Geographical location of the state - This placement of the territory, countries relative to other objects, territories, waters, countries.
Geographical location is one of the fundamental categories of economic and social geography. The concept of "geographical position", known in science since the XVIII century., Special use has found in anthropogeography of the end of the XIX century, when the German scientist Ratzel began to apply it to characterize the positional properties of the country.
In the context of globalization, the theory of geographical location acquires the status of an interdisciplinary theory, since it allows you to see the world in all its diversity, due to many regional, state and local peculiarities.
Socio-economic space is heterogeneously. Objects spatially do not coincide with the conditions necessary for their existence in the system. Properties of socio-economic space that reveal the spatial discrepancy between the object under study and required conditions His existence (operation and development) can be defined as the geographical position of the object.
The external environment through its components actively affects the object, the geographical position of which is determined. Also, the object itself affects its own environment.
The basis of the concept of "geographical position" is the category of "relationship". According to M. Baransky, an economic and geographical position is the attitude of any place, district or city to objects that lie outside and have something for it or other economic importance.
The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe geographical position as a concept is to disclose territorial relation:
In a physical and geographical position, this is a relationship in the geographical coordinate grid, in real physical and geographical space with its natural zones, areas, orography, the distribution of sushi and the sea, etc.;
In an economic and geographical position, this is a relationship to economically significant objects;
In the socio-geographical situation - to socially significant objects.
In a political and geographical situation - to political realities. Metically, this means fixing and predicting military, international political, geo-economic, environmental and cultural power fields;
In an ecological and geographical position - to environmentally significant objects, in particular, countries and regions that determine the environmental situation, or to countries and regions, which can affect the environmental state.
One of the quantitative indicators of the geographical position is the geographical coordinates of the object.
To clarify the content of the concept of geographic location, it is worth noting a significant disagreement between geographical position and location. Describing a geographical position, it is necessary to answer the question: regarding what? The location of the object has a different meaning, which is responsible for the question: where and part of what is? So, the location opens the localization or affiliation, while the position reflects the relationship in the system. From a methodological point of view, these concepts should be distinguished.
So, studying the geographical position, you should find out which objects are outside the object, and which inside. In other words, the geographical position is characterized by the relationship between the object with its external environment.
When studying the geographical position, it is necessary to repel from the results of the impact of the geographical situation on the development of the object. The situation complicates that due to (economic and non-economic) object affects not only the geographical position.
Analyzing the problem, the researcher "plays" real and potential relations: Real detects empirically, and among potential allocate those that can be implemented (really possible connections). However, the researcher must establish and theoretically possible links. Thus, when analyzing the geographical location, only actual economic and other connections cannot be understood. Complete and comprehensive study of the geographical position involves the accounting of real, potential and theoretically possible relations.
The geographical location is a concept not only roomy and multidimensional, but also relative. In the first case, it is distinguished by several species, in particular, natural, environmentally friendly, socially, economically or political-geographical position. In the second, we are talking about its constant transformation in space and time, the simultaneous presence in assessing the current state of the geographical position, its past development and the factors of its further functioning.
For country studies, the concept of the country's political and geographical position is played. This is the placement of it on the political map of the world, continent or a separate region in cooperation with political realities that influence it anyway. At the same time, the policy is understood as activities aimed at winning the struggle for their own interests. She can be state specific organization Or a separate person.
In a spatially territorial sense, it is possible to allocate global, regional and local neighbor Political and geographical location of countries. Global The situation is the place of one or another state on the political map of the world in the context of its global relationships and relations with other states of our planet. The regional poly-tico-geographical location includes placing and interrelations with the countries of its own historical and geographic region. Local neighbor Political and geographical position is the placement of the country surrounded by the neighborhoods and interaction with them. His assessment is a study of the complex history of opposition and partnership. She is very dynamic. At this level, a real analysis of all types of relationships and relationships between individual states and interstate integration formations is carried out.
The geographical position is an indicator of interpretation on the earth's surface of the geographical objects of various types - one of the main categories of geography. The geographical position may vary in time under the influence of various factors, both natural and political-economic.
Several types of geographical location are isolated.
1. Natural and geographical (physical and geographical). This is the characteristic of the location of the object under consideration in a number of natural objects, for example, in relation to the mainland and oceans, to the form of relief, to islands and peninsulas, to rivers and lakes.
2. Mathematical and geographical allows you to estimate the position of the object in the coordinate system and the reference points of the planet, i.e., with respect to the elements of the degree grid (to the equator and the Greenwich meridian), to the poles of the Earth, to extreme geographic points.
3. Political and geographical - in relation to neighboring countries with their capitals, to political groups of countries, for example, to the European Union.
4. The economic and geographical determines the position of the object among different anthropogenic objects that perform certain economic functions. For example, industrial and agricultural enterprises, mineral mining and industrial areas, as well as in relation to the economic groups of countries (OPEC, ASEAN, NAFTA).
5. Transport and geographical assesses the provision of the object by transport and communication capabilities of economic relations (automobile and railways, sea and river roads, airways, oil and gas pipelines, optical fiber communication lines and power lines, airports, sea and river ports, etc. .).
6. Military geographical establishes the degree of attitude to objects having military-strategic importance (military bases, troops, nuclear facilities, ballistic rocket mines, enterprises producing nuclear weapons), to enterprises of military-industrial complex, as well as in relation to military political groups countries (NATO).
7. Ecological and geographical characterizes the background of environmental safety of the object location to places having environmental problems (for example, to emission points of pollutants, to areas of radioactive contamination (Chernobyl), as well as potentially dangerous objects creating an ecological threat).
Features of nature, population and household of individual territories of Russia.
The big length of Russia from the west to the East and from north to south, the relief features are predetermined by the variety of natural landscapes (arctic deserts, tundra, timber, taiga, mixed and wide forests, forest-steppes and steppes, semi-deserts and deserts).
Tundra. Sigor, cold climatic conditions (low average air temperatures), long winter - snow cover holds 7-9 months, a short summer period (2 months) and, accordingly, a short vegetation period. The presence of many years of permits, excessive moisturizing is a high territory wetlands, non-fermented tundrov-gley soils. Large open spaces with strong winds. Existing natural climatic conditions are unfavorable for a person. As a result, areas are characterized by low population density, the relative predominance of the urban population. There was a special type of farm, the main specialization of which is the operation of natural resources of the Far North (gas, copper, nickel, etc.) and reindeer herding.
The steppe is the main agricultural area of \u200b\u200bRussia due to the natural and climatic conditions favorable for agriculture (fertile soil - chernozem, a long growing season). This is the zone of the most developed animal husbandry (cattle, pig breeding, sheep, poultry farming). Developed food industry. The rural population prevails. Significantly high population density.
The fuel and energy complex is a group of industries associated with production and energy distribution. Includes production different species Fuel and its transport, the production of electricity and its transport. Recently, fuel production and energy production becomes expensive, the cost of transporting fuel and energy is noted. Energy development: exploration and development of deposits, the construction of new processing enterprises and pipelines have an increasing negative environmental impact, especially in the regions of the Far North.
The fuel industry includes three main industries - coal, petroleum and gas.
Among the fuel resources of the country in the explored geological reserves, the share of coal accounts for more than 90%.
On the basis of the production of combustible minerals, the territorial and production complexes (TPK) of the country - Timano-Pechora, West Siberian, Canco-Achinsky Fuel and Energy (Katk), Yuzhno-Yakutsky are formed.
The mining of coking and energy coal focuses mainly in Western Siberia (Kuznetsky pool), in the north (Pechora pool) and in the North Caucasus (Russian part of the Donbass). The main area of \u200b\u200bthe country of brew coal is Eastern Siberia (Kansko-Achinsky pool). In recent years, coal mining has decreased, which is caused by a reduction in production capacity and increase in railway tariffs.
According to oil reserves, Russia ranks second in the world after Saudi Arabia. The largest oil-producing region is Western Siberia (70%), followed by the Urals and Volga region. Approximately 70% of the country's continental shelf is promising from the point of view of oil and gas. For the extensive northern territories of Russia, oil transfer in oil pipelines is more economical than sea transportation by tankers. The largest focus assembly assembly is Western Siberia, the main flow of oil goes to the west.
In recent years, oil production decreases. The reasons are reducing reserves in the developed fields, lack of geological and exploration, equipment wear, lack of modern mining equipment, which allows rational to work out the field. The reduction in oil production led to the fact that in the total fuel production, the share of oil decreased and natural gas (37% and 48%, respectively) emerged in first place).
Gas industry products are raw materials for the chemical industry and fuel.
Currently, 3/5 of all Russian gas produce is in the deposits of Western Siberia, the largest of which Polar, Medvezhye, Urengoy, Yamburg. Leading areas for the extraction of natural gas are - West Siberian (more than 90%), Ural (about 7%), Volga (1%). The share of West Siberian district accounts for more than 30% of all fuel industry products, Ural -13%, Volga -11% and central - 10%.
Fuel and energy and consumer factors are the main ones when placing power plants. The main part of the electricity is produced on thermal power plants (3/4), on hydraulic and atomic.
Among thermal power plants are distinguished by the heat and power plant (CHP) and condensing (CAC). According to the type of energy used, thermal power plants are divided into working on traditional organic fuels, atomic and geothermal; According to the nature of the service of the population - to district (GRES - state regional power plants) and the central.
Traditional fuel for thermal power plants (TPP) - coal (more than 50%), petroleum products (fuel oil) and natural gas (more than 40%), peat and combustible shale (5%).
The TPP is characterized by free accommodation, the production of electricity without seasonal oscillations, relatively fast and inexpensive construction. The capacity of the largest thermal power plants (TPP) is more than 2 million kW. The placement factor of the TPP is consumer, since the radius of transportation of one of its products ( hot water) - Maximum 12 km.
Nuclear power plants are placed taking into account the consumer factor. The world's first nuclear power plant was built in the USSR in 1954 (Obninskaya NPP, 5 MW capacity). Currently, Kalininskaya, Smolenskaya, Leningrad, Kola, Kursk, Novovoronezh, Balakovskaya, Beloyarskaya and Bilibino PBX are working on the territory of the country. After the Chernobyl catastrophe, the construction of the Tatar, Bashkir, Krasnodar NPP is suspended. In the coming years, blocks of many power plants of the country should be derived from operation, since the share of uranium production in the nuclear fuel cycle is about 2%, and about 3/4 is spent on processing and disposal of waste.
Geothermal power plants (GTEC) are technologically similar to the heat and power plant, the factor of their placement is the fuel and energy. The only operating GTES in the country is Pozhetskaya in Kamchatka.
For hydroelectric power plants, simplicity is characterized in control, high efficiency, the development of relatively cheap electricity.
The largest hydraulic power plants of the country are part of the two cascades - Angaro-Yenisei (total capacity of 22 million kW) and Volzhsko-Kamsky (11.5 million kW). The most powerful hydroelectric power station in Russia is Sayano-Shushenskaya (6.4 million kW).
Tidal power plants (PES) operate on the tidal and tump phases of the ocean level. The only tidal power plant in the country is an oxygen (400 kW) on the coast of the Barents Sea. The promising regions for the construction of the PES are white water area (a mesenskaya PES is designed with a capacity of 10 million kW) and Okhotsk (the Tugursky PES) of the seas are designed.
Almost all the power plants of our country are part of the Unified Energy System (UES) of Russia, the exception is the power plants of the Far East.
The central district leads to the development of electricity (23%), then the Urals (12%), East Siberian and North Caucasian (11%) are coming.
The electric power industry is a branch of specialization for the Central, East Siberian, West Siberian, Central Chernozem, North-Western and Northern Economic Areas.
Algorithm for determining the topographic map of directions.
1. On the map We note the point in which we are, and the point to which the direction must be determined (azimuth).
2. Connect these two points.
3. Through the point in which we are, we carry out a straight line: North - South.
4. With the help of the vehicle, we measure the angle between the "North-South" line and the direction in the desired object. Azimuth is counted from the direction to the north clockwise.
Algorithm for determining the topographic map of distances.
1. Measure the distance between the specified points using the ruler.
2. The obtained values \u200b\u200b(in cm) are translated into the area of \u200b\u200bthe area. For example, the distance between points on the map is 10 cm, and the scale: 1 cm - 5 km. Moving these two digits and get the desired result: 50 km - the distance on the ground.
3. When measuring distances, you can use a circuit meter, but then the location of the named scale will take a linear scale. In this case, our task is simplified, you can immediately determine the desired distance on the ground.
The geographical position (GP) is characterized by the relationship between the object with its external environment. Over time, it can change. Assessment of the geographic location is considered by scientists as an assessment of the most important factor in the development of the economy of the region, and sometimes it is considered as an independent resource. K.P. Kosmachev considered it possible to consider GP as one of the types of resources and even spoke about the reserves of GP resources: "Their stocks, with other things being equal, are inversely proportional to the economic remoteness of the territory of the territory in relation to the developed and directly proportional to the size of the economic potential of the latter.
The geographical position of the territory is revealed through territorial relations for a number of provisions.. Consider the main types of geographic location by N.S. Mironenko.
Ø Geodesic position This is the location of the object in the geographic coordinate grid, i.e. in geodesic space.
Extreme Northern Point of KhMAO Lies in the Berezovsky district, on the population of the crown and has coordinates of 65 0 43 "S.Sh. and 62 0 V.D.
Extreme Western Point Lies in the Berezovsky district on the MON-Hamvo Ridge and has coordinates of 63 0 01 "S.Sh. and 59 0 48" V.D.
Extreme East Point Lies in the Nizhnevartovsky district on the water-seated surface of the rivers, tank; and smoy, and has coordinates of 61 0 28 "S.Sh. and 85 0 58" V.D.
Extreme South Point Lies in the Kondinsky district on the riverfire rivers Kuma (the right influx of Konda) and the sock (the left influx of Irtysh) and has coordinates 58 0 35 "S.Sh. and 66 0 21" V.D.
The KhMAO-Ugra Square is 534,800 km 2. The overall length of the outer borders of the district is about 4733 km. From the north to the south, the district extended 900 km from the west to the east - 1400 km. From the extreme northern point of the district to the northern polar circle - 98 km, and from the extreme southern point of the district to the southern borders of Russia - 428 km.
Ø B. physico-geographical space The Territory of the KHMAO lies within three subzones (Northern, Central and South) Taiga and the Mountain Areas of the Urals (the southeastern part of the indoor and northeastern part of the Northern Urals).
The territory of the KHMAO occupies a portion of large tectonic structures - the Urals folded area and the West Siberian Plate, which explains the wealth, diversity and the specifics of its mineral resource potential.
The district is located in the center of the largest in Asia of the West Siberian Plain (the geographical center of the West Siberian Plain is located in the south of Nizhnevartovsky district in the origins of the r. Kulghan and has coordinates of 60 0 S.Sh. and 76 0 V.D) and the eastern macroscone of the indolar and northern Urals.
The territory of Ugra is in the depths of the most enormous mainland and the largest in the area of \u200b\u200bthe state, on the shores of the powerful rivers - Ob and Irtysh. In the north of Ugra, the border passes through the water-seated surfaces of the Upper Sukhtovskaya Hills, Siberian Urals and the Semi-Easy Hills, crossing the North-Socyvinsky hill, in the North-West, the border passes through the watersheds of the Supolar and Northern Urals. In the southwest, in the center and in the south, the district almost fully includes the territory of the Kondinskaya and Surgut lowlands. In the south-east, the district borders with Ketsko-Timskaya Plain.
The district lies in a temperate climatic belt, in the field of continental climate with a moderately warm summer and moderately harsh snowy winter. The features of the climate, to a large extent, determine the lifeguards formed by the local population.
Ø Political and geographical position The districts clearly shows the vertical authorities created in our country. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District, together with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, is part of the Tyumen region with the center in Tyumen. The Tyumen region is in turn entering the Ural Federal District with the center in Yekaterinburg. The Ural Federal District, together with the six districts, form the territory of the Russian Federation.
Administratively Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District is divided into 9 districts. Of these, the largest on the territory - Nizhnevartovsky district - covers an area of \u200b\u200b117.31 thousand km 2, and the smallest - October - 24.49 thousand km 2.
Ø E. geographical position illustrates the situation in relation to environmentally significant objects, in particular to regions that determine the environmental situation, or regions, to the ecological state of which may influence the territory under study.
The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District - Ugra plays a significant role not only in Russian, but also in the global environmental balance due to extensive territory and huge natural resource potential. The territory of the Ugra lies within the enormous weakly transformed zone of taiga forests that have a huge planetary value as a source of oxygen.
Transboundary transfer of air masses brings pollutants into the territory of the district. Basically, this is the effect of metallurgical, chemical, forestry centers of the Urals. Allocate in the territory of the district and traces of radioactive contamination, formed by the influence of three centers: Novoemel Polygon, Tomsk and East-Ural radioactive traces. There is a transboundary transfer of technogenic radionuclides on the Ob-Irtysk river system.
A large influence on the quality of waters in the Ob-Irtysh basin has a transboundary transfer of pollutants from the territory of neighboring regions and the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The total area of \u200b\u200bthe specially protected natural territories of the federal, district and local importance (POPT) in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District - Ugra is 4030786 A, which corresponds to about 7.5% of the entire territory.
In the territory of the region there are two state natural reserves (Yugansky and Malaya Sochev) with a total area of \u200b\u200b874.2 thousand hectares, three federal natural reserves (Elizarovsky, Waspuholsky and Upper-Konder), a total area of \u200b\u200b411.4 thousand hectares, two territories of water Major land of international importance (upper two-way, lower two-way) with an area of \u200b\u200b670 thousand hectares.
Ø Economics and geographical position Shows the attitude towards economically significant objects.
In the north of the Ugra, it borders with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (length of about 1716 km), in the north-west border with a total length of about 590 km away with the Republic of Komi, in the south-west - with the Sverdlovsk region (about 597 km), in the south - with Tyumen region (about 749 km), in the southeast with the Tomsk region (about 824 km) and in the East with the Krasnoyarsk Territory (about 257 km).
Let us consider in more detail the subspecies of the economic and geographical position:
1. Industrial-geographical.
A. Position relative to energy sources (fuel and geographical, energy-geographical).
In the era of the world energy deficit, the situation relative to the main sources of energy is determined in the development of the economy of the region. The KHMAO lies in the territory of the largest oil and gas province in Russia, and the most important lines of oil and gas pipelines west and east of the country are held through its territory. The volume of oil recoverable from the depths of Ugra is about 57% of the total oil produced in the Russian Federation, and 4.3% falls on the share of the mined gas. On the territory of the North of Western Siberia, several hundreds of oil and gas fields with reserves of about 50 trillion are currently explored. M 3 Gas, 20 billion tons of gas condensate.
A more complex position regarding coal pools. Coal is still the main type of fuel in a number of settlements of the district. Stone coal from the Kuzbass basin enters during the navigation period on Obi and Tomi for the needs of energy and the population. Perspectively the use of brown coal from the Polar and Polar Urals deposits for the development of energy, especially considering the program for the development of this region. In addition, the region has tremendous local peat resources, which can be a source of energy for remote, having bad transport links, settlements.
The district is located one of the most powerful GRES (Surgutskaya 1 and 2, Nizhnevartovskaya), which are working on passing gas, pass the largest LAP. The use of associated gas to generate electricity is the main direction of the development of the county's energy. An excess of fuel resources, the energy deficiency in the Western regions of the district, lead to planning the construction of new GRES due to the use of brown coal (the area of \u200b\u200bthe Polar Urals). Electricity production in the district amounted to 66.1 billion kW / h. Another important source of energy production is fuel oil.
In general, the region is energy-efficient. However, there are changes in the energy-geographical location of the district. Compared with the previous period, it deteriorated significantly. The costs are increasing, especially capital, fuel production and transportation. Its mining is increasingly moving to remote consumption and low-axis districts; The fields of natural minerals with deteriorating mining and geological conditions are involved in operation. The cost of extraction of 1 tons of oil is constantly increasing. The growth rate of energy consumption exceeds the growth rate of electricity generation, which can lead to its deficit.
B. Position relative to sources of basic types of bulky raw materials and materials (for example: metal-geographical, forest-geographical).
The metal-geographical location of the district is interdistrict and neighbor. To the southwest of the district there is the largest metallurgical base of the country - Ural, to the southeast - Kuznetskaya. Communication with the first is carried out by rail. Communication with the Kuznetsk base is possible both by rail and water vehicles, but it is less profitable.
In this position, shifts are possible in the direction of improvement, if the idea of \u200b\u200bthe construction of the North-Siberian railway will be implemented, which will connect Eastern Siberia with the North of the Ural region, through the territory of the district.
Even more promising the situation of the district with respect to the fields of polar and the indoor urals. Within the Ural part of the district, manifestations of copper, lead, zinc, bauxite, manganese, uranium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, iron and chromium ores, brown and stone coals, asbestos, phosphorites, bentonite clays, numerous mountain crystal deposits are revealed. The forecast resources of gold of ore formations are estimated at 144 tons, and an axle gold is 73.6 tons. The resources of the iron ore troubon node are estimated at 3.1 billion tons. A comprehensive rare earth deposit Large Touruaries contains tantalum and niobium. Stocks of zeolites with unique filtration and sorption properties make up about 64.4 thousand tons.
The forest-geographical position of the county is favorable. The district is a forest-free (hoefulness ranges from the area to the area from 20% in Surgut Polesie to 90% in the pool of the r. Sucks). Common stocks of wood in the district are about 4 billion m 3. Coniferous breeds are coniferous, with a small fraction of soft. According to 2005, only 8% of the settlement area will be cut down in the district. The main problem in the forest-geographical position is an insufficient amount of forest roads.
The long-term orientation of the industry on the export of raw materials from the district did not contribute to building capacity for deep processing of wood, which led to determine the development of the timber industry complex. The most promising direction of the development of the timber industry complex in the district is the creation of a forestry industry.
B. Position relative to the clotting industries.
Imports of the autonomous district constitute high-tech equipment for EEC companies, ferrous products, telecommunications and computer equipment, cars, etc. Relative to major centers of the manufacturing industry, the geographical position of the peripheral district. Large centers supplying products for the operation of the oil and gas complex are located in the south of the Tyumen region (Tyumen, Tobolsk), in Ural, Central, Volga-Vyatka, Volga Economic Area.
2. Agrarian-geographical position.
A. Regulation on food bases (food-geographical). The unfavorable climatic conditions of the district make it difficult to develop such a branch of the agro-industrial complex as agriculture. Complicated (peripheral) is the food-geographical position of the district. It is not enough for its agro-industrial sector. The main suppliers of products are located in the south of West Siberian and Ural economic regions.
B. The situation relative to the bases of agricultural raw materials can be recognized remote and unprofitable. The main bases of agricultural raw materials are located south and southwest of the territory of the district.
3. Transport-geographical position.
A. Position regarding sea routes (Primorskoye).
The territory of the district does not have access to the sea, which makes it possible not possible to exercise direct connections with foreign partners. It is difficult to exit through the Western and Eastern ports of Russia, given their remoteness and greater loading. Prospects and the scale of the development of old ports of Russia are limited. In addition, the Ugra does not have direct railway communications with Murmansk or Arkhangelsk.
The close location of the GMA to the seas of the Northern Ocean and the northern direction of the course of the main shipping rivers from a negative development factor can turn into a positive one. The overall length of shipping waterways located in KHMA, more than 5.6 thousand km, of which 3600 km are lateral and small rivers. Every year, the volume of traffic is 330-360 thousand passengers. The ports of Western Siberia can become a gate for the yoo output to the world market (with the exception of the Pacific Basin countries). Ob will connect the deep districts of the district (Ports of Nefteyugansky, Nizhnevartovsky, Sergine and Surgutsky) with Salekhard. Given the possibility of organizing the transportation of the "River - Sea", we can expect that Ob will become the main transport highway for implementation direct exit On the world market of bulk cargo in the entire district. The presence of enhanced ice type courts, as well as the experience of organizing navigation in the western sector of the Northern Sea Path, provides reason to assume the reality of changes to the best side of the district's geographical position.
Especially promising will be to use the northern seaway for trading operations due to continuing warming in the Arctic and melting of ice.
Satellite observations of the European Space Agency suggest that the rapid melting of ice in the Arctic Ocean opens the short sea route between Europe and Asia, which was previously always unsuitable for shipping.
The European Space Agency also reported that although during the past decade, the area covered with ice in the Arctic Ocean, declined at about 100,000 square kilometers per year, last year, such a reduction covered 1 million square kilometers at once. Thus, using the Northern Sea Path, the district can gain access to the markets of Europe, Asia and North America.
B. Main position.
Railway transport is a basic means of implementing both regional and interregional bonds of Ugra. The total operating length of the highway is 1106 km. The passenger turnover of the railway for 2005 amounted to 2,200 million. Pass.KM, passengers were transported - 4.8 million people. Sent loads 9.4 million tons Railways in the western part of the district serves timber industry enterprises, in the northeast - enterprises of the oil and gas industry.
Now there are several railway lines on the territory of the district: the main one - Tobolsk - Surgut - NovaBrsk (with a separate branch of Nizhnevartovsk), Serov - Soviet - Priobye (with a separate branch for Agirish), Tavda - Mezhdurechensky. The main disadvantages of these lines are in the absence of communication among themselves in the territory of the district, weak technical equipment, low bandwidth. To create the conditions necessary to solve the tasks facing them, the reconstruction of the railway on the Demyanka section is obligatory - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk (creating two ways) and the end of the construction of the North-Siberian highway (Sessib) at the Nizhnevartovsk - Kolpashevo site - Tomsk. The final version of Sexib will be held along the line Perm - Ivdel - Yugorsk - Khanty-Mansiysk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - White Yar - Lesosibirsk - Ust-Ilimsk - Ports of the Pacific Ocean. A special task is to provide rail links with a perspective mining area in the Polar and Polar and Polar Urals area. First of all, it is necessary to build a transport corridor Ivdel - Agirish - Labnyangi along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. A new transport corridor stated in the construction of the railway, the road, the power lines should be associated by the shortest way to industrial Urals with the timber-industrial zone of the North of the Sverdlovsk region and the KhMAO-Ugra, with the deposits of the brown coal of the Polar and Polar Urals, the ore deposits of the Urals and the oil and gas production zone - Peninsula Yamal.
For a new transport corridor, drilling stans, pipes, mountain and transport equipment, metal structures, etc. will be supplied.
In addition, the direction is promising, as the link of the reference railway network, bonding industrial areas of the Urals and Western Siberia with the Northern Sea. Thus, the possibility for maneuver material resources is expanding, the economic and defense security of the Russian Federation increases.
The future role of the district and in the implementation of transit meridional links on transport corridors: a) Vorkuta - Labytnangi - Berezovo (or Skin - Saranaul) - Prost - Yugorsk - Ekaterinburg and further to the countries of Transcaucasia and the Middle East; b) Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - White Yar - Tomsk - Novosibirsk and then in Central Asia.
The autonomous district is an important link between the subjects of the European part of Russia and the Urals and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in Siberia and the Far East. The length of roads - more than 18 thousand km, of which, with a solid coating - more than 11 thousand km.
Ugra has the largest network of oil pipelines in the country. The total length of the main oil pipelines in the Autonomous District is 6283 km, gas pipelines - 19500 km. Most of the main oil pipelines originate on the territory of the district. The major areas of oil pipelines are: Shaim - Tyumen, Ust-Balyk - Omsk, Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk, Nizhnevartovsk - Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Nizhnevartovsk - Kurgan - Kuibyshev with a connection to the supply of oil for export through the Friendship pipeline.
Most of the main gas pipelines passing through the territory of the district - transit, coming from gas fields of Yamao to the western regions of Russia and abroad (Urengoy - Pomari - Uzhgorod; Urengoy - Chelyabinsk, etc.).
The first gas pipeline in the territory of the district - Igrim - Serov - Nizhny Tagil. For passing gas transfer, Nizhnevartovsk gas pipeline was built - Parabel - Kuzbass.
It is planned to build a Murmansk pipeline system on the route Western Siberia - Usa - Murmansk. The project will allow for a third to increase oil exports.
B. Position relative to transport hubs (nodal).
The main transportation of goods in the district falls on water and rail transport, a third of the freight transportation is carried out by road and 2% - aviation. Large transport hubs in the district is not enough. The largest transport hub of the district is G. Surgut. The city of Yugorsk and Nizhnevartovsk can be promising transport hubs. In the conditions of the implementation of the project for the construction of Sexib, these cities may be awaiting (respectively Western and Eastern), where cargoes will be stored, processed.
Another perspective is associated with the functioning of the transcontinental air bridge from North America, through the North Pole to Central Asia, the Middle East and South Asia. Considering that airports with international status have the cities of Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk and Kogalym, it can be assumed that large transport hubs will be formed here.
As of 2006, 11 airports operate in the region. Aviation has a great socio-economic significance. Thanks to air transport, passengers and goods are possible between settlements that have no year-round road traffic.
For communication with other territories, there is a need to use transport hubs (Ekaterinburg, Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk and even Moscow) of other regions.
4. Sales-geographical position.
The main products of the export region: oil, products of its processing, fuel, wood, products from it, etc. Relevance to the largest markets is of particular importance for the district. It is predicted that the main place is the market on the XXI century card. It will take the Asia-Pacific region, in which over three of the five billion residents of the Earth live. There are already about 60% of world industrial production on this region, more than 1/3 of world trade (along with the east coast of the United States). Japan has become the second after the US industrial power, surpassing the United States on the gross national product per capita. China's largest powers in the volume of GDP entered China. The new industrial countries - the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong, started in the field of advanced technology. The process of rapid development involved new industrial countries of the second generation, including Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand.
The demand for oil is formed mainly in three major regional markets. About 30% of the global oil production is consumed in North America, almost 27% in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and more than 22% in Europe.
About the gradual reorientation of Russia to Asian markets also says the fact that the oil pipeline from Eastern Siberia will go to the Pacific coast. The gas pipeline from the Khanty-Mansiysk district is heading through the territory of Altai to China, which is the largest producer of goods in the world, becomes the largest consumer of raw materials. That is why relative proximity to this region speaks about the neighboring geographical position of the KHMAO in the markets. Although, given the rapid development of Eastern Siberia, it should be noted that this region over time should highly drench Western Siberia in the Asian market.
5. Areeal geographical location.
For the territory of the KHMAO, a geometric central position is characterized. The territory of the Ugra is located in the center of the West Siberian Plain. Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District-Ugra is at the same time central Region of the Ural Federal District - The center of the district is located in Beloyarsk district in the origin of the r. UN-VOSHEGAN and has coordinates of 62 0 30 "S.Sh. and 69 0 35" V.D., and also center of the West Siberian Economic Area (Coordinates of 60 0 40 "S.Sh. and 76 0 46" V.D. Left Bank R. Ob in the area of \u200b\u200bNizhnevartovsk). Closely located the territory of Ugra and to the geometric center of the Tyumen region. The center of the Tyumen region is located near the northern borders of the KHMAO, in the pool r. A lion. Hetta and has coordinates of 64 0 16 "S.Sh. And 72 0 21" VD.
The centrality of the geographic location is an important factor in public life, which affects the efficiency of management functions, on geographic vectors of the territory of the territory, on the placement of parent enterprises and institutions, etc. The central position of the region affects the socio-economic development of the district and on the lifestyle of its population.
This is especially noticeable in the geographical position of the capital of the KhMAO - Khanty-Mansiysk. He has pronounced naturally geographical central position . Besides the fact that the city lies near the geometric center of the district, so it is also a point of intersection of natural communications: latitudinal and meridional plots r. Obi is connected with the Meridionially elongated river Irtysh. The definition of a geometric center can be carried out using different methods. If you determine the center using the Svyatlovsky method, the center of the KHMAO is the point with coordinates 62 0 09 'S.Sh. and 72 0 53 'V.D. This method is not convenient, as it can show the center of the point that even beyond the figures under study. If you use the centerographic method, the coordinates of the center - 61 0 56 "46" S.Sh. and 70 0 37 "30" V.D.
Geographical center KhMAO Located in the Surgut district, on the left bank. Lyamin, in the marsh intercourse r. Yoyah and his left tributary. In 4.5 km to the west-north-west of the center is wintering on the river. Lyamin. The distance in a straight line from the center of KHMAO to Khanty-Mansiysk - 129 km, to Surgut - 168 km and to G. Nefteyugansk - 144 km.
The central economic and geographical location in the district of the district reflects the center of gravity of the economy. It is known that the socio-economic space is inhomogeneously, and the productive forces are placed on the territory unevenly. Therefore, the geometric center of the region most often does not coincide with its economic and geographical center, which reflects the placement of "economic masses" in the region (Table 1). An employment rate is used to determine the severity of the economy (the average number of employees in organizations, without small business entities) of the urban population.
Table 1. "Weighted" coordinates of the cities of KhMAO
| Administrative units | Employment, in 2005 in thousands of years. (M i) | Latitude (X i) | Longitude (Y i) | M i x i | M i y i |
| Beloyarsky | 9,35 | 63 0 40 "S.Sh. | 66 0 41 "VD. | 592,79 | 620,93 |
| Uray | 20,07 | 60 0 06 "S.Sh. | 64 0 46 "V.D. | 1205,4 | 1293,71 |
| Nefteyugansk | 34,59 | 61 0 06 "S.Sh. | 72 0 38 "VD. | 2112,06 | 2503,62 |
| Dust-yah | 13,17 | 60 0 45 "S.Sh. | 72 0 49 "V.D. | 796,12 | 954,69 |
| Nizhnevartovsk | 91,18 | 61 0 03 "S.Sh. | 76 0 17 "V.D. | 5564,71 | 6945,18 |
| Langepas | 18,55 | 61 0 15 "S.Sh. | 75 0 07 "VD. | 1134,33 | 1392,54 |
| Megion | 30,64 | 61 0 01 "S.Sh. | 76 0 15 "VD. | 1869,95 | 2333,23 |
| Shock | 8,43 | 61 0 42 "S.Sh. | 75 0 21 "VD. | 517,77 | 634,02 |
| Rainbow | 17,75 | 62 0 06 "S.Sh. | 77 0 24 "VD. | 1101,56 | 1371,01 |
| Nyagan | 19,88 | 62 0 08 "S.Sh. | 65 0 25 "VD. | 1234,15 | 1297,17 |
| Soviet | 11,5 | 61 0 21 "S.Sh. | 63 0 35 "V.D. | 703,91 | 728,52 |
| Yugorsk | 13,77 | 61 0 18 "S.Sh. | 63 0 18 "VD. | 842,44 | 869,98 |
| Surgut | 109,61 | 61 0 15 "S.Sh. | 73 0 28 "V.D. | 6702,65 | 8032,22 |
| Lianitor | 16,5 | 61 0 36 "S.Sh. | 72 0 07 "VD. | 1012,44 | 1189,15 |
| Kogalym | 47,38 | 62 0 15 "S.Sh. | 74 0 28 "V.D. | 2944,66 | 3519,38 |
| Khanty-Mansiysk | 31,14 | 61 0 00 "S.Sh. | 69 0 02 "VD. | 1899,54 | 2149,28 |
The coordinates of the center of gravity of the GMA economy were calculated by the formulas:
X 0 \u003d -------- σm i x i; Y 0 \u003d ------- σm i y i
Thus, the Economic and Geographical Center for the severity of Ugra lies 30 km to the north-west of Surgut and has coordinates: 61 0 26 "S.Sh. And 73 0 01" V.D.
In connection with the trend towards the consolidation of administrative units of the Russian Federation, the question of the merger of the south of the Tyumen region, KHMAO and YNAO arises. The question of which city is most cost-effective could perform the capital functions? One of the indicators affecting the optimal decision on the allocation of the prospective capital is the indicator of the center of gravity of the economy (Table 2).
Table 2. "Weighted" coordinates of the cities of the Tyumen region
| Administrative units | Number, in 2001 in thousands of years. (M i) | Latitude (X i) | Longitude (Y i) | M i x i | M i y i |
| Tobolsk | 114,6 | 58 0 13 "S.Sh. | 68 0 15 "VD. | 6661,69 | 7809,99 |
| Tyumen. | 552,4 | 57 0 09 "S.Sh. | 65 0 29 "V.D. | 31536,51 | 36066,19 |
| Yalutorovsk | 56 0 40 "S.Sh. | 66 0 17 "VD. | 2143,2 | 2514,46 | |
| Zavodoukovsk | 25,5 | 56 0 32 "S.Sh. | 66 0 32 "VD. | 1436,16 | 1691,16 |
| Ishim | 59,6 | 56 0 08 "S.Sh. | 69 0 28 "VD. | 3342,36 | 4129,08 |
| Khanty-Mansiysk | 41,3 | 61 0 00 "S.Sh. | 69 0 02 "VD. | 2519,3 | 2850,52 |
| Surgut | 292,3 | 61 0 15 "S.Sh. | 75 0 07 "VD. | 17874,14 | 21942,96 |
| Nizhnevartovsk | 238,8 | 61 0 03 "S.Sh. | 76 0 17 "V.D. | 14573,96 | 18189,39 |
| Nefteyugansk | 101,7 | 61 0 06 "S.Sh. | 72 0 38 "VD. | 6209,8 | 7361,04 |
| Nyagan | 68,6 | 62 0 08 "S.Sh. | 65 0 25 "VD. | 4258,68 | 4476,15 |
| Kogalym | 57,1 | 62 0 15 "S.Sh. | 74 0 28 "V.D. | 3548,76 | 4241,38 |
| Megion | 50,8 | 61 0 01 "S.Sh. | 76 0 15 "VD. | 3099,3 | 3868,42 |
| Rainbow | 46,9 | 62 0 06 "S.Sh. | 77 0 24 "VD. | 2910,61 | 3622,55 |
| Langepas | 43,8 | 61 0 15 "S.Sh. | 73 0 28 "V.D. | 2678,37 | 3209,66 |
| Dust-yah | 60 0 45 "S.Sh. | 72 0 49 "V.D. | 2599,35 | 3117,07 | |
| Uray | 42,7 | 60 0 06 "S.Sh. | 64 0 46 "V.D. | 2564,56 | 2752,44 |
| Lianitor | 36,4 | 61 0 36 "S.Sh. | 72 0 07 "VD. | 2233,5 | 2623,34 |
| Yugorsk | 31,5 | 61 0 18 "S.Sh. | 63 0 18 "VD. | 1927,17 | 1990,17 |
| Soviet | 28,8 | 61 0 21 "S.Sh. | 63 0 35 "V.D. | 1762,84 | 1824,48 |
| Beloyarsky | 18,8 | 63 0 40 "S.Sh. | 66 0 41 "VD. | 1191,92 | 1248,5 |
| Shock | 15,2 | 61 0 42 "S.Sh. | 75 0 21 "VD. | 933,58 | 1143,19 |
| Salekhard. | 34,5 | 66 0 32 "S.Sh. | 66 0 36 "V.D. | 2288,04 | 2289,42 |
| Noyabrsk | 108,4 | 63 0 06 "S.Sh. | 75 0 18 "VD. | 6835,7 | 8149,51 |
| New Urengoy | 101,6 | 66 0 07 "S.Sh. | 76 0 33 "VD. | 6712,71 | 7755,12 |
| Nadym | 45,3 | 65 0 35 "S.Sh. | 72 0 30 "VD. | 2960,35 | 3275,19 |
| Muravlenko | 36,5 | 63 0 44 "S.Sh. | 74 0 46 "VD. | 2315,56 | 2717,79 |
| Labnyangi. | 32,6 | 66 0 39 "S.Sh. | 66 0 23 "VD. | 2164,31 | 2159,09 |
| Gubkinsky | 20,1 | 64 0 24 "S.Sh. | 76 0 20 "VD. | 1291,22 | 1531,62 |
The calculated economic and geographical center of gravity of the Tyumen region lies in 132 km southeast from the city of Khanty-Mansiysk and 90 km on the south-west of the city of Nefteyugansk and has coordinates: 60 0 41 "S.Sh. And 71 0 12 "V.D. .
Comparative Dimensions of District. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe KhMOO-Yugru, it takes 10th place in the Russian Federation, and the regions from the European part of Russia and the state of Europe, with the exception of Ukraine and France, exceed its territory of its territory.
The reduction of geographic sizes to purely "square" characteristics is outdated and does not meet the needs of time, development.
The geographical size and area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, in the broad sense of both terms, are far from identical, but are interrelated. The size and its area is important signs of the type of region.
To measure and compare the sizes of Ugra with other regions of Russia was used medium size index (SIR)which calculated the arithmetic average of the regions in the country in the area, the population and the VRP (Gross Regional Product).
S + N + VRP (in%)
Sir \u003d ____________________________,
where S is the percentage of the region's area to the country area, N is the percentage of the population of the region to the country's population.
Contrasts of the regions of Russia in the magnitude of the territory, population density and the amount of GRP affected their ranking on the CIR (Table 3).
The most significant region in size expressed by the Sire indicator was the Moscow region with the city of Moscow (12.33), with its insignificant area and significant shares in the economy and the population. The second, third and fourth place occupy Siberian regions: Krasnoyarsk Territory (9.28), Yakutia (6.67) and KHMA (3.38). The leadership of the first first is due to their gigantic squares. The high result of the Ugra is high performance of VRP and a large territory. The fifth place occupies the second metropolitan region - Leningrad (3.28).
In the Urals leads the Sverdlovsk region (2.27). The places of outsiders were occupied by the republic and autonomous formations belonging to the southern regions of Russia.
Table 3. Comparative indicators of the size of the regions of Russia
| Region | Share area of \u200b\u200bthe region in the country square | The proportion of the population of the region in the total number of countries | Share of the GRP region, from the national | Medium size index |
| KhMAO | 3,06 | 0,99 | 6,1 | 3,38 |
| Neighbors 1 order | ||||
| Krasnoyarsky | 23,25 | 2,08 | 2,5 | 9,28 |
| Yanao | 4,39 | 0,35 | 2,9 | 2,55 |
| Sverdlovskaya | 1,14 | 3,09 | 2,6 | 2,27 |
| Komi. | 2,44 | 0,70 | 1,1 | 1,41 |
| Tomsk | 1,86 | 0,72 | 0,8 | 1,13 |
| Tyumen (without GMA and YNAO) | 0,95 | 0,91 | 1,1 | 0,98 |
| Neighbors in the Urals Federal District | ||||
| Chelyabinskaya | 0,51 | 2,48 | 1,9 | 1,63 |
| Kurgan | 0,41 | 0,70 | 0,3 | 0,47 |
| Neighbors in the West Siberian Economic District | ||||
| Novosibirskaya | 1,04 | 1,86 | 1,4 | 1,43 |
| Kemerovo | 0,56 | 2,00 | 1,5 | 1,35 |
| Omskaya | 0,82 | 1,43 | 1,0 | 1,08 |
| Altai region | 0,54 | 1,79 | 0,8 | 1,04 |
| Altai | 0,99 | 0,06 | 0,1 | 0,38 |
| Other major regions of the country | ||||
| Moscow | 0,28 | 11,72 | 12,33 | |
| Yakutia | 18,17 | 0,65 | 1,2 | 6,67 |
| Leningradskaya | 0,50 | 4,34 | 3,28 | |
| Irkutskaya | 4,63 | 1.87 | 1,6 | 2,7 |
The dimensions of one or another region are interestingly compared at the international level with the size of other countries. Comparison of the size of countries and regions is carried out notebook size index (OGIR) Calculated for three parameters: the size of the territory, the population and the economy.
The Moscow region for the general size (with this method of its assessment) was next to such a country as Vietnam; Yakutia - between Sweden and Iraq; Leningrad region with St. Petersburg - in one weight category with Paraguay and Switzerland; Khanty-Mansiysk District and Krasnoyarsk Territory - at the level of Belarus and Tunisia, etc. YNAO - at the level of geographically small Israel (Fig. 1). At the same time, 25 small regions of Russia turned out to be less than a miniature and young country - Macedonia.
Fig. 1. Dimensions of countries on the generalographic size index
The geographical location can be considered as the main resource of the region, which has a great influence on the formation of the economy, both in time and in space. Assessment of the geographical position is important for the right definition, both possible potential and the complicating conditions for the formation of the economy of the region.
LITERATURE
1. Kosmachev K.P. Geographic examination. Novosibirsk, 1981. - with. 54.
2. Mironenko N.S. Country studies. Theory and methods: Tutorial For universities. - M: Aspect Press, 2001. - 268 p.
3. Atlas HMAO-Ugra. Volume II. Nature. Ecology. Khanty-Mansiysk - Moscow, 2004. - 152 p.
4. Review "On the state of the Environment of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra in 2005." Khanty-Mansiysk: OJSC NPC Monitoring, 2006. - 147 p.
5. Ryansky F.N., Seredovo B.A. Introduction to the historical geography of the middle acquisition and its Ural-Siberian surroundings. - Nizhnevartovsk: Publishing House Nizhnevarta. Humanite. University, 2007. - 405 p.
6. Eremina E. Somewhere there are ships // Expert. Ural. - № 31 (294). August 27 - September 2, 2007 - C.20-22.
7. www.pravda.ru.
8. www.arctictoday.ru.
9. The concept of comprehensive industrial development based on the advanced development of transport and energy infrastructure. Porpolar Ural Ugra. Section "Subsoil Use" (main provisions). Second edition. Khanty-Mansiysk, 2006. - 40 s.
10. Physical geography and ecology of the region (ed. V.I. Bulatova, B.P. Tkacheva) // Khanty-Mansiysk, 2006. - 196 p.
11. Geographical Atlas of Russia. Moscow, 1998. - 164 p.
12. B.C. Tikunov, A.I. Travish experience assessing the geographical size of countries and their regions // Vestn. Mosk. un-ta. - Ser.5. Geogr. 2006. - №1. - P.40-49.
Topic 10. Russia in the global economy
1. The natural and geographical position of Russia and its national wealth.
2. Sectoral structure and main indicators of the Russian economy.
3. Home problems of the Russian economy.
4. Russia's participation in international organizations.
5. Russia's participation in integration unions in the post-Soviet space.
Russia, officially - Russian Federation or Russia, also uses the reduction of the Russian Federation - the state in Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Russia is the largest state of the world, which occupies 11.5% of the land area - 17,098,246 km² (1st place in the world).
The population for 2012 is 143,030,106 people (9th place in the world).
Capital - Moscow (10.5 million people).
National language - Russian.
Head of State - President.
Legislative Body: Two-Chamber Federal Assembly (State Duma and Federation Council).
Russia is a mixed republic of the federal device. It is divided into 83 administrative-territorial units, 46 of which are areas, 21 republics, nine - edges, two - cities of federal significance, four - autonomous districts and one - autonomous region.
Russia borders with eighteen countries (the largest indicator in the world), including two partially recognized, of which, on land with the following states: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, North Korea.
Russia is one of the most water-related countries of the world. The country has one of the world's largest stocks in the world. Surface waters occupy 12.4% of the territory of Russia, while 84% of surface waters are focused east of the Urals; Many densely populated areas of the European part of Russia have a lack of water resources. In the structure of watering, production needs prevail.
The largest freshwater lake - Baikal in the eastern part of the country (about 31,700 km²), which is the deepest planet lake.
The country is rich in various minerals. Russia has the world's largest explored stocks of natural gas, and is also its largest manufacturer. In addition, Russia shares the first second place in terms of oil produced, and in terms of its exports it takes second place. Large coal deposits are available in the Komi Republic, in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Russia is also rich in iron ore, nickel, tin, gold, diamonds, platinum, lead, zinc. Many of these resources are in Siberia, where long distances, a weak population, a harsh climate and a long-term permafrost create significant difficulties for cost-effective production and transportation of raw materials to recycling and consumption places.
Russia is an industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. GDP for 2011 amounted to 2.376 trillion US dollars (about $ 16,700 per capita). The monetary unit is the Russian ruble (averaged course for 2011 - 29.4 rubles for 1 US dollar).
The Russian economy ranks 6th in the world in terms of GDP on PPS (for 2011). According to 2007, the proportion of Russia's economy in the global economy is 3.2%.
The position of any point on the globe can be determined using geographic coordinates - for this they are created. But even the coordinates themselves are different: a latitude, although quite approximately, indicates the temperature mode of the place (it is safe to assert that 10-15 ° latitude is warmer than 75-80 °); But on one latitude, natural conditions can be quite different. The longitude itself does not carry any information if we do not know what the place is located around us, especially since it is possible to take as an initial one in principle as an initial any meridian. Therefore, the concept of geographic location goes far beyond the limits of the characteristic of the position of the object by coordinates.
Geographical position - This is the position of any geographical object on earth
surfaces in relation to other objects with which it is in collaboration. The geographical location is an important characteristic of the object, as it significantly gives an idea of \u200b\u200bits natural and socio-economic features.
To determine the geographical position of any geographical object, you need, first of all, to solve the question - what is this done for?
We characterize the geographical position of Moscow to determine what caused the climate of the city. In this case, it is primarily important, then what latitude is Moscow. 56 ° latitude is a moderate illumination belt, almost all the globe also moderate thermal and climatic belts. Western winds prevail on these latitudes. The city is located in the midst of an extensive plain on a rather large (1000-1500 km) distance from the seas, but the plain is open to the winds of all directions - the prevailing Western, humid, from the side of the relatively warm Atlantic Ocean, the cold northern, from the North Ocean, less frequent, dry Of Central Asia. The position of Moscow among the large array of sushi makes the climate continental, but free access of air from the Atlantic this continentality softens.
In order to characterize the geographical position of Moscow as the capital of Russia, a large industrial and cultural center, it is also necessary to draw attention to its position in the center of the plain, but here the hydrographic network comes to the first place - shipping rivers and places where in the old days it was possible to cross the same river pool to another. It was favorable in ancient and position in the forest zone, less affordable for nomads from the south than, for example, in Kiev. Moscow became the center around which the Russian state was formed at the end of the Ordia rule and after his overthrow. Roads connected Moscow with many cities, Moscow became a major transport hub. In the future, the road network itself has become an important factor in the geographical position that contributed to the development of the city. It is especially important because there are no essential raw materials and energy natural resources near the city, much has to be delivered from long-distance places.
In the first case, we reviewed the physico-geographical location of the city (with a narrow target - only to explain its climate), in the second - economic and geographical.
Economic and geographical position (EGP) - These are all spatial relations of the enterprise, settlement, district, countries, groups of countries to external objects that have economic importance for them. EGP of any object can be assessed as a favorable, contributing to the economic development of the object, and unfavorable - preventing it. EGP is the concept of historical, during the change in the most economic object and objects associated with it, it can become more favorable than it was before, or less favorable.
EGP of the city can improve if they conducted a way to him; It may worsen if they spend the road bypassing this city, and the paths previously passing through it are now going to the side.
EGP will improve, if the mineral field was opened near the city, it worsens if the entire deposit was developed, and there were no other essential productions in the city.
The EGP of the country may worsen if its border, through which a free pass was before, for some political reasons closed.
Consider as an example of an economic and geographic situation of several states and cities.
Great Britain, Island state in Western Europe. The country is located on the island of United Kingdom and also occupies the north of the island of Ireland, so the full name of the state is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The island of the United Kingdom is separated from the continental Europe by the strait of La Mans, having in the narrow part (shed pa-de-kale) 32 km width. The proximity to the continent was at first there was the reason that Roman conquests were spread here (I B. BC), and then the conquest of Normanov (1066). But then, with the strengthening of the state, the island position has become profitable: from the XI century. No attempt to foreign invasion of the UK was successful. At the same time, having plenty of good natural harbors, the United Kingdom has become a nautical power, has a powerful fleet, led and leads maritime trade with the whole world. The British Military Fleet has long been considered the best in the world. The island position helps the country to maintain a famous identity even in conditions of globalization, at the same time a short distance separating it from continental Europe allows you to maintain very close connections with it; Now, under the strait of Pa de Cal, the tunnel has been created between the UK and France, the land transport is held on it.
Panama, the state in Central America, in the narrowest part of the coastal connecting North America with South. It would seem that the situation is very favorable: control over the variety controlling the connection between the continents. But the mountain relief of Central America and thick tropical vegetation prevented the development of land transport here, and there was no control over it. More important for Panama turned out to be not what geographical objects connect the Panaman stakes on which it is located, and what objects it shares, - quiet and atlantic oceans. In 1914, it was built, and in 1920 the Panaman channel was officially opened a few more than 80 km long, which connected the Caribbean Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Thus, Panama began to control not barely noticeable freight traffic on land between continents, and very powerful - between the oceans, since the way through the channel is much shorter to bypassing South America from the south, and EGP Panama immediately improved.
Singapore, the city is the state in Southeast Asia, near the extreme southern point of the mainland of Eurasia. Singapore is located on the island of the same name near the southern end of the Malacca Peninsula. Most vessels on the path from the Indian Ocean in a quiet passes through the Malacca Strait (between about. Sumatra and Malacca Pen) and envelopes Malacca from the south, so the Singapore is very difficult. Therefore, EGP island and city should be considered extremely profitable. Almost all the trade between Europe, India, the countries of the Persian Gulf, some countries of Africa, on the one hand, and China, Japan, South Korea, Far East of Russia, with the other, takes place by this way. Therefore, Singapore over the past decades has emerged in the first place among the ports of the entire world in terms of cargo turnover. From the mainland Singapore is separated by a narrow strait, through which bridges were transferred, so it is possible for a good ground connection with the continental part of Malaysia and with Thailand, but Singapore's land connections with other mainland countries are small, since the road network in Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia is bad.
Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Magadan - What is similar and what is their economic and geographical position? All three cities are located in the Far East of Russia. All three cities are centers of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Vladivostok and Khabarovsk - regional centers, Magadan - Regional). Vladivostok and Magadan - Seaports: Vladivostok on the Japanese Sea, Magadan on Okhotsk.
Vladivostok significantly (17 ° latitude) south, so it can be used all year round. The advantage of Vladivostok consists in the fact that it is suitable for it railway - It is the final point of the Trans-Siberian Railway Main. Russians surrounding Vladivostok are not well provided with land transport, as well as located within the region with natural conditionsfavorable for agriculture, and therefore do not need them to serve them. Vladivostok in connection with this focused on foreign trade - export and import.
The Magadan region has transport links with the rest of Russia almost only through its regional center and in such a relationship it needs, because it cannot provide themselves with food and many other resources. There are no railways in the region, but Magadan has a highway (Kolyma tract), on which or near the majority of local settlements of the region. Therefore, the Magadan port serves mainly its area, providing it with all of Russia from other regions of Russia. True, a car road to Yakutsk goes from the Kolyma tract, but the Railway does not reach Yakutsk, so there is no reason to carry anything into the Magadan region through Yakutsk.
Khabarovsk, unlike Vladivostok and Magadan, does not stand on the sea coast and, therefore, the seaport is not. It is located at the intersection of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Big Amur River near the Ussuri. Khabarovsk is an important river port, and actually the railway node: not in the city itself, but only 50 kilometers from him from Transsib is a line on Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Vanino-Sovetskaya Harbor. All this makes the transport position of Khabarovsk very profitable, as Komsomolsk is the end item of the Baikal-Amur railway line, and Vanino and Soviet harbor are seaports.
In militarily, Vladivostok and Khabarovsk are more vulnerable, since they are near the state border, Magadan - on the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, whose coast is fully controlled by Russia.
