As a rule, buildings and territories of residential, administrative and industrial facilities are required to be diverted and cleaned. Wastewater... Depending on the volume, type and degree of wastewater pollution and technical and economic indicators, design decisions are made for the disposal and treatment of wastewater using.
Today the BioPlast company is one of the leading experts in this segment, and offers the market solutions both with ready-to-install equipment and the construction of new treatment facilities.
The availability of qualified specialists in the HELYX construction department allows you to design and perform work on the construction of local water treatment and sewerage facilities of any complexity.
The use of modular-type installations made of fiberglass HELYX, delivered to the site in full readiness for installation, can significantly reduce the time and financial expenses... Calculation, manufacture and installation of wastewater treatment plants of our own production takes place in the shortest possible time. At the moment the company BioPlast has two factories with a total capacity of more than 4000 products per year.
BioPlast provides services for the construction, production and design of individual or finished wastewater treatment plants of the following types:
The first category of effluent is storm or surface runoff. They are formed by rainfall, snowmelt and street watering. They may contain oily residues from gasoline from the roads, debris and sand. Storm wastewater treatment systems are used to clean them. In individual cases, when the territory of the object is in close proximity to industrial facilities, standard structures of storm drains must be supplemented with special equipment for cleaning the effluent from chemical impurities.
The second category of wastewater is household wastewater from residential premises, administrative buildings, shopping centers. This is fecal wastewater and for their cleaning and disinfection can be used as modular systems, for example biological treatment HELYXbio, as well as more complex structures that are designed and built according to individually developed projects.
Correct installation and installation of treatment facilities is one of the key points for high-quality and long-term operation of treatment equipment.
When installing cleaning equipment, special attention should be paid to the following points:
For details, see the tank installation manual. See manual.
You can also order the installation of capacitive equipment or installation supervision from us.
The prices for treatment plants and equipment vary by size and optional equipment. The cost of a block-modular system or individual blocks can be checked with our specialists. Be prepared to answer a number of questions to calculate the optimal price for cleaning equipment.
Get a consultation on the selection modular equipment and to clarify the prices for HELYX treatment facilities, you can call the multi-channel phone: +7 495 419 08 76
Or fill out an application and send it to us
To clarify the cost of construction work and design and call our specialists on the multichannel phone: +7 495 419 08 76
Or send a request to us by mail
In the modern world, a variety of technologies are used that can significantly improve people's lives. One of these systems is various local treatment facilities. Such devices and units are designed for the treatment of waste sewage water... They are simply irreplaceable for country houses. In this article, we will just talk about such a system as a local sewage treatment plant and what devices are used in it.
Very often, you can hear an abbreviation from workers in the municipal sector such as VOC. In a simple way, such devices are called local treatment facilities, and it is they that form the basis of an autonomous sewage system.
Note! Classic sewage treatment plants operate on the principle of reducing the flow rate of wastewater. As a result of the drop in speed, solid particles settle to the bottom, and the rest of the sewage is further removed using post-treatment devices.
In order for classical treatment facilities to cope with their task, it is necessary to correctly select the volumes of containers into which the wastewater will fall. According to certain calculations carried out by specialists, one person consumes up to 200 liters of water per day. This means that the amount of "produced" waste is the same.
For classical system cleaning it is necessary that the drains settle for several days. Therefore, the containers must be large, and this is very difficult for private houses. That is why the classic wastewater treatment method is not used in autonomous sewage systems.
VOCs are designed for wastewater treatment from private houses, summer cottages or a small village. Where there is no way to connect to a centralized sewer system, the owners of suburban real estate build autonomous devices. These include the following structures:
Note! Each of the listed structures has its own characteristics and the area of the most effective use... But in addition to the VOCs themselves, filtering devices must be included in the autonomous sewage system. Only in this case it is possible to approach the level of wastewater treatment in 98-100%.
Very often, speaking about an autonomous sewage system, the owners of country houses remember such treatment facilities as septic tanks. Such devices are plastic (sometimes there are other materials, especially if the septic tank was made on its own) container or several containers.
The choice of plastic as a material for tanks is due to its positive characteristics:
There are several sections inside each tank, each of which performs its own task. Some sections play the role of a settling tank, in others, wastewater is purified with the help of colonies of microorganisms, in others - filtration, etc.
Septic tanks are most often found in local wastewater treatment plants for the home. Such popularity is explained by the ease of operation and long term of use (according to the manufacturers' statement up to 50 years). Moreover, such devices can be either completely autonomous or dependent on the supply of electricity.
Note! In most cases, to increase the degree of purification, septic tanks are additionally equipped with aeration or filtration fields. But there are models that are called deep biological treatment plants, which are able to independently purify wastewater to almost 100%.
Such devices are most often found in large sewage treatment plants that process wastewater from large enterprises or settlements. They are large tanks where water is mixed with activated sludge by means of oxygen supply. If we are talking about autonomous systems of private houses, then aeration tanks are more modest in size and are most often installed in septic tanks or other VOCs.
Note! Quite often, aeration tanks are equipped with special catchers. Such optional equipment helps to clean the effluent from oil products, grease and other floating substances. As a rule, such catchers are equipped with aeration tanks operating at large treatment facilities.
In addition to aeration tanks and septic tanks, biofilters can be used in local treatment systems. Most often, they are part of the VOC. Biofilters are rarely used on their own. Such devices purify wastewater using colonies of microorganisms.
Note! Bacteria in an oxygenated water environment or without air access decompose all impurities in the effluent. As a result, the output is water containing only simple substances that do not harm the environment.
Getting into a local treatment plant, sewage flows sequentially go through several stages. As a result of each of them, the effluent is cleaned of certain pollutants.
Consider these stages based on the most common VOCs, which are most often used in autonomous sewage systems - a septic tank. Getting into such a device, the drains pass through:
Note! If you use biological treatment plants on your site, then the principle of their operation is similar to a septic tank. The only significant difference is the absence of aeration or filtration fields.
Since septic tanks are most often used in autonomous treatment systems for a private house, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the recommendations for their operation:
In the provided video materials, you can get more information about the local sewage treatment plant:
Modern technologies on the sewerage equipment market have long been offering highly professional equipment, which is designed to purify sewerage drains to a significantly high degree that meets all the requirements of environmental services.
Such sewerage equipment or equipment includes local treatment facilities, or VOC for short. But, in order to have a complete understanding of the device of such structures, it is necessary to study their internal structure, installation and operating conditions.
It will also be interesting to get acquainted with the approximate cost of sewage equipment such as VOCs from different manufacturers.
Local treatment facilities (LOS) are such structures or sewage devices that are designed for deep and complete treatment of household liquid waste, storm, industrial and technical or any other wastewater.
This term was adopted at the state level in the Government Decree Russian Federation dated 12.02.99 No. 167 "On approval of the Rules for the use of municipal water supply and sewerage systems in the Russian Federation" and today has wide use among specialists in the installation, construction and maintenance of such systems.
People often call VOCs simply - autonomous sewerage. However, this name applies only to those sewerage systems that exist and function separately from the whole branched highway of urban sewerage networks.
VOCs are usually a whole complex of treatment plants and all kinds of systems in order to receive and purify not only household or household wastewater, but also discharges in liquid form from various industries, industrial enterprises or organizations, as well as wastewater from storm sewers, melted or groundwater.
Important! The primary task of these facilities is to treat wastewater to such an extent that they fully comply with the norms and standards that ensure the complete safety of the environment, the health of the animal world and people.
Local treatment facilities are usually classified as two types of facilities:
The first group, by and large, includes the most overall and large-scale structures, which include a number of wastewater treatment facilities, forming a whole complex automated systems for the purification of effluents.
These VOCs for their intended purpose can be both household and industrial. Households receive and purify wastewater from all kinds of points of the population of megalopolises, cities, suburbs or villages.
And industrial VOCs, as the name suggests, treat and recycle wastewater from of various kinds productions, factories, factories or any workshops, that is, industrial enterprises. VOC.
They are large-scale urban sewer structures, built on specially designated places outside the city limits, surrounded by a sanitary zone, on the territory of which one cannot live, have picnics and other recreational activities.
Such structures are necessarily serviced by special technical personnel, equipment, respectively, are volatile, since some devices in the system require power supply: pumps, aeration tanks and other devices for cleaning drains.
Photo: city sewer VOC
And such local treatment facilities as autonomous formations already have much smaller dimensions and, accordingly, the least ambitious tasks. Such VOCs are designed to serve facilities for dumping household and industrial waste of significantly smaller volumes, parameters and values.
These objects, as a rule, are sanatoriums, boarding houses, car washes, small industrial enterprises, hotels, children's camps, small villages or groups of houses that are located far from the central city sewage system and do not have the ability to connect to these highways.
Such VOCs look less large-scale than VOCs of urban networks, and therefore are called somewhat differently:
These installations must be supplemented with filtration structures or devices so that the treated water reaches the highest purification rating from 98 to 100%. These VOCs can exist on their own only for an incomplete wastewater treatment cycle.
A septic tank is a sewage system that consists of one tank divided into chambers, or of several tanks, which are chambers for the operation of a septic tank.
Such structures are small-sized and have in their internal structure all the necessary devices for the purification and settling of household waste effluents.
Today, the sewerage equipment market offers a wide range of treatment plant products made of different kind plastic: polyethylene low pressure(HDPE) and polypropylene (PP).
These materials are very lightweight, and therefore installations from them are easy to assemble. Also, plastic very well withstands all kinds of temperature extremes, mechanical stress, pressure and the impact of the aggressive environment of the fermentation of the sewage system inside the septic tank.
Septic tanks are not considered to be the final points of complete purification of effluents; filtration fields must also be made to them, which provide soil tertiary treatment by almost 100%.
To treatment facilities full type It is customary to refer to treatment plants as deep biological treatment plants, which, as a rule, do not require additional installations of filtration fields or wells, purifying wastewater by 98-100%.
Photo: septic tank Aeration tanks are special open rectangular tanks where wastewater is purified and settled.
Aeration tanks are also long in shape and resemble small channels through which waste water flows, mixing with activated sludge using air streams, which processes the waste.
Also, in aeration tanks, fatty inclusions in drains, oil products and other substances that float to the surface can be trapped.
Such devices are not built on their own, but are always included in the composition of entire sewage structures of city sewers.
Such devices as aeration tanks can often be found in autonomous sewage treatment plants such as septic tanks or deep cleaning stations. Only these aerotanks have a very miniature appearance and are built into the VOC chambers.
Photo: aerotanks Biofilters - as well as aerotanks, are part of the entire VOC of the city sewage system, and can also be used for septic tanks in a reduced design.
Biofilters provide the deepest with the help of colonies, which are placed in special devices, where they are provided with a normal environment for life.
- mechanical;
- biological;
- physical and chemical;
- additional cleaning.
All drains go through certain stages of purification. First, the sewage system is cleaned of solid suspended particles that settle to the bottom, then fats, oil products and other fat-containing inclusions are captured in wastewater in the form of food waste.
In urban VOCs, the first stage is always the mechanical one, where insoluble or poorly soluble particles, which are heavier than the water mass, are captured and mechanically settled.
If the VOC serves storm sewers or industrial sewers, then at the first stage, the drains will be cleaned of sand, stones, polyethylene, glass, fibrous particles and other types of debris.
Mechanical wastewater treatment
Mechanical treatment of sewage water is designed to process exclusively "black" wastewater - the so-called primary sewage household or industrial wastewater entering the first compartment of the sewage treatment plant.
The first stage of delaying and catching garbage allows it not only to accumulate in tanks through special grids, but also to accumulate in tanks, baskets and containers.
After rags, polyethylene and other garbage accumulate in the baskets, it is sent to the bukker, from where it is transported to special landfills or to workshops equipped with crushers that finely crush the garbage.
After crushing, the debris can go through the following stages of dry cleaning. Heavy stones, glass, sand are deposited at the bottom of the tanks, which are called sand traps.
Subsequently, the suspended solids are transported through augers or hydraulic elevators to the workshops, where stones are removed, and the sand is cleaned and used for construction or other work.
Photo: mechanical treatment of sewage water
But the water, purified from large fractions of garbage, flows into another compartment, where the next stage of mechanical processing takes place - purification from substances that are dense in structure, such as petroleum products and oils.
Here, such devices as grease traps or grease separators, oil traps and flotation devices come into operation.
Due to the lightness of fats and oil products, these suspensions float to the surface, are directed by air flows into special containers, where they accumulate, forming a crust, and then are easily removed by the same mechanical method.
Photo: sedimentation tanks for grease
Sediment tanks for grease are used of different plans and parameters. These can be large-scale horizontal rectangular structures made of reinforced concrete or bricks.
Or there may be round, cylindrical devices in the form of wells attached to the receiving tanks.
It is these wells that are most convenient to use for fat collection because in such wells fat deposits are best accumulated and rise upward, forming a crust, from where they are then removed.
These wells are cone-shaped containers with collecting troughs arranged along the periphery, through which oil products and fatty inclusions flow into the container.
Biological wastewater treatment
Water that has already been purified from heavy effluents is called “gray” effluents. These gray effluents must now undergo biological treatment by bacterial colonies that are able to process sewage fluid to such an extent that it turns into sludge and water.
Important! The sludge mass should settle and settle to the bottom of the tanks, and the clarified water should flow into the next chamber for further purification.
Bacteria are taken to work exactly when the water no longer contains suspended insoluble particles and consists of those substances that do not float and do not settle, and therefore it is easiest to remove them from the water composition by treatment with an organic medium.
Photo: bacterial colonies
Such installations look like septic tanks-sedimentation tanks, inside or near which no additional structures or devices are installed, such as round artificial ponds or open reservoirs with activated sludge, which contains the necessary microorganisms that ensure the natural course of wastewater purification.
Here, wastewater treatment is not complete, and therefore the degree of treatment after biological ponds is not high. Moreover, in winter time cleaning on such ponds with the help of bacteria is impossible, therefore in winter such devices as aeration tanks or biofilters are used.
In aeration tanks and biofilters, aeration and recirculation of activated sludge occurs forcibly, which means the presence of all kinds of mechanisms operating on electricity in the process of operation.
Thanks to aeration tanks, which constantly drive air flows into the wastewater, the wastewater is mixed with activated sludge, which contains aerobic bacteria.
These microorganisms are dangerous to human health, but are very useful in the purification of effluents. They are activated when free oxygen molecules are supplied, and therefore aerotanks are so important in wastewater treatment plants at the stage of biological treatment.
The organic medium present in activated sludge is very demanding on effluents, which have the following undesirable inclusions or contents:
- the obligatory presence of nutrients for bacteria in the effluent - the water must be dirty and contain organic waste, and the aggressive chemical environment of the effluent can kill some life-giving bacteria;
- undesirable types of contaminants should be absent as much as possible in the effluents that need to be treated by bacteria - such contaminants can include chlorine-containing, alkaline, acidic and other aggressive chemicals;
- the wastewater temperature, necessary for life, must be maintained - at temperatures below + 5˚C and above + 60˚C, many types of bacteria die;
- for aerobic bacteria, an optimal oxygen concentration is required, and for anaerobic bacteria, an almost complete absence of oxygen.
Local biofilters necessarily contain a biosubstrate of bacterial colonies, which are located in the filter itself. Aerotanks do not contain biosubstrates, where bacteria are in free movement with air streams along the drains, processing them.
Biological wastewater treatment is carried out in the same way as mechanical treatment, in several stages, during which there is a gradual purification from such substances contained in water as:
- BOD (biological oxygen demand);
- COD (chemical oxygen demand);
- ammonium nitrogen;
- nitrates;
- nitrites;
- and other harmful substances that are present in the treated wastewater.
The most indicative advantage of aeration tanks and biofilters in comparison with artificial settling ponds or septic tanks is their high efficiency in terms of wastewater treatment to the highest degree - 100%.
It is in such structures that it is possible to create the necessary conditions for the development of colonies of life-giving bacteria that process sewage water.
In addition, in biofilters, as in aeration tanks, wastewater can be safely processed in winter, and such treatment is impossible in ponds due to low temperatures... But the advantage of septic tanks or purification ponds is the unpretentiousness of their designs and the relative cheapness of the installation and its operation as well.
Physical and chemical treatment of effluents
After biological treatment, significantly clarified water enters such facilities, where it is directly processed by all kinds of chemical compounds.
This stage of cleaning is necessary because after treatment with bacteria, small dissolved particles may still remain in the water, which did not suit the taste, so to speak, of the bacteria. After all, not all inclusions in wastewater are suitable for processing by bacteria.
These substances can be: residues of petroleum products, residues of food waste decay products, pieces of undissolved particles of any material and other small inclusions.
Photo: physical and chemical treatment of effluents
The principle of wastewater treatment for such facilities is as follows: wastewater is actively treated with chemical reagents that are capable of attracting any smallest particles of any kind contained in the water.
Such reagents are coagulants or flocculants, which help to remove and extract the smallest particles of dirt and debris from the water. Reagent molecules tend to stick together and attract molecules of other soluble and insoluble particles in water.
After they have attracted particles to themselves, they begin to stick together, forming lumps, and in some cases flakes, depending on which reagent was used and which particles needed to be attracted. The resulting lumps and flakes are successfully deposited on the bottom of the VOC container.
Chemical treatment of effluents usually takes place in two stages:
- mixing with reagents;
- flocculation.
When mixed with reagents, special pH conditions are created, as well as the required water hardness, so that the effect of capturing particles and the formation of lumps or flocs by coagulants or flocculants is most effective.
Mixing of reagents with water takes place either with the help of hydraulic mechanisms specially arranged in these tanks, or with the help of mechanical efforts using special devices.
The water mixed with the reagents flows into the lump formation and flocculation chamber, where the formed lumps and flakes settle to the bottom under the action of the gravitational field (the process is therefore called physicochemical).
Thus, water is clarified and purified even more and enters the next tanks for a full purification cycle. The accumulated flakes and lumps from the chamber are removed and disposed of.
Post-treatment of effluents
At the last stage of post-treatment of effluents, clarified or purified by 95-98% water undergoes final processing through special sorbing filters, reaching 100% purification degree after processing.
Such water can be supplied to water intakes, from where it can be taken for use in household and technical needs.
At the post-treatment stage, the water passes through:
- disinfection - removal of bacteria residues that are harmful to human health using chlorine or UV rays;
- disinfection - removal of chemicals in the form of reagent residues using chlorine or UV rays;
- microfiltration - cleaning from small residues of reagents or bacteria;
- filtration through sorption filters - water is purified by separating residues of harmful particles or molecules from it with sorption substances.
Purified and neutralized water fully complies with all sanitary and environmental standards and can be freely used in technical and household work, except for the food industry and the use of such water as drinking (it is not suitable for drinking).
Also, such water can be safely discharged into reservoirs, ponds or rivers - it is completely harmless to the natural environment.
Buildings for summer cottages
Autonomous sewerage systems also include portable VOC installations, which can freely serve not just individual houses and families, but entire villages, sanatoriums, boarding houses, car washes, restaurants, cafes or hotels, depending on the volume, performance and parameters of a particular model of an autonomous VOC.
Such treatment facilities can be excellent for summer cottages. These include popular local treatment facilities: UNILOS, Lokos, Bioxy, Poplar and a host of other manufacturers of deep biological treatment plants.
Such stations are most often manufactured and installed in an upright position, some models are capable of being installed in any type of soil, purify drains and serve an autonomous sewage system in a country house no worse than a city one.
Photo: treatment plant Topas
Such VOCs for autonomous sewers are designed, manufactured and operate according to the principle of operation of urban structures, but with the only difference that the cameras and devices are of minimal size.
As with large scale stations, most handheld VOCs can capture sand, petroleum products and biomaterial treatment of effluent. Most of these stations purify wastewater up to 98%, which is a very high figure.
These stations are easy to install, maintain, do not corrode, as their bodies are made of durable plastic. Installations work great in any weather conditions, does not generate any annoying noise or unpleasant odor.
In servicing such local treatment plants, which are installed in autonomous sewage systems for summer cottages, you should pay attention to the following working points:
- there is a good opportunity for regular revision internal devices and the degree of water purification thanks to special timers and control devices;
- aeration devices, which include membranes, serve for more than 10 years, and therefore there is a high guarantee for uninterrupted excellent wastewater treatment for 10 years;
- switching valves provide the highest degree of wastewater treatment;
- due to the presence of such a device as airlift, the biomass is not destroyed and is not completely pumped, but remains in the settling chamber, which allows you to use activated sludge without any restrictions, without adding any additional biological products to it, to purify effluents;
- automated systems allow the stations to be switched on when the wastewater flows into the receiving chamber in a certain volume, and the operating mode can be automatically adjusted depending on how much wastewater has entered the chamber;
- an aerobic stabilizer allows you to remove excess sludge masses, which significantly improves the performance of the entire system;
- activated sludge can be freely used as fertilizer for horticultural and horticultural crops or rotting in compost;
- maintenance of the stations with a sewer machine is not required, because the pumped out sludge can be used as fertilizer or simply freely supplied to ravines, water bodies or soil trenches, without disturbing the ecosystem;
- embedded pumping equipment in stations, they can be used without the involvement of additional pumping equipment;
- chemicals, poisons and other aggressive substances must not be discharged into such a sewer;
- the filters of the washing vacuum cleaner must not be washed off into such a sewer;
- if possible, the discharge of pet hair, threads, hair and other fibrous debris into such sewers should be limited;
- it is forbidden to dispose of polyethylene, glass, plastic or plastic and any other insoluble substances into the sewer with deep biological treatment plants;
- detergents containing manganese (flushing filters for cleaning drinking water), salts, chlorine or acid should be used as little as possible, instead, biological detergents should be used more often.
It is clear that such stations seem capricious in operation, but these are the conditions and rules for their use and maintenance, and therefore, if you adhere to these recommendations from the manufacturer, then such VOCs for summer cottages serve for many decades, without creating any additional hassle, breakdowns and repairs.
VOCs for industrial plants
Wastewater treatment for industrial enterprises is somewhat different from the treatment of wastewater coming from settlements. The differences are, by and large, in the aggressiveness and hardness of the reagents and activated sludge used.
After all, industrial liquid waste differs from household waste by the degree of pollution and the composition of the effluent.
Such VOCs, which serve industrial enterprises, contain in their design and structure several lines that ensure the treatment of industrial effluents:
- three parallel lines of physical and chemical treatment of industrial wastewater;
- a special aeration tank-greenhouse with eichornia and activated sludge;
- line-unit for UV disinfection of effluents;
- biopond for post-treatment of industrial waste water.
These VOCs provide sewage treatment for industrial enterprises in various fields and areas of production:
- meat processing plants;
- creameries and vegetable oil factories;
- poultry farms;
- fish canning factories;
- breweries;
- car washes;
- energy facilities;
- galvanizing workshops;
- glass factories;
- and other industrial enterprises.
Primary industrial wastewater flows directly into the accumulation tank, is purified through drum biofilters, getting rid of large fractions of debris.
From the storage tank, the purified wastewater sequentially enters a special settling tank, where the wastewater is subjected to flotation and oxidation with the help of special reagents - coagulants and flocculants, binding and forming lumps or flakes, which gradually settle to the bottom of the tank.
After the flotation settler, the settled water flows into the biofilter, and then into the aeration greenhouses, where the water continues to be purified with the help of activated sludge. And after these stages, the clarified water enters the biopond, where it undergoes additional treatment.
Photo: aerotank greenhouses
Each stage of industrial effluent purification takes place in a separate building, a separate workshop, which is very convenient for separating and controlling the entire purification process.
Most of the local treatment facilities also use the UV (ultraviolet) method of wastewater disinfection.
Almost all VOCs for industrial wastewater treatment have the same treatment schemes for all types of sewage wastewater.
Stormwater treatment plant
Cleaning stormwater drainage is also not easy. At first glance, it may seem that the composition of storm water is not so heavy and concentrated, and therefore it is easier to clean such drains.
However, in fact, wastewater contains quite a lot of natural impurities, as well as chemical inclusions, if various surfaces containing chemical coatings or compounds are encountered on the way of storm sewers.
Important! And if we take into service also rainwater, which, in its composition, can also destroy any overlaps, if rainwater stagnates on them, it can create waterlogging of lawns or any other adjacent territories, as well as undermine the foundation in rainy seasons, if not divert these flows from the house.
All VOCs for storm sewers have a sufficiently high productivity and can purify wastewater up to 98%, which is the highest rating for wastewater treatment, adopted by SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage.
External networks and facilities ", as well as regulatory documents type "Recommendations for the calculation of systems for collection, disposal and treatment of surface runoff from residential areas, sites of enterprises and the determination of the conditions for its release into water bodies" (FSUE "NII VODGEO").
Almost all manufacturers of industrial or domestic VOCs for stormwater treatment adhere to regulatory documents, and therefore their installations and systems are quite effective in cleaning storm drains.
Photo: content of treated effluents
Important! All treatment facilities for storm sewers must have sand traps and oil traps. Sand, oil products and other abrasive and oily substances are often found in storm runoff and therefore must be treated first with VOCs.
Sewerage facilities also include settling tanks, where sediment is successfully formed not only from solid particles such as stones, glass, tree branches and other debris, but also small particles that are washed away by the movement of melt and storm water flows.
The last stage of cleaning storm drains is also settling and disinfecting them using UV rays. Treated wastewater can be freely supplied to reservoirs, rivers or fields.
In addition to domestic storm sewers, there is also an industrial storm sewer. These VOCs treat not only rainwater or melt water, but others as well.
For example, these treatment facilities can serve the following facilities:
- car washes;
- industrial enterprises;
- factory territories;
- parking areas and car parks;
- territory of entertainment centers;
- the territory of business centers;
- the territory of complexes for vacationers and tourists;
- the territory of villages and private houses, including.
Photo: industrial storm sewer
Storm sewer systems consist of the following elements:
- distribution well;
- sand trap;
- oil catcher or oil-gas separator;
- sorbing filter;
- control well for sampling purified water.
All these structures can be assembled and installed both in the form of separate tanks, assembled into a single sewer system, and inside one large tank, which is called a stormwater drainage deep cleaning station.
During installation, all conditions must always be met that will not only save the structure from all kinds of harmful influences, but also give it an excellent opportunity to work for the longest time without failures.
Prices
The cost of building large-scale urban VOCs, of course, significantly exceeds the cost of stand-alone VOCs. It is clear that in the broad market such buildings are not sold ready-made, but ordered from construction companies.
But household VOCs, such as, for example, local treatment facilities Tver, Yubas, Eurobion, Unilos, Topas and other systems intended for installation in an autonomous type of sewage system are presented on the market of sewage equipment in a wide range:
VOC name Manufacturing material Maximum number of people served Length Width Height price, rub. Tver-0.75P Polypropylene 3 2250 850 1670 69900 Tver-1P Polypropylene 5 2500 1100 1670 87900 Tver-2P Polypropylene 10 4000 1300 1670 131900 Tver-3P Polypropylene 15 4000 1600 1670 151900 Tver-6P Polypropylene 22-30 4000 1600 1670 299800 Tver-16 Steel 50-80 8700 D = 1900 1000 619300 Tver-100 Steel 300-500 1160 D = 2400 2000 3086000 Tver-180 Steel 600-900 1040 D = 2400 2000 5390000 Tver-300 Steel 1000-1500 1160 D = 2400 6000 8790000 Tver-500 Steel 2000-2500 8300 D = 2400 5000 14396000 All local treatment facilities have their own differences and purposes. There are VOCs that serve entire cities, villages, quarters in megacities, and there are those that serve not centralized city sewers, but autonomous sewer networks.
Almost all types of sewerage facilities operate according to the same scheme, achieving a high degree of wastewater treatment.
In the process of human life, a large amount of various waste is generated. All waste is classified into solid and liquid. Solids are disposed of at solid waste landfills, or recycled at special factories. Liquid household waste, the basis of which is contaminated water, is subject to treatment in special systems - treatment facilities.
Liquid household waste, like other wastewater, ends up in the sewer system. It is designed to collect and drain contaminated liquids into special storage devices, in which they are cleaned. Cleaning systems in cities and well-maintained settlements are of a centralized nature. However, it often happens that in places of construction of country houses or manufacturing enterprises there is no centralized sewerage system.
At the same time, the discharge of untreated liquid wastewater into rivers or directly to the ground is fraught with serious environmental and sanitary and hygienic problems, up to and including outbreaks. infectious diseases... Therefore, large fines are imposed on those responsible for environmental pollution, and in some cases they are subject to criminal prosecution. There is only one way out in this situation for homeowners and entrepreneurs - to install local cleaning systems.
Also, local purification systems are used where connection to the central sewage system is difficult or too expensive. For example, a sewer line runs at a great distance from a built house, and to connect to it, you will need to lay a separate line. Another case - between the house and the branch of the centralized sewage system, there are other residential areas, roads, recreational land... In such a situation, in order to lay a branch from the central sewer main, it will be necessary to coordinate with neighbors, municipal authorities, collect a lot of permits for earthworks.
Many companies offer such services today, if you wish, you can always order local treatment facilities http://hydro.systems/, it is much easier in such cases to order an autonomous sewage system designed for one or several neighboring households.
Depending on the degree of autonomy, local treatment facilities (abbreviation adopted in the technical documentation - VOC) of domestic wastewater are divided into:
By design and technical features, local cleaning systems are:
The work of VOCs equipped with a septic tank is reduced to disposal in a special storage device, where preliminary wastewater treatment takes place. Further, the liquid is filtered through the soil, resulting in additional wastewater treatment. Septic tanks can consist of one or several containers connected in series. The larger the number of these receptacles, the deeper the cleaning takes place. Septic tanks with one section are more suitable for a small individual house, or for a summer residence, where the daily flow does not exceed 1 cubic meter.
In conventional septic tanks, waste water is purified only from mechanical pollutants. Silt-like suspensions, sand, and other solid components settle in them. Multi-chamber septic tanks provide deeper cleaning of waste. Mechanical impurities settle in the first chamber, after which the liquid enters the second compartment. Finely dispersed biological pollution is decomposed here by natural fermentation.
In the case of using a septic tank for the treatment of effluents contaminated with fats, fuels and lubricants, household chemicals, it is recommended to use additional treatment facilities for the sewage system. These include biological filters that provide additional purification of wastewater discharged into the soil, as well as preliminary catchers of fats, industrial oils and other fuels and lubricants. Such devices should be supplemented with autonomous sewers serving catering facilities, garages, car washes, service stations and similar enterprises.
Among the advantages of sewerage systems with septic tanks, it should be noted:
Disadvantages of sewage treatment plants equipped with a septic tank:
Sewerage with aerotank
Deeper cleaning, reaching 99%, is carried out in the so-called aerotanks. After the passage of liquid effluents through such treatment facilities, no additional purification is required. Aerotank is an isolated storage facility. Water purification in it is carried out in several stages:
As a result of biochemical breakdown of pollutants, we get deep purified water at the exit. It does not require the device of special filtration ditches or fields. Water from local treatment facilities equipped with an aerotank can be discharged directly into the soil or into nearby water bodies.
However, like any technological systems like sewerage installations have their disadvantages:
Mobile sewers
In the classic form, they are a toilet stall with an autonomous drive. There are also options when the waste accumulator is located in a separate container, to which the sewer system of the house is connected. In such containers, only accumulation often occurs, in the best case - primary wastewater treatment, after which the storage tanks should be drained into the sewer system. The advantages of a mobile sewage system are its small size and budget price. The disadvantage is the low level of wastewater treatment.
Thus, every homeowner, summer resident or entrepreneur can install the most suitable type of local sewage system. Specific technical specifications a particular system can be obtained from the manufacturer and the selling company.
For comfortable life in a private house with a kitchen, several bathrooms and showers, a reliable system for collecting, filtering and processing waste obtained as a result of human activity is needed, which would not require frequent pumping out and time-consuming frequent maintenance. If the house does not have the ability to connect to the central sewage system, then local treatment facilities become the way out. This article will focus on the principle of operation of an autonomous sewage system in a private house and what advantages and disadvantages such a system has.
The sewerage system for a private house can be divided into three types:
Cesspool it is the easiest type of sewerage to install and maintain. It involves the discharge of wastewater into a sealed container in which they are stored and from which they are periodically pumped out by a sewage machine. For construction cesspool, as a rule, they use reinforced concrete rings buried in the ground and organize access to the pit by installing a hatch. The disadvantages of such a system are the need for regular cleaning of the container, as well as the appearance of an unpleasant odor, which cannot be eliminated even by disinfection.
It is a large container, consisting of several chambers, communicating with each other. In the first chamber, the waste goes through the stage of primary mechanical cleaning - sedimentation, in which solid parts settle to the bottom, and the water purified from these parts passes by gravity into the second chamber. Here, biological treatment takes place - anaerobic bacteria process organic compounds in suspension into silt without oxygen, additionally purifying the water.
Since the process of water purification without oxygen access is not very effective, the water at the outlet has a degree of purification of about 80%. Even for technical needs, such water is unsuitable. For further purification, a septic tank involves the use of either aeration fields.
The advantages of such a sewage system are autonomy and independence. There is no need to supply electricity to the septic tank, and human intervention is limited to cleaning the system, depending on the intensity of use. But when filtering waste in such systems, methane is released, for the removal of which ventilation is installed with an outlet not lower than the level of the roofs of houses.
The third type is local treatment plant (VOC or local treatment facilities). Such an installation purifies wastewater with the highest quality with a purification degree of up to 98%. Let's talk in more detail about how an autonomous sewage system works.
Local treatment facilities are a complex of tanks where wastewater passes through several stages of treatment. A fundamentally autonomous sewage system contains the functions of a septic tank, in which mechanical wastewater treatment takes place, and aerobic treatment functions, where aerobic bacteria efficiently process fine suspension into sludge, clarifying the wastewater as much as possible. Let's consider in detail the principle of operation of VOCs.
At the first stage, drains from the house are enter the first chamber of the autonomous sewage system, called the receiving chamber. The volume of such a container is on average 3 cubic meters. Here, as in a septic tank, the settling of large particles takes place, as well as the separation of fat particles using special grease traps.
At the next stage, water flows by gravity into the next chamber, with a volume equal to half of the first chamber. This tank is called an aeration tank, since the effluent is saturated with oxygen here. This happens with the help air compressor which, through the hoses, pumps oxygen-saturated air into the chamber from below, while simultaneously mixing thanks to the many bubbles that rise up.
In the same chamber, colonies of bacteria are settled, which gradually transform the fine suspension into activated sludge, eating it and turning it into large enough flakes, which, due to their weight, can settle to the bottom. The high activity of such bacteria is due to the constant flow of oxygen into the aerotank.
All this mixture of liquid and active sludge mixed in it gradually moves by gravity into the next tank - a secondary settling tank, in which the sludge settles on a special cone-shaped trap, and then is pumped back into the aeration tank. The purified water, separated from the sludge, enters the next purification stage.
When the maximum amount of waste sludge accumulates in the aeration tank, the system automatically pumps it into a special sump, from which it is extracted and used for household needs.
After the secondary sedimentation tank, already sufficiently purified water enters the next tank, coming into contact with the chlorine-containing preparation. Here the final disinfection of effluents and their additional treatment takes place. At this stage, the water is purified up to 98%, starting to comply with sanitary standards.
Removal of treated water from an autonomous sewage system can take place in several ways:
Due to the intensive processing process, the autonomous sewage system has the smallest dimensions compared to conventional septic tanks, which indicates the convenience of its installation on the site. Purified water can be used for irrigation on the site without fear of any harmful substances entering the soil, and recycled sludge is a useful fertilizer that is used in the garden and vegetable garden, it can be scooped out on your own with buckets.
VOC is a closed installation in which cleaning is carried out inside the chambers and does not require direct human intervention. The filter elements and grease trap are cleaned approximately once every 6 months, and a preventive visual inspection of the chambers is carried out once a month. Replacement of pumps may be necessary after several years of operation.
The main disadvantage of the station is the need for uninterrupted power supply. With a prolonged power outage, some filter elements may become unusable.
For a rational choice of the type of local treatment facilities, a number of factors must be taken into account: the condition and composition of the soil into which the sewage system will be installed, groundwater, the shape and size of the site, the number of people living in the house, is the dwelling seasonal or permanent.
The choice between a septic tank and VOC will be reasonable if we calculate the most common situations:
Thus, autonomous sewerage is the most progressive way of treating wastewater in a private house. The only drawback is the high cost of equipment. It is also worth remembering that the VOC needs electricity to work, and when it is turned off, the device will work like a septic tank. Therefore, the final choice, taking into account all the pros and cons, remains with the owner of the house.
