Heat engineering technical underground
Heat engineering calculations of enclosing structures
The area of \u200b\u200bexternal enclosing structures, heated area and the volume of the building necessary for calculating the energy passport, and the heat engineering characteristics of the building of the building are determined according to the project decisions in accordance with the recommendations of SNiP 23-02 and TSN 23 - 329 - 2002.
The heat transfer resistance of the enclosing structures is determined depending on the number and materials of the layers, as well as physical properties building materials On the recommendations of SNiP 23-02 and TSN 23 - 329 - 2002.
1.2.1 outer walls of the building
The outer walls in the residential building used three types.
First type - brickwork With a floor support with a thickness of 120 mm, insulated with a polystyrene thickness 280 mm thick, with a facing layer of silicate brick. The second type is a reinforced concrete panel of 200 mm, insulated with a polystyrene thickness of 280 mm thick, with a facing layer of silicate brick. Third type see Fig.1. The heat engineering is given for two types of walls, respectively.
one). Composition of layers outdoor Wall Buildings: Protective coating - a cement-lime solution with a thickness of 30 mm, λ \u003d 0.84 W / (M × ° C). The outer layer is 120 mm - from silicate brick M 100 with a brand of frost resistance F 50, λ \u003d 0.76 W / (M × ° C); Filling 280 mm - insulation - polystyrene bonts D200, GOST R 51263-99, λ \u003d 0.075 W / (M × ° C); The inner layer is 120 mm - from silicate brick, M 100, λ \u003d 0.76 W / (m × ° C). Interior walls We are plastered with a lime-sandy solution M 75 with a thickness of 15 mm, λ \u003d 0.84 W / (M × ° C).
R W.\u003d 1 / 8.7 + 0.030 / 0.84 + 0.120 / 0.76 + 0,280 / 0.075 + 0.120 / 0.76 + 0,015 / 0.84 + 1/23 \u003d 4.26 m 2 × ° C / W.
Resistance to the heat transfer walls of the building, with facades area
A W. \u003d 4989.6 m 2, equal:
4.26 m 2 × about C / W.
The coefficient of thermal uniformity of external walls r, Determined by the formula 12 SP 23-101:
a I. - Width of the heat-conducting inclusion, a i \u003d.0.120 m;
L I.- Length of heat-conducting inclusion, L I.\u003d 197.6 m (perimeter of the building);
k I -the coefficient depends on the heat-conducting inclusion determined by the ad. N SP 23-101:
k i \u003d.1.01 for heat-conducting inclusion λ m / λ\u003d 2.3 I. a / B.= 0,23.
Then the reduced resistance of the heat transfer walls of the building is: 0.83 × 4,26 \u003d 3.54 m 2 × ° C / W.
2). The composition of the layers of the outer wall of the building: a protective coating - a cement-lime solution M 75 with a thickness of 30 mm, λ \u003d 0.84 W / (M × ° C). The outer layer is 120 mm - from silicate brick M 100 with a brand of frost resistance F 50, λ \u003d 0.76 W / (M × ° C); Filling 280 mm - insulation - polystyrene bonts D200, GOST R 51263-99, λ \u003d 0.075 W / (M × ° C); Inner layer 200 mm - reinforced concrete wall panel, λ \u003d 2.04W / (m × o c).
The heat transfer resistance of the wall is:
R W.= 1/8,7+0,030/0,84+0,120/0,76+0,280/0,075+
+0, 20 / 2.04 + 1/2 23 \u003d 4.2 m 2 × ° C / W.
Since the walls of the building have a homogeneous multilayer structure, the coefficient of thermal uniformity of external walls is adopted r.= 0,7.
Then the reduced resistance of the heat transfer walls of the building is: 0.7 × 4.2 \u003d 2.9 m 2 × ° C / W.
The type of building is the rank section of a 9-storey residential building in the presence of lower laying of pipes of heating systems and hot water supply.
And B.\u003d 342 m 2.
floor area of \u200b\u200bthose. Underground - 342 m 2.
Exterior wall area above ground level And b, w \u003d 60.5 m 2.
The calculated temperatures of the system of heating of the lower distribution of 95 ° C, hot water supply 60 ° C. The length of the pipelines of the heating system with lower wiring 80 m. The length of the hot water pipelines was 30 m. Gas distribution pipes in those. There is no underground, therefore the multiplicity of air exchange in those. underground I. \u003d 0.5 h -1.
t int\u003d 20 ° C.
Square ground overlap (above those. Underground) - 1024.95 m 2.
The width of the basement is 17.6 m. The height of the outer wall of those. Underground, beugoned into the ground, is 1.6 m. Total length l. cross section Fencing those. Underground shuffled into the ground
l. \u003d 17.6 + 2 × 1,6 \u003d 20.8 m.
Air temperature in the first floor facilities t int\u003d 20 ° C.
Resistance to heat transfer of external walls of those. The underground above the level of land is taken according to SP 23-101 p. 9.3.2. equal to the resistance of the heat transfer of the exterior walls R o b. W. \u003d 3.03 m 2 × ° C / W.
The reduced resistance to heat transfer of the enclosing structures of a ruble part of those. The underground is determined according to SP 23-101 p. 9.3.3. As for non-insulated floors on the ground in the case when the flooring materials and walls have the calculated thermal conductivity coefficients λ≥ 1.2 W / (M О С). The reduced resistance to the heat transfer fences of those. The underground placed in the soil is defined on table 13 of SP 23-101 and amounted to R O RS. \u003d 4.52 m 2 × ° C / W.
The walls of the basement consist of: wall block, 600 mm thick, λ \u003d 2.04 W / (M × ° C).
We define the air temperature in those. underground t Int B.
To calculate, we use the data of the table 12 [SP 23-101]. At air temperature in those. underground 2 ° C density heat flux The pipelines will increase compared with the values \u200b\u200bshown in Table 12, by the value of the coefficient obtained from equation 34 [SP 23-101]: for pipelines of the heating system - on the coefficient [(95 - 2) / (95 - 18)] 1,283 \u003d 1.41; For hot water pipelines - [(60 - 2) / (60 - 18) 1,283 \u003d 1.51. Then we calculate the temperature t Int B.from the equation thermal Balance At the appointed temperature of the underground 2 ° C
t Int B.\u003d (20 × 342 / 1.55 + (1,41 25 80 + 1,51 14,9 30) - 0.28 × 823 × 0.5 × 1.2 × 26 - 26 × 430 / 4,52 - 26 × 60.5 / 3,03) /
/ (342 / 1.55 + 0.28 × 823 × 0.5 × 1,2 + 430 / 4.52 + 60.5 / 3.03) \u003d 1316/473 \u003d 2.78 ° C.
The thermal flow through the basement was
q b. C.\u003d (20 - 2.78) / 1.55 \u003d 11.1 W / m 2.
Thus, in those. underground equivalent standards Thermal protection is provided not only by fences (walls and floors), but also due to heat from pipelines of heating systems and hot water supply.
1.2.3 Overlapping over those. underground
The fencing has an area A F. \u003d 1024.95 m 2.
Structurally, the overlap is made as follows.
2,04 W / (M × О С). Cement-sand screed with a thickness of 20 mm, λ \u003d
0.84 W / (M × O C). Insulation extruded polystyrene foam "Ruhmat", ρ O.\u003d 32 kg / m 3, λ \u003d 0.029 W / (m × ° C), a thickness of 60 mm according to GOST 16381. Air layer, λ \u003d 0.005 W / (M × ° C), 10 mm thick. Plaques for floating floors, λ \u003d 0.18 W / (m × ° C), 20 mm thick according to GOST 8242.
R F.= 1/8,7+0,22/2,04+0,020/0,84+0,060/0,029+
0.010 / 0.005 + 0.020 / 0.180 + 1/17 \u003d 4.35 m 2 × ° C / W.
According to paragraph 9.3.4 of the SP 23-101, we define the value of the required resistance of heat transfer of the base overlap over the technical enterprise RSaccording to the formula
R O. = nr REQ.,
where n. - The coefficient determined by the minimum air temperature underground t Int B.\u003d 2 ° C.
n. = (t int - T int b)/(t int - T EXT) = (20 - 2)/(20 + 26) = 0,39.
Then R S. \u003d 0.39 × 4.35 \u003d 1.74 m 2 × ° C / W.
Check whether the heat-displacement of overlapping over technical requirements of the regulatory drop D satisfies t N. \u003d 2 ° C for floor ground floor.
By formula (3) SNiP 23 - 02, we define the minimum allowable heat transfer resistance
R O min \u003d(20 - 2) / (2 × 8,7) \u003d 1.03 m 2 × ° C / W< R C \u003d.1.74 m 2 × ° C / W.
1.2.4 Cemental overlap
Overlapping area A C. \u003d 1024.95 m 2.
Reinforced concrete slab overlap, 220 mm thick, λ \u003d
2,04 W / (M × О С). Insulation of the Ministry of Flight CJSC " Mineral wool», r. =140-
175 kg / m 3, λ \u003d 0.046 W / (M × ° C), a thickness of 200 mm according to GOST 4640. From above, the coating has a cement-sand tie with a thickness of 40 mm, λ \u003d 0.84 W / (M × ° C).
Then the heat transfer resistance is:
R C. \u003d 1 / 8.7 + 0.22 / 2.04 + 0,200 / 0,046 + 0.04 / 0.84 + 1/23 \u003d 4.66 m 2 × ° C / W.
1.2.5 Cement Cement
Reinforced concrete slab overlap, 220 mm thick, λ \u003d
2,04 W / (M × О С). Insulation Gravel Ceramzite, r. \u003d 600 kg / m 3, λ \u003d
0.190 W / (M × ° C), a thickness of 150 mm according to GOST 9757; Mingpete CJSC "Mineral Wat", 140-175 kg / m3, λ \u003d 0.046 W / (M × OS), a thickness of 120 mm according to GOST 4640. From above, the coating has a cement-sand tie with a thickness of 40 mm, λ \u003d 0.84 W / (m × about with).
Then the heat transfer resistance is:
R C. \u003d 1 / 8.7 + 0.22 / 2.04 + 0.150 / 0.190 + 0.12 / 0.046 + 0.04 / 0.84 + 1/17 \u003d 3.37 m 2 × ° C / W.
1.2.6 windows
Two-chamber windows are used in modern translucent heat shielding windows, and for performing window boxes and sash, mainly PVC profiles or combinations thereof. In the manufacture of double-glazed windows using float windows, the windows are provided by the calculated resistance to heat transfer no more than 0.56 m 2 × ° C / W., which meets the regulatory requirements when conducting their certification.
Square of window openings A F. \u003d 1002.24 m 2.
The heat transfer resistance of the windows accept R F.\u003d 0.56 m 2 × ° C / W.
1.2.7 The reduced heat transfer coefficient
The reduced coefficient of heat transfer through the external enclosing structures of the building, W / (m 2 × ° C), is determined by formula 3.10 [TSN 23 - 329 - 2002], taking into account the structures taken in the project:
1,13 (4989.6 / 2.9 + 1002.24 / 0.56 + 1024.95 / 4.66 + 1024.95 / 4.35) / 8056.9 \u003d 0.54 W / (m 2 × ° С).
1.2.8 Conditional heat transfer coefficient
The conditional coefficient of heat transfer of the building, taking into account the heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W / (m 2 × × ° C), is determined by the formula G.6 [SNIP 23 - 02], taking into account the designs adopted in the project:
where from - the specific heat capacity of the air equal to 1 kJ / (kg × ° C);
β ν - the coefficient of reducing air volume in a building that takes into account the presence of internal enclosing structures equal to β ν = 0,85.
0.28 × 1 × 0.472 × 0.85 × 25026.57 × 1.305 × 0.9 / 8056.9 \u003d 0.41 W / (m 2 × ° C).
The average multiplicity of the air exchange of the building for the heating period is calculated by the total air exchange due to the ventilation and infiltration by the formula
n A. \u003d [(3 × 1714,32) × 168/168 + (95 × 0.9 ×
× 168) / (168 × 1.305)] / (0.85 × 12984) \u003d 0.479 h -1.
- The amount of infiltrant air, kg / h entering the building through the fencing structures during the day of the heating period is determined by the formula G.9 [SNiP 23-02-2003]:
19,68 / 0.53 × (35.981 / 10) 2/3 + (2.1 × 1.31) / 0.53 × (56.55 / 10) 1/2 \u003d 95 kg / h.
- respectively for the staircase, the estimated pressure difference of outdoor and internal air for windows and balcony doors and input outer doors are determined by formula 13 [SNiP 23-02-2003] for windows and balcony doors with a replacement of 0.55 by 0.28 in it and with the calculation of the specific gravity by formula 14 [SNiP 23-02-2003] With the appropriate air temperature, PA.
ΔР E D. \u003d 0.55 × Η ×( γ Ext - γ int) + 0.03 × γ Ext× ν 2.
where Η \u003d 30.4 m- elevation of the building;
- The proportion of the external and internal air, N / m 3.
γ ext \u003d 3463 / (273-26) \u003d 14.02 N / m 3,
γ int \u003d 3463 / (273 + 21) \u003d 11.78 N / m 3.
ΔP F.\u003d 0.28 × 30.4 × (14.02-11.78) + 0.03 × 14.02 × 5.9 2 \u003d 35.98 Pa.
ΔP ED.\u003d 0.55 × 30.4 × (14.02-11.78) + 0.03 × 14.02 × 5,9 2 \u003d 56.55 Pa.
- average air density for heating period, kg / m 3 ,,
353 / \u003d 1.31 kg / m 3.
V H. \u003d 25026.57 m 3.
1.2.9 Total heat transfer coefficient
The conditional coefficient of heat transfer of the building, taking into account the heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W / (m 2 × × ° C), is determined by the formula G.6 [SNiP 23-02-2003], taking into account the structures adopted in the project:
0.54 + 0.41 \u003d 0.95 W / (m 2 × ° C).
1.2.10 Comparison of the normalized and reduced heat transfer resistances
As a result of the calculations, the calculations are compared in Table. 2 The normalized and reduced heat transfer resistance.
Table 2 - Normated R REG and given R R O. Resistance heat transfer fencing building
1.2.11 Protection against the overalling of enclosing structures
The temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structures should be greater than the temperature of the dew point. t D.\u003d 11.6 o C (3 ° C - for windows).
The temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structures τ int, calculated by the formula I.2.6 [SP 23-101]:
τ int = t int-(t int-t Ext)/(R R.× α int),
for the walls of the building:
τ int \u003d 20- (20 + 26) / (3.37 × 8,7) \u003d 19.4 o C\u003e T D.\u003d 11.6 o C;
for overlapping the technical floor:
τ int \u003d 2- (2 + 26) / (4.35 × 8,7) \u003d 1.3 ° C< T D.\u003d 1.5 ° C, (φ \u003d 75%);
for windows:
τ int \u003d 20- (20 + 26) / (0.56 × 8.0) \u003d 9.9 ° C\u003e T D.\u003d 3 o C.
The temperature of condensate falling on the inner surface of the design was determined by I-D. Wet air diagram.
Temperatures of internal structural surfaces satisfy the conditions for preventing moisture condensation, with the exception of the design of the technical floor overlap.
1.2.12 Volume-planning characteristics of the building
The volume-planning characteristics of the building are established according to SNiP 23-02.
Building facadity coefficient f.:
f \u003d a f / a w + f = 1002,24 / 5992 = 0,17
Indicator compactness of the building, 1 / m:
8056.9 / 25026.57 \u003d 0.32 M -1.
1.3.3 The consumption of thermal energy for the heating of the building
Consumption of thermal energy for the heating of a building for the heating period Q h y., MJ, determine by the formula G.2 [SNiP 23 - 02]:
0.8 - the coefficient of reducing heat gain due to the thermal inertia of the enclosing structures (recommended);
1,11 - coefficient taking into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system associated with the discreteness of the nominal thermal flow of the nomenclature series heating devices, their additional heat lines through the zealing sections of fences, an increased air temperature in angular rooms, heat lines of pipelines passing through non-heated rooms.
General heat loss building Q H., MJ, for the heating period are determined by the formula G.3 [SNIP 23 - 02]:
Q H.\u003d 0.0864 × 0.95 × 4858.5 × 8056.9 \u003d 3212976 MJ.
Household heat gain during the heating period Q int, MJ is determined by the formula G.10 [SNIP 23 - 02]:
where q int \u003d 10 W / m 2 - the value of household heat generations per 1 m 2 area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises or the calculated area of \u200b\u200bthe public building.
Q int \u003d 0.0864 × 10 × 205 × 3940 \u003d 697853 MJ.
Heat gain through windows from solar radiation during the heating period Q S., MJ is determined by formula 3.10 [TSN 23 - 329 - 2002]:
Q s \u003d τ f × k f ×( A f 1 × i 1 + a f 2 × i 2 + a f 3 × i 3 + a f 4 × i 4)+ τ Scy× k scy × a scy × i hor
Q s \u003d.0.76 × 0.78 × (425.25 × 587 + 25,15 × 1339 + 486 × 1176 + 66 × 1176) \u003d 552756 MJ.
Q h y.\u003d × 1,11 \u003d 2 566917 MJ.
1.3.4 Estimated specific consumption of thermal energy
Estimated specific consumption of thermal energy on the heating of the building for the heating period, KJ / (m 2 × ° C × day) is determined by the formula
G.1:
10 3 × 2 566917 / (7258 × 4858,5) \u003d 72.8 kJ / (m 2 × o with × day)
According to the table. 3.6 B [TSN 23 - 329 - 2002] Normable specific consumption of thermal energy on heating of nine-story residential building 80KJ / (m 2 × ° C × day) or 29 kJ / (m 3 × ° C × day).
Conclusion
The project of a 9-storey residential building used special techniques for increasing the energy efficiency of the building such as:
¾ applied a constructive solution that allows not only the rapid construction of the object, but also use various structural design in the outer enclosing construction insulating materials and architectural forms at the request of the customer and taking into account existing opportunities Stroy Industry region
¾ The project is carried out thermal insulation of heating and hot water pipelines,
¾ applied modern heat-insulating materials, in particular, polystyrene roll D200, GOST R 51263-99,
¾ The modern translucent designs of heat-shielding windows use two-chamber windows, and for the completion of window boxes and sash, mainly PVC profiles or their combinations. In the manufacture of double-glazed windows with the use of float - glass windows provide the calculated resistance to the heat transfer resistance of 0.56 W / (M × OS).
The energy efficiency of the designed residential building is determined by the following basic Criteria:
¾ Specific heat consumption for heating during the heating period q h des., kj / (m 2 × ° C × day) [kj / (m 3 × ° C × day)];
¾ Indicator Compact Building k E.,1m;
¾ Grocery Coefficient Building f..
As a result of the calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The enclosing structures of the 9-storey residential building comply with the requirements of SNiP 23-02 for energy efficiency.
2. The building is designed to maintain optimal temperatures and humidity with the lowest energy consumption costs.
3. The calculated compactness indicator of the building k E.\u003d 0.32 is equal to the normative.
4. The coefficient of glazing the facade of the building F \u003d 0.17 is close to the normative value F \u003d 0.18.
5. The degree of decrease in the flow of thermal energy to the heating of the building from the regulatory value was minus 9%. This value of the parameter corresponds to normal Class of thermal power efficiency of the building according to Table 3 SNiP 23-02-2003 thermal protection of buildings.
Energy Passport Buildings
Description:
In accordance with the latter, the "thermal protection of buildings" for any project is mandatory to section Energy Efficiency. The main purpose of the section is to prove that the specific heat consumption for heating and ventilation of the building is below the normative value.
The stream of total solar radiation coming over the heating period to horizontal and vertical surfaces under valid conditions of clouds, kWh / m 2 (MJ / m 2)
A stream of total solar radiation coming for each month of the heating period to horizontal and vertical surfaces under valid conditions of clouds, kWh / m 2 (MJ / m 2)
As a result of the work done, data was obtained on the intensity of the total (direct and scattered) solar radiation falling on various oriented vertical surfaces for 18 cities of Russia. These data can be used in real design.
1. Snip 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings". - M.: Gosstroy Russia, FSUE CPP, 2004.
2. Scientific and applied reference book on the climate of the USSR. Part 1-6. Vol. 1-34. - St. Petersburg. : Hydrometeoizdat, 1989-1998.
3. SP 23-101-2004 "Design of thermal protection of buildings." - M.: FSUE CPP, 2004.
4. MHSN 2.01-99 "Energy saving in buildings. Regulators on heat and heat and heat engineering. " - M.: GUP "NIC", 1999.
5. Snip 23-01-99 * "Construction climatology". - M.: Gosstroy Russia, GUP CPP, 2003.
6. Construction climatology: reference manual for SNiP. - M.: Stroyzdat, 1990.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal state budgetary educational institution Higher professional education
"State University - Training and Scientific and Production Complex"
Architectural Institute
Department: "City Construction and Economy"
Discipline: "Construction physics"
COURSE WORK
"Thermal protection of buildings"
Performed student: Arkharov K.Yu.
Introduction
Thermal protection is a set of measures and technologies for energy saving, which allows to increase the thermal insulation of buildings various destination, reduce the heat loss of premises.
The task of ensuring the necessary heat engineering qualities of exterior enclosing structures is solved by adding the required heat-resistance and heat transfer resistance.
The heat transfer resistance should be high enough in order to in the most cold period year to ensure hygienically permissible temperature conditions On the surface of the design facing the room. The heat resistance of the structures is estimated by their ability to maintain the relative constancy of the temperature in the rooms at periodic temperature fluctuations aerialbordering the structures, and the flow passing through them. The degree of heat resistance of the structure as a whole is largely determined physical properties The material from which the outer layer of construction is made, perceiving sharp fluctuations in temperature.
In this term paper The heat engineering calculation of the enclosing construction of a residential individual house, the construction area of \u200b\u200bwhich is G. Arkhangelsk.
Task blank
1 construction area:
arkhangelsk.
2 wall design (name structural material, insulation, thickness, density):
1st layer - polyterolbetone modified on slag-portland cement (\u003d 200 kg / m 3;? \u003d 0.07 W / (M * K);? \u003d 0.36 m)
2nd layer - extruded polystyolster (\u003d 32 kg / m 3;? \u003d 0.031 W / (M * K);? \u003d 0.22 m)
3-p layer - pearbeet (\u003d 600 kg / m 3;? \u003d 0.23 W / (m * k);? \u003d 0.32 m
3 Waterproofing material:
perlibetone (\u003d 600 kg / m 3;? \u003d 0.23 W / (m * k);? \u003d 0.38 m
4 Paul Design:
1st layer - linoleum (1800 kg / m 3; S \u003d 8.56W / (m 2 · ° C);? \u003d 0.38W / (m 2 · ° C);? \u003d 0.0008 m
2nd layer - cement-sand screed (\u003d 1800 kg / m 3; s \u003d 11.09W / (m 2 · ° C);? \u003d 0.93W / (m 2 · ° C);? \u003d 0.01 m)
3rd layer - plates made of polystyrene (\u003d 25 kg / m 3; s \u003d 0.38W / (m 2 · ° C);? \u003d 0.44W / (m 2 · ° C);? \u003d 0.11 m )
4th layer - Foam concrete plate (\u003d 400 kg / m 3; S \u003d 2.42W / (m 2 · ° C);? \u003d 0.15W / (m 2 · ° C);? \u003d 0.22 m )
1 . Climate reference
Building Area - G. Arkhangelsk.
Climatic district - II A.
Moisture zone - wet.
Indoor air humidity? \u003d 55%;
settlement temperature indoors \u003d 21 ° C.
The humidity mode of the room is normal.
Operating conditions - B.
Climatic parameters:
The estimated temperature of the outer air (the outside air temperature is the coldest five days (security 0.92)
The duration of the heating period (with an average daily temperature of the outer air? 8 ° C) - \u003d 250 days;
The average temperature of the heating period (with an average daily temperature of the outer air? 8 ° C) - \u003d - 4.5 ° C.
fencing heat heating
2 . Heat engineering
2 .1 Heat engineering calculation of enclosing structures
Calculation of the degree-day of the heating period
HSOP \u003d (T B - T from) Z from, (1.1)
where, the estimated room in the room, ° C;
Calculated outdoor air temperature, ° C;
Duration of the heating period, day
HSOP \u003d (+ 21 + 4,5) 250 \u003d 6125 ° С
The required heat transfer resistance is calculated by formula (1.2)
where, a and b - coefficients whose values \u200b\u200bshould be taken according to the table 3 SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal Protection of Buildings" for the relevant groups of buildings.
Take: a \u003d 0.00035; B \u003d 1,4
0.00035 6125 + 1,4 \u003d 3.54m 2 ° C / W.
Outdoor wall design
a) cut the design with a plane parallel to the direction of the heat flux (Fig. 1):
Figure 1 - Outdoor Wall Design
Table 1 - Outdoor Wall Material Parameters
The heat transfer resistance R A De Letes the formula (1.3):
where, and i - the area of \u200b\u200bthe i-th site, m 2;
R i is the resistance of the heat transfer of the i-th site;
A-sum area of \u200b\u200ball sites, m 2.
Resistance to heat transfer for homogeneous sites Determined by formula (1.4):
where,? - layer thickness, m;
Coefficient of thermal conductivity, W / (MK)
The heat transfer resistance for inhomogeneous sections is calculated by formula (1.5):
R \u003d R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + ... + R n + R EP, (1.5)
where, R 1, R 2, R 3 ... R n is the resistance of the heat transfer of the individual layers of the structure;
R EP is the resistance of the heat transfer of the air layer ,.
We find R A by formula (1.3):
b) cut the design with a plane perpendicular to the heat flux direction (Fig.2):
Figure 2 - Exterior Wall Design
Resistance to heat transfer R b We define the formula (1.5)
R b \u003d R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + ... + R n + R EP, (1.5)
Resistance to air permeal for homogeneous sites Determined by formula (1.4).
Resistance to air permeal for inhomogeneous sites Determined by formula (1.3):
We find R B according to formula (1.5):
R b \u003d 5,14 + 3.09 + 1,4 \u003d 9.63.
The conditional resistance of the outer wall heat transfer is determined by the formula (1.6):
where, R A is the heat transfer resistance of the enclosing structure, cut parallel to the heat flow;
R b is the heat transfer resistance of the enclosing structure, cut perpendicular to the thermal stream ,.
The reduced resistance to the heat transfer of the outer wall is determined by the formula (1.7):
The heat exchange resistance on the outer surface is determined by the formula (1.9)
where, the heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structure, \u003d 8.7;
where, the heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the enclosing structure, \u003d 23;
The estimated temperature difference between the temperature of the inner air and the temperature of the inner surface of the enclusive design to determine by formula (1.10):
where, P is a coefficient, which takes into account the dependence of the position of the outer surface of the enclosing structures relative to the outer air, accept n \u003d 1;
estimated room temperature, ° C;
calculated outdoor air temperature in the cold period of the year, ° C;
the heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structures, W / (m 2 · ° C).
The temperature of the inner surface of the enclusive design is determined by the formula (1.11):
2 . 2 Calculation of the enclosing structures of "warm" basements
The required resistance of the heat transfer of the part of the base wall, located above the soil planning mark we take equal to the resistance to the heat transfer of the outer wall:
The resistance of the heat transfer of the enclosing structures of the beweded part of the basement below the ground level.
The height of the broken part of the basement - 2m; The width of the basement - 3.8m
Top 13 SP 23-101-2004 "Design of thermal protection of buildings" We accept:
The required resistance of heat transfer of the base overlap over the "warm" basement is considered by formula (1.12)
where, the required resistance of the heat transfer of the basement, we find on table 3 SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings".
where, air temperature in the basement, ° C;
the same as in the formula (1.10);
same as in the formula (1.10)
Agree equal to 21.35 ° C:
Air temperature in the basement Determined by formula (1.14):
where, the same as in the formula (1.10);
Linear thermal flux density,; ;
Air volume in the basement;
Length of the pipeline i-that diameter, m; ;
Multiplicity of air exchange in the basement; ;
Air density in the basement;
c is the specific heat capacity ,;;
The basement area;
Floor area and basement walls in contact with the soil;
The area of \u200b\u200bthe outer walls of the basement above the ground level ,.
2 . 3 Heat engineering calculation of windows
The degree and day of the heating period calculated by formula (1.1)
HSOP \u003d (+ 21 + 4.5) 250 \u003d 6125 ° Сut.
The reduced heat transfer resistance is determined on table 3 SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings" by the method of interpolation:
Select the windows, based on the resulting resistance of heat transfer R 0:
Conventional glass and single-chamber double-glazed windows in separate bindings from glass with a solid selective coating.
Conclusion: The reduced heat transfer resistance, the temperature difference and the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing design correspond to the required standards. Consequently, the designed design of the outer wall and the thickness of the insulation is selected correctly.
Due to the fact that the structures of the walls were taken for the enclosing structures in the brooted part of the basement, they obtained an unacceptable resistance to heat transfer of the base overlap, which affects the temperature difference between the temperature of the inner air and the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure.
3 . Calculation of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating period
Estimated specific consumption of thermal energy for the heating of buildings for the heating period Determine by formula (2.1):
where, the consumption of thermal energy to the heating of the building during the heating period, J;
The amount of the field of the floor of apartments or useful Square premises of the building, with the exception of technical floors and garages, m 2
The heat consumption for the heating of the building during the heating period is calculated by formula (2.2):
where, the general heat loss of the building through the external enclosing structures, J;
Household heat gain during the heating period, J;
Heat gain through windows and lights from solar radiation during the heating period, J;
The coefficient of reducing the heat gain due to the thermal inertia of the enclosing structures, the recommended value \u003d 0.8;
The coefficient that takes into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system associated with the discreteness of the nominal heat flux of the nomenclature series of heating devices, their additional heat lines through the zero-position sections of the fencing, increased air temperature in angular rooms, pipelines of pipelines passing through unheated premises, for buildings with heated basements \u003d 1.07;
General heat loss of the building, J, for the heating period, we determine by formula (2.3):
where, the general coefficient of heat transfer of the building, W / (m 2 · ° C), is determined by formula (2.4);
Total area of \u200b\u200benclosing structures, m 2;
where, the reduced coefficient of heat transfer through the external enclosing structures of the building, W / (m 2 · ° C);
Conditional coefficient of heat transfer of the building, taking into account heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W / (m 2 · ° C).
The reduced coefficient of heat transfer through the external enclosing structures of the building is determined by formula (2.5):
where, area, m 2 and the reduced resistance to heat transfer, m 2 · ° C / W, external walls (with the exception of opening);
The same, filling of light training (windows, stained glass windows, lanterns);
The same, outdoor doors and gates;
the same combined coatings (including over erkers);
the same, attic floors;
the same, ground floors;
also, .
0.306 W / (m 2 · ° C);
The conditional coefficient of heat transfer of the building, taking into account the heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation, W / (m 2 · ° C), determine by formula (2.6):
where, the coefficient of reducing air volume in the building, which takes into account the presence of internal enclosing structures. Accept HV \u003d 0.85;
The volume of heated premises;
Accounting coefficient of the oncoming heat flux in translucent structures equal to windows and balcony doors with separate bindings 1;
The average density of the supply air for the heating period, kg / m 3, determined by formula (2.7);
The average multiplicity of the air exchange of a building for the heating period, h 1
The average multiplicity of the air exchange of the building for the heating period is calculated by the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration by formula (2.8):
where, the amount of air supply air in the building with an inorganized inflow or a normalized value in mechanical ventilation, m 3 / h, equal to residential buildings, intended for citizens, taking into account the social norm (with the estimated estimate of the apartment 20 m 2 of the total area and less per person) - 3 a; 3 a \u003d 603.93 m 2;
Area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises; \u003d 201,31m 2;
Number of hours of operation of mechanical ventilation during the week, h; ;
Number of hours of incorporation of infiltration during the week, h; \u003d 168;
The amount of infiltrant air in the building through the enclosing structures, kg / h;
The number of infiltrant air into the staircase cell of the residential building through the looseness of the fillings of the openings by defined by formula (2.9):
where, respectively, for the staircase, the total area of \u200b\u200bwindows and balcony doors and input outer doors, m 2;
respectively, for the staircase, the required resistance to air permeation of windows and balcony doors and input outer doors, m 2 · ° C / W;
Accordingly, for the staircase, the calculated pressure difference of outfit and internal air pressure for windows and balcony doors and input outer doors, Pa, determined by formula (2.10):
where, n, in - the proportion of the external and internal air, the N / m 3, determined by the formula (2.11):
Maximum from the average wind speeds in Rumbam for January (SP 131.13330.2012 "Construction climatology"); \u003d 3.4 m / s.
3463 / (273 + T), (2.11)
h \u003d 3463 / (273 -33) \u003d 14.32 N / m 3;
b \u003d 3463 / (273 + 21) \u003d 11.78 N / m 3;
From here we find:
We find the average multiplicity of the air exchange building for the heating period, using the data obtained:
0,06041 h 1.
Based on the data obtained, we consider the formula (2.6):
0.020 W / (m 2 · ° C).
Using the data obtained in formulas (2.5) and (2.6), we find the overall heat transfer coefficient of the building:
0.306 + 0.020 \u003d 0.326 W / (m 2 · ° C).
We calculate the general heat loss of the building under formula (2.3):
0.08640,326317.78 \u003d J.
Household heat gain during the heating period, J, determine by formula (2.12):
where, the magnitude of household heat generations per 1 m 2 area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises or the calculated area of \u200b\u200bthe public building, W / m 2, accept;
area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises; \u003d 201,31m 2;
The heat gain through windows and lights from solar radiation during the heating period, J, for four facades of buildings oriented in four directions, we define the formula (2.13):
where, - coefficients that take into account the darkening of the light is disappeared by opaque elements; For a single-chamber glass glass from ordinary glass with a solid selective coating - 0.8;
The relative penetration coefficient of solar radiation for light fillings; For a single-chamber glass glass from ordinary glass with a solid selective coating - 0.57;
The area of \u200b\u200blighting of facades of the building, respectively, oriented in four directions, m 2;
The average for the heating period is the value of solar radiation to vertical surfaces under valid conditions of clouds, respectively, focused on four facades of the building, J / (m 2, we determine in Table 9.1 SP 131.13330.2012 "Construction climatology";
Heating season:
january, February, March, April, May, September, October, November, December.
We accept for the city of Arkhangelsk breadth of 64 ° C.Sh.
C: a 1 \u003d 2.25m 2; I 1 \u003d (31 + 49) / 9 \u003d 8.89 j / (m 2;
I 2 \u003d (138 + 157 + 192 + 155 + 138 + 162 + 170 + 151 + 192) / 9 \u003d 161.67J / (m 2;
In: a 3 \u003d 8,58; I 3 \u003d (11 + 35 + 78 + 135 + 153 + 96 + 49 + 22 + 12) / 9 \u003d 66 J / (m 2;
S: a 4 \u003d 8,58; I 4 \u003d (11 + 35 + 78 + 135 + 153 + 96 + 49 + 22 + 12) / 9 \u003d 66 J / (m 2.
Using data obtained by calculating formulas (2.3), (2.12) and (2.13) we find the heat consumption for the heating of the building by formula (2.2):
According to formula (2.1), we calculate the specific consumption of thermal energy to heating:
Kj / (m 2 · ° С · sut).
Conclusion: The specific consumption of thermal energy to heating the building does not correspond to the normalized flow rate determined by the SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal protection of buildings" and equal to 38.7 kJ / (m 2 · ° C · day).
4 . Heat the heat of the floor
Heat inertia floor design layers
Figure 3 - Floor Scheme
Table 2 - floor materials parameters
The thermal inertia of the floor design layers are calculated by formula (3.1):
where, S is the heat coefficient, W / (m 2 · ° C);
Thermal resistance determined by formula (1.3)
Estimated indicator of the heat of the floor surface.
The first 3 layers of the floor design have a total thermal inertia, but thermal inertia 4 layers.
Consequently, the inspection indicator of the surface of the floor is determined by consistently with the calculation of the heat of the surfaces of the design layers, starting from the 3rd to the 1st:
for the 3rd layer according to formula (3.2)
for the i-th layer (i \u003d 1,2) by formula (3.3)
W / (m 2 · ° C);
W / (m 2 · ° C);
W / (m 2 · ° C);
The inspection indicator of the floor surface is taken equal to the heat dissipation of the first layer surface:
W / (m 2 · ° C);
The normalized meaning of the inspection indicator is determined by the SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal Protection of Buildings":
12 W / (m 2 · ° C);
Conclusion: The calculated indicator of the heat of the floor surface corresponds to the normalized value.
5 . Protection of the enclosing construction from the convert
Climatic parameters:
Table 3 - the values \u200b\u200bof average monthly temperature and pressure of water vapor of outdoor air
The average partial pressure of water vapor of outdoor air over the annual period
Figure 4 - Outdoor Wall Design
Table 4 - Outdoor Wall Material Parameters
Resistance to vapor permeation layers of construction Formula:
where, - layer thickness, m;
Parry permeability coefficient, mg / (MCPA)
We determine the resistance to vapor-permeation of the design layers from the outer and inner surfaces to the plane of possible condensation (the plane of possible condensation coincides with the outer surface of the insulation):
The heat transfer resistance of the layers of the walls from the inner surface to the plane of possible condensation is determined by formula (4.2):
where, - resistance to heat exchange on the inner surface, is determined by formula (1.8)
Duration of seasons and average monthly temperatures:
winter (January, February, March, December):
summer (May, June, July, August, September):
spring, autumn (April, October, November):
where, the resistance to the heat transfer of the outer wall,;
estimated room temperature.
We find the corresponding value of the elasticity of the water vapor:
The average value of the elasticity of water vapor in the year will find by formula (4.4):
where, e 1, e 2, e 3 - the values \u200b\u200bof the elasticity of water vapor for the seasons, pa;
duration of seasons, months
Partial pressure of the internal air pair define the formula (4.5):
where, the partial pressure of a saturated water vapor, pa, at the temperature of the indoor room; for 21: 2488 pa;
relative humidity of internal air,%
The required resistance of vapor permeation is found by formula (4.6):
where, the average partial pressure of water vapor of outdoor air over the annual period, PA; We accept \u003d 6.4 GPa
From the condition of the inadmissibility of moisture accumulation in the enclosing structure for the annual period of operation, verify the condition:
We find the elasticity of the outer air of the outer air for the period with negative average monthly temperatures:
We find the average temperature of the outer air for the period with negative average monthly temperatures:
The temperature value in the plane of possible condensation is determined by formula (4.3):
This temperature corresponds
The required resistance to vapor permeation is determined by formula (4.7):
where, the duration of the period of moisture flow, the day taken equal to the period with negative average monthly temperatures; We accept \u003d 176 days;
density of material of the moisturized layer, kg / m 3;
thickness of the moisturized layer, m;
the maximum permissible increment of moisture in the material of a moisturized layer,% by weight, for the period of moisture, received on table 10 SP 50.13330.2012 "Thermal Protection of Buildings"; We accept for polystyrene \u003d 25%;
the coefficient determined by formula (4.8):
where, the average partial pressure of the outer air of the outer air for the period with negative average monthly temperatures, Pa;
the same as in formula (4.7)
From here we consider the formula (4.7):
From the condition limitation of moisture in the enclosing structure for a period with negative average monthly outdoor temperatures, check condition:
Conclusion: In connection with the implementation of the condition for limiting the amount of moisture in the enclosing construction for the period of moisture additional device Vaporizolation is not required.
Conclusion
From the heat engineering qualities of the exterior fences of buildings depend: a favorable microclimate of buildings, that is, ensuring the temperature and humidity of the air indoors not lower than the regulatory requirements; The amount of heat lost by the building in winter; The temperature of the inner surface of the fence, which guarantees condensate on it; The humidity regime of a constructive solution of the fence affecting its heat-shield quality and durability.
The task of ensuring the necessary heat engineering qualities of exterior enclosing structures is solved by adding the required heat-resistance and heat transfer resistance. The permissible permeability of the structures is limited to a predetermined resistance to air permeal. The normal humidity state of the structures is achieved by a decrease in the initial moisture content of the material and the device of moisture insulation, and in layered structures, in addition, the expedient arrangement of structural layers made of materials with various properties.
During the course project, calculations were carried out related to the thermal protection of buildings that were performed in accordance with the crops of the rules.
List used sources I. literature
1. SP 50.13330.2012. Thermal protection of buildings (updated editorial board SNiP 23-02-2003) [Text] / Ministry of Regional Development of Russia. - M.: 2012. - 96 p.
2. SP 131.13330.2012. Construction climatology (updated version Snip 23-01-99 *) [Text] / Ministry of Regional Development of Russia. - M.: 2012. - 109 p.
3. Kupriyanov V.N. Designing the heat shields of enclosing structures: Tutorial [Text]. - Kazan: KGASU, 2011. - 161 s ..
4. SP 23-101-2004 Design of thermal protection of buildings [Text]. - M.: FSUE CPP, 2004.
5. T.I. Abashev. Album technical solutions to increase the thermal protection of buildings, insulation of structural nodes during conducting overhaul Housing Fund [Text] / T.I. Abasheva, L.V. Bulgakov. N.M. Vavulo et al. M.: 1996. - 46 pp.
Appendix A.
Energy Passport Buildings
general information
Estimated conditions
|
Name of settlement parameters |
Setting parameter |
unit of measurement |
Calculation |
||
|
Calculated indoor air temperature |
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|
Calculated outdoor air temperature |
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|
Calculated temperature warm attic |
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|
Calculated Temperature TechPodpolya |
|||||
|
The duration of the heating period |
|||||
|
The average temperature of the outdoor air for the heating period |
|||||
|
Degree-day of the heating period |
Functional Purpose, Type and Constructive Building Solution
Geometric and thermal power indicators
|
Indicator |
Estimated (project) value indicator |
|||||
|
Geometric indicators |
||||||
|
Total area of \u200b\u200boutdoor enclosing building designs |
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|
Including: |
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|
windows and balcony doors |
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|
stained glass |
||||||
|
entrance doors and gates |
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|
coatings (combined) |
||||||
|
cherical overlaps (cold attic) |
||||||
|
overlaps of warm chrodakov |
||||||
|
overlaps over techpotes |
||||||
|
overlaps over travel and under the erkers |
||||||
|
paul in soil |
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|
Square of apartments |
||||||
|
Useful Square (Public Buildings) |
||||||
|
Square of residential premises |
||||||
|
Calculated area (public buildings) |
||||||
|
Heated volume |
||||||
|
Building facade glazality |
||||||
|
Indicator compactness building |
||||||
|
Heat and power indicators |
||||||
|
Heat engineering |
||||||
|
The reduced resistance to the heat transfer of external fences: |
M 2 · ° C / W |
|||||
|
windows and balcony doors |
||||||
|
stained glass |
||||||
|
entrance doors and gates |
||||||
|
coatings (combined) |
||||||
|
cherical overlaps (cold attics) |
||||||
|
overlappings of warm attics (including coating) |
||||||
|
overlaps over techpotes |
||||||
|
overlaps over unheated basements or underground |
||||||
|
overlaps over travel and under the erkers |
||||||
|
paul in soil |
||||||
|
The coefficient of heat transfer of the building |
W / (m 2 · ° С) |
|||||
|
The multiplicity of the air exchange building for the heating period |
||||||
|
The multiplicity of the air exchange of the building during the test (at 50 pa) |
||||||
|
Conditional coefficient of heat transfer of the building, taking into account heat loss due to infiltration and ventilation |
W / (m 2 · ° С) |
|||||
|
Common heat transfer coefficient |
W / (m 2 · ° С) |
|||||
|
Energy indicators |
||||||
|
Common heat loss through the enveloping shell of the building for the heating period |
||||||
|
Specific domestic heat dissipation in the building |
||||||
|
Household heat gain in the building for the heating period |
||||||
|
Heat gain in the building from solar radiation for the heating period |
||||||
|
The need for thermal energy to heating the building for the heating period |
Factors
|
Indicator |
Measurement indicator and units |
Regulatory value indicator |
The actual value of the indicator |
||
|
The estimated coefficient of energy efficiency of the central heat supply system of the building from the heat source |
|||||
|
The estimated coefficient of energy efficiency of the quarter and autonomous Systems Heat supply building from heat source |
|||||
|
The accounting coefficient of the oncoming heat flux |
|||||
|
Accounting coefficient of additional heat consumption |
Comprehensive indicators
Heat engineering calculation of enclosing structures, outer wall, attic and basement overlap, windows. Calculation of heat loss and heating system. Thermal calculation of heating devices. Individual thermal heating and ventilation system.
course work, added 12.07.2011
Heat engineering calculation of enclosing structures, based on winter operating conditions. Selection of translucent enclosing building structures. The calculation of the humidity regime (the grafanalytic method of Fokina-Vlasov). Determination of heated areas of the building.
methodology, added 01/11/2011
Thermal protection and thermal insulation of building structures of buildings and structures, their meaning in modern construction. Obtaining the heat engineering properties of multi-layer enclosing design on physical and computer models in the "ANSYS" program.
thesis, added 03/20/2017
Heating of a residential five-story building with flat roof And with not heated basement in the city of Irkutsk. Estimated parameters of external and internal air. Heat engineering calculation of outdoor enclosing structures. Thermal calculation of heating devices.
coursework, added 06.02.2009
Thermal building mode. Estimated parameters of external and internal air. Heat engineering calculation of outdoor enclosing structures. Determination of the degree and day of the heating period and the conditions of operation of the enclosing structures. Calculation of the heating system.
course work, added 15.10.2013
Heat engineering calculation of exterior walls, attic overlap, overlaps over unheated basements. Check the design of the outer wall in the part of the outer corner. Aerial mode operation of outdoor fences. Heat cutting of floors.
course work, added 11/14/2014
Selection of window design and outdoor doors. Calculation of heat loss with premises and the building. Definition thermal insulation materialsnecessary to ensure favorable conditions, with climate change by calculating the enclosing structures.
course work, added 01/22/2010
The thermal mode of the building, the parameters of the outer and internal air. Heat engineering calculation of enclosing structures, thermal balance of rooms. Selection of heating and ventilation systems, type of heating devices. Hydraulic calculation of the heating system.
course work, added 15.10.2013
Requirements to building structures External fences of heated residential and public buildings. Thermal loss of the room. Selection of thermal insulation for walls. Resistance to air permeal of enclosing structures. Calculation and selection of heating devices.
coursework, added 03/06/2010
Heat engineering calculation of outdoor enclosing structures, heat-flow of the building, heating devices. Hydraulic calculation of the building heating system. Performing the calculation of thermal loads of a residential building. Requirements for heating systems and their operation.
The heating and ventilation systems must provide permissible conditions for microclimate and air room. To do this, it is necessary to preserve the equilibrium between the heat loss of the building and the heat crimit. The condition of thermal equilibrium of the building can be expressed in the form of equality
$$ Q \u003d Q_T + Q_I \u003d Q_0 + Q_ (TV), $$
where $ q $ -summage thermal loss of the building; $ Q_T $ - heat transfer heat transfer through outdoor fences; $ Q_y $ - heat loss infiltration due to admission to the room through looseness of external cold air fences; $ Q_0 $ - Slip heat in the building through heating system; $ Q_ (TV) $ - internal heat dissipation.
The thermal loss of the building is mainly dependent on the first term $ Q_T $. Therefore, for the convenience of calculation, it is possible to present the thermal loss of the building like this:
$$ Q \u003d Q_T · (1 + μ), $$
where $ μ $ is the coefficient of infiltration, which is the ratio of heat loss by infiltration to heat transfer heat transfer through outdoor fences.
The source of internal heat dissipation $ Q_ (TV) $, in residential buildings are usually people, food cooking devices (gas, electric and other plates), lighting devices. These heat dissipation are largely random and cannot be denominated in time.
In addition, heat dissipation is not distributed evenly on the building. In rooms with a large density of the population, internal heat dissipation is relatively large, and in premises with low density they are insignificant.
To ensure in residential areas of the normal temperature regime in all heated rooms, hydraulic and temperature mode thermal network according to the most unprofitable conditions, i.e. According to the heating regime with zero heat dissipation.
The resistance of heat transfer of translucent structures (windows, stained glass windows of balcony doors, lanterns) is made according to the test results in an accredited laboratory; In the absence of such data, it is estimated according to the method from the annex to V.
The reduced resistance to heat transfer of the enclosing structures with ventilated air layers should be calculated in accordance with the application K in the joint venture 50.13330.2012, thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23.02.2003).
The calculation of the specific thermal protection characteristic of the building is drawn up in the form of a table, which should contain the following information:
The following table shows the table form for calculating the specific heat protection characteristics of the building.
Specific ventilation characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 ∙ ° C), should be determined by the formula
$$ k_ (VENT) \u003d 0.28 · C · N_В · β_v · ρ_В ^ (VENT) · (1-k_ (EF)), $$
where $ c $ is a specific air heat capacity equal to 1 kJ / (kg · ° C); $ β_v $ is the coefficient of reducing air volume in a building that takes into account the presence of internal enclosing structures. In the absence of data to take $ β_v \u003d 0.85 $; $ ρ_v ^ (VENT) $ - the average density of the supply air for the heating period, calculated by the formula, kg / m 3:
$$ ρ_B ^ (VENT) \u003d \\ FRAC (353) (273 + T_ (from)); $$
$ n_v $ - the average multiplicity of the air exchange of the building for the heating period, h -1; $ k_ (EF) $ - the efficiency coefficient of the recuperator.
The efficiency coefficient of the recuperator is distinguished from zero if the average air permeability of apartments of residential and premises of public buildings (with closed supply-exhaust ventilation holes) ensures during testing the air exchange rate of $ n_ (50) $, h -1, with pressure difference 50 PA of outer and internal air when ventilating with mechanical motivation $ n_ (50) ≤ 2 $ h -1.
The multiplicity of air exchange of buildings and premises with a pressure difference is 50 Pa and their middle breathability is determined according to GOST 31167.
The average multiplicity of the air exchange of the building for the heating period is calculated by the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration by the formula, h -1:
$$ N_B \u003d \\ FRAC (\\ FRAC (L_ (VENT) · N_ (VENT)) (168) + \\ FRAC (G_ (inf) · N_ (inf)) (168 · ρ_В ^ (VENT))) (β_v · V_ (from)), $$
where $ L_ (VENT) $ is the amount of air supply air into the building with an inorganized inflow or a normalized value with mechanical ventilation, m 3 / h, equal to: a) residential buildings with estimated apartment estimates less than 20 m 2 total area per person $ 3 · a_G $, b) other residential buildings $ 0.35 · h_ (fl) (a_zh) $, but at least $ 30 · m $; where $ m $ is the calculated number of residents in the building, c) public and administrative buildings Take convention: for administrative buildings, offices, warehouses and supermarkets $ 4 · a_r $, for shopping stores, health care facilities, plants household service, sports arena, museums and exhibitions $ 5 · a_r $, for children's preschool institutions, schools, secondary and higher educational institutions $ 7 · a_r $, for physical and recreational and cultural and leisure complexes, restaurants, cafes, train stations $ 10 · a_r $; $ A_G $, $ A_R $ - for residential buildings - the area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises to which include bedrooms, children's, living rooms, cabinets, libraries, canteens, kitchen-table; For public and administrative buildings - the calculated area determined according to the joint venture 118.13330 as the sum of the areas of all premises, with the exception of corridors, tambourines, transitions, staircases, elevator mines, internal open stairs and ramps, as well as rooms intended for accommodation engineering equipment and networks, m 2; $ H_ (ET) $ - floor height from floor to ceiling, m; $ n_ (VENT) $ - the number of hours of operation of mechanical ventilation during the week; 168 - the number of hours in the week; $ G_ (inf) $ - the amount of infiltrant air into the building through the enclosing structures, kg / h: for residential buildings - air entering the stairwells during the day of the heating period, for public buildings - air entering through the looseness of translucent designs and doors, It is allowed to take for public buildings by working time depending on the flood of the building: up to three floors - equal to $ 0.1 · β_v · v_ (total) $, from four to nine floors $ 0.15 · β_v · v_ (total) $, above nine floors $ 0.2 · β_v · V_ (total) $, where $ v_ (total) $ - heated volume of the public part of the building; $ n_ (inf) $ - the number of hours of infiltration accounting for a week, h, equal to 168 for buildings with balanced supply-exhaust ventilation and (168 - $ N_ (VENT) $) for buildings, in the premises of which the air support is supported during the operation of the supply mechanical ventilation; $ V_ (from) $ - heated building volume equal to volume bounded by the internal surfaces of external fences of buildings, m 3;
In cases where the building consists of several zones with different air exchange, the average multiplicity of air exchange is for each zone separately (zones on which the building is divided is all heated volume). All obtained averages of air exchange are summed up and the total coefficient is substituted into the formula for calculating the specific ventilation characteristics of the building.
The amount of infiltrating air entering the staircase of a residential building or in the premises of the public building through the looseness of the fillings of the openings, believing that all of them are on the winding side, should be determined by the formula:
$$ G_ (inf) \u003d \\ left (\\ FRAC (A_ (OK)) (R_ (and, OK) ^ (TR)) \\ RIGHT) · \\ left (\\ FRAC (ΔP_ (OK)) (10) \\ RIGHT ) ^ (\\ FRAC (2) (3)) + \\ left (\\ FRAC (A_ (DV)) (R_ (and, DV) ^ (TR)) \\ RIGHT) · \\ left (\\ FRAC (Δp_ (DV) ) (10) \\ RIGHT) ^ (\\ FRAC (1) (2)) $$
where $ A_ (OK) $ and $ A_ (DV) $ - respectively, the total area of \u200b\u200bwindows, balcony doors and input outer doors, m 2; $ R_ (and, ok) ^ (TR) $ and $ R_ (and, DV) ^ (TR) $ - respectively, the required resistance to air permeation of windows and balcony doors and input outer doors, (m 2 · h) / kg; $ Δp_ (OK) $ and $ Δp_ (DV) $ - respectively, the calculated pressure difference of outdoor and internal air, Pa, for windows and balcony doors and input outer doors, are determined by the formula:
$$ Δp \u003d 0.55 · h · (γ_n-γ_v) + 0.03 · γ_n · v ^ 2, $$
for windows and balcony doors with a replacement of 0.55 to 0.28 in it and with the calculation of the specific gravity by the formula:
$$ γ \u003d \\ FRAC (3463) (273 + T), $$
where $ γ_n $, $ γ_v $ is the proportion of respectively external and internal air, N / m 3; T - air temperature: internal (to determine $ γ_v $) - it is accepted according to the optimal parameters according to GOST 12.1.005, GOST 30494 and SanPine 2.1.2.2645; external (to determine $ γ_n $) - it is taken equal to the average temperature of the coldest five-day security of 0.92 to SP 131.13330; $ V $ is the maximum of the average wind velocities in Rumbam in January, the repeatability of which is 16% and more received by SP 131.13330.
The specific characteristic of household heat generations of the building, W / (m 3 · ° C), should be determined by the formula:
$$ k_ (бот) \u003d \\ FRAC (Q_ (Gen) · A_GE) (V_ (Gen.) · (T_V-T_ (from))), $$
where $ Q_ (Gen) $ is the value of household heat generations per 1 m 2 area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises or the calculated area of \u200b\u200bthe public building, W / m 2, received for:
The specific characteristic of the heat gain in the building from solar radiation, W / (M · ° C), should be determined by the formula:
$$ k_ (rad) \u003d (11.6 · Q_ (RAD) ^ (year)) (v_ (from) · HSOP), $$
where $ Q_ (RAD) ^ (year) $ - heat gain through windows and lights from solar radiation during the heating period, MJ / year, for four facades of buildings oriented in four directions, determined by the formula:
$$ q_ (pleased) ^ (year) \u003d τ_ (1ok) · τ_ (2ok) · (A_ (OK1) · I_1 + A_ (OK2) · I_2 + A_ (OK3) · I_3 + A_ (OK4) · I_4) + τ_ (1phone) · τ_ (2phone) · a_ (background) · i_ (mountains), $$
where $ τ_ (1ok) $, $ τ_ (1phone) $ - the relative penetration of solar radiation for light-resistant fillings of the windows and anti-aircraft lanterns, received according to passport data of the corresponding light-resistant products; In the absence of data, it should be taken in order; mansard windows With angle of fillings to the horizon of 45 ° and more should be considered as vertical windows, with an inclination angle of less than 45 ° - as anti-aircraft lights; $ τ_ (2ok) $, $ τ_ (2font) $ - coefficients that take into account the shading of the light opening of the windows and anti-aircraft lights with opaque fill elements received by project data; In the absence of data, it should be taken in order; $ A_ (OK1) $, $ A_ (OK2) $, $ A_ (OK3) $, $ A_ (OK4) $ - the area of \u200b\u200blighting of facades of the building (the deaf part of the balcony doors is excluded), respectively oriented in four directions, m 2; $ A_ (background) $ - the area of \u200b\u200blighting of anti-aircraft lamps of the building, m 2; $ I_1 $, $ i_2 $, $ i_3 $, $ i_4 $ - average for the heating period The value of solar radiation to vertical surfaces under valid conditions of clouds, respectively, oriented in four facades of the building, MJ / (m 2 · year) is determined by the method Code of rules TSN 23-304-99 and SP 23-101-2004; $ I_ (Mountains) $ - average for the heating period The value of solar radiation on the horizontal surface under valid conditions of clouds, MJ / (m 2 · year) is determined in the sum of the rules of TSN 23-304-99 and SP 23-101-2004.
Specific consumption Thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building for the heating period, kWh · h / (m 3 · year) should be determined by the formula:
$$ q \u003d 0.024 · HSOP · Q_ (from) ^ r. $$
Consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building for the heating period, kWh / year should be determined by the formula:
$$ Q_ (from) ^ (year) \u003d 0.024 · HSOP · V_ (from) · Q_ (from) ^ p. $$
Based on these indicators for each building, an energy pass is being developed. Energy Passport of the Building Project: a document containing energy, heat engineering and geometric characteristics of both existing buildings and projects of buildings and their enclosing structures, and establishing compliance with their requirements regulatory documents and energy efficiency class.
The energy passport of the building of the building is developed in order to ensure a system for monitoring the heating flow of heat for heating and ventilation by the building, which implies the establishment of compliance with the thermal protection and energy characteristics of the building by the normalized indicators defined in these standards and (or) the requirements of the energy efficiency of capital construction objects defined by federal legislation.
The energy passport of the building is drawn up according to Appendix D. form to fill the energy passport of the project of the building in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23.02.2003).
The heating systems should ensure uniform heating of air in the rooms throughout the heating period, do not create smells, do not contaminate the air of the rooms with harmful substances allocated during operation, do not create additional noise, should be available for current repairs and maintenance.
Heating devices should be easily accessible to cleaning. When water heating, the surface temperature of heating devices should not exceed 90 ° C. For instruments with a heating surface temperature of more than 75 ° C, protective fences must be provided.
Natural ventilation Residential premises should be carried out by inflowing air through the edges, fraumuga, or through special holes in window sashs and ventilation channels. Channel exhaust holes should be provided in kitchens, bathrooms, toilets and drying cabinets.
The heating load has, as a rule, around the clock. With unchanged outer temperatures, wind speed and clouds, the heating load of residential buildings is almost constant. Heating load of public buildings and industrial enterprises It has a non-permanent daily, and often a non-permanent weekly schedule, when in order to save warmth artificially reduce the flow of heat for heating in a non-working clock (night and weekend).
Significantly more dramatically changed both during the day and by week of week the ventilation load, since in a non-working clock of industrial enterprises and institutions ventilation, as a rule, does not work.
