary molasse deposits, landslides are developed mainly along the sides of the Laba and Fars river valleys, and their activity is due exclusively to the intensity of lateral erosion. Block and block-consistent landslides are widely developed here.
Agricultural land occupies ≈ 64.7% of the area of the district. Cows, sheep, pigs, poultry are bred. They grow barley (winter), rice, sunflower, fruits.
Sources of information:
The flora of the Republic of Adygea is extremely diverse and unique. This is due to the heterogeneity of the relief, climate, soils on the territory of the republic, as well as the history of its formation. Before the cold snap at the end of the Tertiary - the beginning of the Quaternary periods, the vegetation on its territory resembled tropical. The cooling of these periods led to the formation and spread of plant communities characteristic of the modern Caucasus. In the last millennium, the vegetation cover has changed under the influence of human activity. marigold clover oak vegetation
The species composition of the vegetation of Adygea includes about 2000 species of higher plants. About 1500 species of higher plants grow in the most studied foothill and mountain zones of the republic, where part of the Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve is located. The composition of the vegetation cover includes many useful plants for humans: ornamental, melliferous, technical, food, medicinal, etc.
Synonyms: Calendula Officinalis L. Calendula officinalis L.
Description of the plant. This is an annual herbaceous plant from the Compositae family with an upright branched stem 20–50 cm high with densely pubescent short hairs and alternate, ciliated along the edge, oblong leaves. The lower leaves are petiolate, obovate, the upper ones are sessile, oblong-lanceolate. Small flowers are collected in large single baskets with a diameter of 3-5 cm with a flat receptacle and a green wrapper, marginal - reed, median - tubular, yellow or orange, located at the ends of the shoots. This plant is better known as an ornamental and medicinal.
Habitats. Spreading. Calendula is readily grown in gardens and orchards. She does not require special care. Seed sprouts appear after 10 days. After that, a straight, low, slightly branched stem develops.
Chemical composition. Carotene, lycopene, violoxanthin, citroxanthin, rubixanthin, flavochrome, resins, mucus, phytoncides, organic acids - malic, salicylic were found in calendula flower baskets. The leaves contain the bitter substance calendene, saponins, vitamin C. The smell of flowers is due to the presence of essential oil. It is about 0.02% in them. The more intensely colored the flowers, the more carotene they contain (about 3%).
Application in medicine. Calendula has a multifaceted effect on the body. Very popular alcohol tincture or water infusion for external use in inflammatory processes. Compresses, washings, lotions accelerate tissue regeneration. Calendula tincture is used for long-term non-healing ulcers, wounds, osteomyelitis, eczema, in the form of rinses for sore throats, stomatitis, to strengthen the gums. Quite often, calendula preparations are used in cosmetics. Lotions and rubbing with tincture and infusion reduce pores on the face, reduce sebum secretion, help with oily seborrhea, acne and blackheads. Calendula is an excellent remedy for dandruff and hair loss.
