Perhaps it is impossible to imagine a building process in which the inert material would not be assumed. For any builder, such an element of construction is not in the wonder. Such words like crushed stone or sand are not special. But before getting to the construction site, they pass a thorny and long way.
Inert materials are stone materials with natural or artificial origin. Before getting to the construction site, they are specially processed using various equipment. Mining is a career open way. Most often this species Building materials are used to build buildings, rail or roads. It also plays an important role in the manufacture of high-quality concrete solutions and mixtures. They are purchased in large quantities that specialize in the manufacture of building mixtures, concrete solutions, reinforced concrete products etc.
The main advantage to which any inert material for construction has its low cost. As a rule, it is used as an auxiliary material that helps increase the mass of the solution or mixture. At the same time, construction costs are significantly reduced.
The most commonly used the following inert building materials.
Get in the process of crushing rock and rock. Frost-resistant and durable. It has such properties as density and water saturation. Most often it is used in the construction of railway or autobays, as well as in creating a solid foundation of various structures. It can be used to reflect and create landscape compositions.
As a result of the destruction of rocks, a loose mixture is formed. The list of works in which this inert material takes place is huge. Sand is used to build buildings and road coatings, in the process of laying engineering communications, in a number of finishing and landscape work. This is an excellent filler for construction. concrete mixes. Career sand is considered cheaper, as various impurities may be present. But the river sand produced from the bottom of the reservoirs is cleaner. Consequently, it will be worth an order of magnitude more expensive.
Material with porous structure, something resembling crushed stone. It has excellent sound and insulating qualities. He has resistance to chemical impacts. It is not afraid of fungus or acids. It is used in construction from the sixtieth year of the last century.
Inert material used by the builders of the whole world. Most often used for sidewalk tiles and concrete. You can meet it and in the composition of various decorative finishing materials. IN winter Time can be used to reduce the slip coefficient (sprinkled on the roads and sidewalks).
As a rule, it is used to align the road fabric. The mixture can be used in landscape works if you need to align large squares. It is divided into two types: enriched and natural.
Delivery to the construction site is made either from the warehouse or from a career. Transportation of inert materials is usually carried out by specialized companies that have all for this necessary equipment and specialtransport.
During the transport of inert cargo, it is necessary to take into account a number of characteristics with which they possess. First, they all have a rapid structure, which makes it impossible to transport on personal transport. Secondly, the need to hire special equipment for transportation is due to the fact that the volume of cargo can be quite and very large-scale. Someone to enjoy the site requires steam bags with river sand, and someone and two kamaz rubble will be little for the construction of a country house.
As a rule, such a cargo specialists are called very movable. This is explained by the fact that any inert construction material, Whether it is rubble, sand or clamzit, can easily crumble on the way. During transport, it should also be considered the fact that different material It has a different coefficient of friction. And only experienced specialists can identify such nuances and understand the peculiarities of transporting one or another inert material.
Appeal to experts on the delivery of such goods, of course, will slightly increase the cost of construction. But on the other hand, the ignorance of the nuances of the transportation and features of the inert building materials can do much more expensive. As a rule, professionals deliver cargo quickly, without loss on the road. Without the knowledge of the case, self-transportation can do it much more expensive. Experienced builders say better own hands To knead the concrete solution and at the same time spend less than to save on poor-quality self-delivery of bulk cargo.
Our company offers services for the transport of inert (bulk) materials SCANIA dump trucks (with a trailer), Iveco, KAMAZ.
For separate bulk cargo, such as cement, special tank trucks are used. Transportation of sand, ceramzit and gravel LLC LTS Express manufactures Scania brand heavy dump trucks (with a trailer), Iveco, KAMAZ with high sides and rear unloading.
Our special equipment allows you to transport from 20 to 32 tons.
The company provides services construction organizations, enterprises in private persons, rapid, reliable and in a convenient way Carrying out the transport of nonmetallic materials from quarries and warehouses.
Renting special equipment in the LTS Express company gives you the opportunity to abandon labor-intensive search for unloading equipment and not worry about the scrupulous compliance of the transport rules. All this we will take on yourself.
| № | mark. | wheel formula | mass, kg. | volume body, m³. | power, hp | direction unloading | fuel buck, L. | price *, rub. / shift |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MAN TGS 41.440 dump truck | 8x4 | 41000 | 38 (20+18) | 440 | back | 300 | contractual |
| 2 | SCANIA P380CB6X4EHZ dump truck (with an IPV8590FS trailer) |
6 × 4. | 15030 | 34 (18+16) | 360 | back | 300 | contractual |
| 3 | Iveco TRAKKER AD410T42H dump truck | 8 × 4. | 15675 | 20 | 420 | back | 300 | contractual |
| 4 | Dump truck KAMAZ 65115 | 6 × 4. | 10550 | 10 | 282 | back and side | 350 | contractual |
In LTS Express, rates for the provision of transport services are significantly lower than in other companies in the region.
By contacting LTS Express, you are guaranteed to get:
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Route number 3..
Initial data:
J С1. = 1
V T \u003d 25km / h
t P-P \u003d 0,66H
1. Route length:
L M \u003d L Eg + L x \u003d 9 + 9 \u003d 18 (km)
2. PS turnover time:
Z OB \u003d (T N - (L H1 + L H2 - L` X) / V T) / T OB \u003d (16- (11 + 6-9) / 25) / 1.38 \u003d 11 (OB)
W RD \u003d Q n * j with *
L SUT \u003d L M * Z OB + L H 1 + L H 2 - L` How \u003d 18 * 11 + 11 + 6-9 \u003d 206 (km)
B \u003d L GR / L SUT \u003d 99/206 \u003d 0.48
T N.F. \u003d T OB * Z OB + (L H1 + L H2 - L` X / V T) \u003d 1.38 * 11 + (11 + 6-9 / 25) \u003d 15.5 (h)
V E \u003d L Sut / t N.F \u003d 206 * 15.5 \u003d 13.29 (km / h)
A E \u003d Q day / V RD \u003d 80/220 \u003d 0.36 (auto)
Ah H \u003d A E * T N.F. \u003d 0.36 * 15.5 \u003d 5.58 (AVT-H)
Hell E \u003d A E * D E \u003d 0.36 * 60 \u003d 21.6 (autumn)
L SURE \u003d L SUT * AD E \u003d 206 * 21,6 \u003d 4449.6 (km)
L` GR \u003d L G G * adh \u003d 99 * 21,6 \u003d 2138.4 (km)
16. Volume Volume:
Q \u003d V RD * Hell E \u003d 220 * 21,6 \u003d 4752 (T)
17. Cargo turnover:
P \u003d w rd * adh \u003d 1980 * 21,6 \u003d 42768 (bend)
Route number 3.
Initial data:
J С1. = 1
V T \u003d 25km / h
t P-P \u003d 0,66H
1. Route length:
L M \u003d L Eg + L x \u003d 9 + 9 \u003d 18 (km)
2. PS turnover time:
T OB \u003d L M / V T + T P-P \u003d 18/25 + 0.66 \u003d 1.38 (H)
3. Number of revolutions on the route:
Z OB \u003d (T H - (L H1 + L H2 - L` X) / V T) / T OB \u003d (16- (10 + 4-9) / 25) / 1.38 \u003d 11 (OB)
4. Daily performance PS:
V RD \u003d Q n * j C * z OB \u003d 20 * 1 * 11 \u003d 220 (T)
5. Daily performance PS:
W RD \u003d Q n * j with * L EG * Z OB \u003d 20 * 1 * 9 * 11 \u003d 1980 (T / km)
6. Daily car mileage along the route:
L Sut \u003d L m * z about + L H1 + L H2 - L` x \u003d 18 * 11 + 10 + 4-9 \u003d 203 (km)
7. Locked route route:
L GR \u003d L ЕSh * z Ob \u003d 9 * 11 \u003d 99 (km)
8. Mileage utilization:
B \u003d L GR / L SUT \u003d 99/206 \u003d 0.48
9. Actual time in the dress:
T N.F. \u003d T OB * Z OB + (L H1 + L H2 - L` X / V T) \u003d 1.38 * 11 + (10 + 4-9 / 25) \u003d 15.38 (h)
10. Car operating speed:
V E \u003d L SUT / T N.F \u003d 203 * 15.38 \u003d 13.19 (km / h)
11. Operational Number of cars operating on the route:
A E \u003d Q day / V RD \u003d 20/220 \u003d 0.09 (auto)
12. Number of car-clock in the route6
Ah H \u003d A E * T N.F. \u003d 0.09 * 15.38 \u003d 1.38 (AVT-H)
13. Car-days in operation:
Hell E \u003d A E * D E \u003d 0.09 * 60 \u003d 5.4 (Avt-DN)
14. Common car mileage route:
L SURE \u003d L SUT * AD E \u003d 203 * 5,4 \u003d 1096.2 (km)
15. Largened car mileage along the route:
L` GR \u003d L G G * Hell E \u003d 99 * 5,4 \u003d 534.6 (km)
16. Volume Volume:
Q \u003d v rd * adh \u003d 220 * 5,4 \u003d 2376 (t)
17. Cargo turnover:
P \u003d w rd * adh \u003d 1980 * 5,4 \u003d 10692 (bend)
Route №4.
A1B1-B1A2-A2B2-B2A4-A4B4-B4A1
Initial data:
Q SUT \u003d 300T
L ig2 \u003d 12km
J С1. = 1
J C2 = 1
J C3. = 1
V T \u003d 25km / h
t P-P \u003d 0.66CH
1. Route length:
L M \u003d L Eg + L x \u003d 29 + 13 \u003d 42 (km)
2. PS turnover time:
T OB \u003d L M / V T + T P-P \u003d 42/25 + 0.66 \u003d 3.66 (H)
3. Number of revolutions on the route:
Z OB \u003d (T N - (L H1 + L H2 - L` X) / V T) / T OB \u003d (16- (3 + 4-7) / 25) / 3,66 \u003d 5 (v)
4. Daily performance PS:
V RD \u003d Q n * (J C1 + J C2 + J C3) * z OB \u003d 20 * (1 + 1 + 1) * 5 \u003d 300 (t)
5. Daily performance PS:
W RD \u003d Q n * (J C1 * L EG1 + J C2 * L Ел2 + j С3 * l Ер3) * z О \u003d
20 (1 * 8 + 1 * 12 + 1 * 9) * 5 \u003d 2900 (T / km)
6. Daily car mileage along the route:
L Sut \u003d L M * z about + L H1 + L H2 - L` x \u003d 42 * 5 + 3 + 4-7 \u003d 210 (km)
7. Locked route route:
L GR \u003d (L ЕР1 + l Ел2 + l Ер3) * z О \u003d (8 + 12 + 9) * 5 \u003d 145 (km)
8. Mileage utilization:
B \u003d L GR / L SUT \u003d 145/210 \u003d 0.69
9. Actual time in the dress:
T N.F. \u003d T OB * Z OB + ((L H1 + L H2 - L` X) / V T) \u003d 3.66 * 5 + ((3 + 4-7) / 25) \u003d 18.5 (h)
10. Car operating speed:
V E \u003d L Sut / t N.F \u003d 210 / 18.5 \u003d 11.35 (km / h)
11. Operational Number of cars operating on the route:
A E \u003d Q day / v RD \u003d 300/300 \u003d 1 (auto)
12. Number of car-clock in the route6
Ah H \u003d A E * T N.F. \u003d 1 * 18,5 \u003d 18.5 (AVT-H)
13. Car-days in operation:
Hell E \u003d A E * D E \u003d 1 * 60 \u003d 60 (Avt-DN)
14. Common car mileage route:
L SURE \u003d L SUT * AD E \u003d 210 * 60 \u003d 12600 (km)
15. Largened car mileage along the route:
L` GR \u003d L G * Hell E \u003d 145 * 60 \u003d 8700 (km)
16. Volume Volume:
Q \u003d V RD * Hell E \u003d 300 * 60 \u003d 18000 (T)
17. Cargo turnover:
P \u003d w rd * adh \u003d 2900 * 60 \u003d 174000 (bend)
2 .9 Production program(Designed transportation)
1. Operational Number of cars working on all routes:
A E \u003d A E1 + A E2 + A E3 + A E4 \u003d 0.41 + 0.36 + 0.09 + 1 \u003d 1.86 (auto)
2. District number of cars working in all routes:
A SP \u003d A E / B \u003d 1.86 / 0.8 \u003d 2.32 (auto)
3. Car-days in the farm (list):
Hell SP \u003d A SP * D K \u003d 2.32 * 60 \u003d 139.2 (autumn)
4. Car-days in operation:
Hell E \u003d A E * D E \u003d 1.86 * 60 \u003d 111.6 (Avt-DN)
5. Park use ratio:
h \u003d AD E / AP SP \u003d 111.6 / 139,2 \u003d 0.80
6. Car-clock in the dress in all routes:
Ah H \u003d Ah 1 + Ah 2 + Ah 3 + Ah 4 \u003d 6.4 + 5,58 + 1.38 + 18.5 \u003d 31,86 (AVT-H)
7. The average actual time in the dress:
T N.F. (CP) \u003d Ah N / A E \u003d 31,86 / 1.86 \u003d 17,12 (H)
8. Common mileage on all routes:
L SURE \u003d L SUMPLY 1 + L SUMPLY2 + L SUMPLY 3 + L SUCH 4 \u003d 4821,6 + 4449,6 + 1096,2 + 12600 \u003d 22967км
9. Locked car mileage for all routes:
L` GR \u003d L` G1 + L` GR2 + L` G3 + L` G4 \u003d 2361,6 + 2138,4 + 534,6 + 8700 \u003d 13734.6 km
10. Mileage utilization factor with all routes:
B \u003d L` GR / L total \u003d 13734.6 / 22967,4 \u003d 0.59
11. Middle-daily car mileage:
L ss \u003d L total / hell e \u003d 22967.4 / 111.6 \u003d 205.80 (km)
12. Volume of transport over all routes:
Q \u003d Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + Q 4 \u003d 5904 + 4752 + 2376 + 18000 \u003d 31032 (T)
13. Cargo turnover in all routes:
P \u003d p 1 + p 2 + p 3 + p 4 \u003d 47232 + 42768 + 10692 + 174000 \u003d 274692 (bend)
cargo rolling stock transport
3. Organizational section
3 .1 Annual agreement and agreement on the transport of goods, the procedure for its conclusion and a brief description of
The topic of the civil law agreement should be given to the closest attention, since the overwhelming majority of the businessman's legal relations objectively develops in the field of civil law, and almost all sections and chapters of Part 1, 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have a direct relation to the regulation of the contract. By entering into various contracts in order to systematically extract profits, the business person inevitably risks its capital, property, honest name, and, consequently, to its future. The key to the successful implementation of their rights and duties related to entrepreneurial activities is the deep knowledge of the legal framework of the contractual relationship.
Commitable legal relations establishing legally mandatory relationships of participants arise, in particular, from contracts of contracts.
In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contract is defined as an agreement of two or several persons about establishing, changing or termination civil rights or duties (i.e. two - or multilateral transaction). (Article 420 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Parties can conclude an agreement both provided and not provided by law or other legal actsbut not contrary to existing legislation. Contracts apply to the rules on the two and multilateral transactions provided for by Chapter 9 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part 2 of Article 420). The obligations arising from the Treaty applies the general provisions on obligations (Article 307-419), unless otherwise provided by the rules of this chapter (GL.27) and the rules on certain types of contracts contained in this Code (Civil Code of the Russian Federation). (p. z st.420).
Since the topic of this diploma project "Agreement of cargo by road", then we will consider a little more, consider this type of contracts.
One of the forms with which the parties' relationships are regulated in the process of organizing the transport of goods, is a contract for the organization of transportation of goods. Earlier, such contracts were used in the relationship between shippers with transport enterprises under different names and were regulated in transport charters (for example, an annual contract in road transport).
It should be noted that the system of long-term (long-term) contracts received wide use In transport at the beginning of the thirties, when a number of government decrees were envisaged by the conclusion by transport by transport and their clientele of direct contracts for the carriage of goods.
The application of such contracts during the period and their role on certain types of transport was somewhat different, but their conclusion was pursued one goal, to resolve such mutual relations, which, given the specifics of certain types of transport, did not receive sufficient regulatory permissions, as well as ensure the implementation of the transportation plan. Therefore, where the relationship between the parties for the carriage of goods was regulated in the normative order, such contracts were not applied.
On the contrary, on automobile and river transport, where the carriage of goods (with large volume) was not sufficiently detailed, the conclusion of such contracts was the necessary means of resolving the relationship between the parties on the organization and carrying out the transport of goods.
Article 798 of the Russian Federation provides that carriers and cargo owners, if necessary, carrying out systematic transportation of goods may enter into long-term contracts for the organization of transportation, in which the volumes, deadlines and other conditions for the provision of vehicles and cargo presentation for transportation, procedure for calculations, and other conditions of organization transportation. These treaties can also be established responsibility for the violation of obligations provided for in them.
The main goal of such contracts on various types of transport is to resolve such relationships related to the parties during the transportation process that did not receive sufficient regulatory permissions, as well as to facilitate the implementation of the transportation process for this period. Thanks to the conclusion of a long-term contract for the organization of transportation, a clear coordination of the activities of all participants in the transport process are ensured: a shipper, carrier, consignee.
Consider more than one of the types of contracts for transportation of expeditions. .
When transporting goods, there is a need to perform a whole complex of auxiliary operations related to shipment and cargo receiving: in particular, their packaging, labeling, loading and unloading, delivery to the station (in port) of departure or from station (port) of the appointment to the recipient's warehouse, etc. . In case of episodic transport, these operations can perform the shippers and consignees themselves. In cases where the flow of goods sent or arriving in the address of a particular person reaches significant sizes, the independent execution of these operations becomes burdensome and economically unjustified. With greater efficiency, it can make individuals specially trained and authorized for such activities. They act as intermediaries between carriers and their clientele. Such activities on maintaining the clientele of transport organizations are called an expeditionary (from lat. Expeditio - departure). The expedition agreement refers to the number of supporting contracts related to the provision of transport services. This determines the scope of its application and the functions of its subjects (forwarder and client). It is used where relationships are arising. The meaning of this Treaty is to free the sender and recipients from the fulfillment of the operations that do not consider the organization and maintenance of the cargo transportation process. Accordingly, the main function assigned to the freight forwarder is to send or receive goods on behalf of the client, as well as provide other services related to this.
The contract forwarding contract is defined to the agreement, by virtue of which one party (freight forwarder) undertakes for remuneration and at the expense of the other side (client - a shipper or consignee) to fulfill or organize the implementation of the services-related services related to the shipping service (Article 801 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) .
The expedition agreement is mutual and compensated. It can be either a consensual when the freight forwarder organizes the execution of expeditionary services or real when it performs them with the load entrusted to it (in particular, when the carrier is the forwarder). In its content, it is similar to a number of other representative office treaties. The freight forwarder provides certain services to the client, which is the resemblance to such treaties, as an order, commission, agency, compensated service provision. However, the recent is the commitment of any transactions and actions, including not at all relating to transport activities.
In contrast, the expedition involves the provision of services directly related to shipping. Therefore, the expedition cannot be considered as a kind of one of these treaties or their conglomerate.
On the contrary, in paragraph 2 of Art. 779 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation directly indicates that the rules of chapter 39 on retail services are not applied to expedition services. At the same time, the possibility of subsidiary application of the rules on behalf, commission and agency to the transport expedition is not excluded. Previously, such an opportunity was directly provided by Art. 105 The foundations of civil law 1991, which allowed the use of norms on behalf when the forwarder acted on behalf of the Client, and the Commission's Treaty when he acted from his own name. Currently Art. 801 GK indirectly confirms such an opportunity by guidance on the right forwarder to enter into a contract of transportation on behalf of the client or on its own behalf. In addition, any of the Parties to the Expedition Agreement has the right to refuse its execution, which is also characteristic of instructions, commission and agency as personal transactions (Art. 806, 977, 1002, 1010 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Thus, the expedition should be considered as a special type of representation deal.
There is also an internal connection between the transportation and expedition treaty, due to the production of transport and expedition services from transportation. Often the responsibilities of the freight forwarder can be directly assigned to the carrier (paragraph 2 of Art. 801 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, the carrier is not entitled to enter into a contract of transportation from its own behalf, but can act as a commercial representative of the other side (paragraph 3 of Art. 182 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In addition, when used as a freight forwarder, two situations may form.
In one of them, the carrier acts as a freight forwarder towards another person (for example, another carrier) and the rules for the expedition are applied without any seizures. To another - the carrier becomes a freight forwarder in relation to its own carriage. In the latter case, the expedition is superimposed on transportation, having the same subject in two liabilities. This affects the parties to the parties and other conditions for the execution of both treaties.
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation first allocated a transport expedition agreement into a separate chapter, although before the independent nature of this commitment was not seriously doubted. The rules contained in this chapter are of the most common, therefore, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. The 801 Civil Code of the Russian Federation should be adopted by a special law on freight forwarding activities. In his absence, the rule of existing transport charters and codes devoted to the expedition remains strength.
For more detailed regulations, the expeditionary activity of road transport was subjected to the most frequently speaking forwarder due to its specificity. The UAT contains a special chapter on the expedition (Section VIII). In addition, there are special documents of the departmental and interdepartmental nature (the rules of transport and expedition service). They maintain strength in a part that does not contradict Chapter 41 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
The general provisions of the obligatory law can be applied to questions that do not currently have special regulations, as well as the norms mentioned above the norms of chapters 49, 51, 52 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Legislation provides for the three main stages of the conclusion of the contract, which are common to different species Contracts and related subjects: Direction to one party proposal to conclude an agreement ("offer", writing or orally), consideration of the other side of the offer and giving an answer to the acceptance of the proposal ("Accept") receipt of an acceptance of the acceptance by the offer.
According to Article 433 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contract is recognized as concluded at the time of receipt by the person who sent the offer, its acceptance.
If, in accordance with the law, the transfer of property is also needed to conclude a contract, the contract is considered concluded from the moment of the transfer of the relevant property (Article 26 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
The treaty subject to state registration is considered concluded from the moment of its registration, unless otherwise established by law.
As we see, clause 2 of Article 433 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation to determine the moment of the conclusion of the real contract refers us to Article 224 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, where it is indicated that the transfer of property is not only its presentation to the appropriate person, but also the delivery of a transport organization or organization of communication for Delivery addressee. The transmission of the bill of exchange or other commodity-based document is equal to the transfer of the thing.
When conclosing the state registration of contracts (for example, transactions with land or immovable property), the court, as we know, have the right to decide on the request of one of the parties to decide on the registration of the transaction, if the other evades the state registration of the contract. In this case, the transaction is registered by the court decision. The moment of concluding a contract in such situations should also be determined in accordance with the court decision.
The shipping contract concludes a transport organization and a shipper (truck). If, after delivery to the destination, the cargo is subject to issuing the sender himself, then the circle of participants in the obligation of transportation by this and is limited. Most often, however, as a consignee, the third party is indicated, which is the counterpart of the sender under the contract (purchase and sale, etc.). He must be shipped in the destination
The shipping contract is defined as an agreement, by virtue of which the carrier undertakes to deliver the cargo entrusted to him by the sender to the destination and issue it to the person controlled to receive the cargo (recipient), and the sender undertakes to pay for the shipment of the installation fee (Article 785 of the Russian Federation).
From the definition it follows that the contract of cargo transportation is mutual and compensated. It is considered concluded only after the transfer of cargo to the carrier and, therefore, refers to the number of real contracts. Only on sea transport, the transportation contract, called the chartering contract or charter, is a consensus.
The shipping contract is a strictly formal contract. It is always in writing, often with compliance with mandatory details, which are established by law.
As a rule, the shipping contract is public in nature (art. 789, 426 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
However, a number of conditions are required to recognize the contract of freight transportation.
Firstly, a specialized commercial organization carrying out transportation to common use should be a carrier.
Secondly, in accordance with transport law or license, this organization should be endowed with the functions of public warfare, which is obliged to carry out transportation at the request of anyone who will turn.
Thirdly, this organization should be included in a special list of persons required to transport common use, which is subject to compulsory publication.
To conclude a contract, the system of a single document provided for by paragraph 2 of Art is applied. 785 of the Civil Code. Filling and issuing such a document has an important evidentiary importance. Depending on the type of document serving transportation, stand out:
The system of the invoice used almost on all types of transport;
Covenant system
Charter system used usually on sea transport.
In some cases, the system can be combined.
The procedure for concluding a contract of transport depends on its nature. The conclusion of the real contract is at the time of delivery of the carrier of the cargo along with the accompanying documents. If transportation is issued by a consensus chartering agreement, it consists in the general manner prescribed for civil and legal contracts.
Cargo contracts are divided by road types to contracts of railway, automotive, inner water, marine and air transport. In terms of territorial sign, they are divided into domestic and international. Depending on the number of transportation organizations involved in the transportation of cargo, transportation contracts are allocated in the local, direct and direct mixed message.
Local is called transportation carried out by one transport organization, within the territorial borders of its activities.
Transportation in which several transport organizations of one type of transport participate according to a single transport document, referred to as transportation in direct report
The direct mixed is recognized by the carriage, in which at least two types of transport carrying out transportation on a single document, compiled for the entire path following (for example, transportation of cargo from St. Petersburg to Volgograd with the fulfillment of transshipment in Moscow railway on water transport).
The procedure for the implementation of such transportations is determined by agreements between organizations of various types of transport, which should be concluded on the basis of a special law on direct mixed (combined transport) (Article 788 of the Civil Code).
Enterprises of various types of transport in this case, agreements on the organization of work on the transport of goods (nodal agreements, contracts for a centralized bridge and export of goods, etc.) in the manner prescribed by transport legislation (Article 799 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
3 .2 Operational daily planning and transportation of freight
The main task of motor transportation on the operation of the rolling stock is that with the lowest labor and material resources, the maximum possible volume of traffic. Successful implementation of this task is possible when proper use rolling stock, growth of labor productivity, and first of all drivers, the implementation of measures to save material and cash. One of the conditions contributing to the achievement of high production activities of a motor transportation enterprise is properly organized transportation planning.
Operational transport planning includes:
Drawing up a replaceable transfer plan for the transport of goods (cargo card) as a whole on a motor transport enterprise;
Development of transport routes and the preparation of planned tasks for the carriage of goods for each driver;
Reception and processing of travel sheets, accounting and operational analysis of the implementation of the interchangeable plan.
The daily transportation plan is a specific expression of operational planning on road transport and is a certain part of the monthly road plan, detailed for each cargo owner and each route, taking into account the specific features of transportation for the coming day.
The preparation of a replaceable transportation plan begins with acceptance of applications (orders) for the transportation of goods from enterprises and organizations of senders and recipients of goods, i.e. Clientele. With the contractual relationship between the carrier and the client, the latter submits a request to ATP, an order is filed with one-time transport. Applications (orders) are in the prescribed manner enter the cargo group and registered as they are received in a special journal.
Based on applications in the cargo group, graphs of 1-10 daily operational transport plan are filled
Acceptance of applications and orders for the carriage of freights is one of the main elements of replaceable planning. Practice shows that the success of the transport plan to a large extent depends on the verification and refinement of all the data specified in applications and orders.
The work of the driver on the line M fulfillment by the planned volume of traffic is largely associated with the state of access roads to the places of loading and unloading cargo, the preparation of cargo to the transportation and time of production of loading and unloading. All of these factors must be verified when receiving applications.
According to the applicable rules of cargo transportation by road last time Submission of applications and orders for transportation.
Acceptance of applications (orders) and the preparation of the daily operational plan performs up to 14 hours, the development of a replaceable plan - up to 16 hours, after which the release of travel sheets is carried out. The need to develop a changeable-daily plan for 16 o'clock is due to the fact that cars from the line begins by this time, and the dispatcher should warn drivers about the upcoming work the next day.
The changeable day of transportation is an important document of the operational planning system, it reflects the entire transportation plan for the calendar day.
The replaceable daily plan may be of various shapes, but it must necessarily reflect all the elements necessary to determine the quantity of cars, the routing of transportation and calculating the performance of each car.
Replaceable daily plan is divided into two main parts. The first part filled by the dispatcher accepting applications for the carriage of goods (in large motor transport enterprises there is a special group in the composition of the exploitation department of goods, receiving applications and the implementation of the changeable and daily plan; in this case it fills it with the senior dispatcher of this group) contains all Required data for choosing the type of rolling stock, determining its quantity and making routes. In the second part, filled by a controller engaged in the preparation of planned tasks to drivers (in large ATPs by the Senief Manager of the Dispatch Group), which are later entered into travel sheets, indicate the number of travel sheets, respectively, the scheduled number of cars and the time of the car's output and race.
The changeable-daily plan is made up separately by groups of cars (car dump trucks, onboard cars, etc.), shifts and for each point of loading.
Correctly filled with a changeable-daily plan ensures the preparation of a real operational plan of the car, which represents a complex task, which can be solved by appropriate selection of applications for the transportation of goods, the preparation of rational transport routes and a reduction to a minimum of zero runs. For this, the dispatcher must know perfectly to know the geography of the city (or district), the location of cargo-forming and cargo-absorbing points, the condition of the driveway pathways and the possibility of using cars and road trains of different models, as well as the bandwidth of loading and unloading points. In addition, the dispatcher must have the knowledge necessary for calculating the productivity of the car, depending on the value of technical and operational performance.
Transportation planning on the changeable-daily plan begins with the preparation of rational car movement routes, in which the largest value of the mileage utilization can be achieved. In the preparation of car routes during the carriage of goods, it is necessary to keep in mind that the most simples are pendulum routes. Ring routes are more complex and with their compilation should conduct a complete analysis of all data that ensures the greatest productivity of rolling stock. If on the ring route, the route utilization coefficient is obtained equal to 0.5, then it is more expedient to apply pendulum routes.
IN general The advisability of the preparation of a particular type of route is determined by the pore of the hour performance of the car in tons. The ring route will be beneficial if the performance of the car in tons in 1 hour on the ring route will be more car performance in tons per 1 hour on the pendulum route.
The ability to compile rational routes depends largely on specifically folding conditions for transportation: distance, availability of passing cargo, transportation time, etc.
When drafting rational routes, only the location of loading and unloading points in the area of \u200b\u200btransportation, but also the type of cargo transported, the type of rolling stock used for transportation, the changeability of the work, the throughput of the loading and unloading points and the remoteness of motor transport enterprises.
In the process of transport planning, the dispatcher in some cases can affect the change in the conditions of transportation in the direction necessary for the preparation of rational routes. For example, the location of the lift and unloading points, the type of cargo and the type of rolling stock is possible to organize the transportation of goods between the two clients on the pendulum route with a high route utilization; The obstacle to this is that the carriage of goods (on request) by these clients can be carried out in different shifts. In this case, the dispatcher must take measures agreed with customers to organize transportation to the same shifts.
The possibility of organizing rational routes is largely related to the type of rolling stock. For example, for the transport of round forest (length - 6m), you can apply a car with a semi-trailer trailer or a semi-trailer truck. In the first case, the opposite escape without cargo is almost inevitable due to the difficulty of choosing a cargo for a car with a trailer - dissolution, in the second there is an opportunity to carry the cargo in the opposite direction of the car with a universal body (semi-tractor chamber).
Compiled rational routes are noted in column 15 of the changeable-daily plan, where the application number is indicated, with which the carriage is linked, the number of tons of cargo transported in the order of linking, and the ride numbers showing the order of transportation. All this is shown in the numbers: The first means the application number with which the transportation is associated, the second is the amount of cargo transported in the link order, the third is the number of the ride, i.e. Where does the carriage begins.
To facilitate the labor of dispatchers in operational planning, the performance and required number of cars on simple pendulum routes are determined using subsidiary tables in which the car performance is calculated depending on the type of cargo, the distance of transportation and other factors affecting the production.
Such tables are compiled on all models of cars available in a motor transport enterprise, taking into account classes of cargo transport and methods for producing loading and unloading work.
Knowing the amount of cargo to be transported, and the performance of one car by auxiliary table, the dispatcher can easily determine the number of cars necessary to perform the task for transportation.
Before starting to plan transportation, the operation department should receive information about the release of cars on models and replacement of work on the planned day from the technical service.
The total number of cars planned for a changeable-daily plan (on models and shifts) must comply with the estimated release of cars on the line according to the technical service. In case of insufficient cargo for the dedicated vehicles or, on the contrary, the surplus of operating departments should be taken to correct the correction of the situation by an additional selection of goods or notifications of individual clients about the possibility of fulfilling their applications in the following days.
The result of the development of a changeable-daily operational plan is discharging, i.e. The distribution of the entire rolling stock, designed to issue a line, according to specific objects of work (transport customers).
The disciplition compiled by the dispatcher is approved by the head of the exploitation department or the director of the enterprise and is transferred to the dispatching group to a removable dispatcher for the statement of travel sheets.
3 .2.1 Organization of reception and accounting for shipping applications
Customers (shippers or consignees) must be submitted to ATP: an application in form 1 in the presence of a contract between them or an order for one-time transportation of goods. Applications and orders are represented no later than 14 hours on the eve of the day of transportation, and for long-distance transportation - for 48 hours.
The application form is indicated and may be arbitrary, it is allowed to make an application by phone, television, telegram.
I ask you to submit _________ units of vehicles of the brand ______________ by a loading capacity _________________ _______________ cubic meters for shipping ______________ Weight ________ Tons on the route ______________________________. Cars file at: ______________________________________
_________________________: telephone___________________
Address of the loading point and the name of the shipper: _________________________ phone ___________________
Address of the discharge point and the name of the consignee: ______________________ Phone ___________________
I undertake:
Make payment according to the contractual tariff;
Use the vehicle for the purpose;
In case of untimely return of the vehicle, we pay a fine of 100 percent of the auto service for each day of delay;
Make a mark in commodity and transport documents;
In case of unforeseen circumstances (breakdown of rolling stock, natural disaster, etc.) to promptly notify you by phone or telegram;
Until «___" ________ 20__ I make a fee for the use of vehicles in the amount of ________________________________ rubles.
Name and legal address: ______________________
Passport details for individuals:
3 .2. 2 Calculation of replaceable driver tasks for each rational route on both shifts (designed transportation)
Route №1 A2B3-B3A2. I Change:
Number of revolutions:
n about i cm \u003d z v / 2 \u003d 8/2 \u003d 4 (OB)
Transportation:
Q i cm \u003d Q n * jc * z about i cm \u003d 10 * 1 * 4 \u003d 40 (t)
Cargo turnover:
P i cm \u003d Q n * jc * LEG * Z on l cm \u003d 10 * 1 * 4 * 9 \u003d 360 (bend)
Number of revolutions:
n ON IM CM \u003d Z RB / 2 \u003d 8/2 \u003d 4 (OB)
Transportation:
Q II CM \u003d Q H * JC * Z about il cm \u003d 10 * 1 * 4 \u003d 40 (t)
Cargo turnover:
P I cm \u003d Q H * J C * z About i cm * l Eg \u003d 10 * 1 * 4 * 9 \u003d 360 (bend)
Route №2 A1B1-B1BUT1-A2B3-B3A1
Number of revolutions:
n about i cm \u003d z r \u003d 2 \u003d 6/2 \u003d 3 (OB)
Transportation:
Q i cm \u003d Q n * (j c1 + j c2) * z about i cm \u003d 10 * (1 + 1) * 3 \u003d 60 (t)
Cargo turnover:
P I cm \u003d Q n * (jc1 * LEG1 + JC2 * LEG2) * Z on l cm \u003d 10 * (1 * 16 + 1 * 9) * 3 \u003d 750 (bend)
Number of revolutions:
n about i cm \u003d z r \u003d 2 \u003d 6/2 \u003d 3 (OB)
Transportation:
Q i 1cm \u003d Q n * (j c1 + j c2) * z about i 1 cm \u003d 10 * (1 + 1) * 3 \u003d 60 (t)
Cargo turnover:
P II CM \u003d Q H * (JC1 * LEG1 + JC2 * LEG2) * Z About L 1cm \u003d 10 * (1 * 16 + 1 * 9) * 3 \u003d 750 (bend)
Route number 3.A2B2-B2A3-A3B4-B4A2
Number of revolutions:
n about i cm \u003d z r vo / 2 \u003d 5/2 \u003d 2 (OB)
Transportation:
Q i cm \u003d q n * (j c1 + j c2) * z about i cm \u003d 10 * (1 + 1) * 2 \u003d 40 (t)
Cargo turnover:
P i cm \u003d Q n * (jc1 * LEG1 + JC2 * LEG2) * Z on l cm \u003d 10 * (1 * 12 + 1 * 13) * 2 \u003d 500 (bend)
Number of revolutions:
n about IM CM \u003d Z RB / 2 \u003d 5/2 \u003d 2 (OB)
Transportation:
Q II CM \u003d Q H * (J C1 + J C2) * Z on II cm \u003d 10 * (1 + 1) * 2 \u003d 40 (t)
Cargo turnover:
P II CM \u003d Q H * (JC1 * LEG1 + JC2 * LEG2) * Z ON II CM * L Eg \u003d 10 * (1 * 12 + 1 * 13) * 2 \u003d 500 (bend)
Route№4 A1B1-B1A2-A2B2-B2A3-A3B3-B3A1
Number of revolutions:
n about i cm \u003d z v / 2 \u003d 4/2 \u003d 2 (vol)
Transportation:
Q i cm \u003d Q n * (j c1 + j c2 + j c3) * z about i cm \u003d 10 * (1 + 1 + 1) * 2 \u003d 60 (t)
Cargo turnover:
P I cm \u003d Q H * (J C1 * L ЕР 2 + j C2 * L ЕР2 + j С3 * l Ер3) * z About i cm \u003d 10 * (1 * 16 + 1 * 12 + 1 * 9) * 2 \u003d 740 (tkm)
Number of revolutions:
n about i cm \u003d z v / 2 \u003d 4/2 \u003d 2 (vol)
Transportation:
Q i 1 cm \u003d Q n * (j c1 + j c2 + j c3) * z about i 1 cm \u003d 10 * (1 + 1 + 1) * 2 \u003d 60 (t)
Cargo turnover:
P i 1 cm \u003d Q H * (j C1 * L ЕР 2 + j C2 * l ЕР2 + j С3 * l Ер3) * z About i 1 cm \u003d 10 * (1 * 16 + 1 * 12 + 1 * 9) * 2 \u003d 740 (bend)
3 .2.3 Organization and conduct of the production of PS on line and receiving it when returning to the garage
Cars produce on line, depending on the method of organizing the work (individual, collective, transportation complexes and columns), the front of the loading work (the number of loading posts) and the car movement interval. For individual work Each driver receives a specific task that is not associated with the work of other cars, and performs it independently. The driver's task in group work is associated with the work of other vehicle vehicles. Each car movement independent.
The number of cars can depend on the front of the loading work that can be released at the same time.
The car movement interval must correspond to the rhythm of the work of the loading and unloading point. Each car should be released on a line with such a calculation so that it arrives at the place of loading on time and did not expect the loading there.
The correct organization of the production of rolling stock is important. The fact is that the dispatcher who issued a travel sheet driver believes that he immediately goes to work. In fact, the driver for one reason or another can be lined in the ATP territory (the engine does not start, it turned out to be a nassed tire, technical malfunctions were revealed, etc.).
There are several methods for organizing car release on line. In some ATP-on-good and ready-to-produce car, the car mechanic (mechanic KTP) gives the driver to a token, on the basis of which the dispatcher prescribes a waylist, believing that the car will immediately come to the line. In the other, the dispatcher makes mark about the time of departure from ATP after the mechanic KTP signs a travel sheet about the technical condition of the car. Third - the mark of the time of cargo departure from the territory of ATP makes the mechanic KTP and so on.
However, in any case, it is necessary to ensure the timely output of cars on the line, not to create driver queues for receiving travel documentation and not to make cars at the control and technical item waiting for inspection. In major motor transport enterprises (with the number of cars 300 or more), these questions are of paramount importance. If the dispatcher will be spent on the issuance of the track list only one minute (find a waylist, make a check-out time in the travel sheet and in the control room, give the driver to sign in the way sheet), then the release of 300 cars will require 5 hours. Considering that the issue will be required Car should continue not more than 30 minutes, you need to have at least 10 dispatchers on the release of cars, which, of course, is not real.
One of the systems that allows you to speed up the production of cars on line is the following. All cars returning from the line on the control and technical center are inspected, where their general technical condition is determined. Technically serviceable cars in the dispatch service are given special tokens that allow drivers to subside on line without inspection. Based on these tokens, the dispatcher prescribes travel sheets.
Getting driving sheets translated into "self-service." A special rack with cells is installed in the drivers room, which in front of the release of cars on the line, the dispatcher invests travel sheets and tokens. Having come to work, the driver turns out a car, takes a travel sheet and token in the corresponding cell, and makes them a mechanical control and technical point. The mechanic signs the way sheet and lays the car's time to work. Every five to ten minutes, he informs the dispatch service of the car released on the line, on the basis of what the corresponding marks are made in the dispatch conduction.
When performing some tasks requiring special conditions during transportation, the dispatcher issues travel sheets to drivers personally, checks the knowledge of these goods by the driver of the rules of transportation of these goods, conducts additional instructions, explaining the nature and possible specificity of the upcoming work.
For permanent monitoring of the vehicle in the dispatching motorway, the dispatcher board is usually located (garage scoreboard). It is intended for visual observation of the technical condition and location of rolling stock. The scoreboard is performed as a light field, divided into glowing cells, the number of which is equal to the number of cars in ATP, and the cell number corresponds to the car's garage number. Each cell can display one of the four possible vests of the car:
car on line;
the car came from the line in the park in good condition and can be used for further work;
the car came to the park in a faulty state and sent to the repair area;
the car is charged, but has not yet entered the line.
To reproduce the above information, each cell has the following light indication:
burning green light bulb 2 and glowing car garage number 3 (Light bulb 4) Indicates - the car came to the park in good condition;
burning red light / and glowing car garage number 3 means - the car came to the park in a faulty state;
glowing garage number 3 means - the car is charged, but still located on the territory of ATP;
the cell does not have a light signal - a car on the line.
3 .2. 4 Guide and control of the work of the PS on the line
In the process of managing the work of rolling stock on the line of employees of the dispatching group:
Support operational relationships with lift-unloading points, shippers and consignees;
Follow the correctness of the execution of installed routes of movement of rolling stock;
Control the progress of the installed plans for the export of goods from each object;
Ensure the priority performance of urgent and important transport, when necessary, when necessary, a rolling stock from one work object to another;
Take the necessary measures to eliminate the disruptions and malfunctions.
Direct the line of technical assistance cars at drivers.
However, the leadership of the rolling stock on the line only on the part of the central dispatching is insufficient, especially when a large number of cars operate on cargo clamping points. In this regard, such cargo clauses attach linear dispatchers that can also serve a group of small items located in one area. Their work lies in:
Control over the security of cargo clamps and loading mechanisms;
Control over the compliance with the shipers of established standards for the downtime of rolling stock under the loading and correctness of the design of commodity and transport documents;
Control over the timeliness of the arrival of rolling stock into cargo-current items;
Checking travel sheets of drivers arriving on freight items;
Monitoring the execution of specified transport routes;
Checking applications for drivers about malfunctions in the discharge points and departure to the place to eliminate these problems;
Accounting for the implementation of the plan for the carriage of goods from this cargo-forming point for certain delivery points;
Switching of rolling stock on other work facilities in coordination with the dispatching group in the absence of goods, downtime of rolling stock over the established time rate due to breakage of the loading mechanisms and other reasons;
Drawing up acts and making a special mark in travel sheets in cases of rolling stock in excess of time sets;
Execution of orders coming from employees of the dispatching group;
Information of the dispatching group at the end of the working day on the results of the implementation of the plan for transportation and goods from this cargo-current object and the reasons for deviations from the established plan.
Dispatch communication and brief description of technical means of communication.
The organization of the dispatching group with linear dispatchers, shippers and consignees, car handselves and other supervisory organizations, with separate cars has important for shipping shipping. To do this, you can use public telephone communication, switch, telegraph and radio communication.
Telephone, switting and partially telegraph communication are varieties wired bondusing air wires, air and underground cables.
A telephone connection makes it possible to directly bilateral or multilateral conversations of subscribers. The selector communication is ensured by using dispatching switches guaranteed: a selective dispatcher conversation with each subscriber or individual groups of subscribers; Conversation of the dispatcher with all subscribers; conversations of subscribers among themselves; Bilateral connection with other telephone systems.
When telegraph communications, high-speed transmission and receiving messages are taken almost any distances using letter-printing devices-teletypes.
On road transport use teletypes, the advantages of which compared to the telephone connection are to: a high degree of use of wired communication lines; Large resistant to interference and small number of distortion of the transmitted text; In the possibility of obtaining a finished document. In addition, the use of teletypes, as a rule, does not fully exclude the need to use telephone.
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coursework, added 04/08/2016
Mechanization of loading and unloading operations during the carriage of goods. Justification of routes, determination of technical and operational indicators for each. Production program manual. Documentation used in the organization of transportation of goods.
course work, added 08.08.2015
Transport classification of cargo. Analysis of cargo traffic in quarters of the year. Determination of the main technical and operational indicators on the routes of transportation. Labor regulation of drivers. Schedule of rolling stock, loading and unloading mechanisms.
coursework, added 06/18/2012
Structure of the park on the brands of rolling stock. Characteristic existing organization transportation, main point of loading and unloading, transported cargo. Operational daily planning and management of cargo transportation. Treaty for shipping.
thesis, added 04/06/2014
Characteristics of goods, formation of enlarged cargo batches, packing and containerization. Selection of rolling stock, accommodation of cargo in PBX, loading and unloading agents. Determination of estimated daily transport volumes for various types of cargo.
course work, added 12/15/2009
Features of the container transport system. Requirements for the organization of work of cargo supplies and the specificity of rolling stock. Mechanization of loading and unloading operations during the carriage of goods. Operational time planning and transportation management.
coursework, added 01/06/2012
Rules for the transport of grain loads, their reception, storage and vacation. Features of determining the timing of loading of goods into special bunker cars, the calculation of the number of routes and the choice of the most effective type of rolling stock for shipping.
thesis, added 07/03/2015
The choice of rolling stock and determination of methods for transporting perishable goods. Heat engineering calculations Refrigerated rolling stock. Definition of the distance between the accomplices. Work park for transportation of a given amount of cargo.
