With the search for the phase, many of us have never encountered, others do it all the time, and the third it is necessary on the occasion. What for? There are all sorts of situations. Here at least some of them:
But before starting our searches, we'll see what we are looking for.
All of us from the school courses of physics know that alternating current flows in our power grids. Some even know how the variable is 50Hz. That is, in one second, the charge carriers jerk there and fifty times. The voltage and current schedule in the network graphically looks like a sinusoid.
The amplitude of the voltage fluctuations is about 310 V. If you skip this current through and straighten, then we will receive the current voltage in the network - 220 V. In fact, it is the average value throughout the sinusoid, it is obtained by dividing the amplitude to the square root of the twos.
And then more interesting. Few people knew that in Russia three-phase power supply. It looks like this: from the transformer booth in your neighborhood there is not one feed wire, but three, and another, called neutral or zero. The difference between the first three is that the current and voltage sinusoids in them are displaced relative to each other by 2π / 3. This means that if in one wire cycle is in one third, then the second one started, and the third has not yet caught up. It is hard to imagine? You can bring such a picture:
This phenomenon and got the name of the phase shift.
In each apartment, one such wire and neutral is supplied, connecting you with the ends of all three windings of your yard transformer and with the ground. However, you should have a separate land to allocate statics from household appliances.
From this pattern, you can understand that the statement "in zero there is no voltage" is not entirely true. It will not be there then when all the electrical appliances operating from three phases will be standing in the apartments - then the load on them will be symmetrical. But few people will come to the apartment to put electric motors from industrial aggregates, and the symmetric load is rarely. Therefore, there is always some voltage in zero wire.
Currently, we can easily determine the phase wire using special devices. This simple operation is under power to any person. We will do it in two ways - using an indicator screwdriver and multimeter. And at the end we will talk, is it possible to find a phase and zero without instruments and how to do it.
An indicator screwdriver is a device with a transparent handle, inside of which the capacitor light is located, and the end of the handle is a conductor. It looks like this:
The principle of such an indicator is simple. You insert a screwdriver into the outlet, and if you fall on the phase and click on the contact plate on the handle, then you increase the capacitance of the capacitor counted its body - the neon light is on. Phase you will find easily. But zero, even if there is a voltage in it - no. It does not happen there more than 60 V, and below this threshold indicator screwdriver will not show anything. This is not necessary: \u200b\u200bwhen the light lights up only when contacting a phase, such a screwdriver is the best phase determinant.
More advanced options for indicators (with a LED, sound signal and batteries) are not helpers: they will show and lower voltage. If it is shown, then with the value. And to determine this value, we better use the multimeter. But to apply such indicators to search for hidden wiring is best. There are more advanced devices for this purpose. Some of them react to the field created by alternating current, others on the metal in the wall. But all these devices have another area of \u200b\u200buse that is outside this topic.
It's not hard. To begin with, put on the switch of your tester to the function (or this sector will be called ACV, or will stand V ~) with the limit above 220 V. Someone will be 500, someone has 800. Testers are different. The black dipstick insert into the general nest (COM is written around him), and the red is in the socket for current measurements, voltages and resistance. It is not necessary to put in the nest for working with a ten-poker current, you have it, most likely not. Then both second end of the probe insert into the openings of the socket. If it is working, the value of your voltage will be displayed on the display - from 220 to 230 V.
It remains to know where the phase here. We insert the red dipstick into one of the holes of the socket, and black either hold your fingers, or connect to the ground, for example, to the central heating battery (find the place where the paint fell off, or face a little). If you hit the phase, the active voltage is displayed on the display, and if you do not see more than 60 to zero (more often - no more than 30 B).
This situation can happen in the house with electric stoves of Soviet production. You have five wires, they are one color, the socket will be asymmetric, and we need to know exactly where there are three phases, where zero, and where land. And this is important - all types of three-phase sockets are asymmetrical.
Here you need a small reference. If we are 220 V between one phase and neutral, then between the two phases with a 120 degree shift (2π / 3) 220, it will be necessary to multiply into a square root of three, and we will obtain a current voltage of 380 V.
So flattering colored markers, a piece of paper and a handle, and begin to solve a puzzle. We are insulated with markers of different colors, we look for the phases in the same way as in the usual outlet, write the results on the piece of paper. Select three phases will be relatively simple. And then you need to find zero and grounding. If the ground is done correctly, the voltage in it will be zero, and there will be several dozen volts in neutral.
To control measure the voltage between the phases. It must be 380 V, and between zero and each phase should be 220 V.
The tester can be used to search for hidden wiring in the apartment if it is energized. This can usually be done without it if the wiring is carried out according to the rules. In this case, you can navigate distribution boxes. Worse, if the apartment got you after the homegrown renovation, 
when everything is superfluous simply shut down the plaster.
To detect wiring You will need a tester and transistor KP303 (you can and other field).
Translate the switch to the mode somewhere on 200 com. Insert the proven in the standard position (COM and universal socket) and attach their ends to the source and the flow of the transistor. You can wind the wire antenna. If the wall has a wire under voltage, then it will create an electromagnetic field, albeit a small one that will change the internal resistance of the transistor.
And what if you do not have a tester, nor an indicator screwdriver? How to determine the phase and zero without instruments? It turns out that it is possible.
True, before doing it, look at your shield: maybe nothing and do not have to do. If the house is new and wiring in it according to the rules, the wires can be defined by colors. So, zero is made in blue, phase - any other color, and the grounding is yellow-green. Pay attention on circuit breakers (like small rubber): They must stand at the phase. If you unscrew the rosette and see the land in your place, then, most likely, zero with the electrician phase also did not confuse.
In general, there are household ways to diagnose wiring, here are some of them:
For obvious reasons, the last three we will not discuss.
The probion is called the incandescent lamp in the cartridge with two declined wires. Consider this method of checking is not entirely ethical: the instructions this method is prohibited. It is not necessary to apply it in situations when you do not know how many phases are held in the room and where it turns on and off.
But sometimes use the probe. For example, to distinguish zero from grounding in the absence of sockets (we consider the situation when the sockets are not installed, and three wires stick out from the wall).
Recently, the residential premises are three-core wiring. If electricians neglected the rules of color, you can distinguish where zero, and where the land is using the probe. To do this, in the shield you need to turn off one of the zeros if you do not know which one is real, and check the performance of the future socket. If you have turned off zero, then the outlets will not work, and the bulb will not light up - the apartment ground is not associated with the chain. And when the earth is disconnected, the light bulb will work.
In fact, you and so know the basic rules of work with wiringBut some would like to repeat.
Let's try to figure out as at home, without possessing complex specialized measuring instruments and electronic devices, determine where the phase is where zero, and where land in the wiring.
Of all the well-known methods, the most simple definition of the phase and zero, we selected the most, in our opinion, affordable in the implementation and at the same time safe. For this reason, in the article you will not see the tips - how to find a phase with potatoes or calls for short-term tapping of wires by various parts of the body.
Really, the easiest way to determine the phase, zero and land at the electrical wire, it looks for a color markingand compare with the adopted standard. Each lived in modern wires used in the wiring, as well as electrical equipment has an individual coloring. Knowing what color there lived what the function (phase, zero or ground) corresponds to the function (phase, zero or ground), it is easily possible to perform further installation.
Quite often, this is quite enough, especially in cases where the installation is made in new buildings or places with a fairly new electrical wiring made by professional, competent electrical installations in all modern rules and standards.
According to this standard for the apartment power grid:
Worker (neutral or zero) -
Blue wire or blue-white
Protective zero (Earth or ground) - yellow-green wire
Phase - All other colors among which are black, white, brown, red, etc.
Now, knowing the standard of color marking of the wires, you can easily determine which wire what function does it perform. This applies to most cases, the exception can be wires suitable for switches, switches, etc., due to the fundamentally different scheme of the work of this electrical equipment.
So, let's start in order:
For greater convenience, it is always better to determine which of the available phase wires. We have already written a digital multimeter phase on how to find a phase of a digital multimeter, but what if it is not, read below.
The easiest way to detect phase wire - This is a search using an indicator screwdriver. This simplest tool should be any homemade MastersWhile engaged in the apartment in the apartment - whether it is a complete electrical installation, simple lamp replacement or installation of lamps, sockets and switches.
Principle of operation indicator screwdriver Simple - when touched by a stubborn, the conductor's screwdriver under voltage and simultaneously touching the contact, on the back of a screwdriver, a finger of hand - the indicator lamp lights up in the tool housing, which signals the presence of voltage. Thus, it is easy to find out which wire phase.
Principle of indicator screwdriver Simple - inside the indicator screwdriver there is a lamp and resistance (resistor), when the chain is closed (by touching our rear contact), the lamp lights up. Resistance protects us from electric shock, it reduces the current to the minimum, safe level.
Another way to determine the phase, zero and ground wire in the modern three-wire electrical network, is the use of a control lamp. The method is ambiguous, but effective, requiring special caution.
To start the definition, first of all it is necessary to collect the control lamp itself. The easiest way to use the cartridge, with a lamp circled there, and in the terminals of the cartridge, fasten the wires with the removed insulation. If there is no electric cartridge at hand or there is no time to make something, you can use an ordinary desktop lamp with an electric fork.
The technology for determining the phase, zeros and land using the control lamp is as simple as possible - alternately connect the wires of the lamp to the wires requiring the definition, each with each.
In the case of determining the control lamp of the phase wire among two wires, you can only find out if there is a phase or not, and which of the conductor phase cannot be determined. If, when connecting the wires of the control lamp to the defined veins, it will light up, then one of the wires phase, and the second is most likely zero. If it does not light up, most likely there are no phase among them, or there is no zero, which cannot be eliminated too.
In this way, rather, it is more convenient to check the performance of the wiring and the correctness of its installation. Determine the phase is better than an indicator screwdriver, but the presence of zero to find out so.
You can determine the phase wire in this case, by connecting one of the ends of the control lamp, to the knowingly known zero (for example, to the appropriate terminal in the electrical protection), then when touched by the second end to the phase conductor, the lamp will light up. The remaining wire, respectively, zero.
In such a three-wire system, it is often possible to accurately determine the phase, zero and ground wire with a control lamp.
Connect the contacts that come from the control lamp alternately to the veins of the cable determination.
We act method of exception:
We find a position in which the lamp is burning, it will mean that one of the wires of the phase, and the other zero.
After that, we change the position of one of the contact lamp contacts, then several options are possible:
- If the lamp does not light up (If there is a differential automatic protection of the test line, they can also work) means the remaining free wire - phase, and the zero checked and land.
- If after changing the position of the lamp flashes brieflyThis will immediately work or diff. The machine (if any) means the remaining wire is zero, and the phase and ground checked.
- If the line is not protected by or differential, and the light will burn in two positions. In this case, find out which wire is the working zero (zero), and which protective (grounding), you can simply turning off in the panel of accounting and distribution of electricity the introductory cable from the ground terminal. After that, just check the control lamp all the veins and, again, the exclusion method, in the position when the lamp does not burn to identify the grounding conductor.
As you can see, in different situations, with different electrical wiring schemes implemented in the apartment, methods and methods for determining zero, phases and grounding change. If you are faced with the situation not described in this article, be sure to write in the comments to the article, we will try to help you.
BUT if you know more, simple ways at home, without a specialized tool, determine the phase, zero and land, write in the comments. The article will be supplemented. The main requirement, to the methods of definition, it is simplicity, the ability to do in the search only by handicapped, household means available from many.
The need to figure out where the phase wire is located, and where - zero can arise from any owner of the house or apartment. This happens when the simplest electrical installation works, such as the installation of switches and sockets, replace the lamps. It happens that it is important when diagnosing faults of a home power grid, performing preventive or repair activities. Yes, and some devices, such as thermostat, when connected to a power supply, require a clear observance of the location of the "L" and "n" wires in the terminal block. Otherwise, nothing guarantees either their durability or correctness in work.
So you need to learn to independently determine the phase and zero wire. The point is not so complicated - there are proven techniques using simple and inexpensive devices. But here some users are incomprehensible for what reasons are asked the question in search engines: how to determine the phase and zero without instruments? Well, let's discuss this problem.
In the overwhelming majority of cases in apartments, the gasket of a single-phase power supply network of 220 V / 50 Hz is practiced. TO multi-storey house A three-phase powerful line is supplied, but then switchboards are switched on consumers (apartment) in one phase and zero wire. The distribution is trying to perform at most uniformly so that the load on each of the phases was about the same, without strong distortion.
In the houses of modern buildings, the gasket and the contour of the protective ground is practiced - modern powerful appliances For most, it requires such an connection to ensure operational safety. Thus, three wires are suitable for rosettes or, for example, for many lighting devices - phase L. (from English Lead), zero N. (NULL) and protective grounding PE (Protective Earth).
In the buildings of the old building, there is often no grounding protective contour. So, the internal wiring is limited only to two wires - zero and phase. Easier, but the level of safety of the operation of electrical appliances is not at the height. Therefore, when conducting major repairs The housing stock is often included in the improvement of the internal power grid - the contour of re is added.
In private homes, the input and three-phase line can be practiced. And even some consumption points are often organized with a three-phase voltage supply of 380 volts. For example, it can be a heating boiler or powerful technological machinery in a home workshop. But the inner "household" network is still done single-phase - simply three phases are evenly distributed over different lines in order not to allow skews. And in any ordinary outlet, we still see the same three wires - phase, zero and grounding.
About grounding, by the way, the saying in this case is definitely. And this is for the reason that the owner of a private house is no longer connected and simply obliged to organize it, if there was no such contour, say, when purchasing previously constructed buildings.
Grounding in a private house - how can I do yourself?
In its residential possessions, the contour of the protective grounding is to significantly increase the safety of the operation of the electrical appliances. And by and large - and in general the degree of security of accommodation in the house for the whole family. If it is not yet, then, without postponing for a long time, you need to organize. To help - the article of our portal, to which the recommended link is conducted.
First of all, let's immediately "take a bull for the horns" and will answer this important question.
This method is presented in the only number Yes, and then to a certain extent can be considered conditional. We are talking about the color labeling of the wires of the laid power cables and wires.
Indeed, there is an IEC International Standard 60446-2004. It must be adhere to cable manufacturers, and specialists carrying out electrotechnical installation.
Once it is about a single-phase network, here everything should be simple. The insulation of the operator of the working zero should be blue or blue. The protective earth is most often distinguished by a green-yellow striped color. And the isolation of the phase wire is some other color, for example, brown, as shown in the illustration.
It should be properly understood that brown for the phase is not a dogma at all. Very often there are other colors - in a wide range from white to black. But in any case - it will differ from the zero wire, and from the protective ground.
It would seem - everything is very simple and clearly. Do not make mistakes. So why is this only way to recognize wires without instruments is still considered conditional?
It's all about the fact that such a color "pinout" holds, alas, far from everywhere and not always. About the house of the old building - and not to speak. There is mainly the wiring is made with wires in a completely identical white isolation, it is clear, nothing to speak anything.
Yes, and in the case when cables are laid with wires in insulation of different colors, you need to be quite sure that the conducting electrical work specialists strictly followed the rules. Often called "Masters", invited by the parties, in these matters show liberty. So, you can be sure if the work was controlled, was carried out by a truly professional electrician with a flawless reputation. Or if during the operation of the owners already had the opportunity to make sure that " color scheme"Complied with. Well, finally, if the entire gasket holder housing conducted independently, strictly guided by the recommended standard.
In addition, it happens that for wiring is used, the coloring of the insulation of the conductors of which is very far from the standard "set" - blue, green-yellow and phase of any other shade. If there is no diagram with a description, the color of the wires does not specify anything definite with this situation.
So you will have to look for a phase and zero in other ways using instruments.
If the reader is now waiting for clarifications about other ways to determine zero and phases, with the help of some "exotic" devices like raw potatoes, then completely in vain. The author of the article and himself never such methods were not indulged, and others never under no circumstances will be recommended.
Let's not even concern the accuracy of such checks. The main thing is not in this. Such "experiments" - extremely dangerous. Especially for inexperienced in man's electric farm. (And experienced, believe me, always better take advantage of a really reliable and safe technique). In addition, juvenile children can see such manipulations on sin. Will it be anxious then, knowing about the inherent baby's aspiration in many ways to imitate parents?
And, by and large, it is unlikely to be able to imagine the situation in which the circumstances were so accumulated, what do you have to resort to such "pagan" methods? It is difficult to go to the nearest store and purchase the simplest indicator screwdriver over 30 ÷ 35 rubles and forget about the problem? If evening, then there is no possibility to suffer until the morning with the diagnosis? Yes, in the end, it is impossible to ask the indicator from a neighbor for a few minutes?
By the way, the potato is something else ... are "specialists", which, in full, recommends to check the presence of a phase with a light touch of the finger to the conductor. Like, if in a dry room, yes in the shoes on the dielectric sole - then nothing terrible will not happen. Such "advisers" would like to ask - and are they confident that all those who have lost their recommendations are alive and healthy? What happened to "Extremes" when a person who tries the phase "to the touch" accidentally touched the body of a grounded subject or another bare conductor?
To understand the degree of danger of such "checks", we recommend you to familiarize yourself with the information on which threats represents the life and health of this "harmless" electric current in the network of 220 volts. Perhaps after that, many questions will be removed by themselves.
"Household" AC voltage 220 volts can represent a deadly danger!
The life of a modern person is impossible to imagine without electricity. But it does not always speak in the role of "friend and assistant." When neglecting the rules of operation of the instruments, with negligence, inaccurability, and even more so, it is clearly a sense of the attitude to comply with security requirements, it is able to show instantly and extremely cruel. About the human body tells in detail a separate publication of our portal.
And therefore - we summarize. No ways, except for one mentioned, independently ahead of the location of zero and phase without instruments - does not exist.
But now let's go through possible methods of such an inspection.
This is perhaps the simplest and most affordable technique. As mentioned, the cost of the simplest device is low. And learn to work with him - the case of a few minutes.
So, how the usual indicator screwdriver is arranged:
The entire "filling" of this probion is assembled in a housing (pos.1) made of dielectric material.
The working body of such a turnover is a metallic sting (pos.2), most often - flat shape. To reduce the likelihood of accidental contact with the test wires located next to the test wire with other conductive parts, the bare end of the sting is usually small. Pue I go short in itself, go "dresses" to the insulating shell.
Important - sting indicator screwdriver should be considered as a contact tip when testing. Yes, if necessary, you can perform the simplest installation operations, for example, unscrew the screw that holds the socket cover or switch. But to regularly use it precisely as a screwdriver - a big mistake. And long with such operation, the device will not live 0, it is simply not designed for high loads.
The metal rod of the stagnation included in the housing becomes a conductor providing contact with internal scheme indicator. And the scheme itself consists, firstly, from a powerful resistor (pos.4) with a par value of at least 500 com. His task is to reduce current strength indicators when closing the chain to safe values \u200b\u200bfor a person.
The next element is an neon light bulb (pos. 5), capable of lighting up with very small indicators of current flowing through it. Mutual electrical contact of all elements of the circuit provides a pressure spring (pos. 6). And it, in turn, is compressed by screwing into the end tip of the housing (pos. 7), which can be either completely metallic, or having a metal "heel". That is, this plug when conducting checks plays the role of the contact site.
When touching the contact site, the user "turns on" to the chain. The human body, firstly, in itself has a certain conductivity, and secondly, is a very large "condenser".
On this, the principle of searching for the phase and zero is founded. The indicator zip plot concerns the stripped conductor (terminals of the socket or switch, the other tone part, such as the contact petal for the bulb). Then the contact site of the probion touch the finger.
If the sting of the screwdriver affected the phase, then when the voltage circuit is closed, it is enough to cause a man-hazardous current, leading to the luminescence of the neon light bulb.
At the same case, if the check fell to zero contact, the glow will not arise. Yes, there is also a small potential, especially if other electrical appliances work in the apartment (house). But the current due to the resistor will be so small that the luminescence of the indicator should not be called.
Similarly, on the grounding conductor - there, in fact, there should be no potential at all.
In the same case, if, say, in the outlet, two contacts show a phase - this is a reason to look for the cause of such a serious malfunction. But this is the topic for separate consideration.
A somewhat differently checks with an indicator screwdriver more improved type. Such probes allow not only to determine the phase and zero, but also carry out a circuit call and a number of other operations.
Externally, such dumping indicators are very similar to the simplest above. The difference lies only in the fact that instead of the neon light bulb, an LED is used. And in the housing there are batteries for 3 volts, which ensure the functioning of the scheme.
If there is no certainty how specifically a screwdriver is available at the disposal of the user, you can spend the simplest test. Just simultaneously touch your hand and sting, and the contact site. The chain is closed, and the LED will be raised by its glow.
Why is this all saying? Yes, simply because the algorithm for determining the phase and zero when using such a screwdriver changes somewhat. And specifically - not required to touch the contact site. Simple touch of the phase conductor will cause the lighting of the indicator. On the working zero and on the grounding of such a glow will not be.
In our time, on sale is widely represented and more expensive indicator pumping, with electronic filling, light and sound indication. And often - even with a digital liquid crystal display, showing the voltage on the test conductor. That is, in fact, the indicator screwdriver becomes a simplified similarity
It is also not particularly difficult to use. It will be guided by the instruction applied to the instruction - in any case, the device must uniquely indicate the presence of voltage on the phase wire and the absence - on zero or grounding. The main thing is to make sure that the inspection starts that the capabilities of the instrument used correspond to the voltage on the network. This is usually indicated directly on the indicator housing.
Another "relative" of indicator screwdrivers is a contactless protusion protusion. On its body, there are completely no conductive parts. And the working part is an extended plastic "nose", which is just supplied to the test conductor (terminal).
The convenience of such an appliance also is that it is not at all necessary to carry out the test of the conducted wires from isolation. The device reacts not to contact, but on the electromagnetic variable field created by the conductor. With its definite voltage, the scheme is triggered, and the device signals that we have a phase wire, turning on the light and beep.
Another control and measuring device that needs to be acquired by any master of the owner of the house is the cost of inexpensive, but sufficiently functional models - within 300 ÷ 500 rubles. And it is quite possible to make such an acquisition once - it will definitely be in demand.
So, how to determine the phase using a multimeter. There may be different options here.
BUT. If the wiring includes three wires, i.e. phase, zero and protective grounding, but with color marking or not clarity, or there is no confidence in its authenticity, then you can apply the exclusion method.
This is done as follows:
This is just the last option will show that the wire that is not involved in this measurement, and is a phase.
After checking, it is necessary to turn off the voltage, insulate the stripped ends of the wires and make marking. For example, sticking the strips of the White Adobe and making the appropriate inscriptions on them.
B. You can check the wire (contact in the outlet) and the immediate extent of the voltage on it. It is done like this:
- If the control probe was installed on zero, there will be no voltage. Or its value will be extremely small - the volt-measured units.
- In the same case, when the control wire was on the phase, the indicator will show a voltage of several dozen, or even more volts. The specific value is not so important - it depends on the very large number of factors. This is the established limit of measurements of the model of the Multitester model, and the features of the resistance of the body of a particular person, and humidity, and air temperature, and shoes in which the master is wound. The main thing is the voltage, and it is strikingly different from the second contact. That is, the phase is found.
Probably, not everyone can overcome the psychological frontier - touch the probe with the hand when the multitester is connected to the outlet. There is nothing to fear here - we have previously tested the device to measure the voltage. And the current now going through it when the chain is closed - a little differs from what passes through an indicator screwdriver. But nevertheless, some such a touch becomes toughly impossible.
Nothing terrible, you can go and somewhat different. For example, simply touch the second probe wall - plaster or even wallpaper. No matter how much humidity is there, and this will allow you to close the chain. True, the indication on the indicator will most likely be significantly less. But such will be enough to definitely figure out what kind of contacts is phase.
No worse will be worse if there is a grounded device or subject, for example, a heating radiator as a second contact, either water pipe. Suit I. metal carcass, not even stealing. And sometimes even one-connected probe connected to the socket at the second, just lying on the floor or on the table, allows you to see the difference. When testing the phase, the tester can show units or a couple of dozens volts. With a zero conductor, naturally, it will be zero.
IN. With the definition of the phase, as you can see, there are no special problems. But how to be if there are three wires. That is, it was decided with a phase, and now it is necessary to find out which of the two remaining is zero, and what - protective grounding.
But this is not so simple. There are, of course, several available ways. But none of them can claim "Truth in the last instance." That is, there are special devices that are available at the disposal of electrical professionals.
But sometimes help independent tests.
About one of them was already mentioned above. When the voltage between the phase and zero is measured, there should be no particular features. But when measured between phase and land, due to the inevitable current leakage, it is possible to trigger the protection system - RCD.
Another way to identify zero and protective grounding is a transclon. That is, you can try, by switching the multimeter to measure the resistance in the range, say, up to 200 ohms and, without fail - turning off the voltage on the shield, measure the resistance alternately between these conductors and is guaranteed to a grounded object. On the conductor of the rein, the idea should be significantly lower.
But, again, this method is not distinguished by reliability, since the compounds are practiced different, and the values \u200b\u200bmay turn out to be approximately the same, that is, not talking about anything.
Another option - you can turn off the grounding bus from the circuit undermining it. Or remove the alleged wire from it to be verified. Then - or perform a transclon, or carry out alternately voltage propagation between the phase and the remaining two conductors. Results often allow you to judge where zero, and where re.
But, to say truth, this method does not seem to be effective or safe. Again, due to different nuances Pasters wiring and switching on switchboards, the result may not be quite reliable.
Find out, as well as read its purpose and receptions of working with a video device, from our new article on our portal.
So if you need guaranteed clarity, where zero and where the ground is, and it is not possible to find out it possible, it is better to turn a qualified electrician. With all the similarities of these conductors in the home wiring, it is impossible to confuse them.
So, the main available methods for determining the phase and zero were considered. We emphasize once again - if the visual method of determining (in color marking isolation) does not guarantee the accuracy of the information, then all the others should be carried out exclusively using special devices. No "100% techniques" with all sorts of potatoes, plastic bottles, banks with water and other "toys" are completely unacceptable!
By the way, in the publication nothing is said and about the use of the so-called "checklist" - light bulbs in a cartridge with two conductors. Again, this is because such testing is directly prohibited by the operating rules for the safe operation of electrical installations. Do not risk themselves and do not create a potential threat to your loved ones!
At the end of the publication - a small video dedicated to the problem of searching for the phase and zero.
Content:
Our household electrical network For us, everything. Especially where for cooking and gas is not used - all on electricity. We used to use electrical appliances: there are sockets and switches. Light turn on or turn off with one touch of a button. To enable some other device, we find the outlet, stick and use. Vacuum cleaner, for example.
BUT most of The devices are already connected and never outset from the network as TV. Also switch similar to a lamp switch or chandelier, and all inclusion occurs in one touch. And even in general - the refrigerator is worth it yourself, when he wants, turns on and off.
Well, it means that everything is fine in the network, and do not even need to know exactly what is there, in the outlets, wires are different in their essence.
We have a voltage in our network, by 220 volts, with a frequency of 50 hertz. So conceived in our power system. Generators give three-phase tension, in some sense it is optimal about the delivery of consumers. After all, if a simple sinusoidal voltage requires a wiring of two conductors, a three-phase can be transmitted by a complex, all three phases immediately. But no six wires are needed for transmission, as can be expected, but only four. That is, one and a half times less. When transferring to long distances, it is oh, as essential for metal savings.
The three-phase voltage with an amplitude of 380 volts is brought to our homes and apartments. But one phase is usually selected on the shield. And this means for energy consumption, we need a minimum of two wires. And one of them is called a phase, and the other is zero. So it was with the old connected. And the outlets were oldly made without calculating the connection of the third wire - grounding. Now it has become a grounding rate, it should protect us from electric shock from our household appliancesIf there was a breakdown in them, and 220 volts were directly on the metal case or the device casing. Therefore, it is supposed to be grounding everywhere. It joins all the inactive metal structures, and well, if it is grounded as close as possible from us. This is in order to resist between grounding parts of instruments and actually, the earth was as small as possible. Then, in the event of an emergency breakdown of the wire carrying a phase and the body of the device, the phase would immediately leave in the ground, without damaging.
But it's not always the case. Previously, yes, and now, if there is no grounding of the devices, it was possible to determine, included in the network, let's say, iron or refrigerator or not, and it may overwhelled the fuse. If you spend your hand - a particularly sensitive back side of the elbow - just "stroke" the iron, it is easy to touch it, it was felt something like a light vibration or a weak tingling. This said that the phase on the device was filed, and in an uncontrolled body an inductive stress filler occurs.
There are no good things in such a fittings themselves, they can sometimes reach Volt 100, and even sensitively "crap" a person. Depends on the mutual capacity of phase conductors and cabinet parts. The refrigerator will have more, the iron is smaller.
Actually, here is the first way to check the phase, although it is not necessary to do it - it can crack, or at all the focus will not work when there is a normal grounding. And in this way, it is completely unclear, which wires are served zero and phase. There will be only the presence of their presence.
And the feed occurs at least two (phase and zero, as already mentioned) Wires, maximum - in three. This is with single-phase connections. And when submitting to a consumer at once, three phases of wires will be five. Three phases are much more serious, the voltage of 380 volts is much more dangerous - more often leads to death, so the grounding of such installations is always a prerequisite.
A single-phase network has one phase wire, one - zero and one - grounding.
The ground wire is highlighted immediately, it does not need to be determined. But the phase and zero wire in the outlet can be at least to the right, even on the left. No rules for which it is accurately established. You can see in color isolation of suitable wires, but they:
Color designation of wires in the power supply prescribes:
The three-phase leash is indicated by the same, only the phase wires must be all different color And not be blue or yellow-green.
This is normal professional mounting It must be accurately observed, but ... we buy apartments and move to new habitats and become owners. And we make our apartments what we consider useful and correct and do not always care about compliance with standards. We also remember what they did, and easily find when necessary, in the outlet, set by your own hands, and the phasing, and zero wire without an indicator. What is absolutely impossible to say about the owners who come to replace us if we sell apartments.
For these reasons, any owner is necessary, and not just useful, know how to check the service life and how to find a phase and zero anywhere in the household network. And, in addition, to inspect the entire power grid and on all proven conductors to establish the correct labeling. If the standard labeling of the conducted wires in colors is not suppressed, march them with rings of a tape or heat-shrink tubes of different, but standard colors. Places of finding faults to celebrate especially and as soon as possible to correct the correctness of the wrong thing that you will find.
You can do this by different devices. The simplest is to check the presence of the phase indicator. The device is specifically designed. How to determine zero when the phase do you know? If everything is fine, then this is the wire where there is no phase.
The indicator is often performed as a screwdriver. They can even rejected a small screw, not very twisted, but it is better not to tempt fate - this is a device, and it is better to use it for its intended purpose. It consists of sting, from which through a large resistance (about 1 MΩ) the wire goes to the neon lamp. Another contact of neonki goes to the other side of the indicator, and when measuring it follows to it to touch it with a finger. A sting for the test of the conductor need to press it. As a person has enough large square surfaces, it is with ruling / grounded metal surfaces The network forms a kind of capacitor. In the case of alternating voltage on the wire to which the sting is pressed, a very weak, not dangerous for a person, is about 0.02 mA, not dangerous, which will cause a weak luminosity of the neon light bulb, which will show the presence of a phase in the wire. The indicator is designed to voltage up to 500 volts. A large voltage device (resistor in it) can be broken, then it fails, and it will be dangerous to use it. Therefore, just in case, it is necessary to work with all safety measures: to be in insulating shoes, the room should be dry. Because the blow to the current in the case of breakdown will be directed from the phase through the testing person to zero or land, or any grounded metal (housing household device, heating battery, water pipe pipe, etc.).
Such an indicator is also sensitive to stresses, and in conductors, where the phase is absent. It happens like this: in the outlet both contacts give the neon light bulb indicator. Phase is one of them. And the other is "bad" zero. If zero is rolled somewhere in the wiring, interrupts or burned out, then it will be a gas filler. The voltage of it, of course, is not like the phase, but sufficient so that the indicator does not show it with the luminescence of neon. How to distinguish zero and phase? In this case, there is no success - nothing has been determined. And you need to apply other means. For example, try to find a multimeter phase.
They can be used as one-pole: sting one pole to press to contact, where the phase is assumed, for the second pole to take hand. But when the cliff in zero shows the glow on both contacts. In this case, you can check the presence of a voltage drop between two different contacts. Regarding the Earth, determined somewhere in another socket of "good" zero. Two phase wires in different sockets, but on the same phase there will be no potential difference.
If there is a voltage between two poles, the indicator neon should glow.
The probe is done to determine the integrity of the wires. This is a battery light bulb and two sufficiently long wires with ends, convenient for connecting: Pin or crocodile. Such a probe can be found later the breakdown in the zero wire, which was mentioned above. However, such searches should already be done with a completely de-energized network.
But we need a platoon for checking the presence of tension. It is also called a test lamp - this is the same as the two-pole indicator, the difference in use instead of the neon light bulb of an ordinary incandescent lamp, designed to be the voltage, the phase of which we are looking for. The advantage of this design is that the light will light up only with the "native" voltage. However, if there is probability to stick it into two different phases, it can burn. But if there is no such probability (the apartment is half a phase alone), then such a probe can safely use. Having stuck with one pole in one contact of the socket, and the other attaching to the exact zero, we get the light from the light bulb, talking about the fact that we found the phase. The drilled zero in this case will not give any glow. As well as non-invalid.
To determine the phase and zero, you can use the multimeter, or the tester. In this case, voltage is simply determined. Everything is almost the same as in the previous case with a light bulb, we will only see the values \u200b\u200bof the device by reading the device. It is only necessary to pre-set the AC (Alternative Current - AC) and the measurement range such that our 220 volt network voltage is inside it, for example, switch the "up to 500 volt" range.
Polarity with alternating current value does not have, to determine the phase, you need to check the voltage between the two conductors to check the voltage between the two conductors. And it is better to catch a crocodile for the "accurate zero" (or the land - the heating battery, just find the place where there is no paint - or contemporary it), and to other probe to check the phase in the contacts of the socket. Phase should give how much? That's right, 220 volts, or smaller, as usual in our network. Zero voltage will give us a good zero - that is, it will show a non-zero tire, and some intermediate values \u200b\u200bmean bad wiring. This or phase reaches badly - somewhere bad contacts in the phase, and it is necessary to urgently look for - or bad zero - drowned. If the bad in the outlet and zero, and the phase, it means that the wiring is not at all suitable, and about the network something happens.
And then the new stage begins - to find, find out, find out all the faults and eliminate them.
When installing electrical wiring of premises, connecting sockets, switches and light sources, it always arises the question of correctly determining the purpose of the wires. In apartments, single-phase wiring, the wires in it are prescribed as phase and zero. Therefore, the question of how to determine the phase and zero wiring of the premises is priority both in small and large repair.
Electrical wiring apartment house, most often three-phase. This means that she has three linear stressesshifted relative to each other by 120 degrees, and zero wire, relative to which the voltage of each phase is supplied. The voltage between the zero wire and phase (phase voltage) is 220. The difference of potentials between two phase wires (linear) √3 times more and equal to 380 V.
In each apartment comes one phase wire and one zero. In homes with the old electrical wiring, these were limited. The new standards also require a grounding line. Therefore, two-wire and three-wire apartment electrical networks differ.
The most difficult and dangerous place in the wiring of the premises is the bowl at the entrance to the house. It is breeding phase wires in apartments and installed machines that turn off the power supply when the current is exceeded (possible short circuit). Machines are distributed by groups corresponding to the power consumed by electrical appliances.
When repairing or installing a home wiring, you need to know the rules for connecting sockets and switches. The feed wires are connected in an arbitrary order, and the grounding conductor joins the brass tire. Same switch set to the gap of the phase lineAnd zero comes directly to the lighting equipment through the junction box.
Such a system ensures safety when carrying out work with electricity. Electrical devices must be connected in accordance with the instructions for their installation and marking of the wires, as this will ensure the safety of use.
For safe I. proper work You need to choose a set of devices and tools. It is used to search and preparing wiring.
The knife is used to stripping contacts, multimeter and screwdriver - to determine the phase, isol - for isolation and contact instructions. You also need to use rubber insulation on the knobs of pliers and non-conductive shoes.
Find out which wires are held in a specific apartment, you can appearance. Know how to determine the phase and zero without instruments, you need if both of the indicating tools are missing. You can distinguish the wires in the color of their insulation. But this method is applicable only when the wiring is made in compliance with all the rules of its laying.. Yellow-green isolation color indicates that this conductor is grounding. Blue or blue color indicates that the wire is zero, and brown, white or black color indicates a phase line.
But even with confidence in the color of the wiring, it is better to double-check it with an indicator scolding or a multimeter, since the incorrect connection is fraught with electric.
In order not to confuse zero and phase on the switch, or when conducting other electrical work, you need to use special phase-blocking tools or probes. Most simple way There will be an indicator screwdriver.
To know how to determine the phase and zero indicator screwdriver, you need to understand the principle of its operation. It is configured in such a way that the inner neon lamp lights up when the potential difference appears Between the screwdriver and the metal output at the end of its handle. To properly specify the phase, the screwdriver needs to perform simple actions:
In addition to the usual indicator, there is a screwdriver for the transvers. It is characterized in that it has a battery pack and indicates a phase without a touch of a finger of its opposite metal end. Also there is an indicator screwdriver With the detection function of hidden wiring. It can determine where an electrical network of apartments passes inside the wall. It uses a non-contact method for determining the electromagnetic field arising around the conductor.
To use a screwdriver, you need to remove the cap from it, which will lead it to the working condition and spend in the place of the intended location of the wiring. When the wire is presented in the screwdriver knob, the indicator lamp will light up.
Another way how to determine the phase and zero without instruments is the manufacture of a control lamp. Such an indicator is created simply: it is necessary to solder the wires of sufficient length to the cartridge conclusions and screw the incandescent lamp or neon. One of the findings of such a phase determinant joins the battery, and the second you can check the presence of the supply voltage in the network. For this, the stripped end of the wire must be touched by the test conductor. If it is a phase - the lamp should flash. This method is very dangerous, so they need to use only in exceptional cases, besides, it is prohibited by the rules Safe operation Electrical installations.
In the absence of an indicator screwdriver and for more accurate measurements of the supply voltage of the network, a multimeter is used, it is also called the tester. With it you can determine the phase, zero and grounding conductor in a three-wire network. The fact is that the indicator screwdriver can show only large differences in potentials, that is, shows only the phase. The multimeter works with different signals: high and low level, positive and negative. His task - to show the parameters of the electrocups.
To find out how to find a phase and zero multimeter, as well as the ground wire, you need to properly configure and connect this measurement device. This is done like this:
After the setup, you need to simultaneously touch the devices to two tested conclusions. Value on the multimeter screen:
Testing all three lines, it is possible to determine with confidence where there is a desired potential.
A simpler way to determine the multimeter phase is that the probe installed in the U, Ω, Hz hole is alternately to complete the ends of the power grid. In case of contact with phase The conductor multimeter will show the voltage of 8 -15 V. In other cases, the testimony will be at the level of 0 - 3 volts. You need to use a multimeter with caution using insulating shoes and never touch your hands to the ends of the probe without isolation.
With any work with electrical wiring, it is necessary to comply with safety equipment, that is, de-energize the room when installing and repairing electricians, and during the test for performance when the machine is turned on, ensure that the insulation is properly protected.
