It used to be believed to save electricity, thermal and water resources can be only due to the refusal of a comfortable existence, but in fact everything is not so pessimistic. Saving thermal energy in everyday life is, first of all, the rational use of gas consumed by us, water, electricity. Therefore, the correct calculation of the proposed benefits comes to the fore.
For these purposes, the use of special accounting devices is provided. Heat savings becomes achievable thanks to apartment and generalic heat meters. Similar mechanisms are applicable to accounting for receipt and consumption. cold water, Gas.
For several years now has a law governing an increase in energy efficiency and energy saving. According to such regulatory Act The owners of the residential area in apartment buildings should be installed counters and put them into operation.
In addition to apartment metering devices, it is necessary to install a common heat meter, the presence of which allows you to count on the following positive points:
The maintenance of heat meters falls on the shoulders of municipal services, which are responsible for the timely verification and replacement of the device in case of its malfunction or end of service life.
At the same time, the ventilation system is necessarily adjusted. It is about installing hermetic heat saving plastic windows and using the forced ventilation mechanism, thanks to which winter To ventilate the room, you do not need to open windows, releasing heat.
So, the heat meter is already installed. How other ways? The mentioned replacement of windows with a choice of double or triple windows or repair of existing ones helps to implement the task window Rams With the fastening of additional seals, the inner glasses with a thermo reflective low-emission film that reduces heat loss by 30%.
Also, be sure to leave the surface of the radiators, which will not prevent the screen from the metal foil, which reflects the properties. Close the heating devices with furniture or setting the lattices on them is extremely undesirable due to the increase in heat losses up to 70%.
Additionally, along with the stairs on the staircase, you can install a vestibule with a dense warmed door.
In order for the installation of the heat meter to be justified, it is important to make an apartment as "warm", eliminating excessive consumption of resources. Such events are particularly relevant if decentralization of heating and payment is carried out only for natural gas. Help in solving this problem are able to upgraded heating devices that can be attached to various surfaces, including walls and ceiling.
This option is acceptable and in the case when in order to reduce the testimony of the general heat meter, it reduces heat supply at the input. Convenience Mobile heating devices It is their easy operation and the possibility of shutdown if necessary, therefore, the power of electricity is excluded.
2 Saving electrical and thermal energy in everyday life
The results of the inspections carried out by the employees of the Energy Pressor, it was established that in the negligence and negligence of consumers, the oversight of the electricity used for household needs is approximately 15-20%.
Where is the most noticeable to save electrical energy in everyday life?
When using an electric stove. Electric stoves have several heating elements (inclusion ranges). When the electric stove is turned on, it is first necessary to include all heating elements (all the power of the burner), and then, after heating, when the water boils, reduce the power, since the excess heat will not accelerate the cooking and the water temperature will not increase more than 100 degrees. Savings is achieved if there are several dishes in the preheated oven. Cooking for cooking or heating food should be made of aluminum or enamelled with a smooth thick bottom and closed with a lid.
Products for thermal processing of which is required for a long time, it is better to cook in pressure cookers. The amount of water for cooking should be minimal to do not drain it after boiling into the sewer. The oven does not need to be opened without necessary, it reduces the temperature inside the chamber.
It is advisable to turn off the electric stove before the kettle boils: due to the thermal inertia, the kettle will still boil, and it will save up to 20% of energy.
The use of an electric kettle is preferable (efficiency 90%) than plate burners (50% efficiency). Efficiency record holder is an ordinary boiler - efficiency to 92%.
The use of cooled electroconforokers for heating water before it boiling in the kettle allows you to save 10 - 30% of electricity. In addition, the water will be depleted and elements used to disinfect (chlorine), which is important for health.
I swallow the barbell at night with water, you can cook porridge from it 2 - 4 times faster depending on the temperature of the water.
When using a refrigerator 30 - 40% of electricity consumed in the house, it is necessary to refrigerator. Since the refrigerator is included in the power supply around the clock, then, despite the small power, it consumes electricity no less than an electric stove. The population uses electric refrigerators of two types: compressor (with an electric motor and compressor) and absorption (with heater). Compressor refrigerators are 3 - 4 times saving absorption. Recently, the industry produces deep freezing electrolyholders. In comparison with compressor, they consume electricity 2 times more. The installation site of the refrigerator and the ambient temperature is of great importance for the normal mode of its operation and the economical consumption of electricity. The refrigerator cannot be installed near the slab and heating batteries, on the sunny side of the room. Around the refrigerator must be airspace for air circulation. The refrigerator is placed food, cooled to room temperature and in a closed dish. Products in the refrigerator are placed in such a way that they have access to cold air. The thermostat needs to be set with the calculation so that the temperature is maintained in the cooling chamber needed to save the products, and not too low. When forming ice on the walls refrigeration chamber 5 - 10 mm thick refrigerator need to defrost. Cooling the chamber below the temperature necessary to conserve products, as well as an increase in the temperature of the ambient air refrigerator leads to the overflow of electricity.
Regular defrosting gives 3 - 5% savings. You can not install a refrigerator in a niche, it overlaps the ventilation of the lower neighbors and worsens the cooling conditions of the condenser cooler, which is cooled by room air, and in the closed space it is cooled much worse, the energy consumption increases by 20% (frequent inclusion).
When using a TV, a radio receiver, a tape recorder, sewing and washing machines, a vacuum cleaner, iron and other household appliances. Due to proper use Listed devices can be obtained by substantial electricity savings. Do not allow idle work household appliances, It is necessary to turn them off if you stop using them. Many household electrical appliances are equipped with automatic temperature control or time relays. This allows you to maintain an automatically specified temperature or turn on the device at a specified operation time. For example, when using an electric iron with a temperature regulator, electricity consumption is reduced by 10 - 15%.
When lighting. With electric lighting, first of all it is necessary to pay attention to right choice Power of electric lamps. High power electrollamps are not only overly overcome electricity, but also harm vision.
When turned on B. electric network The light bulb is equally bright in all directions and does not provide the desired lighting, and we need a light, concentrated on a certain surface or part when working. To do this, the light bulb is placed in the lamp.
From the correctly selected lamp largely depends the light of the room or the workplace, as well as the economy of lighting devices.
Rational lighting of the room is achieved using semi-transmitted or direct lighting. It is necessary to take into account that direct illumination of more economically semi-legally, since in the first case the lamp has a reflector located below the lamp.
Electricity savings contribute to the use of local lighting: table lamps When working at the table. The desktop must be set by the window, it will reduce the combustion time of the electrollamp with sufficient daylight. Ceilings and walls, as well as wallpaper, light tones allow you to reduce the power of the lamps one and a half times.
The most common and main sources of light in our apartments continue to remain incandescent lamps. The reason for this is the simplicity of design, compactness, convenience in operation, low cost, big choice They are in power. At the same time, incandescent lamps have a number of shortcomings. They have a low efficiency (1.8 - 2.2%); With the increase in the voltage in the network by 2%, the service life is reduced by 15%, frequent inclusions, shutdown and concussion also affect the service life, which is 1000 hours.
More economical light sources are luminescent lamps. They have a favorable radiation light. Luminescent lighting creates favorable conditions For rest, reduces fatigue, contributes to an increase in labor productivity.
In the chromaticity of radiation, luminescent lamps are divided into:
1) White light bulbs (LB);
2) daylight lamps (LD);
3) daylight lamps with corrected chromaticity (remuneration);
4) cold-white light lamps (LCB);
5) Heat and white light lamps (LTB), which have a clearly expressed pink shade.
The most economical and universal are white light lamps (LB). They provide significantly better color reproduction than incandescent lamps and in color reproduce approximately sunlight, reflected by the clouds. The use of LB lamps is suitable in children's rooms for training school tasks and drawing work.
The most important characteristics of luminescent lamps include the fact that their light flow is more than incandescent lamps. The luminous return of fluorescent lamps is an average of 42-62 lm / W, while incandescent lamps are only 10-20 lm / W. The lifetime of fluorescent lamps is 5000 hours.
Timely and systematic cleaning of lamps, lamps and chandeliers saves up to 30% of electricity consumed on lighting.
Electricity savings also contribute to the installation in dual switch rooms. This allows you to include chandeliers in whole or in part.
The table lamp with a 30 W light bulb allows you to achieve better illumination on the table than the chandelier with 3-5 light bulbs with a capacity of 180 - 300 W. Double winnings - vision and energy. From the point of view of energy saving, the device of smooth power on the light is good. CLL lamps (compact fluorescent lamps) consume electricity to 6 - 7 times less compared to incandescent lamps at the same light. But they are more expensive than existing, although the state is beneficial to reduce the price on them.
The only one of its kind in the Republic of the Brest Electricular plant produces compact fluorescent lamps that consume electricity is six times less, and are constantly burning eight times longer (8000 hours) of ordinary.
Currently, the important section of the nomenclature list of manufactured white products is the production of lamps intended for local and general illumination of the premises of the most diverse profile - housing, offices, shops, shops. The use of compact fluorescent and halogen lamps in the luminaires reports energy-saving properties in these electrical appliances. Thus, due to the use of halogen lamps with a capacity of 20 W, characterized by an intense light stream, it is possible to reduce the consumption of electricity in 2 - 2.5 times.
When illuminating staircases and corridors. In the houses are set up relays or circuit breakers with time delay. From control over the serviceable work of these devices, the economical consumption of electricity in common areas will depend largely on the part of house administrations and tenants.
Save warmth in the apartment, and with it and save heat energy - the case is simple and extensive costs. It is estimated that the insulation of windows and doors retains up to 40% of the heat in the apartment. Careful insulation of the apartment creates comfort, reduces the cost of her heating three times, which saves fuel.
Saving thermal energy is obtained when rational use hot waterSince its loss in everyday life is 23%. In order to wash the face, hands, clean your teeth, a fairly small jet or several glasses of water instead of a set of liters.
A great contribution to the savings of thermal energy contributes to house management, which in a timely manner, before the onset of cold weather, carry out repair of doors in entry and glazing windows, are explaining to the tenants.
One of the most promising and quick directions of the Republican Energy Saving Program is the equipment of buildings and structures by the instruments of individual and group accounting and controlling energy consumption. Since 1997, the meters of hot and cold water, heat and gas are mandatory installed in all newly erected residential buildings. In addition, work is underway to equip the rest of the residential foundation. According to the calculations of the Committee's specialists, already in 2002, such counters must be installed in each Belarusian house.
However, it should be noted that until the majority of the population refers to this innovation with caution: residents are invited to acquire necessary equipment at your own expense. And in the public consciousness, the idea is firmly rooted that after installing counters, pay for utilities will have more than now.
Currently, we pay for consumed energy resources based on the average indicator, equal to about 35% of the actual per capita in the country.
When calculating now existing universal tariffs, the overestimated consumption of energy resources is taken as the basis. The experiment conducted by the Committee showed unexpected results. It turns out that potentially our compatriots are completely able to spend heat and water much more economically than now. Residents of apartments in which counters were installed were paid for water and heat less than usual. This means that today the absolute majority of the population overpays for energy resources at least 3 to 4 times.
What gives the implementation of the program to introduce individual and group instruments of accounting and controlling energy consumption by the state? According to experts of the Committee, the mass installation of meters will allow to ensure heat savings of 1.5 times, cold water - 2 times, hot - 2.5 times. In the scale of the state, this is a huge amount of money that for our budget, of course, not too much.
Today, the counter, installed in the apartment pays off in 4 years. By 2002, the moment of completion of the implementation of the program on the mass introduction of individual instruments of accounting and control of energy consumption - this figure will decrease to 1.5 years. The higher the energy prices will be the faster the ideas of energy saving are rooted in the mass consciousness. 
More than 20%) and CIS countries. Chapter 2 Economic and geographical features of the placement of the fuel and energy industry. Prospects for development 2.1 Production and consumption of energy by region. Prospects for development In the last decade in the development of world energy, some important trends have manifested themselves, which, with unmanaged flow, can threaten the sustainability of this sphere. TO...
Naturally, the strong "eco-dependence" production of electricity dictates the need for its diversification. In this regard, there is a need for a comprehensive analysis of the state and the prospects for the further development of world energy, having in mind the possibility of its diversification, measures in the field of energy reduction, an increase in energy efficiency and minimizing negative ...
The results of the inspections carried out by Energy Supervisor employees, it was established that the negligence and negligence of consumers, the oversight of the electricity used for the household needs is approximately 15-20%.
Where is the most noticeable to save electrical energy in everyday life?
When using an electric stove. Electric stoves have several heating elements (inclusion ranges). When the electric stove is turned on, it is first necessary to include all heating elements (all the power of the burner), and then, after heating, when the water boils, reduce the power, since the excess heat will not accelerate the cooking and the water temperature will not increase more than 100 degrees. Savings is achieved if there are several dishes in the preheated oven. Cooking for cooking or heating food should be made of aluminum or enamelled with a smooth thick bottom and closed with a lid.
Products for thermal processing of which is required for a long time, it is better to cook in pressure cookers. The amount of water for cooking should be minimal to do not drain it after boiling into the sewer. The oven does not need to be opened without necessary, it reduces the temperature inside the chamber.
It is advisable to turn off the electric stove before the kettle boils: due to the thermal inertia, the kettle will still boil, and it will save up to 20% of energy.
The use of an electric kettle is preferable (efficiency of 90%) than hobble hobs (50-60% efficiency). Efficiency record holder is an ordinary boiler - efficiency to 92%.
The use of cooled electrocontoor for heating water before it boiling in the kettle allows you to save 10-30% of electricity. In addition, the water will be depleted and elements used to disinfect (chlorine), which is important for health.
I swallow the barbell on the night with water, you can cook the porridge from it 2-4 times faster depending on the temperature of the water.
When using a 30-40% refrigerator consumed in the house of electricity, it is necessary to refrigerate. Since the refrigerator is included in the power grid around the clock, despite the small power, it consumes electricity no less than the electric stove. The population uses electric refrigerators of two types: compressor (with an electric motor and compressor) and absorption (with heater). Compressor refrigerators are 3-4 times saving absorption. Recently, the industry produces deep freezing electrolyholders. In comparison with compressor, they consume electricity 2 times more. The installation site of the refrigerator and the ambient temperature is of great importance for the normal mode of its operation and the economical consumption of electricity. The refrigerator cannot be installed near the slab and heating batteries, on the sunny side of the room. Around the refrigerator must be airspace for air circulation. The refrigerator is placed food, cooled to room temperature and in a closed dish. Products in the refrigerator are placed in such a way that they have access to cold air. The thermostat needs to be set with the calculation so that the temperature is maintained in the cooling chamber needed to save the products, and not too low. When ice is formed on the walls of the refrigerator, a thickness of 5-10 mm refrigerator must be defrosting. Cooling the chamber below the temperature necessary to conserve products, as well as an increase in the temperature of the ambient air refrigerator leads to the overflow of electricity.
Regular defrost gives 3-5% savings. You can not install a refrigerator in a niche, it overlaps the ventilation of the lower neighbors and worsens the cooling conditions of the condenser cooler, which is cooled by room air, and in the closed space it is cooled much worse, the energy consumption increases by 20% (frequent inclusion).
When using TV\u003e Radio, tape recorder, sewing and washing machines, a vacuum cleaner, iron and other household appliances. Due to the right use of the listed devices, it is possible to obtain substantial energy savings. It is impossible to force the service of household appliances, it is necessary to disable them if they stopped using them. Many household electrical appliances are equipped with automatic temperature control or time relays. This allows you to maintain an automatically specified temperature or turn on the device at a specified operation time. For example, when using an electric iron with a temperature regulator, electricity consumption is reduced by 10-15%.
When lighting. With electrical lighting, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the correct choice of power of electric lamps. High power electrollamps are not only overly overcome electricity, but also harm vision.
When you turn on the electric network, the light bulb is equally bright in all directions and does not provide the desired lighting, and we need a light, concentrated on a specific surface or part when working. To do this, the light bulb is placed in the lamp.
From the correctly selected lamp largely depends the light of the room or the workplace, as well as the economy of lighting devices.
Rational lighting of the room is achieved using semi-transmitted or direct lighting. It is necessary to take into account that direct illumination of more economically semi-legally, since in the first case the lamp has a reflector located below the lamp.
Electricity savings contribute to the use of local lighting: table lamps when working at the table. The desktop must be set by the window, it will reduce the combustion time of the electrollamp with sufficient daylight. Ceilings and walls, as well as wallpaper, light tones allow you to reduce the power of the lamps one and a half times.
The most common and main sources of light in our apartments continue to remain incandescent lamps. The reason for this is the simplicity of design, compactness, ease of operation, cheapness, a large selection of them in power. At the same time, incandescent lamps have a number of shortcomings. They have a low efficiency (1.8-2.2%); With the increase in the voltage in the network by 2%, the service life is reduced by 15%, frequent inclusions, shutdown and concussion also affect the service life, which is 1000 hours.
More economical light sources are luminescent lamps. They have a favorable radiation light. Luminescent lighting creates favorable conditions for recreation, reduces fatigue, contributes to an increase in labor productivity.
In the chromaticity of radiation, luminescent lamps share
1) White light bulbs (LB);
2) daylight lamps (LD);
3) daylight lamps with corrected chromaticity (remuneration);
4) cold-white light lamps (LCB);
5) Heat and white light lamps (LTB), which have a clearly expressed pink shade.
The most economical and universal are white light lamps (LB). They provide significantly better color reproduction than incandescent lamps and in color reproduce approximately sunlight, reflected by the clouds. The use of LB lamps is suitable in children's rooms for training school tasks and drawing work.
The most important characteristics of luminescent lamps include the fact that their light flow is more than incandescent lamps. Light returns of fluorescent lamps averages 42-62 lm / W, while incandescent lamps are only 10-20 lm / W. The lifetime of fluorescent lamps is 5000 hours.
Timely and systematic cleaning of lamps, lamps and chandeliers saves up to 30% of electricity consumed on lighting.
Electricity savings also contribute to the installation in dual switch rooms. This allows you to include chandeliers in whole or in part.
The table lamp with a light bulb 30 W allows you to achieve better illumination on the table than the chandelier with 3-5 light bulbs with a capacity of 18Q-300 W. Double winnings - vision and energy. From the point of view, the device of smooth power on the light is good. CLL lamps (compact fluorescent lamps) consume electricity by 6-7 times. Less in comparison with incandescent lamps at the same light. But they are more expensive than existing, although the state is beneficial to reduce the price on them.
The only one of its kind in the Republic of the Brest Electricular plant produces compact fluorescent lamps that consume electricity is six times less, and are constantly burning, eight times longer (8000 hours) ordinary. \\
Currently, the important section of the nomenclature list of manufactured white products is the production of lamps intended for local and general illumination of the premises of the most diverse profile - housing, offices, shops, shops. The use of compact fluorescent and halogen lamps in the luminaires reports energy-saving properties in these electrical appliances. Thus, due to the use of halogen lamps with a capacity of 20 W, characterized by an intense light stream, it is possible to reduce the consumption of electricity by 2-2.5 times.
When illuminating staircases and corridors. In the houses are set up relays or circuit breakers with time delay. From control over the serviceable work of these devices, the economical consumption of electricity in common areas will depend largely on the part of house administrations and tenants.
To save heat in the apartment, and with it and save the heat - loenergy - it does not require anything and extensive costs. It is estimated that the insulation of windows and doors retains up to 40% of the heat in the apartment. Careful insulation of the apartment creates comfort, reduces the cost of her heating three times, which saves fuel.
The economy of thermal energy is obtained with the rational use of hot water, since its loss in everyday life is 23%. In order to wash the face, hands, clean your teeth, a fairly small jet or several glasses of water instead of a set of liters.
A great contribution to the savings of thermal energy contributes to house management, which in a timely manner, before the onset of cold weather, carry out repair of doors in entry and glazing windows, are explaining to the tenants.
One of the most promising and quick directions of the Republican Energy Saving Program is the equipment of buildings and structures by the instruments of individual and group accounting and controlling energy consumption. Since 1997, the meters of hot and cold water, heat and gas are mandatory installed in all newly erected residential buildings. In addition, work is underway to equip the rest of the residential foundation. According to the calculations of the Committee's specialists, already in 2002, such counters must be installed in each Belarusian house.
However, it should be noted that while the majority of the population refers to this innovation with caution: residents are invited to acquire the necessary at their own expense. And in the public consciousness, the idea is firmly rooted that after installing counters, pay for utilities will have more than now.
Currently, we pay for consumed energy resources based on the average indicator, equal to about 35% of the actual per capita in the country.
When calculating now existing universal tariffs, the overestimated consumption of energy resources is taken as the basis. The experiment conducted by the Committee showed unexpected results. It turns out that potentially our compatriots are completely able to spend heat and water much more economically than now. Residents of apartments in which counters were installed were paid for water and heat less than usual. This means that today the absolute majority of the population overpays for energy resources at least 3-4 times.
What gives the implementation of the program to introduce individual and group instruments of accounting and controlling energy consumption by the state? According to experts of the Committee, the mass installation of meters will allow to ensure heat savings of 1.5 times, cold water - 2 times, hot - 2.5 times. In the scale of the state, this is a huge amount of money that for our budget, of course, not too much.
Today, the counter, installed in the apartment pays off in 4 years. By 2002, the moment of completion of the implementation of the program on the mass introduction of individual instruments of accounting and control of energy consumption - this figure will decrease to 1.5 years. The higher the energy prices will be, the faster the energy saving is rooted in the mass consciousness.
Gradually in Belarus TE. KZH6 will be installed by heat consumption regulators. When heat meters and regulators of its consumption are installed in all apartments, all the problems associated with the beginning of the heating season will disappear. Include will be earlier, because in any case, its consumption will pay the population and enterprise.
The results of the inspections carried out by the employees of the Energy Pressor, it was established that in the negligence and negligence of consumers, the oversight of the electricity used for household needs is approximately 15-20%.
Where is the most noticeable to save electrical energy in everyday life?
When using an electric stove. Electric stoves have several heating elements (inclusion ranges). When the electric stove is turned on, it is first necessary to include all heating elements (all the power of the burner), and then, after heating, when the water boils, reduce the power, since the excess heat will not accelerate the cooking and the water temperature will not increase more than 100 degrees. Savings is achieved if there are several dishes in the preheated oven. Cooking for cooking or heating food should be made of aluminum or enamelled with a smooth thick bottom and closed with a lid.
Products for thermal processing of which is required for a long time, it is better to cook in pressure cookers. The amount of water for cooking should be minimal to do not drain it after boiling into the sewer. The oven does not need to be opened without necessary, it reduces the temperature inside the chamber.
It is advisable to turn off the electric stove before the kettle boils: due to the thermal inertia, the kettle will still boil, and it will save up to 20% of energy.
The use of an electric kettle is preferable (efficiency 90%) than plate burners (50% efficiency). Efficiency record holder is an ordinary boiler - efficiency to 92%.
The use of cooled electroconforokers for heating water before it boiling in the kettle allows you to save 10 - 30% of electricity. In addition, the water will be depleted and elements used to disinfect (chlorine), which is important for health.
I swallow the barbell at night with water, you can cook porridge from it 2 - 4 times faster depending on the temperature of the water.
When using a refrigerator 30 - 40% of electricity consumed in the house, it is necessary to refrigerator. Since the refrigerator is included in the power supply around the clock, then, despite the small power, it consumes electricity no less than an electric stove. The population uses electric refrigerators of two types: compressor (with an electric motor and compressor) and absorption (with heater). Compressor refrigerators are 3 - 4 times saving absorption. Recently, the industry produces deep freezing electrolyholders. In comparison with compressor, they consume electricity 2 times more. The installation site of the refrigerator and the ambient temperature is of great importance for the normal mode of its operation and the economical consumption of electricity. The refrigerator cannot be installed near the slab and heating batteries, on the sunny side of the room. Around the refrigerator must be airspace for air circulation. The refrigerator is placed food, cooled to room temperature and in a closed dish. Products in the refrigerator are placed in such a way that they have access to cold air. The thermostat needs to be set with the calculation so that the temperature is maintained in the cooling chamber needed to save the products, and not too low. When ice is formed on the walls of the refrigerator, a thickness of 5 - 10 mm refrigerator must be defrosting. Cooling the chamber below the temperature necessary to conserve products, as well as an increase in the temperature of the ambient air refrigerator leads to the overflow of electricity.
Regular defrosting gives 3 - 5% savings. You can not install a refrigerator in a niche, it overlaps the ventilation of the lower neighbors and worsens the cooling conditions of the condenser cooler, which is cooled by room air, and in the closed space it is cooled much worse, the energy consumption increases by 20% (frequent inclusion).
When using a TV, a radio receiver, a tape recorder, sewing and washing machines, a vacuum cleaner, iron and other household appliances. Due to the right use of the listed devices, it is possible to obtain substantial energy savings. It is impossible to force the service of household appliances, it is necessary to disable them if they stopped using them. Many household electrical appliances are equipped with automatic temperature control or time relays. This allows you to maintain an automatically specified temperature or turn on the device at a specified operation time. For example, when using an electric iron with a temperature regulator, electricity consumption is reduced by 10 - 15%.
When lighting. With electrical lighting, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the correct choice of power of electric lamps. High power electrollamps are not only overly overcome electricity, but also harm vision.
When you turn on the electric network, the light bulb is equally bright in all directions and does not provide the desired lighting, and we need a light, concentrated on a specific surface or part when working. To do this, the light bulb is placed in the lamp.
From the correctly selected lamp largely depends the light of the room or the workplace, as well as the economy of lighting devices.
Rational lighting of the room is achieved using semi-transmitted or direct lighting. It is necessary to take into account that direct illumination of more economically semi-legally, since in the first case the lamp has a reflector located below the lamp.
Electricity savings contribute to the use of local lighting: table lamps when working at the table. The desktop must be set by the window, it will reduce the combustion time of the electrollamp with sufficient daylight. Ceilings and walls, as well as wallpaper, light tones allow you to reduce the power of the lamps one and a half times.
The most common and main sources of light in our apartments continue to remain incandescent lamps. The reason for this is the simplicity of design, compactness, ease of operation, cheapness, a large selection of them in power. At the same time, incandescent lamps have a number of shortcomings. They have a low efficiency (1.8 - 2.2%); With the increase in the voltage in the network by 2%, the service life is reduced by 15%, frequent inclusions, shutdown and concussion also affect the service life, which is 1000 hours.
More economical light sources are luminescent lamps. They have a favorable radiation light. Luminescent lighting creates favorable conditions for recreation, reduces fatigue, contributes to an increase in labor productivity.
In the chromaticity of radiation, luminescent lamps are divided into:
1) White light bulbs (LB);
2) daylight lamps (LD);
3) daylight lamps with corrected chromaticity (remuneration);
4) cold-white light lamps (LCB);
5) Heat and white light lamps (LTB), which have a clearly expressed pink shade.
The most economical and universal are white light lamps (LB). They provide significantly better color reproduction than incandescent lamps and in color reproduce approximately sunlight, reflected by the clouds. The use of LB lamps is suitable in children's rooms for training school tasks and drawing work.
The most important characteristics of luminescent lamps include the fact that their light flow is more than incandescent lamps. The luminous return of fluorescent lamps is an average of 42-62 lm / W, while incandescent lamps are only 10-20 lm / W. The lifetime of fluorescent lamps is 5000 hours.
Timely and systematic cleaning of lamps, lamps and chandeliers saves up to 30% of electricity consumed on lighting.
Electricity savings also contribute to the installation in dual switch rooms. This allows you to include chandeliers in whole or in part.
The table lamp with a 30 W light bulb allows you to achieve better illumination on the table than the chandelier with 3-5 light bulbs with a capacity of 180 - 300 W. Double winnings - vision and energy. From the point of view of energy saving, the device of smooth power on the light is good. CLL lamps (compact fluorescent lamps) consume electricity to 6 - 7 times less compared to incandescent lamps at the same light. But they are more expensive than existing, although the state is beneficial to reduce the price on them.
The only one of its kind in the Republic of the Brest Electricular plant produces compact fluorescent lamps that consume electricity is six times less, and are constantly burning eight times longer (8000 hours) of ordinary.
Currently, the important section of the nomenclature list of manufactured white products is the production of lamps intended for local and general illumination of the premises of the most diverse profile - housing, offices, shops, shops. The use of compact fluorescent and halogen lamps in the luminaires reports energy-saving properties in these electrical appliances. Thus, due to the use of halogen lamps with a capacity of 20 W, characterized by an intense light stream, it is possible to reduce the consumption of electricity in 2 - 2.5 times.
When illuminating staircases and corridors. In the houses are set up relays or circuit breakers with time delay. From control over the serviceable work of these devices, the economical consumption of electricity in common areas will depend largely on the part of house administrations and tenants.
Save warmth in the apartment, and with it and save heat energy - the case is simple and extensive costs. It is estimated that the insulation of windows and doors retains up to 40% of the heat in the apartment. Careful insulation of the apartment creates comfort, reduces the cost of her heating three times, which saves fuel.
The economy of thermal energy is obtained with the rational use of hot water, since its loss in everyday life is 23%. In order to wash the face, hands, clean your teeth, a fairly small jet or several glasses of water instead of a set of liters.
A great contribution to the savings of thermal energy contributes to house management, which in a timely manner, before the onset of cold weather, carry out repair of doors in entry and glazing windows, are explaining to the tenants.
One of the most promising and quick directions of the Republican Energy Saving Program is the equipment of buildings and structures by the instruments of individual and group accounting and controlling energy consumption. Since 1997, the meters of hot and cold water, heat and gas are mandatory installed in all newly erected residential buildings. In addition, work is underway to equip the rest of the residential foundation. According to the calculations of the Committee's specialists, already in 2002, such counters must be installed in each Belarusian house.
However, it should be noted that while the majority of the population refers to this innovation with caution: residents are invited to acquire the necessary equipment at their own expense. And in the public consciousness, the idea is firmly rooted that after installing counters, pay for utilities will have more than now.
Currently, we pay for consumed energy resources based on the average indicator, equal to about 35% of the actual per capita in the country.
When calculating now existing universal tariffs, the overestimated consumption of energy resources is taken as the basis. The experiment conducted by the Committee showed unexpected results. It turns out that potentially our compatriots are completely able to spend heat and water much more economically than now. Residents of apartments in which counters were installed were paid for water and heat less than usual. This means that today the absolute majority of the population overpays for energy resources at least 3 to 4 times.
What gives the implementation of the program to introduce individual and group instruments of accounting and controlling energy consumption by the state? According to experts of the Committee, the mass installation of meters will allow to ensure heat savings of 1.5 times, cold water - 2 times, hot - 2.5 times. In the scale of the state, this is a huge amount of money that for our budget, of course, not too much.
Today, the counter, installed in the apartment pays off in 4 years. By 2002, the moment of completion of the implementation of the program on the mass introduction of individual instruments of accounting and control of energy consumption - this figure will decrease to 1.5 years. The higher the energy prices will be the faster the ideas of energy saving are rooted in the mass consciousness.
Gradually, in Belarus, heat consumption regulators will also be installed. When heat meters and regulators of its consumption are installed in all apartments, all the problems associated with the beginning of the heating season will disappear. Include heating will be earlier, because in any case its consumption will pay the population and enterprise.
In this article we will tell you everything you need to know about heat saving:
For the greatest efficiency of saving thermal energy in a private house, as in any other object, you need to take a set of measures.
Such measures in this case include the following methods of heat saving.
Save warm in your private house
Almost all measures to save thermal energy, described for a private house, can be applied in the apartment.
In addition, the following are the ways to save ways to economies.
Note that in a well-insulated apartment is sufficiently heating for several hours per day.
In the autumn, in the spring and on warm days of winter, you can do without heating at all.
To maintain the temperature, there is enough heat that stands out in the process of cooking, as well as other, human physical activity.
Saving heat in apartment buildings can be achieved in such ways.
In schools and kindergartens, many of the above ways of energy saving, associated with insulation of walls, attics and enclosing structures can be used.
In addition, you can use the following heat saving methods.
Note that to identify the main sources of thermal energy loss and eliminate them competent.
Save warmth in enterprises in the following ways.
In addition, it is necessary to take the measures described above, that is, to produce glazing the premises, insulation of the walls, eliminate the slots in the windows and so on.
Energy savings in the office implies the performance of the same measures as in apartments, schools and kindergartens.
In addition, you can take advantage of the heat saving methods that are suggested below.
The use of all the above measures will reduce heating costs several times, and most importantly - will provide comfortable living conditions, learning and labor.
