We can safely say that dishes that include mushrooms are eaten with pleasure. for the most part population. Growing mushrooms at home- quite a feasible task, especially since today you can easily purchase planting material
Growing mushrooms at home has become quite a popular activity in recent years. They are cultivated for family consumption or for sale, which can be a good addition to the budget. Of course, you should not think that it is easy and simple to grow high-quality products - you will have to make some investments, as well as be patient and make some effort. However, if there is a desire and minimal opportunities, then you can try your hand at growing this useful and clean product for your table. If the experiment is successful, then you can move on to expanding the case, since there is nothing difficult or impossible in the process.
Mushrooms can be grown and harvested in suburban area, basement, specially designated for this building and even on the balcony, creating a favorable microclimate for this process.
Some mushroom farmers grow the shiitake mushroom, which is known for its medicinal properties, making it popular and widely cultivated in the PRC.
By the way. With the successful experience of growing a small amount of produce, this process can be made a profitable family business.
All mushrooms are grown from mycelium, which can be purchased in specialized stores, on the Internet, or from mushroom farm owners who grow it for themselves and for sale.
Oyster mushroom mycelium (mycelium) is most often sold in transparent plastic bags, sometimes packed in boxes, but sometimes manufacturers pack planting material in plastic containers It is very important to choose a high-quality, unexpired product, since success in completing the task will depend on this. It is better to purchase mycelium from those who cultivate it on their own, and then grow mushrooms from it - this way you can see what product is obtained from it. If this is not possible, then it can be purchased in the online store, having studied customer reviews in advance.
Before deciding to purchase planting material, you should determine the place where the mushrooms will be grown. Favorable conditions should be created for them, but at the same time, the created microclimate should not at least somehow affect the health of the residents of the house or apartment.
If the first two questions are resolved, it remains to prepare the correct substrate, and for each type of mushroom you need to choose your own version.
Important! The substrate can be made independently or you can buy a ready-made mixture that has undergone special processing in the store.
Another option is to buy a kit that includes the substrate mixed with the mycelium. However, if the cultivation experiment is carried out in this way, it will not be possible to obtain experience in this process, since everything necessary for the growth of mushrooms has already been prepared. Such a kit is suitable for those who decide to grow some mushrooms, which will be enough only for the consumption of one family.
Oyster mushrooms, as well as mushrooms, can be grown on suburban area by sowing mycelium on prepared stumps from fruit or other deciduous trees... When the first mushrooms appear with normal air humidity, myceliums do not require special care, since, having adapted, they grow in the same way as in wildlife. Stumps sown with mycelium must be set in shady place, for example, under a fence or dense tree canopy. In this case, all the necessary conditions will be created for the active growth of mushrooms.
The disadvantage of planting mycelium on the site is that in winter period you will not be able to get a crop from the mycelium. If a special chamber is equipped for this purpose, mushrooms can be grown all year round.
If you plan to start growing mushrooms for commercial purposes, you will have to equip a mushroom chamber in a basement or other relatively warm place. It must be equipped with the equipment necessary to create favorable conditions.
Learn more about disembarkation and maintenance different types product will be discussed in the following sections.
Each type of mushroom has its own preference for the substrate and base on which they grow best, giving a higher yield.
This type of mushroom can be grown both in the garden and in the basement. V natural conditions harvest from mycelium at proper care can be harvested from the end of May until the first cold weather. In the mushroom chamber, champignons grow well all year round, if favorable conditions are created for them.
Important! This mushroom grows well in substrates enriched with trace elements, but some owners of myceliums claim that mushrooms are well cultivated in simple soils, consisting of a peat mixture purchased at a flower shop and ordinary soil from the garden.
Others give recipes for a more complex combination of rotted manure and straw (100 kg), taken in a 4: 1 ratio. It is enriched with superphosphate and urea (2 kg each), as well as chalk (5 kg) and gypsum (7 kg). The mixture should be prepared and filled in containers outdoors, as its ingredients emit ammonia and carbon dioxide. The process is carried out as follows.
When the substrate is ready - the temperature inside it should drop to 25-27 degrees - it is laid out in separate plastic bags or boxes 200 mm thick. Then, on top of the additionally moistened mixture, the mycelium is evenly distributed over the entire surface and 50-60 mm of substrate is sprinkled.
After that, the surface is covered with paper or burlap. The material should be sprayed daily with a spray bottle while maintaining moisture. The room should be kept at a temperature of 22-25 degrees.
Under such conditions, the substrate will be covered with a whitish bloom - it is the mycelium that has taken root.
Now the substrate needs to be covered with 30 mm of garden soil mixed with peat, and the temperature in the room should be lowered to 18-20 degrees. At the same time, the moisture content of the substrate should be maintained at the level of 85-90% - for this it should be sprayed daily, preventing the soil from drying out, lighting the beds should be given daily for three to four hours.
Important! In about a month, the first mushrooms will appear. When they grow up, you can start harvesting.
The mycelium will bear fruit within three to three and a half months. The substrate can be used 2-3 times, each time enriching with fertilizers and enzymes. With proper care, up to 12 kg of product can be obtained from 1 square meter.
The preparation of the substrate according to this recipe is the most difficult when growing mushrooms. Given that it needs to be changed every three months, this process will have to be repeated without interruption with constant mushroom cultivation.
As mentioned above, mushrooms take root well and grow both on stumps in the garden and in the basement or in the greenhouse, if a suitable microclimate is created for them. If land plot or there is no basement, you can grow mushrooms on the balcony. It will be easy even for a beginner to grow a small amount of honey agarics for yourself.
Avid summer residents living outside the city all summer are most often interested in how honey mushrooms can be grown on stumps, and this is not surprising, since this method can be called the least expensive. This is quite simple to do - this will require a part of a tree trunk or a stump located in a shady area of the site, and a mycelium for sowing a wooden base with it.
Holes are made in a log or hemp - they can be made by drilling or cutting wood.
Mycelium can be bought or obtained on their own... It is quite simple to do this, the main thing is to find a suitable mycelium in the forest with old mushrooms. Another option is to purchase a kit for growing mushrooms, which only requires constant watering. Having grown mushrooms from such a set, it will be possible to get mycelium from them to increase the yield.
So, if material for the extraction of mycelium is found or grown, this process can be done in two ways - by draining it from the pulp of the mushrooms or by dividing the mycelium.
Whichever method of the ones named below is chosen, the wood for planting mycelium on it must be kept in water for several days or filled with water every day from a hose, since it must gain high humidity.
If such a mycelium is found in the forest - usually it is located on old trees or on rotten stumps - you need to try to separate its part along with the wood on which it is fixed. The seed is divided into several small pieces - sometimes 20 mm is sufficient - and placed in moistened holes or gaps on stumps or logs. After that, the planting material must be protected with moss until it is fully adapted.
Wood inhabited by mycelium at the onset of autumn cold weather must first be covered with straw, and then spruce branches so that the spring melt water does not wash it out. This natural shelter can only be removed towards the end of June in order to get a summer harvest of mushrooms. However, in the second year of sowing, it is better to do with the autumn harvest, and in order to get it, the mycelium must be opened in the last days of July.
The substrate can be used for growing honey agarics in a basement, greenhouse or balcony. Various containers are filled with them - boxes, baskets, bags and even glass jars.
Important! The preparation of the substrate for honey agarics has its own characteristics. It may include raw materials such as sawdust, chopped straw, sunflower husks and even bran.
For growing honey agarics in a basement or greenhouse, blocks filled with substrate are best suited. It is quite acceptable to make them yourself.
For this, the above components are taken - if there are several of them, then they are pre-mixed. Then they are steamed in boiling water for 12-14 hours - this process disinfects the raw materials. Before placing the substrate in the container, water must drain from it.
Now the substrate is laid in prepared containers or plastic bags in layers. Each of the wet layers of nutrient compost is sprinkled with mycelium. If a bag is used, it should be tied up and placed on a rack or hung from a bar in the basement. At the same time, it is important to observe the temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions in the room. This method is similar to growing oyster mushrooms, which is described in the table below.
After the substrate is covered with whitish filaments, roots sprouted by mycelium (the fifth or sixth day after completing the mushroom blocks), T-shaped vertical slots 100-120 mm long are made in the bags from the convenient side for collecting mushrooms. The temperature in the room at this moment should be lowered to +15 degrees, and the humidity should be maintained at 80%. Airing with ventilation system and lighting for the active growth of mushrooms is required.
Now it is worth considering an option that interests mushroom lovers who live in an apartment and dream of growing this product at home.
In order to grow mushrooms in glass jar, you need to prepare your substrate, there are a lot of recipes for it. The most readily available for home cooking consists of bran and sawdust, taken in a 1: 3 ratio.
Growing oyster mushrooms from ready-made dry mycelium takes place in several stages. There are not many of them, but each of them requires a certain amount of time, knowledge and effort.
Important! The first thing to do is to create comfortable conditions for good growth of mushroom colonies.
The room, as mentioned above, must be warm and humid. As you can see in many videos, cameras are set up in basements, which are insulated, heated and humidified.
The room can be heated using different devices. In the variant that will be considered in the table, the owner of the mushroom chamber installed a metal stove in the room. long burning with a water tank. The water evaporates, which heats up and humidifies the air.
10 liters of water are poured into the water tank located above the firebox, which is enough to form a wet season for almost a day.
The generated steam enters the upper chamber, which has a branch pipe, on which a corrugated pipe distributing warm and humid air is fixed.
This option for creating the desired atmosphere in the room can be called the most economical, but troublesome, since the heating and humidification process will have to be kept under constant control, maintaining the optimum temperature and humidity in the chamber.
Instead of an oven with a water tank, an electric heater can be used - this can be an oil or converter version. To maintain humidity, one of the types of air humidifiers is used, which are presented in a large assortment in specialized stores.
Naturally, the use of these devices does not exempt from monitoring their operation, but, for example, there are models of humidifiers that automatically turn off when the minimum permissible water level in their tank is reached.
Important! If the mycelium settles down in the basement under the house, it can be heated by installing a heating battery, which will be part of the common house heating system private house.
In addition to heat and moisture, mushroom cultivation must be organized indoors. proper ventilation... In the described embodiment, the owner installed a fan that operates according to the principle "45 minutes of operation, 15 minutes of break".
| Photos of work | Description of preparation and planting of mycelium |
|---|---|
| The first step is the preparation of the substrate in which the oyster mushrooms will be grown. Various natural materials can be used as it - these are sawdust, small shavings of deciduous trees, dry grass or straw. Before further preparation, the grass or straw should be chopped so that it is approximately 150 mm long. | |
| The presented photo shows that for convenience and speeding up the loading of chopped straw into bags, a plastic bucket without a bottom is used. Through it, the straw is placed in a bag. For this stage of work, it is necessary to prepare permeable bags. | |
| The bags are packed tightly with straw and tied with a rope, since it should not fall out of them. The whole process of preparing the substrate takes place in the street - all conditions have been created for this. | |
| Now the prepared bags are loaded into the tank installed on the oven. In this case, a vat capacity is used, since it simultaneously includes 13 bags of the future substrate. | |
| For steaming straw, in addition to water, you will need 2 kg of slaked lime and 2 grams of potassium permanganate. These ingredients are diluted in a bucket of water and poured into the container along with the water from the hose. | |
| In this case, water from the well is used to fill the reservoir, that is, it does not contain chlorine. If tap water is to be used, it must be allowed time to settle. Chlorine evaporates from the water collected in an open container after four hours. | |
| The filled container is tightly closed - in this case, with a tarpaulin in which a thermometer is installed, which allows you to determine the temperature in the tank. When the temperature in the tank reaches 80 degrees, it must be maintained at this level for three hours. After that, the water is drained from the container, but the bags with the substrate should be in it for the next three hours. This is necessary so that the water leaves not only the container, but also from the bags of straw, leaving it moist. | |
| This photo shows a working table on which the bags will be stuffed - blocks with substrate and mycelium. I must say that when creating a table, every detail has been thought out for a comfortable process. The table top is framed on three sides by walls, which prevents the substrate from waking up on the floor. There is a hole through which the substrate will be loaded into the bags. A device is installed in it - this is the upper part of a five-liter bucket from under putty. It allows you to hold the bag in position. | |
| Dry mycelium K17 or R-80, which is purchased in a form prepared for planting, can be used as a seed. Some mushroom growers choose to grow mycelium on their own. True, this is a rather laborious process that requires a separate room with temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions that differ from the mushroom chamber. | |
| So, the bags with the substrate removed from the tank are brought into the room. Wet straw is poured onto the part of the table covered with sides. A plastic bag is attached to a plastic ring made from a bucket. Then the ring is inserted into the hole arranged in the work table. | |
| Now you can proceed to stuffing blocks - in this case, the work is carried out in four hands: one person puts the substrate in the bag, the assistant falls asleep on top of it mycelium. Actions are performed alternately, that is, a layer of wet straw about 120-150 mm thick, a handful of mycelium, then again the substrate and mycelium - and so on until the bag is completely filled. | |
| Here you can see to what level the bag is filled with substrate and mycelium. Each of the blocks weighs in this case 6 kg. | |
| After stuffing, the bags must be tied well with twine, so that moisture does not evaporate from the inside. | |
| Then the bags are pierced in several places with the same homemade tool made from a cork from a cognac bottle, into which four ordinary sewing needles are installed. | |
| After that, the bag is turned over, its corners are bent and glued with tape. The finished blocks are sent to the shelves of the mushroom chamber with optimal conditions for the germination of the mycelium. | |
| The blocks shown here are on the fifth day after filling. The germination of the mycelium is clearly visible, which has spread small whitish roots-filaments. | |
| To control the parameters of the air in the room, it must be equipped with a thermo-hygrometer, which simultaneously shows the temperature and humidity in the chamber. In this case, the temperature is almost 19 degrees, and the humidity is 71%. | |
| In addition to the parameters of the room, you should also monitor the temperature inside the blocks. For this, a special thermometer is used, which is inserted into the substrate. In this case, it can be seen that the temperature inside is significantly different from the temperature in the room - it is 26 degrees. This suggests that the growth process within the blocks is going on actively. | |
| On the fifth day, when the mycelium has taken root, the walls of the bags are perforated, that is, on each of them, two T-shaped incisions are made - in the upper and lower parts of the block. | |
| This photo shows the germination of oyster mushrooms on the 12th day. If the blocks are filled in more than one day, respectively, those that are filled later will yield later than the first. In some cases, this option is convenient in that the period for obtaining mushrooms is extended. | |
| In the foreground there are blocks with the substrate that were sown earlier, in the background there are packages with later sowing. | |
| The temperature in the room on the 12th day is 14 degrees with a humidity of 86%, while outside it is -21 degrees. | |
| As you can see, the mushrooms are ready to eat 12 days after planting. If they are grown for sale, they can be grown to larger sizes. According to the owner of the mushroom chamber, the blocks were completed with the substrate and mycelium on November 28, the first rudiments of mushrooms (primordia) appeared on December 10, on December 19 the mushrooms were cut for sale. The weight of one colony (drusen) is approximately 600-670 grams. |
It should be noted here that it is not necessary to produce oyster mushrooms in large volumes - you can grow them and only for personal use. Oyster mushrooms are suitable for cooking, frying, pickling and salting, they can be used for making soups, main courses, salads and pies. To grow a small amount of product, you need to prepare one or two bags of substrate, which can be steamed in a bucket or large saucepan by placing the container on a fire or stove. When preparing a smaller volume of substrate, naturally, less lime and potassium permanganate will be required. However, it is recommended to preserve the steaming time, since this process is performed as a means of cleaning from factors unfavorable for the mycelium.
Due to the fact that the substrate in the mushroom chambers has to be changed often, many people have a question about its disposal. Therefore, a few words should also be said about this.
So, as mentioned above, the substrate for mushrooms consists of natural ingredients, which have turned into an excellent mulch or fertilizer during the period of use. Therefore, the first way to put the substrate into action is to pour it over the soil in the beds. This raw material is also well suited for filling strawberry rows. The substrate will retain moisture under the bushes, and the berries will not lie on wet ground and rot, that is, when harvested, they will be dry.
The substrate is also perfect for mulching the soil for potatoes, due to which the growth and fruiting of the vegetable will be increased, since more oxygen will flow to its roots.
Do not worry that mushrooms will populate the whole garden, since without conditions specially created for them and with a destroyed mycelium, they will not grow.
Another area of application is the laying of blocks in a shady, humid area of the site. In the open air, oyster mushrooms, more similar to those that grow in forest conditions, will begin to "hatch" from the blocks. Their hats will take on juicy chocolate shades. Of course, there will not be too many of them, but it is quite enough for the family to cook various dishes with mushrooms all summer.
You can offer blocks to friends or neighbors who love mushrooms and would not mind having a small mycelium on the site.
Important! If the surplus still remains, you should not send it to the trash: it would be better to pour out the substrate in the forest or in the field closest to the house, which will certainly benefit the environment.
From the information presented above, you can choose the one that is necessary for different cases, that is, to obtain a small amount of mushrooms in an apartment or summer cottage, as well as if a decision is made to engage in mass cultivation of this useful and beloved product by many.
Porcini mushrooms are prized for their unique aroma and flavor. This is one of the most popular types of boletus among gourmets around the globe. They contain a huge amount of nutrients, fiber and plant proteins. The only drawback is the seasonality of this species, because you can see them on sale only in warm autumn, in the midst of the mushroom season. Of course, it is very pleasant to go in search of mushrooms in the forest or buy them from experienced mushroom pickers, but it is even more pleasant when they grow in your country house.
This article will show you how in a parallel universe you can grow porcini mushrooms at home on a personal plot, but in practice this idea will end absolute failure. Let's try to figure out why.
To grow a porcini mushroom at home, you will have to sweat pretty much and uselessly. The thing is that this variety is in close symbiosis with its habitat, namely trees (spruce, oak, pine, birch). They do not grow under leaves, but in places with a moss cover.
Boletus are very demanding on the climate, and their largest harvest can be observed after a foggy night, with high air humidity. The place for growing porcini mushrooms should be well lit and warm. However, to recreate similar climatic conditions for home cultivation impossible!
Do not pay attention to found articles and videos on the Internet, this is all sheer deception, just read the comments!
As a rule, in various articles they write that it is possible to grow porcini mushrooms in personal plots, recreating their natural environment, or in greenhouses (specially equipped rooms). A regular greenhouse that is empty after the last harvest will also work.
Many desperate advisers suggest growing porcini mushrooms even at home on the windowsill.
However, you should not consider the option of growing porcini mushrooms at home on the windowsills or on the balcony - this is the same waste of time. home conditions are absolutely not suitable for this lesson.
In some of the articles you can read that ideal option for intensive cultivation of porcini mushrooms will become isolated basement as it retains temperature and humidity well. But this is not enough! To grow mushrooms at home, you will need special equipment, which includes:
Before proceeding with the planting of the mycelium, it is necessary to disinfect the premises. The floor and racks are treated with a 0.4% sulfate solution, and the walls and ceiling are covered with a mixture of lime and copper sulfate. Additionally, the room is treated with a smoke bomb.
Note! Do not believe these tips, no equipment will help you grow porcini mushrooms at home. It's another matter - or!
Cellar equipment for a mushroom greenhouse shouldn't hit the budget. All materials are readily available and easily replaceable. It is important to do everything right so that the invested funds do not go to waste, but pay off and bring income. For this, it is necessary to strictly follow the technology of growing porcini mushrooms.
Note! There is no technology for growing porcini mushrooms at home! All that is further written is the invention of storytellers!
As mentioned earlier, the difficulty of growing porcini mushrooms is to recreate the conditions of their natural habitat, namely in fertile soil. In specialized stores, ready-made soil for growing mushrooms is sold, but no manufacturer will give you a guarantee of the quality of such a substrate. You can prepare a fertile, natural and high-quality mixture yourself, and most importantly, it will be completely free. To do this, you need to collect dry field grass, dry leaves of trees (birch, oak, acorn), small twigs with needles conifers... It is recommended to add some dried moss to the substrate. All components must be dry, as they must be crushed in a special garden harvester. White mushroom grows in sandy loam and loamy soils. Add a little sifted sand and dry clay to the already crushed mixture in a ratio of 4: 1. The substrate for growing porcini mushrooms should be infused before planting for about two weeks in a dry and warm place.
For ready-made substrates, purchased mycelium of various varieties is used. Plant it according to the manufacturer's instructions. If you prepared the soil yourself, then the planting material should be prepared accordingly. Already formed white mushrooms are suitable as seedlings, you can even use a spoiled mushroom, the main thing is that the cap remains intact. Next, you need to separate the caps and twist them into a meat grinder, or cut them very finely with a knife. The crushed caps are placed for 4 hours in a weak solution of manganese (1 gram per 10 liters) and sugar (10 cubes). This way you get a nutrient mixture that contains mushroom spores.
The ready-made substrate must be distributed among the planting containers. The substrate is poured into an even layer of 30 - 35 centimeters, lightly pressing the top layer to create a smoother relief. Drainage must be placed at the bottom of the container, which will give an air gap, and the fertile soil will breathe, because this is very important for mushrooms. Further, planting material is evenly distributed over the surface, which must again be covered with a substrate (about 3-4 cm from above), without pressing down. At the time of planting, the room temperature should be 27 ° and remain at this level until the first shoots.
After planting, the first shoots appear already on the 7-9th day. It is very important to maintain the correct climatic conditions, temperature, humidity and lighting. The entire period from planting to germination, the temperature is maintained at the same level. It is necessary to regularly moisten the soil and indoor air. To do this, you can use ordinary sprayers and spray the soil with them. It is recommended to place containers with water near heating appliances or hang wet towels, sheets, rags. Thus, you will achieve the optimum air humidity. It is necessary to ventilate the room twice a day so that there is a good flow of oxygen. Porcini mushrooms are photophilous, so they will have to be illuminated with fluorescent lamps (5-6 hours a day). After germination, the room temperature should be lowered by 10 °, to about 16 ° - 17 °. After the first harvest, myceliums will come out and will be above the level of fertile soil. To avoid drying out, the mycelium should be sprinkled with the substrate that remains. For larger offspring, a fifth of ammonium nitrate is added to the substrate. The soil is evenly scattered, covering the legs of the mushrooms.
Already 22 - 25 days after planting, the first crop can be removed. The fruiting period of porcini mushrooms is 40 - 45 days with a frequency of 10 - 12 days. Mushrooms are recommended not to be cut with a knife, as many prefer, but to twist gently so as not to damage the mycelium. The hole that remains after the removal of the mushroom must be sprinkled, a new one will grow in that place. Subject to all the rules of cultivation, about 20 - 25 kg can be harvested from one m²!
You will get such a harvest of porcini mushrooms only if you go around the whole forest yourself! Important! Do not believe such videos, but rather just read the comments below it.
Fresh mushrooms on the table all year round? Why not! Many gardeners have long been cultivating crops at home and feasting on natural, crispy and low-calorie foods... Even beginners will be able to cultivate mushrooms at home. Important criteria in this case are quality seeds, mycelium and conditions for planting and growing.
Skillful gardeners shared the secrets of mushroom growing and told how to achieve a productive result.
Home Mushroom Basics
Not all types of mushrooms are suitable for indoor living, with the exception of winter mushrooms. Their compact size allows you to plant crops directly on the windowsill, and their unpretentiousness makes this process very simple.
In addition to honey agarics, you can grow a harvest of oyster mushrooms and mushrooms at home. But they will require more serious conditions and separate premises.
Mushroom farming includes:
- Suitable premises.
- Optimal conditions are temperature, humidity and lighting.
- Types of mycelium.
- Quality seeds and spores.
- Growing technology and capacity.
- Type of culture.
Before you start breeding, you need to decide on the type of plants and the method of cultivation, the choice of premises and the creation of favorable conditions depend on this. Each type of mushroom requires a certain air temperature, humidity and ripening time. Therefore, the selection of a variety must be approached very seriously.
Types of "indoor" mushrooms
Most often, the most popular types of mushrooms are used in home production, which do not require much trepidation and hassle when grown in a garden or indoors. These can be woody or soil varieties, namely:
- 1. Oyster mushrooms - grow well at + 16–20 degrees in a specially equipped room (continuous fruiting) or in natural conditions - in the garden (the fruiting period is only 1 season). Harvesting takes place in 25-40 days. Suitable for beginners.
- 2. Champignons - are considered the most expensive type of mushrooms at the initial stage. For cultivation, a substrate with a high content of nutrients, high-quality mycelium are purchased and conditions for growth are created: good ventilation with maintaining an air temperature of +12 degrees and a humidity of 80%, they turn on diffused lighting every day, but for a short time. Champignons ripen for about 30-40 days.
- 3. Shiitake - performed well in a deciduous sawdust environment. PVC bags are filled with large sawdust of deciduous trees, hung by hooks or placed on pallets. Holes are made on the surface of the bag through which condensate flows out. Watering - once a day. The cultivation technology is suitable for oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms, only the harvest of the latter will have to wait much longer.
- 4. Porcini mushrooms, like champignons, love compost humus with a high nitrogen content and high humidity (at least 90%), air temperature + 8-12 degrees, as "whims" you need daily illumination with diffused, dim light for a short time. Realistically growing porcini mushrooms in the garden, but the harvest is seasonal.
Champignon
White mushroom
All of these delicacies can be purchased in the store at any time of the year, but homemade and grown with love and awe are much tastier.
Growing methods
Cultivation methods fall into several categories and determine the yield and volume of the crop. Some are suitable for home production and others for business.
- The extensive method helps to breed a culture for home use: Cooking, drying or preserving in medium quantities. In this case, mushrooms grow in the garden or in the country, in a place suitable for them with high humidity and shade, the harvest here is small and seasonal. The advantages of this method are its low cost and ease of care - maintaining moisture and selecting a suitable stump or substrate. Minus - the risk of a lack of harvest with poor weather conditions(cold or intense heat).
- The intensive method consists in equipping special rooms for growing for industrial purposes or for harvesting, regardless of the season. The disadvantage of this method is in investment and the creation of the necessary requirements for the growth of mushrooms.
Optimal conditions and premises for growing
Having decided on the type of mushrooms and the method of growing them, it is worth creating a favorable environment for the development of mycelium. First of all, you need to find a place or room. If the planting will be carried out in the garden, you should choose an area protected from direct sunlight, with the necessary humidity and optimal temperature... Detailed information is offered by courses for beginner mushroom growers.
As a room for growing mushrooms, you can choose a basement, cellar or other building that meets the following requirements:
- The presence of ventilation.
- The ability to maintain a certain air temperature and humidity (if necessary, install a heater).
- Ample space for shelving with boxes or bags.
- Additional lighting.
- Area for processing raw materials and storing crops (preferably protected by a partition).
The greenhouse can be adapted for cultivation by equipping it with a heater.
Necessary materials
In addition to the premises, you will need mycelium (mycelium, seeds), a substrate and containers for germination.
The mycelium is the root system or germinated seeds of fungi that are placed in a nutrient medium for future growth and harvest. The mushroom box can be purchased online, at a nursery or a specialist store. It looks like a layer of sawdust infected with fungal spores.
The containers most often used are boxes (for mushrooms), plastic bags (for oyster mushrooms) and tree logs (for oyster mushrooms and shiitake). In the basement, metal racks are made, on which containers or bags with mycelium are distributed. And for convenience, mushroom growers recommend isolating a section of the working surface with a partition for processing, cleaning and storage harvested.
Choosing a substrate for planting
Along with the purchase of mycelium, it is necessary to purchase a substrate in which the "mushroom seedlings" will multiply. Each type of mushroom has a specific habitat. For example, champignons and porcini mushrooms grow well in compost, oyster mushrooms - in straw, and shiitake - in sawdust.
The substrate can be purchased ready-made in plastic bags or prepared by yourself. As a nutrient mixture for mushrooms you will need:
- Any manure.
- Rye or wheat straw (fresh and roasted in the oven against pests and fungi).
- Mineral components (chalk, urea, saltpeter, superphosphate, meat and bone meal or gypsum).
All ingredients must be fresh, otherwise harmful microflora will simply ruin the crop or it will develop much stronger than the seedlings. The best substrate for oyster mushrooms is wheat straw or sunflower husks (as fresh as possible). A good harvest will come from rye or barley straw, but not very good from oat.
Straw or sawdust is sterilized to remove disease-causing viruses and diseases. This can be done in the usual kitchen microwave... Crushed straw is placed in a bulk ceramic container and poured with water for impregnation, after which it is sent to the oven for drying.
After processing the substrate, heated straw and mycelium are placed in a container (basin, bowl, pan, box), mixed, heated in warmth at a temperature of +21 degrees and placed in dark place for 3 weeks.
On day 21, the overgrown mycelium is placed in a cool place (cellar) for ripening and the formation of a crop. Moisten the mixture as needed, but overmoistening should be avoided. The first collection will appear in 2.5-3 weeks. The mushroom is considered suitable for cutting when the cap is fully formed and detached from the stem.
Mushrooms on the tree
It is possible to grow mushrooms not only in a nutritious substrate, but also on the trunk of a deciduous tree cut a day ago. This method requires a suitable log (poplar, oak, elm, maple) and mycelium-infested birch corks (commercially available). Holes with a depth of 5 cm are cut out on the log in a checkerboard pattern and they are clogged with corks, in which there are already spores of mushrooms. Distribution occurs over the entire surface of the log, the distance between the plugs should be at least 10-15 cm.
When carrying out this procedure, you should be as careful as possible and adhere to hygiene: wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water and disinfect the tools (hammer, drill bit). When blocking the holes, make sure that there is no debris in the place on the plugs.
Gradually, from birch blanks, the mycelium will spread throughout the log, and mushrooms form on the cracks. This will take 9 to 12 months. The harvested log is placed in a basement with optimal conditions and the required humidity.
Coffee grounds as soil
With its high antifungal properties, coffee grounds can also be used as a substrate for the germination of mushroom crops. After heat treatment (brewing a coffee drink), it is ready for use. Only a fresh portion of ground grains are suitable. At home, such an amount of grounds is unlikely to be collected, but you can solve the problem by asking for waste at the nearest coffee shop.
The composition of the grounds contains a large number of trace elements necessary for the growth of mushrooms: manganese, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, etc. A regular bag for freezing food is suitable as a container, in which holes must be made. This soil is good for growing oyster mushrooms, it is not suitable for other crops.
For germination, the mycelium is mixed with the grounds and placed in a bag that is stored for 25-30 days in a dark but warm room. When the substrate turns white, make a couple of holes in the bag. Spraying is carried out through them. The first mushrooms will appear from there.
There are more than enough mushroom lovers in our country! Only for a hike in the forest for a "quiet hunt" you need the accompanying weather and certain climatic conditions. Not everyone will think about growing mushrooms at home, and even almost on an industrial scale. Most consider this to be fantastic. However, everything is real. And we will tell you how to grow mushrooms in a greenhouse or at home.
What mushrooms can be grown at home
The very idea of growing mushrooms at home poses a choice of a specific species. All varieties suitable for home breeding do not need special material costs or additional efforts. The only exceptions are champignons, but experienced gardener will cope with this problem. The choice must be made, first of all, based on the desired profit. All varieties of mushrooms suitable for growing at home can be classified into two main types:
- woody;
- soil.
The former include the well-known shiitake mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, and winter mushrooms. But to the second - no less popular mushrooms and ringlets. Even if there is no large areas the harvest can be excellent. That is why these varieties are recommended for growing on an industrial scale.
Growing oyster mushrooms at home on the balcony
Growing technology for beginners
The bulk of the time it takes to grow mushrooms is spent creating mycelium. However, the advice of experienced mushroom growers suggests that it is better to grow this material on your own. After all, even the best and most trusted suppliers fail from time to time. Mycelium can be grown in two ways:
- in the grain substrate;
- on wooden sticks.
The choice depends on what kind of mushrooms you plan to grow.
Growing mushrooms on a nutritious substrate
Breeding mycelium
The mycelium is grown in a specific substrate. It is recommended to take care that its chemical and mineral composition was as similar as possible to the one in which mushrooms grow naturally. The composition of this medium must be selected again, depending on the type of mushrooms grown.
For example, shiitake mushrooms feel more comfortable in wood, mushrooms in compost, but oyster mushrooms prefer straw. With proper care, chopped straw and sawdust can yield any of these types of mushrooms. However, the substrate must be of high quality. This is ensured by its dryness, the absence of mold, and also unpleasant odors and third-party impurities.
Wheat straw is best suited for growing mushrooms. You can also use rye or barley. Oyster mushrooms are allowed to be propagated in sunflower husks. However, you only need to use fresh material, because in the old one, pathogenic bacteria can grow excellently.
The mycelium is the backbone that contains a large number of germinated fungal spores. As soon as this base is placed in the substrate, the process of active growth begins. Initially, only the appearance of thin filaments can be observed, which eventually turn into edible mushrooms.
Mushroom mycelium
It is worth purchasing high-quality planting material only in specialized stores. Priority should be given to wood containing viable fungal spores. They will be more resistant to disease. Not planted from grain mycelium. You can also buy common mushroom spores. Only in this case it will take more time and effort to grow your crop. The procedure will resemble the cultivation of any crop from seed. It is best for beginners to avoid this method.
To get the maximum yield, the mycelium needs to spread as thoroughly as possible in the compost. To do this, you need to keep the planting warm. They can be heated using a special electric pillow. Heat is needed only during the incubation period. Once the mushrooms are in the growing phase, it is best to keep them cool. A glazed and insulated balcony is well suited for this.
When growing mushrooms in residential premises, it is necessary to avoid the phase of their maturation. Otherwise, the spores released into the air can provoke allergic reactions and even asthma.
As a rule, seedlings appear in the third week after planting the mycelium. Readiness for harvest is determined by the hat. You need to cut off ready-made mushrooms only with a knife, so as not to injure those that are still in the soil and are just preparing to give a crop. The ready-made collection can be used both immediately and after preliminary freezing.
Sectional diagram of mushroom growth from mycelium
Other ways to grow mushrooms at home
In addition to the main ones, there are also additional ways of growing mushrooms. True, they do not bring such a large-scale result and are used mainly by children as experiments. For example, some types of mushrooms can be grown on logs. For this logs up to half a meter long are cut from hardwood. This must be done at least 2 weeks before settling with mycelium.
In the resulting workpiece, holes are made in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 10 cm. After that, it is necessary to seal the sticks with mycelium. A hammer can be used for this procedure.
Before starting work, you must disinfect your hands and make sure that there is no debris in the holes.
The logs filled with mycelium are placed in the basement and wait until it fills the entire space. The procedure is lengthy and can take up to 1 year. Temperature and humidity are considered key conditions.
A known method of growing mushrooms on coffee grounds. It contains many trace elements:
- manganese;
- potassium;
- magnesium;
- nitrogen.
Growing mushrooms on stumps
This environment is ideal for oyster mushrooms. In addition, the coffee grounds do not need to be sterilized again. The disadvantage of this method is that it is very difficult to get a large amount of freshly drunk cake at home. We'll have to ask him at the nearest cafe. Growing containers can be regular freezer bags or ice cream containers.
The mycelium must be mixed with the cake, and then the container must be tightly closed. It can be stored under the sink. Germination time will be about 1 month. Once the surface is white, cut a small hole in the top of the bag. Through it, it is necessary to spray with water 2 times a day. After a week, you can see how small mushrooms begin to grow.
Growing porcini mushrooms and other species at home for beginners is a very exciting and useful activity. The needs of your family can be fully satisfied, even without special skills and large areas. The main thing is patience and a desire to see the result. After all, you can grow them all year round!
3 parts: Basic growing method Growing mushrooms on coffee grounds Alternative growing methods
Growing mushrooms at home is a task that anyone interested in growing food for their own consumption should tackle at least once. Mushrooms are a beneficial addition to any diet because they are low in calories and fat, but high in fiber and potassium. Plus, they're easy to grow at home. Mushrooms are best grown in an area where temperature and conditions are easy to manage. Knowing how to grow mushrooms at home will help you carefully manage your growing conditions.
Part 1 The main method of growing
Choose the type of mushroom to grow.
There are 3 types of mushrooms that are easiest to grow at home: oyster mushrooms, champignons and shitaki. The cultivation method for each type of mushroom is similar, but the ideal growing medium is different.
- Oyster mushrooms are best grown in straw. Shiitaks grow better on deciduous sawdust, and mushrooms grow on compost manure. These different nutrient media reflect the different nutritional requirements of each species. However, each of the 3 species is easy enough to grow in sawdust or straw.
- The choice of mushrooms for growing is a matter of taste. You need to grow the mushroom that you want to eat.
Buy mycelium.
Myceliums are sawdust permeated with fungal mycelium - in fact, the root structure of the fungus. They are used as seedlings of plants to promote growth.
- You can buy high quality mycelium from your online store, gardening store, or other specialty organic store.
- Buy the mycelium, not the spores. Some stores also sell spores that look more like plant seeds (rather than seedlings). Growing mushrooms from spores takes more time and practice and is best suited to a seasoned mushroom grower.
- Sterilize the culture medium.
If you grow mushrooms in straw or sawdust, you must sterilize this substrate before sowing the mycelium. This is done in order to kill any microorganisms that might compete with the mycelium.
- To sterilize the medium, place it in a heat-resistant bowl and add enough water to make the straw or sawdust damp. Place the bowl in the microwave and heat it on high power for two minutes or until the water has boiled away.
- This kills all microorganisms, making it a safe breeding ground for mycelium to be accepted. You may have to work in batches to sterilize all straw or sawdust completely.
- Heat the substrate to spread the mycelium in it.
The mycelium must be thoroughly spread in a nutrient medium for the mushrooms to grow. Warm temperatures stimulate growth.
- After choosing a substrate for your mushroom species, place a few handfuls of it in a baking sheet. A shallow baking sheet with a large surface area is ideal for growing mushrooms.
- Stir the mycelium into the substrate with a sterilized spoon or similar. Place the baking sheet on an electric pillow set at 21 ° C. This is the ideal temperature to stimulate growth.
- Leave the unit in a dark environment such as a closet for three weeks. This will allow the mycelium to spread in the nutrient medium.
- Place the substrate in a suitable location.
After three weeks, place the substrate in a dark and cool place (about 13 ° C). As a rule, a basement is suitable for this, but in winter, a closet or drawer in an unheated room will do.
- If you notice spots of green or green on the substrate Brown color(like on moldy bread), remove these areas and discard.
- Sprinkle a handful of soil onto the substrate and sprinkle everything with enough water to moisten thoroughly. You can cover the baking sheet with a damp towel to prevent moisture loss.
- You can place a low heat lamp next to the baking sheet. It will replace the sun, and the mushrooms will begin to reach for it and grow upward, which will further facilitate their collection.
- Keep the mixture moist and cool while the mushrooms are growing. Check it periodically and spray with water as needed.
- Mushrooms prefer coolness. The most important thing is not to let them overheat. At temperatures below 21 ° C, the mushrooms should grow excellently.
- Harvest when the mushrooms are fully grown.
After about three weeks, you will have small mushrooms. Maintain moisture, coolness, and darkening to encourage their growth.
- When the mushroom caps are completely detached from their legs, they can be collected. You can pick mushrooms with your fingers, but you risk damaging newly developing mushrooms below the surface. Better to use a sharp knife to cut the mushrooms at the base of the stem.
- Rinse the mushrooms before cooking. The harvested mushrooms can be stored in a paper bag in the refrigerator for up to seven days.
Part 2 Growing mushrooms on coffee grounds
Part 3 Alternative cultivation methods
- For more information on growing mushrooms at home and outdoors, read this article.
What do you need
- Mycelium
- Straw, sawdust or manure
- Baking tray
- Heating pad
- Potting soil
- Sprinkler
- Towel
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Supporters of a healthy diet and just curious gardeners are attracted by growing mushrooms at home. It allows you to supplement the family's diet with environmentally friendly, low-calorie foods that are almost fat-free, but rich in fiber and potassium. Self-cultivation of mushrooms only seems difficult and troublesome. Even beginners can grow them at a minimum cost. Knowledge of the technology and compliance with the requirements of mushrooms for keeping conditions will allow you to get a good harvest.
Choice of substrate
Most often, three types of mushrooms are bred at home:
- oyster mushrooms;
- Champignon;
- shiitake.
The rules for growing them are almost identical. The difference can be traced only in the composition of the nutrient medium. Oyster mushrooms feel most comfortable on straw. For shiitake, wood is more suitable - sawdust of deciduous trees. Champignons develop fastest in compost. It is prepared in a special way by mixing the following components:
- manure (horse manure is better, but any other can be used);
- fresh straw made from rye or wheat;
- mineral compounds such as gypsum, chalk, meat and bone meal, brewer's grains, ammonium nitrate, urea, superphosphate.
Although these types of mushrooms have different nutritional requirements, they cannot be called too strict. With proper care, each of them will delight with the harvest in chopped straw or sawdust. The nutrient medium must be of good quality. Evaluate it by external signs: cleanliness, dryness, absence of mold, impurities and odors.
The mushrooms will bring the greatest harvest on wheat straw. On rye or barley, they will also delight you with an abundance and rapid growth... It is better not to take oat straw for growing mushrooms. When growing oyster mushrooms, sunflower husks can be used. Another requirement is imposed on it: it must be fresh. Aged husk is an excellent breeding ground for pathogenic microbes.
Mycelium or fungal spores?
The next step is the acquisition of mycelium, which will serve as material for sowing, seedlings. In the scientific literature, it is called mycelium. It is a base containing many germinated fungal spores. After placing the mycelium in a nutrient substrate, it begins to actively grow. First, thin white filaments are formed, which, as they develop further, turn into mushrooms.
The basis of the mycelium can be:
- rye grains;
- wooden blocks;
- sawdust.
So that the experience of home mushroom growing does not bring disappointment, you need to purchase high-quality planting material. Specialized shops will come to the rescue here. The cost of wood with viable fungal spores is higher than that of grain mycelium. But she has an important advantage - a higher plant resistance to viral diseases.
On sale there are also just spores of mushrooms. Champignons or oyster mushrooms are also obtained from them. This process will be like growing any garden crop from seed. When planting spores, you will have to be patient, because the time before harvesting will be much longer. This way of growing mushrooms will require a certain skill, which only practice can get. Therefore, it is not suitable for beginners.
Preparation of the culture medium
The nutrient medium is prepared for sowing the mycelium by sterilizing it. This is an important step that cannot be skipped. Finely chopped straw or sawdust can contain pathogens that can destroy plantings. They will die during the sterilization process. It is not difficult to carry out the procedure at home. After filling a heat-resistant bowl with straw or sawdust, add water to it so that the material becomes damp. Then the dishes are placed in the microwave oven, turning it on at maximum power. Warm up the nutrient medium until excess water evaporates. This usually takes about 2 minutes.
If there is a lot of straw or sawdust, sterilization is carried out in batches.
The productive use of mycelium involves its thorough distribution in a nutrient medium. So the mycelium will give more harvest. At this stage, warmth is important to disputes. It stimulates their growth. Therefore, the nutrient medium is heated using an electric pillow.
Part of the treated straw or sawdust is placed on a baking sheet or in a shallow but wide saucepan. After scattering the mycelium on the surface of the material, mix it slightly with your fingers. Place the dishes with the nutrient medium on the electric pillow, setting its temperature at around + 21 ° C. Then the structure is placed in a place securely protected from light. A wardrobe is ideal for this. Keep the mycelium in it for 3 weeks. During this time, it will spread in straw or sawdust.
Requirements for growing conditions
For the development of mushrooms, 3 conditions are necessary:
- high air humidity (around 90-95%);
- ventilation;
- temperature regime.
If the incubation period of the mushrooms is transferred in a warm place, then with the entry into the growth phase, they begin to need coolness. The temperature is comfortable for them at the level from +10 to + 15 ° C.
Therefore, the experience of home mushroom growing in an apartment is unlikely to be successful. In the presence of glazed balcony you can put the seeded mycelium on it. But in order to create an optimal microclimate there for it, you will have to make a lot of efforts.
There is one more factor that must be taken into account when thinking about growing mushrooms in a residential environment. When they mature, they release many spores into the air. If inhaled, they can provoke a serious allergic reaction: cough, runny nose, watery eyes. In the room where mushrooms grow, you need to be in a gauze bandage, or better - in a respirator. Long-term daily inhalation of spores can cause asthma. It is worth noting that only fully ripe mushrooms are thrown away. Usually the crops are harvested earlier, not allowing their caps to overgrow. Having isolated the spores, they begin to dry out and become unfit for food. Growing mushrooms in a basement or similar premises (cellars, sheds, garages) will be more productive and safer.
After removing from the cabinet, the culture medium with the seeded mycelium is sprinkled with a thin layer of soil and well sprinkled with water. Professionals advise covering the planting container with a damp cloth folded in several layers or a towel. This will help to avoid rapid evaporation of the water. The state of the mixture is carefully monitored, preventing it from drying out and overheating.
It will be possible to notice small mushrooms after 3 weeks. Their readiness for cutting is determined by their caps. You can start harvesting when they finally separate from the legs. Typical mistake beginners - in an attempt to pick mushrooms with their hands. In this case, the mycelium is often injured. New mushrooms, which are still inside the nutrient mixture, are also damaged. To avoid this, the crop is cut with a sharp knife. The collected mushrooms can be cooked immediately or put in a paper bag and put it in the refrigerator. The maximum storage time is 7 days.
Mushrooms on the tree
Some mushrooms (boletus, shiitake, chanterelles, reishi) are grown on wooden blanks - logs. They are clogged with corks seeded with mycelium, which are made from birch. It is not difficult to get such material, it is on sale. Logs are cut from deciduous trees. Poplars, maples, elms, oaks are well suited for this. The length of the blanks should be 30-50 cm, and their diameter should be 20-50 cm. Saw them out in advance, no later than 2 weeks before settling with mycelium, since fresh wood has high antifungal properties.
Plugs are inserted into holes, which are drilled with a drill to a depth of 5 cm, without touching the core of the log. They are made in a checkerboard pattern throughout the workpiece, retreating 10 cm between them. The sticks with mycelium are compacted. You can use a hammer for this.
Before starting work, wash your hands thoroughly with soap. In the process, they carefully monitor so that no debris gets into the holes.
Then the logs are placed in a basement or other room where mushrooms are to be grown. The mycelium will eventually spread from the birch plugs, completely populating the workpiece. When this happens, the mushrooms will begin to sprout into the log from the cracks. This process usually takes 9-12 months. It is strongly influenced by external conditions - temperature and humidity.
Alternative way
Waste-free practitioners prefer to use coffee grounds for growing mushrooms. It contains nitrogen, manganese, potassium, magnesium. In such a nutrient medium, mushrooms develop quickly, it is ideal for growing oyster mushrooms. The advantage of coffee pomace is that it does not need additional sterilization. The one that he passed during the brewing is enough. But this method is not for everyone. The reason is simple: mycelium can only be sown in fresh grass. It should be brewed during the day. It is not easy to get such a volume of drunk coffee at home, but there is a way out - ask for cake in the nearest cafeteria.
Next, you need to prepare the landing container. Special durable bags made of geotextiles are available for sale. But mushrooms can be grown in regular freezer bags or milk cartons, as well as in ice cream boxes. Only 2 conditions must be met: the container must be clean and roomy.
The mycelium is evenly distributed over the surface of the coffee grounds, slightly mixing it into the cake. Do this with clean hands, washed with antibacterial soap. After sowing the drunk coffee, it is placed in a container or bag and tightly closed. It is then placed in a closet or under the sink. For germination, mushrooms need darkness and warmth (+18 to + 25 ° C). In such conditions, the thick should lie for about 3 weeks.
When the mycelium completely populates it, it will turn white. Then the cake is placed in a bright place, shading it. A 5x5 cm hole is cut in the upper part of the bag. The culture medium is sprayed with water in the morning and in the evening. It should not dry out, otherwise it will not get a crop. After 5-7 days, small mushrooms will appear from the coffee cake. They will grow literally before our eyes. The main thing is not to forget about hydration. Whitened coffee grounds can be planted on site by burying it in compost or covering it with bark.
Protein-rich mushrooms have become an indispensable ingredient in many dishes. They are added to salads, snacks, scrambled eggs, cereals, soups, roasts, pilaf, stews, hodgepodge, sauces. They go well with meat, fish, liver, pasta, vegetables. Few can resist pies and other pastries with mushroom filling. You can endlessly experiment with them in the kitchen, discovering more and more new flavor combinations.
There is nothing difficult in growing mushrooms for a family or for sale. All they need is a comfortable environment: a nutrient medium, temperature conditions, high humidity and ventilation. They don't have to pay much attention. If you want and have a minimum of knowledge, it will not be difficult to achieve success in home mushroom growing.
Today, in the gardens that just do not grow! And we got to the mushrooms. Human cultivation of this plant began more than 2,000 years ago. Doing this in Russia began at the end of the 19th century.
Today it is not necessary to go to the forest to harvest and eat mushrooms. It is quite possible to grow them yourself. How to grow mushrooms in the country or in the local garden area?
The most suitable and unpretentious for growing at home are the inhabitants of wood (winter mushroom, oyster mushroom, shiitake), as well as soil types of mushrooms (ringlet and champignon).
About growing mushrooms at home
How to grow mushrooms at home? The easiest way is to just place a jar with mycelium on the windowsill and take care of it almost in the same way as for ordinary indoor plants. It should be noted that this method is not suitable for all types of mushrooms.
Perhaps the only mushroom that can grow in such conditions is winter mushroom. And this is due to the fact that it has a small size (the diameter of the cap is 2-5 cm) and its legs are very thin.
Under normal home conditions, you can grow oyster mushrooms with champignons, but more space is required for them. However, champignons require more complex care than oyster mushrooms. And the room for them requires a cooler (cellar or basement).
Where should you start?
How to grow mushrooms at home? First of all, it is important to carry out the preparatory process - to decide where it is better to purchase mycelium (small spores from which a new crop grows).
There are several options - wooden sticks and rye infested with fungi. The first option is slightly more expensive than the second, but there is no rot and viral infections in it. And it is necessary to buy mycelium from trusted suppliers who have good feedback from clients.
Growing methods
How to grow mushrooms? There are two ways to do this:
1. Extensive. It is based on growing mushrooms in natural conditions. Many summer residents who have successfully mastered this method use wood cuts and stumps to obtain a large harvest. You can use either straw bales, or with a special substrate, in which you need to constantly maintain a low temperature and constant humidity. This method has many advantages: compactness, relative cheapness and does not require special equipment. The only negative is that if the weather is not suitable outside, it will not be possible to grow mushrooms on the site.
2. Intense. The method is good for those who wish to enjoy mushroom dishes all year round. This method is the most effective, since fertility in this case does not depend on the outdoor climate conditions. But here there is a possibility of large investments, since well-equipped premises and special devices are needed to obtain an effective harvest.
It is better to use cereal straw that is not heat-treated. You can get a harvest 4 times a year.
How to grow mushrooms at home? It is recommended to start using one bag of mycelium in order to see with your own eyes the process of growth and maturation of mushrooms.
Growing mushrooms in such conditions is not a very simple task (it may turn out to be expensive), but it can be done.
It is important to remember the warnings of doctors - during the ripening process, mushrooms throw many spores into the air that can negatively affect the human mucous system. And people suffering from any form of allergy should not be near the pathogen for a long time, which can cause serious complications.
Important conditions for growing
How do beginners grow mushrooms from scratch? For growing in an apartment or in your house, the first step is to prepare a separate room for mushrooms: basement, loggia, balcony, etc.
The main requirement is to maintain high humidity (at least 90%) and a constant air temperature within 20 degrees. The temperature should be reduced to 15 degrees only during the active growth of the mushrooms.
Oyster mushrooms
In more detail, we will provide information on how to grow oyster mushrooms?
This species is the leader among artificially grown mushrooms. This is due to the relative simplicity of the technology, with good yield and not picky oyster mushrooms. Growing them is available to everyone, you just need to follow the recommendations correctly.
Using only some of the materials and means at hand, you can collect up to 3 kg of harvest from one kilogram of used mycelium. The key to the successful cultivation of oyster mushrooms is the right room, the quality of the substrate and mycelium.
Stages of growing oyster mushrooms
1. Acquisition of mycelium. Many specialized stores and companies that grow oyster mushrooms sell mycelium. It is the acquisition from such manufacturers that is important point for beginner mushroom pickers.
2. Preparation of the substrate. How to grow oyster mushrooms, on what substrate? Preparing it is important for growing mushrooms. The best results in terms of germination and yield can be obtained when using a substrate of barley or wheat straw, crushed corn cobs and stalks, sunflower husks and buckwheat husks. An important condition is the absence of mold. All this is crushed to a size of 5 cm.
3. Formation of mushroom blocks (like a garden bed where oyster mushrooms are grown). As a "container" you can take a polyethylene bag, disinfected or thermally treated. The optimal volume of such a bag is not less than 5 kg. To create blocks, it is necessary to fill the bags layer by layer with mycelium and substrate (for each 5 cm layer of substrate - about 0.5 cm of mycelium), in which the latter should be on both the first and the last layer. Then the bag at the neck is tied tightly.
4. Block perforation - the final stage. Small holes are made in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 10 cm.
5. Care. Starting from the very first days, the air temperature in the room should be in the range of 20-30 ° C, a constant level of humidity should also be observed through automatic irrigation. The daily lighting rate is at least 8 hours. It is also necessary to water the substrate - at least 1-2 times a day with warm water and daily cleaning of the room using chlorine-based products.
After 45 days, the first crop of mushrooms appears. You need to collect them, carefully cutting off the mushroom with a knife at the very base, and in families, which contributes to the preservation of quality and longer storage of the crop.
How to grow porcini mushrooms at home: conditions, features
Porcini mushrooms turn any dish into an amazing royal treat! But you can hardly find them in stores, and you can buy them on the market only in autumn. It should be noted that the porcini mushroom is one of the most expensive among the Russian species. And this is one of the reasons why gardeners still decide to try to grow this mushroom at home or on a garden plot, although this is not so easy to do. How to grow porcini mushrooms without significant problems and costs?
Unfortunately, growing this mushroom in substantial volumes often does not pay off, in this regard, not very large "mushroom farms" are mostly owned by private gardeners. The main difficulty is the close interaction of porcini mushrooms with certain tree species, and such natural conditions are difficult to create in a plant. It is easier to create appropriate conditions for mushrooms in a small private area or in a separate room. Porcini mushrooms grow well among conifers, oaks and birches. They also thrive in young mixed plantings and in spruce stands.
Most recently, Dutch breeders have bred special porcini mushrooms capable of producing good harvests in premises with an artificial environment: greenhouses, greenhouses, etc. Of course, not everyone is able to cope with the specifics of growing white mushrooms.
Technologies
How to grow porcini mushrooms at home? There are two growing technologies for this mushroom, as well as for the above ones:
1. Extensive - cultivation in the forest, on a garden plot (open air). This is the simplest and most economical method, but the yield in this case is highly dependent on weather conditions.
2. Intensive - breeding in an artificial habitat. The method requires considerable financial investments, a special room with the necessary equipment for climate control. With proper care, the yield is consistently high, and the payback for this method is relatively fast.
About the substrate
How to grow porcini mushrooms at home correctly? An extremely important condition is the air permeability of the substrate, since the mycelium without this will not be able to develop fully and may be infected with mold. It can also consist, as noted above, of sunflower husks, straw, buckwheat, dried corn stalks, etc. In the future, you can use hardwood sawdust.
It is important that the substrate is always dry, free from rot and mold. You should not overmoisten it either. If there is too much moisture left during hydrothermal treatment, the substrate must be suspended so that the excess water is glass in 2-3 days.
After processing, you need to grind the substrate so that it has the property of a sponge (retain moisture). The quality of the material can be determined by clicking on it - the substrate is springy, but does not release moisture. Only then can the mycelium be put into it.
Growing porcini mushrooms in the garden
Many people wonder if it is possible and how to grow mushrooms on a garden plot (extensive method). Of course, you can, provided that suitable trees grow on the territory. For porcini mushrooms, birches, oaks or pines are required. But this is not enough either. It is necessary for cultivation to prepare a suitable planting mixture, then choose a place for planting.
At a distance of one meter from the selected tree, you need to remove the soil layer to a depth of about 15 cm, making sure that the roots of the tree are not damaged. Slightly exposing the roots, pour the seed on them (350 ml for an area of 25 sq. Cm). Cover all this with prepared soil and pour water (about 6 buckets per 1 tree) very carefully to avoid erosion of the soil with mycelium. This landing should be done from late summer to mid-September.
How to grow porcini mushrooms in another way? It is more complex, but also effective. In this case, you should use mycelium with horse manure and oak leaves. A shaded area is selected and a small hole 1.5 m wide and 30 cm deep is dug out. A mixture is laid in 10 cm layers in layers, alternating with the ground in such a way that a convex bed is obtained (20 cm above the ground). Better a garden bed make it sloping (in the form of a mound) to avoid stagnation of water.
To prepare the fragments, you need to carefully cut off a part of the soil (30x15 cm) around the mushroom grown in the forest with a spatula, divide it into pieces (5-10) and lay it in the pits to a depth of about 7 cm.Plant the mushroom in a checkerboard pattern at a distance of 30 cm. water and cover with foliage. It should be remembered that this method will yield a crop only for next year... However, it is necessary to water the garden every week with 5-6 buckets of water. As a result, fruiting bodies will appear by the end of August. It is important to note that the yield of mushrooms planted in the second way is approximately one bucket from a plot of one tree.
Porcini mushrooms at home
How to grow mushrooms at home? Cultivation of porcini mushrooms in a greenhouse, in a shed or at home, that is, in any artificial environment, can be done in an intensive way. The planting process is the same as for growing other types of mushrooms.
First of all, the substrate material must be boiled (60-80 minutes), while it does not need to be removed from the bags. Then drain the water and place the substrate under pressure until it cools down to a temperature of 25 ° C. When boiling in bags, they do not need to be opened, just make holes for the water to drain. The cooled material is transferred to a sterile room, pretreated with 1% chlorine solution (in which the mycelium is pretreated). The mycelium should be placed in the substrate carefully so that the spores do not scatter. In this case, all windows and doors must be closed.
And that's not all. It is not so easy to grow mushrooms. How to comply with all the necessary correct conditions for the cultivation process to bring good results in the end?
The mycelium with the substrate is poured onto the disinfected surface and mixed well, after which the finished mixture is put into bags with volumes of 5-15 kg. The mass should compact well. For growing at home, it is best to prepare 5 kg bags to simplify the regulation of the temperature exchange inside them. The finished bags are flattened and several small holes are made on their sides to ensure the flow of air. This is followed by the usual care, as with all other mushrooms.
Conclusion
How to grow mushrooms in the country? It's actually not very difficult. The main thing is to set a goal. You never know what you can do till you try. The work requires special preparation and great patience.
It is in the country that the most the best way for growing mushrooms, since the growing conditions are closer to natural.
Deservedly and rightfully considered the standard for other mushrooms. He looks attractive - with a fleshy brown hat on a white pot-bellied leg, and his taste is excellent. When fried, porcini mushrooms emit a special, nutty aroma. The mushroom got its name - white - because its incision does not darken during drying and cooking, while maintaining a juicy, appetizing structure. And today we will consider the cultivation of porcini mushrooms at home and not only.
White mushroom: description
Almost everywhere white mushroom is also called boletus. And also he is called a bear, belovik, wood grouse. No matter how else this forest handsome man is called in numerous corners of Russia, he always looks distinctive:
- The boletus cap is brown. It changes its bulge with the age of the fungus. From a semi-cylindrical shape in a small mushroom, it gradually makes a transition to an almost flat, about 20 cm in diameter, hat of an adult mushroom.
- The stem is always whitish, with characteristic brownish vertical veins. Initially, it has the shape of a barrel, and as it grows, it stretches into a dense, powerful cylinder.
Now you can visually distinguish the porcini mushroom (you received the description) from other forest mushrooms.
Varieties of porcini mushrooms
The porcini mushroom has many forms, and their varieties depend on the trees under which the mushroom grows and in symbiosis with which it enters:
- The pine shape is perhaps the most colorful of the shape. It has a beautiful brown hat and a slightly purple tinge, slightly thickened underneath.
- The spruce form is the most common in central Russia. The hat has a brownish-reddish color, with spots and a rim along the edge. The leg is barrel-shaped, covered to the middle with a fine mesh.
- Oak form - strong porcini mushrooms with elastic brown caps with a grayish tint.
- Dark bronze shape - the name speaks for itself. Hats are dark, wrinkled; legs are brownish.
The boletus growing in shaded areas has a lighter color of the cap. And their fellows, who grew up in the sun, have a rich brown top. does not tolerate heavily shaded and mossy places. For example, it will not grow in a dense forest. And he will choose comfortable, slightly shaded or sunny places.
We grow mushrooms in the country
If the mushroom picker returns from the forest with a basket full of boletus, it means that he did not go mushrooming in vain. Many people wonder if it is possible to grow mushrooms in the country in order to admire the beautiful landscape, and, of course, it is guaranteed to have a rare product on the table. Yes, growing a king of mushrooms in a garden is quite possible, although not an easy task. You need to know the intricacies and peculiarities of breeding this fastidious forest strong man, but as a result of hard work next to your country house the first white mushrooms will grow.
So, growing mushrooms in the country. It will not be easy to achieve results because the porcini mushroom belongs to the group of mycorrhizal forms, which indicates their duty and very difficult intergrowth and interlacing with the roots of the trees under which they live. This is a very complex and vital symbiosis for fungi. Without a tree, or rather its roots, the so-called fungus root cannot form and the fruit growing on the surface cannot develop. Therefore, alas, it will not work to grow porcini mushrooms in a bare area.
A long-standing and well-proven method of cultivation is in an area where trees between ten and thirty years old grow. White mushroom settles under pine, spruce, oak, birch, beech. Matching tree species when replanting mycelium is necessary. The more similar the conditions of the summer cottage plantation of boletus to their forest location, the more chances that they will successfully take root.
White mushrooms at home
If you wish, you can master the cultivation of mushrooms at home, having studied the accumulated experience of scientists from Holland. With the help of the technologies they recommend, you can start growing the product in greenhouses and dug cellars.
The cultivation of a plantation with an intensive method, namely, it is taken into service at home, has its own difficulties. One of them is a considerable investment, the purchase of equipment to ensure the required temperature and humidity in the room. But the advantages of this growing method are considerable - fertility throughout the season and a good ripening rate. For effective indoor cultivation, it is recommended to use mycelium cultivation.
Requirements for planting material
It is advisable to purchase planting material from suppliers with recommendations, carefully study all the initial data of the mycelium indicated on the label. It is very important to pay attention to the smell and color of the mycelium. If there is a weak ammonia smell, immediately reject the batch of planting material - it was overheated and is now unviable. The color of a healthy exudate is orange with a slight yellowness.
Having brought home the packages with the purchased mycelium, you need to cool them, ventilate and only then start preparing before laying. The contents of the bags are crushed without tearing the packaging. Thus, they maintain a gentle and adaptive temperature regime for the future mycelium. When laying, sterility is very important:
- it is necessary to work with gloves;
- premises for growing porcini mushrooms and laying mycelium should be separate;
- opening the package, it is necessary to process it with a disinfectant solution.
Mushroom growing technology
To complete the topic of the previous paragraph, let's start with the method of germinating a crop at home. So, growing mushrooms at home. Here are the main stages of indoor work:
- Boiling in bags for 1-1.5 hours and subsequent cooling of the substrate. (Hole water drainage bags).
- Mixing mycelium and substrate on disinfected tables. The availability of domestic material should be at the level of 5%, and imported - 2.5%.
- Putting the mixture into bags. Tamp the grafted substrate tightly into bags, flatten one side and make several cuts for the mushrooms to germinate.
- Place the bags vertically on the shelves. Watering is normal, without strong waterlogging. Ventilation of the room is required.
- If the care was correct, the crop of mushrooms can be harvested for at least six months.
This is how porcini mushrooms are grown at home. Yes, quite difficult, but worth it.
Growing methods in the garden
Growing porcini mushrooms at home is strikingly different from growing in a personal plot. But first things first.
For cultivation of porcini mushrooms on the site, first prepare the place for laying the mycelium. On the top layer of soil previously removed with a shovel, compost or soil with peat is laid. Lay the planting material, cover it with a layer of turf removed earlier.
The most effective options for harvesting seed is to bring several pieces of mycelium the size of a chicken egg from the forest. Such blanks are planted in the soil without processing, it is only important to observe at least two conditions:
- The trees under which the boletus grew in nature should be of the same species with the plants at the new planting site.
- You need to dig out the material very carefully - porcini mushrooms are hard to grow together with the roots and restore communication with the satellite tree.
Sowing forest mycelium
How to grow porcini mushrooms if there is no way to purchase a quality one
A very good effect is obtained by the method of sowing mycelium using a cap and a tubular part. porcini mushroom... Take 5-6 mature caps, maybe even with wormholes, and soak for a day in a bucket of water. Then the contents are kneaded with your hands. The thick is separated into another container. The thick mass is the body of the mushroom, and it comes in handy too. The bare roots of the tree are spilled with the remaining liquid with a large number of spores, then everything is covered with a layer of thick mushroom substance and sprinkled with previously removed soil on top. It is necessary to carefully water the planted mycelium and carry out subsequent watering once a week in the absence of rain.
Now you are familiar with the cultivation of porcini mushrooms at home, and in the garden, where, with proper observance of all technologies, you can get a harvest of boletus the first time in a year or two. Good luck!
