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To prevent the accidents of steam boilers due to the pressure from the pressure on the boilers, the installation of safety valves is envisaged.

: Purpose of safety valves is to prevent the increase in pressure in steam boilers and pipelines above the established limits.

The excess of the working pressure in the boiler can lead to the rupture of boiling on-screen and economist pipes and the walls of the drum.

The causes of high pressure in the boiler are a sudden reduction or cessation of steam flow (disconnection of consumers) and excessive fireboxing,

Especially when working on fuel oil or gaseous fuel.

Therefore, that the pressure in the boiler could not rise above the permissible, the operation of boilers with faulty or non-regulated valves is strictly prohibited.

Measures for warning up pressure in the vapor boiler are: Regular verification of the health of safety valves and pressure gauges, alarm system from steam consumers to obtain information about the upcoming steam expenditures, personnel training and good knowledge and performance of production instructions and anti-emergency circulars. -

To check the health of the safety valves of the boiler, the steamer and the economizer produce their purge, forcibly opening manually:

At operating pressure in the boiler up to 2.4 MPa inclusive, each valve is at least 1 time per day;

At operating pressure from 2.4 to 3.9 MPa, it is turned on by one valve of each boiler, the steamer and the economizer at least once a day, as well as at each start of the boiler, and at a pressure above 3.9 MPa - on time, Installed by instructions.

In the practice of operating boilers, there are still accidents associated with the excess of pressure in the boiler above the permissible. The main cause of these accidents is the operation of boilers with faulty or non-regulated safety valves and faulty pressure gauges. In some cases, the accident occur due to the fact that the boilers are put into operation with safety valves disconnected using plugs or crack, or make an arbitrary change in valve adjustments, overlapping additional load on valve levers when malfunction or absence of automation and security equipment.

In the boiler room there was an accident of the steam boiler E-1 / 9-1t due to exceeding the pressure, as a result of which the boiler room was partially destroyed. The E-1/9-IT boiler is made by the Taganrog house-building plant to work on solid fuel. In coordination with the plant, the manufacturer of the boiler was converted to liquid fuel, while the AR-90 burner was installed and the automatic devices for disconnecting the fuel supply to the boiler in two cases were mounted - with a decrease in the water level below the permissible and increase in the pressure above installed. Before commissioning the boiler, the faulty ND-1600/10 nutrient pump with a supply of 1.6 m3 / h and pressure on the injection of 0.98 MPa was replaced by a tread-in-vortex pump with a supply of 14.4 m3 / h and pressure on the discharge 0.82 MPa. The high power of the engine of this pump did not allow to include it in electrical circuit Automatic boiler power control with water, so it was carried out manually. Automation of protection against water level reduction was disabled, and automation of protection against exceeding pressure did not work due to the sensor fault. The operator, finding the loss of water, turned on the nutritional pump. Immediately the lid of the upper drum hatch and the bottom left collector is destroyed in the place of welding to it with a grain beam. The accident occurred due to a sharp increase in pressure in the boiler due to the deep lunch of water and the subsequent feeding of it. Calculations have shown that the pressure in the boiler in this case could increase to 2.94 MPa.

The thickness of the hatch cover in a number of places was less than 8 mm, and the lid was deformed.

In connection with this accident, the Gosgortkhnadzor of the USSR suggested that the owners operating steam boilers: not allow the operation of boilers in the absence or malfunction of automation of safety and control and measuring instruments; Ensure maintenance, commissioning and repair of automatic equipment by qualified specialists.

In accordance with the letter of Gosgortkhnadzor of the USSR No. 06-1-40 / 98 dated 14.05.87 "On ensuring reliable operation of steam boilers E-1.0-9" owners of the boilers of the specified type are obliged to reduce the pressure allowed pressure for boilers that have a cover thickness The hatch is 8 mm with a fixture of the hatch cap with pillars to 0.6 MPa, as the plants of the minergomasha for the drums of the boilers E-1.0-9 steam-capacity 1 t / h were produced with 8 mm thick covers and the hatch cover thickness of the hatch was increased to 10 mm.

In the boiler room there was an accident with a boiler E-1 / 9t yz-for exceeding pressure.

As a result of the bottom of the bottom of the bottom drum, the boiler was discarded from the installation site towards another boiler and, having hit, threw the trim, "destroyed the stencil, deformed 9 pipes of the side screen. Safety valves during the strike were doried from their nests. When testing on a pressure stand 1 , 1 MPa valves did not work. When the valves are disassembly, it is found that its moving parts of the valve are bought.

The investigation establishes that the bottom of the boiler 0 600x8 mm was made by a handicraft made of steel that does not have a certificate.

After "Wire of the bottom workers of the boiler room was held hydraulic test A pressure of 0.6 MPa, while the bottom is deformed. After a few more days of the boiler in the weld, cracks appeared, which were welded.

Due to changes in the construction of the Lower Drum cover (without coordination of the manufacturer), unsatisfactory repair, has become a possible accident with serious consequences.

Faults of safety valves

To prevent accidents of steam and hot water boilers due to excess of pressure in them, the rules of the State

The Gortennadzor of the USSR is envisaged to install at least two safety valves for each boiler for more than 100 kg / h.

On steam boilers with a pressure above 3.9 MPa, only pulse safety valves are installed.

Because of the wrong operation of safety valves or defects, there were an accident in the boiler industrial enterprises and in power plants. So, on a single power plant with a sharp discharge of the load due to the malfunction of the safety valves, the steam pressure in the boiler rose from 11.0 to 16.0 MPa. It broke the circulation, and there was a disconnection of the on-screen pipe.

On another power station under the same conditions of operation, the pressure rose from 11.0 to 14.0 MPa, as a result of which two-screen pipes occurred.

The investigation establishes that some safety valves did not work, since the pulse lines were blocked by valves, and the remaining valves did not provide the necessary steam discharge due to the use of non-valve springs in the pulsed safety valves and due to the breakage of the part of them.

The destruction of the springs was observed in the pulse valves after each discovery. This happened as a result of high dynamic efforts from the jet of the emerging steam at the time of opening the valve having a diameter of the passage section of the seat 70 mm.

The main malfunctions in the work of lever-cargo and spring safety valves are shown in Table. 2.4.

Safety valves must protect boilers and steam steampers from exceeding pressure in them by more than 10% of the calculated one. Excess pressure with full opening of safety valves higher than 10% of the calculated can be allowed only if, when calculating the strength of the boiler and the steamer, this is a possible increase in pressure.

K.p. high pressure. Under the K. p. High pressure understand C. p. With a pressure above 22 aTM.The first attempts to build and use steam plants of high pressure (45--50 aTM)refer to the beginning of the 19th century; However, the widespread use of high-pressure pairs is beginning to acquire only after the war of 1914--18, when the economy. The advantages of high-pressure steam could be used in practice due to the increase in the power of individual power plants and the urgent need for the most economical use of fuel. The widespread development of engineering and metallurgy gave the opportunity to satisfactorily resolve the problem of constructing K. p. And high pressure machines. Thermodynamically, the benefit of the use of high-pressure steam is due to the following water vapor properties: as the pressure of the heat is increased continuously increases, and the heat of evaporation falls; Full heat dry saturated steam increases with increasing pressure to ~ 40 aTM, a,then begins to fall. Heat superheated steam with constant tr falls continuously with pressure increase. It follows that when obtaining a dry saturated pair, a decrease in the fuel consumption on the pair weight unit will take place, only starting with -40 aTMand higher. As for the superheated steam, then increasing pressure and leaving unchanged troverheating, we reduce continuous fuel consumption on a pair weight unit. It is necessary at the same time to emphasize that savings in the fuel obtained by the weight unit of the steam with increasing pressure is generally very small. So, when improving pressure from 15 aTMslave Up to 80, with a constant pace of overheating 400r, fuel economy is only 3.3%. Therefore, the main benefit from the use of high-pressure steam is not in the field of the boiler installation, but in the region of the steam engine (see Steam machinesand Turbinessteam). Under the data above the conditions, adiabatic difference at pressure in the condenser in 0.05 aTMabs. will be 240 and 288 Cal / kg, respectively, which, when taking into account a minor increase in losses with an increase in pressure, will give a total saving of 1 kWh about 16%. More advantageous use of steam in installations using spent steam for heating or heating. In this case, when using a ferry in 80 aTMgeneral coefficient The heat of heat uses up to ~ 70%. In order to avoid a significant moisture content of steam in the last steps of the high-pressure turbine, intermediate steam overheating is often used, and the pairs from the last steps of the high-pressure turbine are discharged into the secondary superheater, overheats in it and then heads to the next part of the turbine. The benefit of the use of secondary overheating is that the heat spent is almost completely used in the turbine. Intermediate overheating gives 1--3% savings in fuel. Efficiency is clean condensation installations High pressure can be highly enhanced by applying a regenerative process, with a k-ROM part of the pair of intermediate steps of the turbine is branched to heating nutrient water. The use of this method gives savings of 4--8%. The implementation of the regenerative cycle entails a very substantial change in general scheme Boiler installation: Because water heating is performed using a steam, an ordinary water economizer running on the exhaust gases K. p., It becomes either at all unnecessary or the surface of its d. significantly reduced, because The task of it can be only a small heating of water after the steam heater (with a multi-stage heating of water with steam water m. b. Half-up to 130--150r and above). To use the heat of exhaust gases K. p., In this case, the air heater is installed, the cost of which is significantly lower than the economize. As t.RKIP.water grows along with the increase in pressure, then in high pressure installations it seems possible to increase trwater heating compared to installations low pressure. This circumstance, in the absence of heating, an intermediate ferry entails an increase in the surface of the heaters due to the surface of K. p., Which results in the increase in the cost-effectiveness of the entire installation due to the fact that 1) the heating surface of the heaters is cheaper the surface of the heating of the K. paragraph and 2) absorption Heat heaters occurs more intensively than the last moves of K. p., by virtue of greater difference tr heating body and heated. With the increase in pressure decreases UD. The volume of the steam and therefore increases its UD. weight. This property entails very significant consequences. 1) without changing the velocity of the flow of steam in steam pipelines compared to low pressure settings, it is possible to reduce pipe diameters as pressure increases, which reduces the steam pipelines. However, it should be noted that the average steam speeds as pressure increases, it is necessary to reduce to reduce losses. 2) due to the increase in the pair density, heat transmission from the inner wall of the superheater tube to a pair is improved. This circumstance significantly reduces the temperature of the outdoor walls of the superheater tubes and reduces the danger of tubes of tubes with quite high trsteam overheating (450r and above). 3) due to the decrease in the UD. The volume of the steam is possible to reduce the diameters of the upper collectors K. p., while maintaining the steam separation rate from the evaporation mirror at the same height, as in K. p. low pressure. With the increase in pressure, the accumulating capacity is reduced to heated to trkip, water for the reason that the increase in the heat of water fluid while increasing the pressure on 1 aTMslows down as absolute pressure increases. So, with the increase in pressure from 15 to 16 aTMabs. Heat of liquid 1. kg waters increase by 3.3 Cal, and with increased from 29 to 30 aTMabs. It increases only at 2.1 Cal. By virtue of the specified K. p. High pressure have significant sensitivity to load fluctuations; This phenomenon is aggravated by the fact that the supply of water in them is small. The change in the accumulating capacity of water at different pressures and at different values \u200b\u200bof the pressure drop can be seen from the diagram of FIG. 83 (according to Munzinger). The specified property K. p. High pressure forces to include in the boiler installation scheme with a highly fluctuating load special batteries (see. Battery heat). Design, materials. Constructive design of steam boilers of high pressure is currently under two main ways. The first way is to create types, according to the very essence of its different from ordinary, "normal", boilers, the second - in the reconstruction of old types of vertically-water-tube and section boilers, taking into account the special requirements imposed on the K. p. High pressure. Among the most interesting structures K. P. The first category includes boilers of ATMOS systems, Benson, Leflera and Schmidt-Gartman. To about l atm (FIG. 84) is a system of several horizontally located pipes. butdiam. About 300. mm, rotating at a speed of about 300 rpm. (The required power of the motor is about 1-- 2 HP per pipe). Pipes are located in the fuel area. Water is preheated pre-in economizer to trkip., a is then fed into pipes (rotors), in which under the action of centrifugal force is pressed against the walls, forming a hollow cylinder inside the pipes. Couple enters the superheater. Parpiperbility K.P. is regulated by the number of rotors. Boilers are built for pressure 50 --100 aTMand higher. ParProductivity of Atmos Boilers reaches 300--350 kg / m2.per hour, since the boiler is essentially the first round of the water tube boiler, which gives approximately the same steam output. The advantages of the boilers of this system are the absence of expensive rabbans of large diameter, the presence of a small heating surface and a simple water circulation scheme; The shortcomings include significant complexity of the mechanism of rotation and seals in the ends of the rotors, as well as the possibility of damage to the rotors when stopping the motors; These circumstances require exclusively attentive care of the boiler. The originalness of the workflow shown in the JS diagram in FIG. 85. Preheating water at a pressure of about 225 aTM served in coils where it is heated to 374r, after which it instantly goes into steam without heat costs to this transition, since pressure 224.2 aTMat temp 374r is critical; Couples at this point possesses the maximum heat of the liquid, about 499 Cal, and the heat of evaporation is zero. Due to this in K. P. In fact, the process of vaporization does not occur and there are no all unwanted phenomena associated with this process. Steam overheats further to 390r, then it throttles to approximately 105 aTMand the second is overheated to 420r. Paps with pressure in 105 aTM and tr420r is a worker and sent to the turbine. The advantage of the boiler is the absence of expensive drums and in the relative safety of the device due to the insignificant water volume. However, the boiler is extremely sensitive to load fluctuations and to power breaks. In addition, the implementation of the Benson process requires inconsistency of a large energy consumption on nutritional pumps, since the latter should have a pressure of about 250 aTM,while the working couple has pressure OK. 100 aTM.Constructive execution of K. P. Benson systems depicted in FIG. 86. It is based on the principle of obtaining a high pressure steam by direct intake of a strongly superheated steam into the evaporator laminated directly by gases, it is applied to high to high trwater. A special pump formed in the evaporator of the special pump is sent to the superheater under the action of radiant heat and flue gases. Superheated steam from the superheater is sent part to the turbine, part of the evaporator. The advantages of the boiler are a fairly significant amount of water in the evaporator, the absence of boiling pipes, which are often in the exploration of the cause of accidents, the lack of need for careful softening of nutritional water (the evaporator does not heat the hot gases). The lack of a boiler is the complexity of the system and in particular the pump sucking from the vapor. When the pump is stopped, the inspector tubes can occur despite the presence of a special fuse. This special pump absorbs a large amount of energy, relatively the greater the lower the pressure of the steam. Therefore, the boiler works uneconomically at a pressure below 100 aTM(at a pressure of about 130 aTMpump consumption is approx. 2% of the entire energy generated by the boiler). FIG. 87 depicted a boiler scheme and its constructive execution (A - Pump, b.- steam pipe in the car in- superheater, g.--evaporator, d.--economizer, e.- Pretty heater). Schmidt-Gartman boiler (Fig. 88) consists of a drum butwith the system of coils located in it b,for which saturated couples, evaporating water in the drum. In the bracket of the boiler are coils in,being a continuation of coils lying in the drum (the remaining notation: Mr - transiter, d.--economizer). In these coils, steam is produced, then deriving its heat water. Evaporating steam in coils has pressure on ~ 30 aTMmore pressure steam pressure. Circulation in coils occurs naturally, as opposed to the systems described above, in which it is carried out by a compulsory way. The advantages of the boiler - safe. The work of coils, the evaporating steam flows (on coils, the same water circulates continuously), a high heat transfer coefficient from a saturated steam condensing in coils, the lack of washing of drum hot gases. Disadvantages of the boiler-- relative high costs and the need to keep coils under significantly greater pressure than the working couple. Built according to ordinary, "normal", type of water-tube K. p. High pressure (and most of the high-pressure settings are supplied and to present exactly such K. p.) They have a number of constructive features, from the main mainstream: 1) a slight amount of drums small diameter (for reduction); 2) a small surface of the heating of the first gas (to the superheater) in order to obtain a large overheating; 3) the absence of hard compounds between individual elements of K. p.; To this end, avoid applications connecting tubes large diameter; Pipes are bended by a radius that is not less than fivefold the outer diameter of the pipe; 4) Availability in jacks for pipes in drums, section boxes and chambers of the superheater grooves depth from 0.5 to 1 mM.for greater reliability of the collapse; 5) Mandatory reliable isolation of drums from the effects on them hot gases and radiant heat. Isolation needed to reduce the Mr. stresses of the material of the drums that appear due to the difference tr the outer and inner surface of the wall and growing with increasing it (if there is insulation, the difference trnearby). It should also be indicated that lower trthe walls make it possible to perform this wall more thin, since the voltage in it is allowed to be the greater the lower tr Walls. Isolation protects from gases also places of boding of pipes. Isolation is carried out by a number of ways, from the main mainstream are: 1) cast iron plates; 2) special chamotte bricks suspended to the drums; 3) a system of small diameter tubes, placed in drums and water cooled from the boiler; 4) splashing (torsion) on the drum of a liquid mixture of a special refractory mass and water with a cement-gun (the best way). K. P. High-pressure, working with high voltage of heating surface, is usually supplied with water screens, i.e., the system of pipes included in the overall circulation system K. n. And located in the bracket of the boiler. Screens increase the performance of K. p. And lower the temperature of the walls of the cooler chamber and the gases in it. The most responsible part of K. p. Are drums. According to the method of performing drums can be divided into the following types. 1) drums with longitudinal riveted seams and with invested bottoms; They usually apply to the pressure of approximately 35 a.t.m,although there are a series of riveted boilers and pressure up to 50 - 80 aTM.2) drums with longitudinal welds with stuffed, welded to them or besieged from the same leaf bottom; These drums are used for pressure up to 40--45 aTM;they are welded in a machine way. 3) soloble drums are used for all pressures, chapters, arr. for pressure above 40--45 a.t.m. (cm. TOdecal). A R M A T U R a. To reduce the loss of pressure in the pairoshipal organs, the latter are almost exclusively executed as jamj.ki.(see) or as valves(see) special type. The use of cranes of even the smallest diameter is avoided by replacing them with valves. Water instruments are performed with several glasses. At very high pressures, special appliances are used without glasses. Shut-off authorities are usually performed so. arr. that spindles are not in the steam stream. Mainer casting is used as the material for the main parts of the reinforcement (for pressure to 30-- 40 a.t.m)or Elektrostal. For higher pressure, alloyed steel is often used, for example molybdenum, and small parts are usually performed by catching. Cleargery, as well as soft iron and metal metal are used as compaction seals. R E G U L I T O P E P E R E R E V A I P I T A N I. K. P. High pressure for reliability of work should be supplied with overheating and power regulators. Overheating regulators can be divided into two main groups: a) actuating overheated couples and protecting only steam pipes and turbines from excessive overheating, i.e., regulators installed behind the superheater (tubular regulator, the superficial method is cooled into the top Injecting the sprayed distilled water into pairs), and b) protective except steam pipelines and turbines are also a superheater from excessive heating (gas distribution valves, combinations of plates at the superheater for skipping part of the gases by the superheater, injection of sprayed water into pairs in front of the superheater, etc.) . Regulators are advisable to supply automata that do not give the ability to overheat above a certain tempo. Power regulators have a prescription to automatically hold a certain water level in K. p., Feeding water depending on the mode of operation. The main types of regulators are based either on the principle of the float floating at the water level and acting with the help of a transfer mechanism to the degree of opening of the valve, or on the principle of a tubular thermostat, filled with part of the ferry, part of water (depending on the water level in K. p.), Also affecting the degree of opening of the valve (Kopep regulator). Other type regulators are also used. Economy.Above the main thermodynamic advantages of high pressure steam were indicated. But the profitability of the use of high pressure settings is determined not only the theoretical. Considerations, but also a number of other circumstances, like: cost, depreciation, complexity or ease of maintenance, degree of reliability, etc. The cost of boilers increases with the increase in pressure; The cost of the flue device, bunkers, traction device does not increase, and in other cases, with a significant decrease in fuel consumption, 1 kWh, even falls; The cost of steam pipeline almost does not change; The cost of nutrient pumps and energy consumption for the exploitation of them, as well as the cost of nutrient pipelines grow. For judgment on the profitability of high-pressure use, it is necessary to have accurate data on the ratio between the values \u200b\u200bof depreciation and deductions for additional costs, on the one hand, and savings in the cost of fuel, on the other. For the possibility of judgment on the cost of K.P. Soviet production within the pressures currently used by our s-dami, in FIG. 89 shows a diagram (prices are given for vertical water tube boilers with all necessary fittings, headset, frame, superheater and mechanical chain grid with zone blast). High pressure pairs are used in purely power plants, installations with intermediate steam selection and with back pressure. High pressure (about 90--100 a.t.m)it is cost-effective at high cost of fuel, a large number of working hours per year and with relatively cheap boilers. With a decrease in the cost of fuel and the number of working hours and with increasing the cost of boilers, it is cost-effective to use lower pressure. Pressure in 40--60 a.t.m.with mixed installations, it is advantageous for all conditions of work and any cost of fuel. The economy of high-pressure settings is due to the main thing. arr. Reducing fuel consumption. To determine the fuel consumption by 1 kWh, it is also necessary to take into account its feed on nutritious and condensing pumps and other accessories. FIG. 90 shows a diagram on which the fuel economy curves are deposited at different pressures when compared with pressure 15 aTMfor power plants and for one particular case of a mixed installation with different oppressions. To reduce the cost of K. p. It is necessary to bring the number of drums and their diameter to a minimum, since the cost of the drums is one of the main components of the total cost of steam boilers. But the desire to reduce the cost of K. p. Should not affect the deterioration of working conditions, as it is necessary to ensure at least the minimum of water volume (when working without a battery) and the preparation of a sufficiently dry pair. Single-braised K. p., Carried out in ch. arr. In the form of sectional K. n. with a transverse drum, finds themselves quite widespread use and are cheaper than the multifublished, but they have a small amount of water, and with highly fluctuating loads, they are difficult to exploit them without a battery. The exploitation of the K. p. High pressure requires compliance with a number of special conditions. The first and basic requirement is the preparation of nutritious water. To avoid corrosion of parts K. p. It is necessary to reach the minimum content of oxygen in nutrient water. Approximately one can indicate that the oxygen content is approximately 1 - 3 mg.in 1 l.nutrient water is still permissible. It should be noted that at high pressure, the feeding effect of oxygen is stronger than under normal pressure. In addition, water d. B. Softened to avoid the formation of scale in K. p. Water rigidity in K. n. must be no more than 2r German. To maintain this value, in addition to the softening of water, careful purge of K. n. Should be recommended continuous purge. When disturbing K. p. It is necessary to cool the superheater. Best way It is necessary to recognize the amusement of a saturated steam from the neighboring working K. p. When cooling the superheater, the latter should meet all the requirements for nutrient water, and the stiffness of the E "E" b. Brought to a minimum (0.5--1.0R German). It should not be advised to use this method during the crash of the steam boiler. To reduce trthe superheated pair should not be resorted to mixing it with saturated. In the extreme case, when using this method, you can allow, when passing a part of a saturated pair by a superheater, an increase trsuperheated pair directly behind the superheater is no more than 30--40r over the calculated one. LIT:MR N C and NG E R F., high pressure pairs, pen s. him., Moscow, 1926; Mr. O., high pressure pairs, per. with him., M., 1927; Practice of the exploitation of steam boilers, per. with him., L., 1929; M u n z i n g E R F., Ruths-Warmespeicher in Kraftwerken, V., 1922; Speisewasserpflege, hrsg. v. Vereinigung d. GrosskesselBesitzer e. V., Charlottenburg; "HochdruckDampf", Sonderheft d. "Z. d. VDI", Berlin, 1924 and 1929; "ARCHIV FUR DIE WARMEWSCHAFT", V., 1927, 12 (thermal batteries); Ibidem, 1926, 5 (high pressure fittings); ibid., 1929, 2 (high pressure fittings); "Ztschr. D. VDI", 1928, 39, 42, 43 (about the leafer boiler); ibid., 1925, 7 (about the atmus boiler); "Die Warme", V., 1929, 30 (calculation of high pressure boilers); "Kruppsche Monatshefte", Essen, 1925, October (calculation of high pressure boilers); "Hanomagnachrichten", Hannover, 1926, N. 150--151 (calculation of high pressure boilers). S. Schwartzman.

To ensure the technical needs of industrial enterprises, generating electricity, as well as to possibly functioning centralized or autonomous Systems Heating and ventilation are used steam boilers high pressure. The equipment function includes the generation of saturated steam during the combustion process of one or another type of fuel. There are quite many models of aggregates, characterized by dimensions, power and constructive features. DCVR steam boilers (or double-drummed boilers, vertically water-tube, reconstructed) refer to high-performance heating equipmentworking on different types Fuel.

Design DKVR

The device of high pressure boilers is quite complicated, which is reflected in the price of equipment. Units consist of two drums:

• nizhny - short;
• upper - longer.

The equipment has a shielded furnace compartment, a cutting chamber (not everywhere), on-screen and convective pipe bundles. For the possibility of their periodic or emergency cleaning, the bottom of the case is equipped with lasies, which are used and when inspection of drums. Outside, the sites are installed, designed for maintenance, and stairs - for the convenience of lifting up. In the design of the boiler are also present, nutrient pipelines and partitions, bleeding plants and smokers. Each basic and optional element performs its function. All of them have a specific installation place.

Natural circulation in a closed circuit of the fuel water tube high pressure unit occurs due to the different density of the voiced steam mixture in lifting and water in hydrochny pipes bent in a certain way. The pressure is created at the expense of unequal heating of sections of hot gases. Vertical boilers Called because the pipes in the design are placed at an angle of 25 degrees or more relative to the horizon. Such units have a greater amount of beams and the number of pipes in them, which is reflected on the increase in the total heating area. Such a design solution allows the release of high pressure boilers without expanding the volume of drums.

An important component of a number of high-pressure steam generators (with a capacity of up to 10t / h) is a coaching chamber, divided into two segments by means of brickwork:

• furnace;
• camera of a car rising.

Depending on the model, the boilers are completed with additional elements:

• various valves - preventing, descent, selected, feeding, etc.;
• shut-off valves;
• purge fittings;
• fittings;
• pointers of water level;
• pressure gauges and other measuring devices;
• steps.

In the steam boilers of the DCVR series, there is an opportunity to work in water-heating mode. Features of their design and specifications allow you to raise pressure three times - from 1.3 to 3,9mpa. As a result, the temperature of the superheated steam may increase from 195 to 440 degrees Celsius. The optimal power of the equipment produced is within 2.5 ... 20t / h. The price of the DCVR depends on this indicator and the model of the unit.

Operation of steam gas boilers of the modification under consideration can be carried out in different climatic zones, even in the extreme north.

Read more about some components

Steam boilers are equipped:

• protective automation - cuts off fuel in emergency and freelance situations (no voltage, flame extinction, sharp deviation from regulatory pressure in any of the structural nodes);
• emergency or warning alarm - light and sound;
• automatic water level adjustment;
• system safe ignition - checks the valve tightness indicator;
• control automation - monitors the pressure of steam and fuel;
• automatic adjustment of the fuel-air ratio in the furnace.

Screen and convective seamless pipes are made with a diameter of 51mm from steel. With the boiler, they are connected by means of rolling connections.

Special gas-fuel burners Apply in cases of separate use of fuel - either gas, or fuel oil. They are produced in five sizes, featuring the power and type of swirlar - direct-flow or axial. Each burner is completed with two nozzles - main and replaceable. An additional element is activated only in case of cleaning or installing a new nozzle.

High pressure solid fuel units are equipped with ashlas:

• mechanical cyclone type - block or batteries;
• ionization-based - electrostatic filters attract charged particles;
• wet - removal is performed by water.

Centrifugal smoke is intended for solid fuel boilers. It is installed both indoors and street canopies. Equipment in the unilateral direction sucks carbon monoxide from the furnace. In the function of another element - the fan - it includes the provision of the opposite action - it enforces the air into the furnace, which contributes to more productive fuel combustion.

The furnace for solid fuel boilers with a capacity of up to 10t / h is equipped with tape pneumomechanical fuel feeders, thanks to which there can be continuous loading of coal to the already burning layer. It is also equipped with fixed lattices with rotary grates. For their control, in the design of the boiler there are special drives, as well as for air dampers.

Principle of operation

After the receipt of water into the upper drum in the input manifolds, it is mixed with it inside with a boiler water, part of which, in turn, partially enters the lower drum on circulation pipes. Walking, water rises, reappearing in the upper drum, but already with the steam component. The process is cyclically.

The formed steam penetrates into the separation mechanisms of the boiler, where the "selection" of moisture occurs. The result is dry steam, ready to use. He either immediately goes to the technological network, or is communicated to more high temperatures in a superheater.

The process of natural circulation obeys the laws of physics. The fact is that water has a greater density compared with a steam mixture. In this regard, the first liquid will always be descended, and the second connection is to rise. At a certain point, the pairs are separated and rushed upwards, while water, due to gravity, returns to its original technological position. It should be noted that in different models the number of circulation circulation can be different.

Until recently, DCVR was manufactured almost for any types of fuel - gas and fuel oil, coal, wood sawdust and peat. But today, some of them were replaced by new, more modern models:

• Ke - intended for solid fuel;
• De - works on gas-fuel.

But in many enterprises in operation still proven over the years, steam aggregates of DCVR. On the secondary market you can buy used boilers in good condition and affordable pricewho will certainly serve as long as long period.

Causes of failure

Proper operation of high-pressure boilers of the DCVR series is a guarantee of its safe operation. The surface of heating should be cooled in a timely manner, as it assumes the maximum effect of the flue gases. For this reason, the process provides for a constant and intensively uniform circulation of the coolant inside the contour by lower and lifting pipes. Otherwise, fistula will appear on metal walls over time, and with increasing pressure - breaks in the pipeline.

In addition, the failures can lead:

• the incorrect distribution of the coolant through pipes, the reason for which the accumulation of the inner walls of the sludge is used;
• uneven heating of evaporating walls occurring as a result of contamination of individual sections;
• illiterate combustion torch adjustment, leading to technologically incorrect filling of the heat chamber space.

Advantages of DKVR

The feature of the design and the technical capabilities of the heating units of the DCVR series allows you to allocate:

• essential range of adjustable equipment steam output;
• delivery in a disassembled form - allows the installation of high pressure boilers without dismantling enclosing structures;
• the ability to select equipment under a certain type of fuel;
• high efficiency;
• affordable service price;
• maintainability.

Selection of boilers

When buying a high-pressure steam generator, you must pay attention to the following indicators:

• performance - the smoothness of the technological process and the absence of downtime will provide an optimal amount of generated steam per unit of time. In this case, t / h;
• rated power (steam pressure) - for DCVR it is 1,3mpa;
• dimensions - are determined by the volume of the boiler room;
• price - depends on the three above factors and additional configuration;
• type of fuel used.

We should take into account the mass of the steam gas or solid fuel boiler, as it can reach up to 44 tons.

approximate price

The cost of steam boilers depends on their technical characteristics and set of additional components. Basic price of aggregates russian productionworking on gas-fuel oil, approximately - with performance:

• 2.5t / h - 1400-1500 thousand.,;
• 4t / h - 1700-1800 thousand. Rubles;
• 6.5T / h - 2300-2500 thousand.,;
• 10T / h - 3300-3800 thousand. Rubles;
• 20t / h - 5500-6000 thousand.

The price of high-pressure steam boilers on solid fuel is within 1500-7200 thousand rubles. It should be noted that the basic cost of the equipment does not include fans, smokers and economizers.

All boilers can be manufactured for different pressure (0.07 / 0.5 / 0.8 / 1.6 MPa), burners for natural gas / liquefied gas / diesel fuel / fuel oil can be applied. Perhaps block-modular design of steam boilers.

Industrial steam boilers series Orlik

Eagle steam boilers in standard design can be produced both low-pressure steam up to 0.7 atm, and high to 5 atm. At the same time, they remain non-supervisory for controlling organizations (see technical support). Those. You can buy a low pressure steam boiler and, if necessary, to work at elevated pressure up to 5 bar. P arrow boilers Orlik are supplied ready to work in a full factory configuration, which includes directly boiler, pressure gauges, shock fittings, automation and burner.

Industrial steam boilers of low pressure steam series

Steam boilers of high pressure steam series

Steam boilers E-1.0-0.9 series per 1 t / h

The automatic control system ensures the following functions:

• Maintaining in the specified limits of water level in the boiler;
• The protection of the boiler with increasing the pressure of the steam above the allowed, water descent is below the lower emergency level, a short circuit or overload of electric motors;
• Sound alarm submission when the water level falls below the lower emergency level, exceeding the water level in the boiler above the upper emergency level, increase the pressure of the steam above the permissible;
• Light alarm of the position of the water level and the presence of voltage in the network.

The steam boiler E-1,0-0.9 is manufactured in four modifications depending on the type of fuel consumed:

P - type of boiler designed to work on solid fuel;

M - type of boiler designed to work on liquid fuel Mazut ML 00, raw oil and diesel fuel;

G - type of boiler designed to work on natural or passing gas;

GM - type of boiler designed to work on natural or passing gas and liquid fuel (ML 00 fuel oil, crude oil and diesel fuel).

Specifications of steam boilers E-1.0-0.9

River steam boilers D05 to 5000 kg / h pressure up to 16 bar

Specifications of steam boilers D05

Features of the direct-flow steam boilers D05:

• quick access to the required mode of operation;
• minimum fuel consumption in standby mode;
• small dimensions, weight and high efficiency;
• lack of need to use high-pressure tank;
• the ability to adjust the parameters of the steam and work in accordance with the current tasks;
• full boiler automation, simplicity, simplified installation;
• lack of strict requirements for the work room and ease of operation.

How we work with customers

• Time is the most important resource, so we appreciate your time:
  Respond to a request for e-mail within 10 minutes;
  We ship products from a warehouse within 1 working day after payment.
• We organize delivery to all cities of Russia and the COU countries at optimal prices:
  We know the tariffs and the real deadlines for the delivery of transport companies;
  Putister optimal option Shipping for price / urgency.
• We provide a complete set of closing documents, certificates, warranty coupons.

You can book the boiler by contacting the contacts specified on the site. Plotted boiler can be found in separating.

For the purchase of steam boilers:

Fir-tube steamboards, three-way, horizontal.

Specifications of steam boilers on liquid fuel:

Specifications of steam boilers on natural gas:

Copper steam-tube boilers, three-way, vertical.

Boilers are designed to heat water to 115 o C, due to the built-in overpressure steamer at 0.07 MPa (0.7 kg / cm 2) in order to heat the technological processes in production. agricultural (feed production), construction and assembly (asphalt - concrete), communal (heating, hot water supply using boiler), food (Bakery, Dairy, Sausage, Confectionery), woodworking. Boilers are easy to maintain and do not require considerable cash costs.

Technical characteristics of steam boilers on liquid fuel and natural gas:

Boilers Steam KP (pairs) of low pressure.

Specifications of steam boilers KP (pairs) -0.07ZH on liquid fuel:

Technical characteristics of steam boilers KP (pairs) -0.07g on gas:

Legend on the example of KP (pairs) - 0.15 - 0.07 w:

0.15 - maximum steam output, tons of steam per hour,
0.07 - Pressure pressure, MPa,
F - fuel type (g - liquid, g - gas, t - solid fuel, P - furnace fuel, 0 - exhaust oil).

Boilers steam KP (pairs) of high pressure.

Specifications of steam boilers KP (pairs) -1.6zh on liquid fuel and natural gas:

Steam boilers KP, KSP.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF CAP AND CSP on liquid fuel:

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS KP boilers and SSP on natural gas:

Device and principle of operation of KP boilers, PSE.

Boilers steam-tube-tube low and medium pressure CP.

Boilers steam marine-tube KP Designed to obtain steam for the purpose of heat supply of technological processes, reinforced concrete plants, polystyrene production lines, steaming tanks and fuel storage facilities, livestock farms and economic complexes: heat treatment of feed, pasteurization of milk, premises heating and other purposes.

The standard set of boiler includes:
boiler, burner, pump pump, level automation, level sensor unit, pressure gauge, pressure switch, direct action pointer Direct operation No. 6, safety valves (2 pcs.), Distabal adjustment fittings.

Technical characteristics of steam low and medium pressure boilers:

Possible supply of boilers with steam-capacity up to 2000 kg / h.

Boilers steam water-tube high pressure CP.

Boilers steam water tubes KPdesigned to obtain steam for the purpose of heat supply of technological processes, polystyrene production lines, stealing tanks and fuel storage facilities, livestock farms and economic complexes: heat treatment of feed, pasteurization of milk, premises heating, etc.

The standard set of boiler includes:
boiler, burner, Pump Pump, Nutritional tank for collecting condensate, Automation of feeding, water level sensor in a tank, pressure gauges, pressure switch and dry drive, direct action water level indicator, safety valves (2 pcs.), Frame, locking adjustment fittings.

Specifications of steam high pressure boilers:

It is possible to supply boilers with steam-performance up to 2500 kg / h.

Attention! All information is provided on the site exclusively for informational purposes. Plant - the manufacturer reserves the right to change the design, connecting dimensions, specifications, appearance Goods without prior notice.

Before buying a product, be sure to specify the parameters you are interested in.

Mobile mobile boilers (portable) KP-M.

PCM portable boilers are designed to produce water vapor to + 180ºС. It is used for the production of reinforced concrete products, heating trenches, equipment, technicians at low temperatures and field conditions, during emergency situations, as well as in cases where an autonomous source of heat and a pair that does not require the source of electricity is needed. Type of fuel - gasoline, kerosene, Diz. fuel.

The steam generator includes:
boiler, burner, pump pump, level automation, level sensors block, direct action pointer No. 5, safety valves, locking adjustment fittings.

Performance is possible in a warmed thermobox.

Technical characteristics of mobile steam boilers PK-M:

Steam boilers D-900, D-721GF.

Boilers D-721GF and D-900 Designed to obtain a pair of temperature not higher than 115 ° C with overpressure up to 0.07 MPa (0.7 kgf / cm2) in order to supply technological processes different species Production, hot water supply, heating, etc. goals. Advantages of boilers D-721GF, D-900: Do not require registration in the Kotlonadzor organs. Small sizes of boilers allow you to install them in small rooms. The time of entering the working mode is 15 minutes. Boilers are easy to maintain and operate. They are indispensable in the conditions of small industries and farms.

Specifications of boilers D-721GF, D-900:

Steam boilers on fuel oil and gas E-1.0-09MM, E-1,6-0.99, E-2.5-0.7GM.

Steam water tube boilers series "E" Designed to generate a saturated pair of a working pressure pressure of 0.8 MPa (8 kgf / cm2) and a temperature of 175 ° C used for technological and heating needs. The lineup Boilers are designed to work on gas, stone coal, fuel oil (crude oil), diesel fuel. Essential difference these boilers are that they are equipped with modern auxiliary equipment: burner devices for smooth load control, centrifugal nutritious pumps (Germany, Italy), microprocessor management and protection system, cut-off gas valves and pressure sensors (Germany). The use of reliable accessories allows you to guarantee the cost-effective work of boilers on all load modes, as well as reliability and safety during operation.

Technical parameters of the steam boilers of the series "E":

Steam boiler E-1,6-0,99 It belongs to the type of vertically-water-tube double-drum gas-dense boilers. Designed to produce a saturated pressure of 0.8 MPa, used for industrial and heating needs of industry and agriculture. Comes in assembled, with mounted auxiliary equipment, automatic control and safety system.

The boiler is performed gas-dense with lightweight thermal insulation, outside the coated with thin-sheet steel.

The automatic control system ensures the following functions:

• start for a given program and all protection in accordance with the requirements of SNiP;
• protection with increasing the pressure of steam, increase and decrease the pressure of fuel, increase and decrease the water level in the drum, downgrade, and increase the discharge in the furnace, resetting the torch.

The design of the tubular system of steam boilers withstands the short-term pressure in the furnace to 3000 pa and the cutting in the furnace to 400 pa.
By stability and exposure to the temperature and humidity of the ambient air, steam boilers are manufactured in the climatic execution of the UHL of the placement category 4 according to GOST 15150. The design of the boilers provides seismic resistance of 6 scores on the M5K-64 scale.

The device of boilers KP and SSP.

The housing is the main metal structure of the CSP boiler and consists of two main nodes: drums and covers.

• The drum is a welded structure, the main part of which is the heat pipe, installed vertically and limited from above with an elliptical arch, bottom to which the ramp of the drum is attached.
• The cover of spherical shape through the gasket by means of flanges is connected to the drum. On the cover of the weld: nozzle connection of the pulse line of the electrocontact pressure gauge, the brackets of the fastening of the plating, the lifting brackets, the caps of the fastening valves.

In addition, the boiler includes:

• Firing hatch - for supplying fuel in the firebox of the boiler and removal of slag. (In boilers on a liquid and gaseous fuel instead of a flue hatch, a removable heat insulated adapter with a fastening under the burner is installed. The damper drive has manual control.)
• The water treatment unit is to feed the boiler with water with simultaneous magnetic processing in order to reduce the formation of scale.
• Water heater - for preheating water entering the boiler.
• Dymosos - to create the necessary thrust in the boiler firebox.
• Level Sensor - To deliver the command to turn on and disconnect the boiler to the water in the process.

Control - measuring instruments and safety devices:

• Electro-contact pressure gauge ECM-IVX1.6 - to turn off the smoke when the maximum pressure ferry is reached.
• Manometer - pressure control.
• Technical thermometer - to control the temperature of the steam coming out of the steamer.
• Sampled trigger cranes - to duplicate control of the upper and lower water level in the boiler.
• Pointer of water level - for visual control of the water level during boiler operation.
• Safety valves - for pushing in the boiler when exceeding the allowable value.
• Explosive valve - for LV boiler, ag; To prevent the body deformation at the time of the fuel mixture explosion: GG - the natural gas of low pressure, LV - light liquid fuel.
• Four sections chimney and sparking.
• Heat insulation and trim - to reduce heat losses.
• Steam valve DB \u003d 50 - to regulate the pressure of steam and the selection by the consumer.
• Purge valves - to remove the sludge, dirt and draining water when installing a storage boiler.
• Control box in conjunction with electrical equipment - to manage the work of the boiler and protect it in case of emergency situations.

Principle of operation of the CP and SSP

The process of vaporization in a solid fuel boiler is as follows:

1. Water through the water treatment unit and water heater is supplied to the boiler, where, passing heat exchanging surfaces of the furnace and smoke, heats up and evaporates.
2. The fuel is loaded into the firebox of the boiler to the grate grille and is set on fire.
3. The smoke creates a vacuum on the furnace, at the expense of which the air required for combustion comes into the furnace from the piping zone (asolon).
4. Smoke gases, passing the gas path of the boiler, heat its heat exchange surfaces.
5. Couples from the steam volume of the boiler enters the steamer, heats up to a temperature of 110 ... 120 ° C and across the steam valve enters the consumer.
6. The ash and slag through the holes of the grate grid are falling into the ash bar, from where they are removed as accumulated.
7. The sludge is removed when evaporation of water is removed by periodic blowing of the boiler through purge valves located at the bottom of the boiler on both sides of the ash bar.
8. Conducting the process of vaporization, with automatic water regulation with water, is carried out by electrical equipment of the boiler.
9. The process of vaporization in the boilers of LV, GN occurs in the same way, except for P.P.3; 6. At the same time, the combustion air is supplied with fuel.