Ventilation in industrial premises is an extremely important and effective means of protecting the health of working and disease prevention.
In the production premises, many technological processes are accompanied by heat release, moisture, harmful substances in the form of vapors, gases and dust. Along with this, the air of the premises is constantly contaminated with the exhaled man with carbon dioxide, the products of swelling, sebaceous glands, organic substances contained in clothing and shoes, as well as chemicals separated from polymeric materials. To maintain the specified parameters aerial The room requires a fresh and removal of contaminated air.
The air of chemical-pharmaceutical enterprises and pharmacy industrial premises can be contaminated in the process of corrosion and issuing drugs during the chemical analysis of preparations. For example, with suspension, dosage, perspiration, packaging, chemical analysis of drugs in assistant, filling, in the room, the air-analyte room is polluted with dust, pairs and gases of medicinal substances. In the washing, distillation-sterilization air may contain excess heat and moisture. The long stay of a large number of people in the premises of the trading hall causes changes in the physical properties and the chemical composition of the air (
perats, humidity, carbon dioxide content, number of microorganisms, etc.).
Maintaining in the production premises of the parameters of the air environment that satisfies the hygienic requirements is carried out by various ventilation systems, when designing which the amounts of distinguished harm are taken into account.
Industrial ventilation occupies important place In the complex of preventive measures to improve the air environment of industrial premises aimed at improving the working conditions of workers. Its direct appointment is to combat excess heat and moisture, as well as gases, vapors and dust.
According to the method of moving air distinguish systems of natural, mechanical and mixed ventilation.
Air motion motion in natural ventilation is the wind pressure on the wall of the building (wind pressure),conserving air movement through the room in the horizontal direction, and the difference in temperature indoors and outside (thermal pressure),by moving the convection currents of air vertically and removing heated, contaminated air through holes at the top of the room.
Natural ventilation can be applied in the form through ventilationcarried out by wind pressure, and in the form of controlled ventilation - aeration.Through ventilation is usually used in industrial premises with a large number of working and in the absence of harmful discharge (toxic dust, vapor and gases). Aeration is used only in premises with excessive heat (so-called hot shops) with heat release of more than 23 W / m 3. The outer air at aeration enters the room through open window openings and fraamuga, and the contaminated, carrying out excess heat, moisture, production dust, is removed from the workshop through the top openings or special devices. Local natural exhaust ventilation is organized in the form of exhaust mines (pipes) located above the selection of hot vapors and gases (heating furnaces, blacksmith mines) and bred buildings. To increase the efficiency of natural hood inside the exhaust mines, deflectors of various designs are installed.
The motion motion in terms of mechanical ventilation serve special devices (fans, ejectors).
Mechanical ventilation is divided into the direction of the air flow to the supply and exhaust. They can be in the form of general (generally exchange) and local (local) ventilation. Community ventilation is designed to create optimal and permissible meteorological conditions in the entire room. It is usually applied if jobs are uniformly located around the room, and harmful discharges come into directly in the air of the working area. The incoming air should be distributed evenly throughout the size of the room.
Complete openings of general ventilation,as a rule, air is fed into the lower (working) area of \u200b\u200bthe room. Air supply to the upper zone is possible in two cases: if there is permanent dust sources in the room (in order to avoid lifting dust) and water vapor, which can be condensed in the cool supply air, so air is supplied heated to 30-35? C in the upper room area . Local supply ventilation(In combination with aeration or mechanical supply-exhaust ventilation), it is used, as a rule, in hot shops in the form "Air Soul",feeding cool (18? C) Air directly on a working person, "Air Oasis",representing a watery-fledged place of rest of the workers, inside which is served cool air, as well as in the form of "Air thermal curtain"(flux of warm air is not higher than 50-70? with in the door exterior openings of industrial premises and the outer gate). The air vents of the air from the gaps or holes of the air and air conduction curtains should be at the outer doors not more than 8 m / s and at the gate - 25 m / s.
Exhaust ventilationdesigned to remove contaminated by harmful air selections from the room, for example, from a washing pharmacy, a room of an analytics chemist.
Total exhaust ventilationremoves polluted air from the upper zone of industrial premises. Local exhaust ventilationit is used directly in places of extraction of harmful substances generated under a number of operations (weighing, dosing, loading, etc.), to prevent them all over the room. Local exhaust ventilation is the most effective way Combating excess heat and moisture executions, gases, couples, dust. Since the concentration of harmful discharges at higher education is higher, consumption
the air to remove them requires significantly smaller than when communicating ventilation.
Local complishes must meet the following requirements: high tightness, convenience of service, resistance to aggression media, small air costs, high efficiency of harmful substances. Local Dance Designs can be completely closed, semi-openor open.The most efficient closed suction. They capture harmful substances as fully as possible with the minimum volume of the air removed. These include housings, cameras, hermetically or tightly shelting dusting equipment. In some cases, shelter sealing is impossible to carry out technological reasons. In these cases, suction with partial shelter (pull out drobe)or open: exhaust umbrellas, exhaust panels, onboard suctions and other devices. Exhaust cabinetsalmost completely covers the source of harmful discharge. Only working openings remain unburned, through which the air from the room enters the closet. Exhaust umbrellasused to capture harmful discharges raising up. Umbrellas are installed above the accumulation of sources of heat and moisture executions and other sources of non-toxic harms that are distinguished together with heat. Whiswing panelsused to remove harmful discharge when the zone of harmful discharge is relatively large and more complete shelter is impossible. On-board suctioninstalled around the perimeter of open baths containing technical solutions from the surface of which harmful pairs and gases are distinguished. The principle of operation of these suits is that the trim air captures harmful pairs, gases and takes them into an exhaust air duct.
There are direct and indirect methods for evaluating the efficiency of ventilation systems..
An assessment of the indirect methods is an assessment of the compliance of the air environment of the production facilities by sanitary standards in terms of the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, temperature, relative humidity and air mobility of thermal irradiation, to direct methods - the speed and temperature of air flow, productivity, developed pressure and the number of revolutions Fan, pressure difference or vacuum, noise and vibration of ventilation systems, concentration of harmful substances in flow air.
After carrying out the hygienic efficiency of ventilation, after the implementation of all necessary technological, operational and organizational measures to eliminate or reduce excess of excess heat, dust and gases from equipment in the premises.
The representative of Rospotrebnadzor before the control of the ventilation systems should become familiar with the following documents: approved in the prescribed manner of the ventilation project, as well as a list of deviations from the project, acts of inspection and acceptance of hidden works, protocols of technical testing and adjustment of ventilation systems, ventilation passports, schedules of planning and warning repair and the magazine of his registration.
Verification of the effectiveness of the active ventilation is carried out by measuring the velocity and temperature of air flows in the working area, in open openings and working sections of air actuators, as well as in transport, assembly and aeration openings, in the supply jets from air-distributing devices, air shower and Curtain. In addition, the performance of fans and pressures developed in ducts in the ducts of secrets and exhaust systems built into the equipment of local suits and aspiration shelters and is measured by the difference in pressure or vacuum in the industrial premises of relatively adjacent rooms or atmospheric, in boxes, cabins and shelters.
Performance of ventilation systems of local suns, aspiration shelters, etc. Determined by the formula:
To estimate the performance of mechanical ventilation, the speed of the air passing through the closed air duct is determined by the magnitude of the pressure generated by air moving along the air duct, by the formula:
Dynamic pressure (n din) is the pressure difference required to move air through the air duct.
Dynamic pressure in the air ducts is measured by micromanometer MMN-2400- (5) -1.0, thermomemometer (TESTO-435), pressure gauge (differential digital DCM-0.1 / m, liquid U-shaped) complete with a pneumometric tube PITO and DR .
Direct measurement of air flow velocities in channels or air ducts is carried out by thermoenemometers (Testo- 425, LV-110, etc.).
Sanitary and hygienic assessment of ventilation efficiency, indicative base of action.With sanitary and hygienic control of mechanical and natural ventilation, as well as local suits of all types, efficiency is estimated as the ability to maintain the production area of \u200b\u200bthe air environment in the working area, satisfying the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96, ace 2.2.5.1313-03, ace 2.2.5.1314 -03.
The sanitary and hygienic assessment of the ventilation of the production premises should be carried out with the participation of representatives of the relevant services of the enterprise: technologists, mechanics, laboratory workers, safety and ventilation service provisions.
The scheme of the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning installations can be represented as follows:
A brief description of the production process and work premises (cubature, number of employees);
The characteristic of the main harm that changes the state of the air environment, the nature of its selection: constant or periodic, localized or scattered;
Ventilation system: Community or localizing, supply-exhaust, recycling;
Mechanical characteristic of the unit: fan number, motor power;
Measures to reduce noise and vibration from the operation of ventilation plants;
The location and sanitary characteristics of the intake air and emission fence places;
Devices for the preparation of the supplied air and their technical specifications (cleaning, heating, etc.);
The location of the supply and exhaust holes in the room;
Temperature and speed of movement of the supplied air (at the duct screw hole);
Description and characteristics of localizing exhaust devices;
Air movement speed in shelter openings;
Description and characteristics of local airborne devices;
The speed and temperature of the air supplied by local supply devices;
Air exchange indoors (separately on the influx and exhaust), the air cube (the number of cubic meters of air, entering 1 operating) and the multiplicity of volume;
Air balance in the room (the ratio of the amount of supplied and removed air);
Characteristics of harmful factors of premises nearby; the possibility of interpenetration of harm;
The characteristic of the air environment under the action of ventilation and without it:
a) temperature and humidity of air at workplaces (including the characteristic of the uniformity of temperature and humidity at different points of the room, at different distances from the supply and exhaust holes);
b) air movement speed in the workplace, in the aisles at the door, the presence of tangible air currents in the workplace;
c) air dusting (at workplaces);
d) the concentration of harmful gases and vapors (at workplaces). With periodic excavation, it is necessary to specify the maximum amount due to certain points of the production process;
Survey data working on health and, if necessary, the results of physiological monitoring of the heat-regulation process;
Conclusion.
The direct assessment of the effectiveness of the ventilation system of the production premises begins with preliminary measures: checks compliance of the technological process of the regulations, the health of technological equipment and communications (if there are defects, an indication of their elimination), inspection of the ventilation systems and their elements, evaluating the correctness of the fan operation (correct direction of rotation, There are no extraneous noise during rotation), inspection of the network of air drives (for the presence of breaks and damage in it), air-powered and air intake devices (blinds, lattices, valves, etc.) and calorifers.
After elimination of selected defects, measurements of microclimate parameters are carried out and determining the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area.
Ventilation of the surveyed room is recognized effective if the values \u200b\u200bof the specified parameters are within the requirements of sanitary regulations.
When the air parameters deflects from acceptable values, the ventilation instrumental survey should be proceeded.
Mechanical ventilation performance is measured for: determining the conformity of actual ventilation performance of the project value; calculating the multiplicity of air exchange; identifying the volume of inflows and exhaust and their distribution over the area zones; Calculations of the average air movement rates in the working sections of air-actuate devices.
If the actual values \u200b\u200bcoincide with the design, but do not provide regulated aircraft parameters, then the ventilation of this room is estimated as unsatisfactory, and a labor hygiene specialist should indicate the need to revise the ventilation project, taking into account the actual mode of operation of technological equipment (an increase in equipment intensification, intensification of production processes, introducing new harmful substances into technological cycles, etc.).
If the actual values \u200b\u200bof the ventilation parameters do not coincide with the project, then the order is drawn up to bring the ventilation parameters to project values \u200b\u200bwith an indication of the execution time. After executing the enterprise, the prescription is carried out
re-measure the parameters of the ventilation systems and assessment of the condition of the room of the room.
15.2. Examination of ventilation projects
When examining the project, it is necessary to study its technological part, then check the main calculations and evaluate the project according to the following scheme.
1. Assessing the correctness of the choice of ventilation system.
2. Characteristics and evaluation of the supply system:
The method and place of the intake air fence;
Devices for cleaning, heating and humidifier air;
The location and device of the supply openings indoors;
Temperature and flow rate of supply air;
The adequacy of the air exchange on the influx (its verification calculation);
Cabbage room per person, air cube and metabolism;
The presence of recycling, admissibility and its scale.
3. Evaluation of local air supplies:
Direction of air soul flow;
Air temperature;
Air supply rate.
4. Characteristics and evaluation of the exhaust system:
Device and location of the openings of general exhaust ventilation;
Device of localizing shelters;
Initial air velocity in shelter holes;
Device for cleaning the air removed from the room;
Characteristics of the release of the air removed;
Air exchange hood (its verification calculation).
5. Characteristic and evaluation ventilation system generally:
The ratio of air supply air intake and emissions of the air removed;
The ratio of the location of the supply and exhaust holes in the room;
Balance of the room (i.e., the ratio of the total amount of supply and removed air).
6. General sanitary assessment of the ventilation system. Conclusion for the ventilation project.
Basic hygienic recommendations in design and construction production systems ventilation and contingenting. Appointment of ventilation and air conditioning systems in industrial premises - maintaining microclumatic conditions in them in accordance with the requirements of sanitary rules and removal of harmful substances from the air of the working area to the PDC levels.
Task of ventilation to combat excessive heat(The difference in the heat generation and heat loss in the room) is to maintain the optimal and permissible temperatures of the air in the room as a whole (with the help of general ventilation) or in a limited space of the workplace (air souls). To do this, aeration, common natural or mechanical ventilation with a local influx, etc. can be applied in the work premises.
For workshops with significant excess of explicit heat under heat change of more than 23 W / m 3, relating to premises with significant heat dissipation (the so-called hot shops), aeration is the cheapest and reliable way of ventilation.
The task of ventilation to combat excess moisture- maintaining the relative humidity of air air levels at the level, depending on other meteorological conditions and the nature of the work, the normal thermal balance of the body. At the same time, ventilation should prevent the formation of the condensation of water vapor (in the air and on the inner surfaces of the fences).
When solving the issue of principles and regimens of ventilating rooms with excessive moisture, first of all, it should be provided for the hermetic local ventilation covers of the voltage-paying units with the removal of excess moisture from them.
In cases where, for some reason, local exhaust devices cannot be used or they cannot provide a sufficiently complete removal of excess moisture, we use secregnate supply and exhaust ventilation at the calculation of the assimilation of excessive moisture to the inlet outer air and removing the moistened air outward.
General principles of combating moisture subject with general ventilation are the supply of heated dry air in
working and upper zones and extraction of wet warm air from the upper room area.
To prevent the condensation of moisture and the formation of drops, it is necessary that the air coolant in external fences has a temperature above the dew point.
To combat harmful couples and gasesthe most effective localizing exhaust ventilation (directly from hermetically covered aggregate highlighting a harmful factor).
In some cases, when according to technological, constructive and other conditions, it is not possible to use local exhaust ventilation, applied generally. With it, clean air is supplied, diluting harmful substances incoming to the PDC. The accumulation of the selected vapors and gases in the upper or lower zones is possible only with relatively large amounts and insignificant air mobility. In the absence of these conditions, diffusion occurs and the active mixing of gases and air in the industrial premises due to the movement of machines, people and the presence of convective thermal currents, and the resulting gas-air mixture almost does not change the specific mass. Under such conditions, the choice of zone to remove the contaminated air will depend mainly from excess in the heat room capable of heat polluted air and raise it up. In general, it is necessary to recommend the extraction of air from the zones, the most close to the venues of the possible excretion of the harm.
Trying air, as a rule, should be submitted to the working area (at an altitude of 1.2-1.5 meters from the floor) to the places of the greatest contamination. In cases where gas divisions are localized by local suction, the air is usually supplied to dispersed in the upper area of \u200b\u200bthe room.
To combat dustthe most efficient local exhaust ventilation removing dust from the zone of its formation. In the ventilation project, measures should be provided for the maximum tooling the source of dust and dusting and the approximation of the suction opening to the dust source.
Fighting dust using general ventilation, as a rule, does not give the necessary hygienic effect. In some cases, when the condensation aerosol is formed (welding) and work is not performed on fixed workplaces, but in different areas
cah shop, removal of dust with the help of local exhaust ventilation is impossible, you have to use secregnate intake ventilation, designed to dilute the complex welding aerosol (iron, manganese, titanium oxides, etc.).
Supply ventilation system.Exterior air receiving devices should be placed at an altitude of more than 1 m on the level of sustainable snow cover, but not lower than 2 m from the ground level and not lower than 3 m from the ground level in the areas of sandy storms.
Common receiving devices for outdoor air should not be designed for equipment of supply systems that are not allowed to be placed in the same room.
Protection of receiving devices from pollution with suspended impurities of plant origin must be provided in the presence of instructions in the design task.
Consumption of the supply air during the warm season for premises with excess heat should be determined by providing direct or indirect evaporative cooling of the outdoor air and air-airing indoors, in which, under the terms of work, high humidity is required.
Padded air from the air distributors is given, as a rule, to the room with a constant stay of people, for permanent jobs and direct so that the air does not flow through the zones with great pollution in the zone with less contamination and did not violate the work of local suns.
The damping air into the working zone is supplied by horizontal jets produced within or above the working area, including in vortex ventilation, inclined (down) jets produced at an altitude of 2 m and more on the floor, and vertical, produced at an altitude of 4 m and more from gender.
With minor excess warmth, the trim air into production rooms can be supplied to the upper zone by jets: vertical directed from top to bottom, horizontal or inclined (down). In rooms with significant moisters with a heat-smear ratio of 4000 kJ / kg and less, as a rule, part of the supply air in the condensation zone of moisture on the enclosing structures of the building is supplied.
In rooms with dust secretions, the trimming air should be supplied with jets directed from top to bottom from the air-screening agents, which are located in the upper zone.
Ventilation with artificial motivation It is necessary to provide for Cainry cabins in rooms with excess heat of more than 23 W / m 3 and when irradiated with a heat wheel with a heat flux with a surface density of more than 140 W / m 2.
If in the air surrounding the cabin cabin, the concentration of harmful substances exceeds the MPC, then it is necessary to provide a ventilating outer air.
Ceiling fans and fans-faiths (except used to fragrant jobs) must be provided in addition to systems supply ventilation To periodically increase the speed of air in the warm period of the year above the permissible, but not more than 0.3 m / s at workplaces or individual areas of the room: at regular workplaces when irradiated with a radiant heat flux with surface density of more than 140 W / m 2.
Local supply installations.Air strokes with outdoor air permanent jobs should be provided:
When irradiated with a radiant heat flux with an intensity of more than 140 W / m 2;
With open technological processes, accompanied by the release of harmful substances, and the impossibility of the shelter device or local exhaust ventilation, providing measures to prevent the proliferation of harmful discharge on permanent jobs. Estimated temperature standards and air velocity at the workplace during air scenario in industrial premises are presented in SNiP 41-01-2003 (Table 15.1).
When evaluating the projects of the air shower, it is necessary to remember the following: thermal irradiation of the head, neck and chest is heavier than the irradiation of the limbs; The more irradiated body surface, the fact of the feeling; Continuous exposure is an intermittent (the state of the worker improves, if during a pause, at least very short-term, it is in conditions favorable for heat transfer).
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There are even additional devices, however, their complexity and price are not comparable to the already listed (meteoscope, IR meter, thermohygrometer, aeroeon counter, barometer, pressure gauge).
The main thing is what the living organism needs is clean air. The purpose of the ventilation systems is to ensure the environment corresponding to sanitary and hygienic standards.
Air facilities for air:
Objects that need ventilation
Ventilation systems are used in almost all buildings and facilities.
Ventilation is the final sanitary and technical instrument of a set of measures to ensure a healthy atmosphere in isolated premises. It helps to fight extra humidity, warmth, gas and dust.
Indirect methods Increase the assessment of the air compliance of the production building adopted by the content of harmful substances, temperature, humidity and movement of air masses, thermal radiation.
Direct methods - Air movement speed, its temperature, performance, pressure, frequency of rotation of the blades of the ventilation unit, noise and vibration of the fan parts, the content of hazardous substances in the air jet inflow.
The survey of the efficiency of the ventilation system is performed by determining the speed and temperature of the air in the workspace, openings and sections of devices taking airflow, in transport, assembly openings, in the supply jets of air devices. Calculating the performance of ventilation plants, measurement of pressure in air duct aircraft and exhaust systems, measurement of pressure differences in industrial buildings in comparison with nearby rooms.
According to the results of the studies, the report is drawn up or the passport of the ventilation system, which is the final phase of passport.
That's all the knowledge that is needed to analyze ventilation efficiency: device, appointment, requirements, standards, work with equipment, documentation and accreditation.
Any facilities in which the ventilation system is designed must be regularly inspected by checking their performance. This is important due to the fact that the well-being and health of people directly depends on the quality and purity of the air, and to maintain the desired level of fire safety is possible only with ungublished ventkanals. Therefore, checks should be carried out not only to obtain permissions and passing commissions, but also for their own security.
One of the conditions for competent operation of the ventilation systems is a constant production control, or an assessment of their effectiveness. It is carried out in order to identify pressure losses, unrecorded air flow; Definitions how well-serving complex workers cope with their responsibilities. When commissioning, the ventsystems organize commissioning tests, checking their fullness and compliance with the parameters from the regulatory documents. But any complex changes over time, loses performance, it becomes unusable. Therefore, periodic evaluation of ventilation performance is an important part of its use.
The key target with which ventilation measurements are performed on efficiency - detecting malfunctions and problems that entail the danger to people in the premises and the whole building as a whole. Also check is necessary to:
The last item is relevant for the systems entrusted or changing at the fundamental level. Passport is a major legal document in which all test results are fixed, the parameters of the investigated medium (temperature, humidity level, chemical composition air and its mobility). It gives the right to formal use of a specific object, confirms that the whole complex of work on design, creation, commissioning and verification was performed. Passportization is needed to register purchased ventilation (especially this is true for public and industrial buildings), confirming that sanitary services are fulfilled.
So that the excessive amount of carbon dioxide is accumulated in the premises, people kept working capacity, they did not feel drowsiness, malaise, dizziness, ventilation should be clean and untouched. Full air - exchange is especially important where there are conditions for education high humidity (Kitchens, showers, saunas and pools) - In a favorable environment, mold, bacteria and fungus are quickly multiplied.
For industrial and industrial, warehouse and laboratory complexes, the evaluation of the efficiency of ventilation systems is also necessary. If explosive, volatile, poisonous and fastening substances are not removed from the premises, it will lead to dramatic consequences. Itself is very difficult to quickly find the breakdown, visual observations are often not enough. The equipment can work, but not to pull out all the polluted air to the end, it is bad to feed fresh from the outside, which negatively affects the microclimate in the rooms. Only professional employees of organizations that have authority to conduct official verification can evaluate damage. Their work, as well as the documentation they provide the Customer based on the results, are clearly regulated in profile legal norms.
Examination must be carried out in accordance with the legislation of the country. When working, it is necessary to take into account the orders of executive and regulatory bodies - the main state physician, Rospotrebnadzor, who replaced traditional Sanstands and so on. Among the main acts that determine the nature and essence of the evaluation of the effectiveness of the ventsystem, it is necessary to name:
To obtain sanitary and epidemiological permissions, it is necessary to submit the results of inspections, the control program, service contracts, conclusions to Rospotrebnadzor, together with the act confirming the effectiveness of the ventsyist. Any documents can give the customer only licensed / certified / admitted to the audit organization. Procedures confirming the efficiency of ventilation systems - events requiring highly specialized skills and knowledge of the regulatory framework.
The above legal norms, in particular GOST, negotiate that it is necessary to check the effectiveness of ventilation systems regularly, with a certain frequency. It is fixed for different objects and situations. So, check, instrumental research of mines and channels is needed:
Control over the observance of terms is entrusted to Rospotrebnadzor / Santsans, and the results fit into the passport of ventilation systems. Check efficiency various methodsbased on general principles.
Ventilation efficiency check is a set of measures, measurements (laboratory, instrumental) and observations that conduct qualified specialists. They determine what the speed of air movement in the system elements, calculate the key parameters (for example, multiplicity). The list of studies include:
Procedures must be carried out prophylactically, according to the schedule set for a particular object, as well as in case of emergency situations - after the fires, corrected breakage and so on. Efficiency is determined by two basic methods:
The complex of verification procedures in the analysis of the effectiveness of ventilation systems includes the following actions and measurements:
If the enterprise or the object is large, there are powerful installations (and more than 10 them) there, then the presence of electricians or other specialists may be needed - this is stated in safety rules. It is also useful to calculate the energy efficiency of the ventilation system - with the help of the air exchange rate and other calculations. The actual parameters are compared with the desired and maximum for the real system and draw conclusions about its possible optimization.
More detailed advice and assistance in assessing the efficiency of ventilation systems can be obtained from Ekoenergizer employees.
The construction of a residential building is still at the design stage provides for the mandatory availability of channels under natural ventilation. In terms of security, this applies, above all, to homes with gas devices. Incorrect circulation or insufficient air supply can also lead to negative consequences.
Under the ventilation of the premises, they understand the air supply outside, ensuring its ventilation, the displacement of gaseous products of human life, animals, etc. To ventilation systems include devices, equipment that ensure the regulation of air exchange. Ventcils are several species, but in multi-storey residential buildings, mainly the supply and exhaust type of ventilation.
The absence or ineffective her work will immediately be seen by the owners of apartments in multi-storey house. Basic signs:
If there are such symptoms, ventilation checks. Its main goal is to eliminate the listed problems, prevent damage to household items, furniture. The main requirement is the creation of a healthy microclimate.
Attention! Regulationsregulating the work of the ventilation, it is Sanpin 2.1.2.1002-00 (PDN of the microclimate and air environment), addition to SNiP 2.08.01-89 Reflections "Heating and ventilation of residential buildings", SNiP 31-01-2003 by type of ventilation systems and Others. According to them, the regularity of checking ventilation mines, the channels are carried out 1 time per year (no less often). If the heating and cooking settings are operated round year, inspection ventilation should not less often 2 times.
In the course of the survey of the supply and exhaust systems, the compliance of air exchange is revealed in the design requirements of the project and sanitary standards. In good condition, properly designed ventilation mines are hidden visually, their work is not audible. There are several ways to check the ventilation in the apartment.
The effect of a lit candle (match). Raised burning flame to ventilation grille In the bathroom or in the kitchen, the ventilation will show the operation of the ventilation. If the vertical column of the flame when the window is open (window), dismissed into the room or remained unchanged, then the system is not good. But this method is dangerous and not recommended by employees of a gas supply organization. In the event of a gas leakage in the house, the open fire candles can provoke an explosion.
Safe, but no less effective "paper" option. For open window A leaf of a newspaper or other thin paper, close to the grid, should stick to it tightly and hold.
These methods justify themselves only in the cold season. In the heat, with almost the same temperatures outside and indoors, the laws of physicists on ousting with the cold brine of warm light masses do not act. Therefore, the usual ventilation is organized. If malfunctions are detected in the operation of ventilation, measures are taken to eliminate them.
A professional ventilation survey gives an assessment of the degree of cloghood of flooring and general ventilation channels. The power of air thrust and the degree of "suction" arising from the formation of reduced pressure is checked.
The most accurate ventilation check in apartment house - Instrumental measurements. Anneometer is used. For personal use you can purchase the simplest model. Representatives of the sanitary service work with more advanced devices for calculating the multiplicity of air exchange in different premises. In such anemometers are provided remote sensors and built-in computing modules.
According to current standards, the natural movement of air must be:
The testimony of the anemometer is the speed of air traffic in the ventilation channel. Knowing it, as well as the cross section of the lattice, using the special tables, calculate the system performance.
Important! Measurements are held on each exhaust mine and find out the reasons for the identified failures in the operation of ventilation.
Attention! In the exhaust ventilation shaft, the speed of air movement must be at least 5m / s. In the discreets - at least 3m / s.
Most often, the cause of stamped glasses, the formation of fungus, damp and front air in the room lies in the errors of designers, builders. Their correction is impossible without radical measures: overhaul or reconstruction of the house. An independent inspection reveals the units of builders when installing mines, boxes, highways, and the measures are offered to eliminate them.
Ventilation check in the apartment managing Company Must be carried out on the basis of "Rules for the main property in an apartment building." The document contains a list of consecutive steps to maintain it in good condition. This includes:
Important! The company is responsible for the technical operation of ventilation channels, so it is obliged to conduct every six months (in summer and winter) verification of systems. Regardless of the type of organization air exchange service residential houses confirmed by an act of verification.
If the building with inefficiently working ventilation is an apartment new building, then it applies a guarantee (at least 5 years). It is necessary to demand from the developer of the survey of the ventilation system, troubleshooting.
In the event of controversial situations, an independent survey is carried out in an apartment building. Examination allows you to identify the reasons for the ineffectiveness of ventilation, non-compliance with construction and installation rules when installing ventilation mines. Indicates a list of works on improving aeration. All offers are documented. Recommendations on improving the efficiency of the system in different zones of the apartment and at home are issued.
Question from Dmitry:
Hello! Please tell me what regulatory requirements for checking and servicing the supply and exhaust ventilation and air conditioners in private medical centerWhat supervision follows this (checks)? What is the frequency of such checks and maintenance?
Answer for Dmitry:
Hello Dmitry.
According to clause 3.1.1. GOST 12.4.021-75 SSBT. Ventilation systems. General requirements The operation is allowed ventilation systems that fully passed commissioning and having instructions for use according to GOST 2.601-2006, passports, repair and operation logs. The instructions for the operation of ventilation systems should reflect the questions of the explosion and fire safety. Planning inspections and verification of the compliance of ventilation systems with the requirements of this standard should be carried out in accordance with the schedule approved by the administration of the object (clause 3.1.2. GOST 12.4.021-75). Preventive room inspections for ventilation equipment, cleaning devices and other elements of ventilation systems serving the room of categories A, B and B should be carried out at least once again in shift with the inspection results in the operation log. The faults detected at the same time are subject to immediate elimination (clause 3.1.3 GOST 12.4.021-75). Cleaning ventilation systems should be made in time, installed instructions Operating. The cleaning mark is entered into the system repair and operation log (clause 3.2.7. GOST 12.4.021-75). The form of the repair and operation of ventilation systems can be found in Appendix 10 of the RD 34.21.527-95 "Typical instruction manual for the operation of heating and ventilation systems of thermal power plants".
The efficiency of the ventilation system in medical institutions must be checked once a year.
Justification:
The heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems should provide the normalized parameters of the microclimate and the air of the rooms in which medical activities are carried out. One of the most important elements of any building is a system of supply and exhaust ventilation with mechanical and (or) natural motivation. The mechanical supply-exhaust ventilation system must be sent (clause 6.5 SanPIN 2.1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations carrying out medical activities") (hereinafter - SanPine 2.1.3.2630-10). Quite often there is a violation associated with the operation of the supply and exhaust ventilation system - not to test the effectiveness of its operation, which does not comply with the requirements of clause 6.5 Sanpin 2.1.3.2630-10. Due to the specified norm, the performance of work should be conducted once a year. maintenance (If necessary), as well as cleaning and disinfection of mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation and air conditioning systems.
In accordance with paragraph 11.2. One hundred nostroy 2.24.2-2011 Network engineering Buildings and structures internal. Ventilation and air conditioning. Testing and adjusting the air conditioning and air conditioning systems »(hereinafter - one hundred nostroy 2.24.2-2011) during the operation of heating and ventilation systems, it is necessary to have:
- Passports of the installed form on thermal nodes, heat consumption systems and ventilation plants with protocols and acts of inspections and repairs;
- working drawings of equipment;
- actuators of the thermal node and pipelines with numbering of reinforcement and equipment, armature instrumentation and automation;
- journals of operation of heating and ventilation systems;
- Factory instructions for maintenance of heat consumption and ventilation systems;
— official instructions service personnel.
According to paragraph 11.3. One hundred Nostroy 2.24.2-2011 Factory instructions should contain:
— brief description systems or equipment;
- order of start-up, stop and maintenance during normal operation and measures taken in emergency modes;
- order of admission to inspection, repair and testing of the system or equipment;
- Safety and explosion safety requirements specific to this system or installation.
In the factory instructions for the operation of heating and ventilation systems, specific actions of personnel to eliminate systems faults, taking into account their nature and place of occurrence, the appointment of the served room, the degree of influence of malfunction on the performance of technological equipment and the safety of the service personnel (clause 11.4 hundred Nostroy 2.24 .2-2011).
When conducting planned warning repairs, the following documentation should be drawn up (p. 11.5 hundred Nostroy 2.24.2-2011):
- annual and monthly plans for repairing heating and ventilation systems;
- Vedomosti Defects and Works, Estimation (if necessary);
- schedule and project of repair organization;
- necessary repair documentation;
- when carrying out work on reconstruction or modernization
- Approved technical documentation.
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