Heat flux, W \\ m
| Material | Duration of irradiation, min | ||
| Wood with rough surface | |||
| Wood painted oil paint | |||
| Peat briquette | |||
| Peat piety | |||
| Cotton fiber | |||
| Cardboard gray | |||
| Fiberglass | |||
| Rubber | |||
| Combustible gases and flammable liquids with self-ignition temperature, ° C: | |||
| >500 | - | - | |
| Man without means of special protection: | |||
| During a long time; | - | - | |
| Within 20 s | - | - |
A comparison of the values \u200b\u200bof Q L. KR, obtained by calculation by the formula with data from the table, will make a conclusion about the possibility of fire for the specified time or determine the safe distances from the fire focus at a given exposure time.
Neutralization and elimination of ignition sources;
Increase fire resistance structures of buildings and structures;
Organization of fire protection.
Engineering and fire protection activities include:
Application of basic building structures objects with regulated limits of fire resistance and fire danger;
The use of impregnation of objects of objects with antipers and applying flame retardant paints (compositions);
Application of devices providing fire distribution restriction ( fire barriers; maximum permissible areas of fire prevention compartments and sections, limiting floors);
Emergency disabling and switching installations and communications;
The use of funds that prevent or limit the spill and spreading fluid during the fire;
The use of fireworking devices in the equipment;
The use of fire extinguishing equipment and the corresponding types of fire equipment;
Use automatic fire alarm installations.
The main types of equipment intended to protect various facilities from fires include alarm and fire extinguishing agents.
Fire alarm must quickly and accurately report fire. The most reliable fire alarm system is electric fire alarm. The most advanced types of such alarm additionally provide automatic commissioning of fire extinguishing facility. Schematic scheme electrical system The alarm is presented in Fig. 14.1. It includes fire detectors installed in the protected areas and included in the signal line; receiving and control station, power supply, audio and light alarm, and also transmits a signal to automatic installations Fire extinguishing and smoke removal.
The reliability of the electrical system of alarm is ensured by the fact that all its elements and relations between them are constantly under voltage, which is achieved by the health serviceability.
The most important element of the fire extinguishing system are fire detectors that convert physical parameters characterizing fire in electrical signals. According to the method of actuating the detectors divided into manual and automatic. Manual detectors are issued in the communication line an electrical signal of a certain form at the time of pressing the button. Automatic fire detectors are included with the change in environmental parameters at the time of fire. Depending on the factor causing the triggering of the sensor, the detectors are divided into thermal, smoke, light and combined.
The greatest distribution was obtained by thermal detectors, sensitive elements of which can be bimetallic, thermocouples, semiconductor.
Smoke fire detectors reacting to smoke have a photocell or ionization chambers as a sensitive element, as well as a differential photorele. The smoke detectors are two types: point, signaling about the appearance of smoke at the place of their installation, and linear-volume, working on the principle of shading in the light beam between the receiver and the emitter.
Light fire detectors are based on fixation of various component parts Open flame spectrum. Sensitive elements of such sensors react to the ultraviolet or infrared region of the optical radiation spectrum.
The inertia of the sensors is an important characteristic. The highest inertia is thermal, the smallest - light sensors.
Firefighting. A set of measures aimed at eliminating the fire and the creation of conditions under which the continuation of burning will be impossible is called fire extinguishing.
To eliminate the combustion process, it is necessary to stop supplying the combustion zone or fuel or oxidizing agent, or reduce the heat flux to the reaction zone. This is achieved:
A strong cooling of the focus of combustion or burning material with substances (for example, water), which have a large heat capacity;
Insulation of the focus of burning from atmospheric air or a decrease in oxygen concentration in the air by filing in the combustion zone of inert components;
Application special chemicalsinhibiting the speed of the oxidation reaction;
Mechanical breakdown of the flame of a strong jet of gas or water;
The creation of fireproof conditions in which the flame applies through narrow channels, the cross section is less than stewing diameter.
Fire extinguishes. Currently, as a means of fire extinguishing use:
Water that is supplied to the fire focus with a solid or sprayed jet;
Different kinds Pen (chemical and air-mechanical), representing air bubbles or carbon dioxide, surrounded by a thin film of water;
Inert gas diluents, which can be used: carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, water vapor, flue gases, etc.;
Homogeneous inhibitors - low-boiling halogen-hydrocarbons;
Heterogeneous inhibitors - fire extinguishing powders;
Combined compositions.
The extended substances shown in Table were the greatest distribution. 14.4.
Table 14.4.
Fire extinguishes
| Fire extinguishing agent | Method and Impact on Burning |
| Water, water with a wetter, solid carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide in a synodular form), aqueous solutions of salts | Cooling |
| Fire extinguishing foam (chemical, air-mechanical); fire extinguishing powder formulations; non-combustible bulk (sand, earth, slags, fluxes, graphite); Leafy materials (bedspreads, shields) | Insulation |
| Inert gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, flue gases); water vapor; thin water; gas mixtures; BB suppression products; Volatile inhibitors formed during the decomposition of halogen agricultural plants | Dilution |
| Halogen hyalogenic; ethyl bromide, chladone 114 B2 (tetrafluorodibromethane) and 13 B1 (trifluoro-bromomethane); Haloidurgarbon-based formulations: 3.5; NND; 7; Bm; Bf-1; Bf-2; POGROMETIL SOLUTIONS (Emulsions), fire extinguishing powder compositions | Inhibitory effect. Chemical braking reaction combustion |
Water is the most widely used extinguishing agent. However, it is characterized by both negative properties:
Electrically conductive;
Has a greater density and therefore does not apply to extinguishing petroleum products;
It is capable of reacting with some substances and rapidly react with them (potassium, calcium, sodium, alkaline and alkaline earth metal hydrides, sulfur, sulphide anhydride, nitroglycyrin);
Has a low utilization factor in the form of compact jets;
Has a high freezing temperature, which makes it difficult to extinguish winter time, and high surface tension - 72.8-10 3 J / m 2, which is an indicator of low wetting capacity of water.
Water with a wetter (additive of the foaming agent, sul-folne, emulsifiers, etc.) allows you to significantly reduce the surface tension of water (to Z6.410 3 J / m 2). In this form, it has a good penetrating ability, due to which the greatest effect is achieved in steaming, and especially when burning fibrous materials: peat, soot. The aqueous solutions of wethers make it possible to reduce water consumption by 30-50%, as well as the duration of extinguishing the fire.
Water vapor has low extension efficiency, so it is used to protect closed technological apparatus and premises of up to 500 m 3, to extinguish small fires on open sites and creating a curtain around protected objects.
Suffered water (drops of less than 100 microns) is obtained using special equipment operating at a pressure of 200-300 mm of water. Art. Water jets have a small amount of shock strength and flight range, but irrigate a significant surface, more favorable for evaporation of water, have an increased cooling effect, well diluted with a combustible environment. They make it possible not to moisturize unnecessary materials in their extinguishing, contribute to rapid decrease in temperature, deposition of smoke or poisoning clouds. Simple water is used not only to extinguish burning solids and petroleum products, but also for protective actions.
Hard hydrocarbon dioxide (carbon dioxide in a synodal form) is heavier than air 1.53 times, odorless, density is 1.97 kg / m 3. Hard carbon dioxide has a wide range of applications, namely: when heating burning electrical installations, engines, with fires in archives, museums, exhibitions and other places with special values. When heated, it turns into a gaseous substance, bypassing the liquid phase, which allows it to be used to extinguish materials, which are spoiled during wetting (from 1 kg of carbon dioxide, 500 liters of gas are formed). Neelectro-conductive, does not interact with combustible substances and materials.
It does not use it for extinguishing the fired magnesium and its alloys, metallic sodium, since the decomposition of carbon dioxide with the release of atomic oxygen occurs.
Chemical foam is now mainly obtained in fire extinguishers in the interaction of alkaline and acid solutions. It consists of carbon dioxide (80% vol.), Water (19.7%), a foaming substance (0.3%). Characteristics of foam, defining its extinguishing properties, are resistance and multiplicity. Resistance - this is the ability of foam to persist with high temperatures In time (air-mechanical foam has a resistance of 30-45 min), multiplicity is the ratio of the volume of foam to the volume of the liquid, from which it is obtained, reaches 8-12. Chemical foam has high resistance and efficiency in carving many fires. Due to the electrical conductivity and chemical activity, the foam does not apply to the extinguishing of electric and radio installations, electronic equipment, engines various destination, other devices and aggregates.
Air-mechanical foam is obtained by mixing in foam barrels or generators aquatic solution Air foaming agent. Foam is low multiplicity (to< 10), средней (10 < К < 200) и высокой (К > 200). It has the necessary resistance, dispersion, viscosity, cooling and insulating properties that allow it to be used to extinguish solid materials, liquid substances and the implementation of protective actions to extinguish fires on the surface and volumetric filling of burning rooms. Air-foam trunks are used for supplying low multiple foam, and for the supply of medium and high multiplicity foam - generators.
Fire extinguishing powder formulations are universal and effective means extinguishing fires with relatively minor specific expenses. OPS is used to extinguish combustible materials and substances of any aggregate state, electrical installations under voltage, metals, including organometallic and other pyrophoric compounds that are not measurable with water and foam, as well as fires at significant minus temperatures. They are able to provide effective actions to suppress the flame combined; cooling (treated with heat), insulation (due to the formation of a film when melting), diluting gaseous products decomposition of powder or powder cloud, chemical braking of the combustion reaction.
Nitrogen is not a fuel and does not support the burning of most organic substances. It is stored and transported in cylinders in a compressed state, used mainly in stationary installations. It is used to extinguish sodium, potassium, beryllium, calcium and other metals, which are lit in carbon dioxide atmosphere, as well as fires in technological devices and electrical installations. Nitrogen can not be used to extinguish magnesium, aluminum, lithium, zirconium and some other metals capable of forming nitrides with explosive properties and impact sensitive. Argon uses argon.
Haloidurgarmen and compositions based on them (fire extinguishing means of chemical braking of combustion reaction) effectively suppress the combustion of gaseous, liquid, solid combustible substances and materials with any kind of fires. In efficiency, they exceed the inert gases 10 times or more. Haloidurgarmen and compositions based on them are volatile compounds, are gases or easy-wing liquids that are poorly dissolved in water, but well mixed with many organic substances. They have good wettable ability, not electrically conductive, have a high density in liquid and in a gaseous state, which ensures the possibility of forming a jet penetrating into the flame.
These fire extinguishes can be used for surface, volumetric and local extinguishing fires. Halogen hydrocarbons and compositions based on them practically can be used for any negative temperatures. With a big effect, they can be used in the elimination of combustion of fibrous materials; electrical installations and hardware equipment; to protect against fires of vehicles; Computing centers, especially hazardous shops of chemical enterprises, painting chambers, dryers, warehouses with combustible liquids, archives, museum halls, other objects of special value, increased fire and explosiveness.
The disadvantages of these fire extinguishing agents are: corrosion activity; toxicity; They cannot be used to extinguish materials containing oxygen, as well as metals, of some metal hydrides and many organometallic connections. Claudones do not inhibit burning and in cases where non-oxygen is involved as an oxidant, but other substances.
Technical means of fire extinguishing. Ensuring enterprises and regions The necessary volume of water for fire extinguishing is usually produced from the total (urban) water supply network or from fire fluids and tanks. Requirements for water supply systems are set forth in SNiP 2.04.02-84 * "Water supply. External networks and facilities "and in SNiP 2.04.01-85 *" Internal water supply and sewage system ".
Fireproof water pipes are customary to divide on low and medium pressure water pipelines. Pressure during water supply from a water supply network low pressure With the estimated flow, there should be at least 10 m, while the water pressure required for fire extinguishing is created by mobile pumps installed on hydrants. Online high pressure The height of the compact jet of at least 10 m should be ensured with the full estimated water flow and the location of the trunk at the highest point of the highest building. High pressure systems are more expensive due to the need to use high-strength pipelines, as well as additional water tanks of the water supply station.
High pressure systems are provided for industrial enterprises remote from fire parts by more than 2 km, as well as in settlements with the number of residents of up to 500 thousand people.
The schematic diagram of the device of the combined water system is shown in Fig. 14.2. Water from a natural source enters the water receiver and further pumps of the station of the first lift are supplied to the construction of cleaning, then along the waterways to the fire-voltage structure (water tower) and further on the main water supply lines to the entrances to the building. The water treatment device is associated with the unevenness of domestic consumption of water by day of day. As a rule, network fire
water pipes make ring, providing high reliability of water supply.
The normalized water consumption for fire extinguishing is consumed from expenses for outdoor and internal fire extinguishing. When measuring water consumption on outdoor fire extinguishing, they proceed from a possible number of simultaneous fires in the settlement arising over three adjacent hours depending on the number of residents and floors of buildings. The rate of consumption and pressure of water in the inner water pipes in public, residential and auxiliary buildings is regulated by SNiP 2.04.01-85 *, depending on their floors, the length of corridors, volume, destination.
Automatic fire extinguishing devices are used for fire extinguishing. Most wide use received installations that as switchgear Using sprinkler or drainage heads.
The sprinkler head (Fig. 14.3) is a device that automatically opens the water output by increasing the temperature indoors caused by the appearance of a fire. The sensor is the sprinkler head itself, equipped with a low-melting lock, which is melted with increasing the temperature and opens the hole in the pipeline with water above the fire center. The sprinkler installation consists of a network of water supply and irrigation pipes installed under the overlapping. In the irrigation pipes at a certain distance from each other, sprinkler
heads. One sprinkler is installed on an area of \u200b\u200b6-9 m 2 rooms depending on fire danger production. If in the protected room, the air temperature may drop below +4 ° C, then such objects are protected by air sprinkler systems that differ from water to the fact that these systems are filled with water only to the control signal, distribution pipes located above this device in the unheated room, Filled with air, a discharged special compressor.
Drencher installations (Fig. 14.4) on the device are close to sprinkler, but differ from the latter in that the rods on switchbar pipelines do not have a slightly saline lock and the holes are constantly open. Drencher systems are designed to form water curtains, to protect the building from fire in a fire in a nearby building, for the formation of water curtains in the room with the aim
preventing the spread of fire and for fire protection in conditions of high fire hazard. The drakecaric system is turned on manually or automatically at a signal of an automatic fire detector using a control and start assembly located on the main pipeline.
In sprinkler and dramet systems, air-mechanical foams can be applied.
The primary means of fire extinguishing include fire extinguishers, sand, earth, slags, bedspreads, shields, leafy materials.
Fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish lightbins and fires in the initial stage of their occurrence. Depending on the extinguishing conditions, various types of fire extinguishers are created, which are divided into two main groups: portable and mobile.
By type of fire extinguishing agents, fire extinguishers are classified:
A) on foam (OP): - chemical foam (OCP);
Air-foam (ORP);
B) gas:
Carbon dioxide (OU) - carbon dioxide in the form of gas or snow (liquid carbon dioxide is used as a charge);
Claudone (Oh) aerosol and carbonic-bromoethyl - supply vaporizing fire extinguishes;
C) powder (OP) - feeding powders;
D) aquatic (s) - are divided by the type of a streaming jet (small, sprayed and compact).
The standard establishes the method of testing for the spread of a flame based on the materials of the surface layers of floors and roofs, as well as the classification of them by flame distribution groups. Standard is used for all homogeneous and layered flammable building materialsused in surface layers of floors and roofing designs.
| Designation: | GOST 30444-97 |
| Name Rus: | Construction materials. Flame Spread Test Method |
| Status: | act |
| Text update date: | 05.05.2017 |
| Date to add to the database: | 12.02.2016 |
| Date of introduction: | 20.03.1998 |
| Approved: | 03/20/1998 Gosstroy Russia (Russian Federation Gosstroy 18-21) 04/23/1997 Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization and Technical Registration in Studying (MNTKS) |
| Published: | GUP CPP (CPP GUP 1998) |
| Links for download: |
GOST R51032-97
State Standard of the Russian Federation
Construction materials
Test method
On the spread of flames
MinStroy Russia
Moscow
Preface
1 Developed by state central research and design and experimental institutional committees of building structures and structures. V. A. Kucherenko (TsNIIisk them. Kucherenko) of the State Scientific Center "Construction" (SSC "Construction"), All-Russian Research Institutional Defense (VNIIPO) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia with the participation of the Moscow Institute of State Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
Department recommended management, technical rationing and certification of the Ministry of Construction of Russia
2 adopted and put into effect by the resolution of Russia dated December 27, 1996 No. 18-93
Real standards based on the draft standard ISO / PMS 9239.2 "The main tests of the production on fire is the spread of the flame along the horizontal surface of the floor under the action of the radiation thermal ignition source."
Dimensions are given in reference in mm
1 -
test chamber; 2 -
platform; 3 -
sample holder; 4 -
sample; 5 -
chimney;
6 -
exhaust umbrella; 7 - thermocouple; 8 -
radiation panel; 9 -
gas-burner;
10 -
Door with an observation window
Picture 1 - Installation for flame proliferation tests
The installation consists of the following main parts:
1) test chamber by intersecting and exhaust umbrella;
2) the source of the radiation-moving stream (radiation panel);
3) ignition source (gas burner);
4) Sample holder Jews for introducing a holder into a test chamber (platform).
Installation with equiplibers for registering and measuring the temperature in the test chamber idiot, the values \u200b\u200bof the surface density of the heat flux, the flow rate in the chimney.
7.2 Testing chamber idiot () is made of sheets with a thickness of 1.5 to 2 mm and are stalled from the inside with a non-combustible thermal insulating material with a thickness of at least 10 mm.
The front wall of the chamber is a door with the door with a viewing window of heat-resistant glass. Spersion window must provide the possibility of observing the entire surface formation.
7.3 Chimney is connected by a scammer through the opening. Over the chimney, an exhaust ventilation umbrella is installed.
The performance of the exhaust agent should be at least 0.5 m 3 / s.
7.4 Radiation panels The following dimensions:
The electrical capacity of theraffic panel should be at least 8 kW.
The angle of inclination of the radiaticpace () to the horizontal plane of the track is (30 ± 5) °.
7.5 The source of ignites the gas burner with the outlet diameter (1.0 ± 0.1) mm, which ensures the formation of a flame torch with a length of 40 to 50 mm. The design tubes should provide its rotation relative to horizontal. When testing flames gas burner There should be a "zero" point ("0") of the longitudinal axis of the sample ().
Dimensions are given in reference in mm
1 - holder; 2 - sample; 3 - radiation panel; 4 - gas-burner
Figure 2.
-
Mutual location of the radiation panel,
sample and gas burner
7.6 Platform for the placement of the sample is made of heat-resistant or stainless steel. Platform pressure on guides at the bottom of the chamber along its longitudinal axis. The perimeter of the chamber between its walls and the edges of the platform should be provided by a total area (0.24 ± 0.04) m 2.
The distance from the surface of the sample to the ceiling of the chamber should be (710 ± 10) mm.
7.7 The holder-shaped is made of heat-resistant steel thickness (2.0 ± 0.5) mm and equipped with respect to the sample attachment ().
1 - holder; 2 - Fasteners
Figure 3. - Sample holder
7.8 For measuring temperature in chamber () Used by the Elektrical converter according to GOST 3044 with a range of measurement from 0 to 600 ° C and a thickness of not more than 1 mm. To register readings of the thermoelectric staff, instruments with accuracy class not more than 0.5 are used.
7.9 For measuring, water-cooled thermal radiation receivers with a range of measurement of 1 to 15 kW / m 2. Measurement error should not be more than 8%.
To register the inspection of thermal radiation, a registering device is used with class difference not more than 0.5.
7.10 To measure the system of the air flow rate in the chimney, use anemometers of a measure of measurement from 1 to 3 m / s and the main relative error of the greater than 10%.
8.1 General
9.6 Measure the length-insulated part of the sample along its longitudinal axis for each of the five samples. Measurements are carried out with an accuracy of 1 mm.
Damage is considered to be the combustion and charring of the sample material as a result of the spread of the globe along its surface. Melting, warping, sintering, swelling, shrinkage, color change, shape, disorder of the integrity of the sample (ruptures, pieces of surface, etc.) are not damage.
10.1 The length of the spread is defined as the arithmetic value in the length of the damaged of the five samples.
10.2 The quantity value based on the results of measurement of the flame proliferation length (10.1) according to the PTP distribution schedule on the sample surface obtained by the installation routine.
10.3 In the absence of reflection of the samples or the length of the flame proliferation of less than 100 mm, it should be obtained that the CTPTP of the material is more than 11 kW / m 2.
10.4 In case of occurrence of the sample after 30 minutes, the test is the value of the PPTPhe definition by the results of measuring the length of the flame proliferation on the moment and conditionally take this value equal to the critical one.
10.5 For materials by sanicalopic properties, the classification uses the smallest of the resulting KPTP.
The following data are testing in the Test:
Name of the testabloorine;
Name of the customer;
Name of the manufacturer (supplier) of the material;
Description of material or feeding, technical documentation, as well as trademark, composition, thickness, density, mass and method of manufacturing samples, characteristic of the exhibited surface, for layered materials - the thickness of each layer and the characteristic material of each layer;
Distribution parameters (flame proliferation length, KPTP), as well as ignition time formation;
The conclusion about the group's grouppaste with an indication of the PPPTP value;
Additional observations of sample testing: burnout, charring, melting, swelling, shrinkage, bundle, cracking, as well as other special observations of the flames.
The room in which the tests must be equipped supply-exhaust ventilation.Workplace The operator must meet the requirements of the power safety of the gravel 12.1.019 and the sanitary and hygienic requirements according to GOST12.1.005.
Keywords: Construction materials , flame spread , Surface density of thermal flux , critical density of heat flux , Distribution length , test samples , Test camera , radiaticpanel
Male-ignorant (B2) having the magnitude of the critical surface density of heat flux at least 20, but not more than 35 kilowatts per square meter;
Faceless (B1), having the magnitude of the critical surface density of the heat flux of more than 35 kilowatts per square meter;
Sylgorous (G4) having a temperature flue gases More than 450 degrees Celsius, degree of damage to the length of the test sample more than 85 percent, the degree of damage to the mass of the test sample is more than 50 percent, the duration of independent burning is more than 300 seconds.
Normal-burning (g3), having a flue gases temperature of not more than 450 degrees Celsius, the degree of damage to the length of the test sample is more than 85 percent, the degree of damage to the mass of the test sample is not more than 50 percent, the duration of independent burning is not more than 300 seconds;
Moderate-burning (g2) having flue gases no more than 235 degrees Celsius, the degree of damage to the length of the test sample is not more than 85 percent, the degree of damage to the mass of the test sample is not more than 50 percent, the duration of independent burning is not more than 30 seconds;
Wematory (g1) having a flue gas temperature of not more than 135 degrees Celsius, the degree of damage to the length of the test sample is not more than 65 percent, the degree of damage to the mass of the test sample is not more than 20 percent, the duration of independent burning 0 seconds;
Combustible - substances and materials capable of self-turn, as well as ignite under the influence of the ignition source and on their own after removing it.
Difficulty - substances and materials capable of burning in the air when exposed to a ignition source, but unable to burn independently after removing it;
The method refers to large-scale, which is associated with the size of the installation (shaft furnace) and samples of the test material.
It is used for testing of all homogeneous and layered combustible materials, including those used as finishing and facing, as well as paints and varnishes.
The essence of the method is to effect on the sample of the gas burner flame material for 10 minutes and the registration of the parameters characterizing its behavior in the fire exposure.
12 samples. Sample sizes: 1000x190 mm, up to 70 mm thick. They are placed vertically, folding 4 in the form of a box.
Installation for testing is a vertical furnace of a mine type.
The sequence of operations in the process is as follows.
Weigh samples and attach them to the holder frame 4.
Plug samples 6 In the combustion chamber 9, fix and close the door 5.
Enable fan 13 (The inclusion of the fan is the beginning of the test).
Ignite gas burner 10.
Since the start of the tests for 10 minutes, flue gas temperature is fixed using thermocouple 8 and the time of self-combustion of the sample.
After testing, the cooled samples are removed from the furnace, measure the length of the damaged part of the samples and weighed them.
Test results are assessed according to Table. 1.5.
Table 1.5.
|
Group feling materials |
Greencondition parameters |
|||
|
Floom gas temperature /, ° С |
Degree of damageSI, % |
Degree of damage by weightSU., % |
Duration of independentBurning 1СГ, from |
|
Note. For materials of the combustibility groups G1-GZ, the formation of burning droplets drops during the test is not allowed.
. The method is used for all homogeneous and layered combustible building materials.
The essence of the method consists in determining the flammability parameters of the material at a given standard levels of exposure to the surface of the sample of the radiant heat flux and the flame from the ignition source, which are defined on the instrument shown in Fig. 1.8.
Inflammability parameters are KPTP - the critical surface density of the heat flux and the ignition time.
KPTP - the minimum value of the surface density of the heat flux (PTPP), in which the stable arises
flame burning. KPTP is used to classify materials by flammability groups.
The levels of exposure to the radiant heat flux must be in the range from 5 to 50 kW / m 2.
For testing prepare 15 samples having a square of a square with a side of 165 (-5) mm, a thickness of no more than 70 mm.
Test procedure Next.
The sample after air conditioning is wrapped with a sheet of aluminum foil, in the center of which the hole is cut with a diameter of 140 mm.
Turn off the power supply and by the controlling thermoelectric converter (thermocouple) is set to the thermo-emf (voltage) value obtained when calibrating the installation corresponding to the PTP 30 kW / m 2.
After reaching a given magnitude, the thermo-emf installation is maintained in this mode for at least 5 minutes. At the same time, the magnitude of the thermo-emf should not deviate by more than 1%.
Place the shielding plate on the protective plate, replace the sample-simulator to the test sample, include the mechanism of the movable burner, remove the shielding plate and include the time recorder.
After 15 minutes or when the sample is ignited, the test is stopped. To do this, put the shielding plate on the protective plate, stop the time recorder and the mechanism of the movable burner, remove the holder with the sample and placed on the movable platform the sample simulator, remove the shielding plate.
Set the value of the PTP 20 kW / m 2 (if ignition is recorded in the previous test) or 40 kW / m 2 during its absence. Repeat operations on clause 5-7.
If, with PTP 20 kW / m 2, ignition was recorded, reduce the value of the PTPP to 10 kW / m 2 and repeat operations 5-7.
If there is no ignition with a 40 kW / m 2 ignition, set the value of the PTP 50 kW / m 2 and repeat operations 5-7. In the absence of ignition with PTPP 50 kW / m 2, 2 more tests are carried out at the same time, and if the ignition is not observed, the tests are stopped.
11. After determining the two values \u200b\u200bof the PTPP, with one of which ignition is observed, and during the other there is no, set the value of the PTP with 5 kW / m 2 more than the magnitude in which there is no ignition, and repeat the operations p. 5-7 on three samples.
For KPTP, the smallest value of the PTPP is considered, in which inflammation is recorded for sin sin.
Evaluation of inflammability of materials produced
Method for testing materials for flame distribution
The method is used to test all homogeneous and layered combustible materials used in surface layers of floors and roofing buildings.
The essence of the method consists in determining the critical surfaces of the heat flux (KPPTP), the value of which is installed, along the length of the flame propagation by the sample as a result of the effects of the heat flux on its surface.
The proliferation length of the flame (I) is the maximum damage to the surface of the sample as a result of the spread of fiery burning.
For tests, 5 samples of a material of 1100 x 250 mm are made. For anisotropic materials, 2 sets of samples are manufactured (for example, by duck and on the basis). Samples are manufactured in combination with a non-combustible basis. The method of fastening the material to the base should correspond to used in real conditions. Asbestos-cement sheets with a thickness of 10 or 12 mm are used as a non-combustible basis. The thickness of the sample with the non-combustible basis should be no more than 60 mm.
The test installation consists of the following main
test chamber with chimney and exhaust umbrella;
source of radiant heat flux (radiation panel);
ignition source (gas burner);
the sample holder and device for administering the holder into the test chamber (platform).
The installation is equipped with instruments for registering and measuring temperature in the test chamber and chimney.
Test procedure Next.
After calibrating the installation, i.e. After establishing the required GOST values \u200b\u200bof the PTP at the specified points of the calibration sample and on its surface, and also prepare it to work open the camera door and ignite the gas burner, having it so that the distance to the exhibited surface is at least 50 mm.
Install the sample in the holder, fixed, put them on the platform and administered into the chamber.
Close the camera door and include a stopwatch. After exposure for 2 minutes, the flame burner in contact with the sample at the point
located on the central axis. Leave the flame torch in this position for 10 minutes. After time expires, the burner is returned to its original position.
In the absence of sample ignition for 10 minutes, the test is considered complete. In the event of a sample ignition, the test finish under the cessation of fiery burning or after 30 minutes
performance is carried out after cooling the sample holder to room temperature and checking the PTTP compliance with the requirements of GOST.
Measure the length of the damaged part of the sample along its longitudinal axis for each of the five samples.
Damage is the burnout and charring of the sample material as a result of the spread of fiery burning along its surface. Melting, warping, sintering, swelling, shrinkage, color change, shape, disorder of the integrity of the sample (ruptures, surface chips) are not considered damage.
The flame proliferation length is defined as the arithmetic average for the length of the damaged part of the five samples.
Combustible building materials Depending on the size of the CPTP, divided into 4 flame distribution groups
Construction materials
GOST R.
State Standard of the Russian Federation | |
Construction materials | |
Flame Spread Test Method | GOST R. |
BUILDING MATERIALS. | |
Spread Flame Test Method |
Date of introduction 1997-01-01
Introduction
This standard was developed on the basis of the ISO / PMS 9239.2 standard project. The main tests are the reaction to fire - the spread of the flame along the horizontal surface of the floor coating under the action of the radiation heat source.
Sections 6 - 8 of this standard are authenticated by the relevant sections of the Project of the ISO / PMS Standard 9239.2.
1 area of \u200b\u200buse
This standard establishes the method of testing the proliferation of the flame based on the materials of the surface layers of floors and roofs, as well as the classification of them by flame distribution groups.
This standard is used for all homogeneous and layered combustible building materials used in surface layers of floors and roofs.
GOST 12.1.005-88 CSBT. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area
GOST 12.1.019-79 SSBT. Electrical safety. General requirements and nomenclature of types of protection
GOST 3044-84 thermoelectric converters. Nominal static conversion characteristics
GOST 18124-95 sheets asbestos-cement flat. Technical conditions
GOST 30244-94 Building materials. Furnishing Test Methods
The performance of the exhaust fan should be at least 0.5 m3 / s.
7.4 The radiation panel has the following dimensions:
length................................................. .................. ± 10) mm;
width................................................. .............. ± 10) mm.
The electrical power of the radiation panel should be at least 8 kW.
The angle of inclination of the radiation panel (Figure 2) to the horizontal plane should be (30 ± 5) °.
7.5 The source of ignition is a gas burner with an outlet diameter (1.0 ± 0.1) mm, providing a flame torch with a length of 40 to 50 mm. The design of the burner should provide its rotation relative to the horizontal axis. When tested, the flame of the gas burner should touch the "zero" ("0") of the longitudinal axis of the sample (Figure 2).
Dimensions are given in reference in mm
1 - holder; 2 - sample; 3 - radiation panel; 4 - gas-burner
Figure 2. - Mutual location of the radiation panel, sample and gas burner
7.6 The platform for placing the sample holder is made of heat-resistant or stainless steel. The platform is installed on the guides at the bottom of the chamber along its longitudinal axis. All over the perimeter of the chamber between its walls and the edges of the platform, a gap of the total area (0.24 ± 0.04) m2 should be ensured.
The distance from the exhibited surface of the sample to the ceiling of the chamber should be (710 ± 10) mm.
7.7 The sample holder is made of heat-resistant steel thickness (2.0 ± 0.5) mm and equipped with fixtures for fastening the sample (Figure 3).
1 - holder; 2 - Fasteners
Figure 3. - Sample holder
7.8 To measure the temperature in the chamber (Figure 1), the thermoelectric converter according to GOST 3044 is used with a measurement range from 0 to 600 ° C and a thickness of not more than 1 mm. To register the readings of the thermoelectric converter, instruments are used with the accuracy class not more than 0.5.
7.9 For measuring PTPP, water cooled thermal radiation receivers with a measurement range from 1 to 15 kW / m2 are used. Measurement error should be no more than 8%.
To register the thermal radiation receiver testimony, the recorder with the accuracy class is not more than 0.5.
7.10 To measure and register the air flow rate in the chimney, anemometers with a measurement range from 1 to 3 m / s and the main relative error is not more than 10%.
8 Installation Calibration
8.1 General
8.1.1 The calibration goal is to establish the values \u200b\u200brequired by this standard in the control points of the calibration sample (Figure 4 and Table 2) and the distribution of the PTP on the surface of the sample at the air flow rate in the chimney (1.22 ± 0.12) m / s.
table 2
8.1.2 Calibration is carried out on a sample made of asbesto-cement sheets According to GOST 18124, a thickness of 10 to 12 mm (Figure 4).
1 - calibration sample; 2 - Holes for the heat flux meter
Figure 4. - Calibration sample
8.1.3 Calibration is carried out at metrological certification of the installation or replacement of the heating element of the radiation panel.
8.2 Calibration procedure
8.2.1 Set in chimney the speed of air flow from 1.1 to 1.34 m / s. This is done as follows:
The anemometer is placed in the chimney so that its inlet is located along the chimney axis at a distance (70 ± 10) mm from the top edge of the chimney. Anneometer should be hard to fix in the prescribed position;
Fix the calibration sample in the sample holder and install it on the platform, enter the platform into the chamber and close the door;
Measure the flow rate of air and, if necessary, by adjusting the air flow in the ventilation system, set the required air flow rate in the chimney in accordance with 8.1.1, after which the anemometer is removed from the chimney.
In this case, the radiation panel and the gas burner do not include.
8.2.2 After work on 8.2.1, the values \u200b\u200bof PTPP are set in accordance with Table 2. To this end, the following is performed:
Include the radiation panel and warm the chamber until reached thermal Balance. The heat balance is considered achieved if the temperature in the chamber (Figure 1) changes no more than 7 ° C for 10 minutes;
Install in the calibration sample hole at the checkpoint L2. (Figure 4) Thermal radiation receiver so that the surface of the sensing element coincides with the upper plane of the calibration sample. The testimony of the heat radiation receiver is recorded through (30 ± 10) C;
If the measured value of the PTPP is inconsistent with the requirements specified in Table 2, regulate the power of the radiation panel to achieve a heat balance and repeat the measurements of the PTP;
The operations described above are repeated before reaching the value of the PTP required by this standard for the control point. L2.
8.2.3 Operations of 8.2.2 repeat for control points L1 , I. l3. (Figure 4). Upon compliance with the measurement results, the requirements of Table 2 are measured by the PTP at the points located at a distance of 100, 300, 500, 700, 800 and 900 mm from the point "0".
According to the results of calibration, a graph of the distribution of PTTP values \u200b\u200balong the sample length is built.
9 Testing
9.1 Preparation of the installation to tests is carried out in accordance with 8.2.1 and 8.2.2. After that, open the chamber door, ignite the gas burner and have it so that the distance between the flame torch and the exposed surface is at least 50 mm.
9.2 Set the sample into the holder, fix its position using fixtures for fastening, put the holder with a sample on the platform and introduced into the chamber.
9.3 Close the camera door and include a stopwatch. After exposure for 2 minutes, the flame of the burner in contact with the sample at the point "0", located along the central axis of the sample. Leave the flame torch in this position for (10 ± 0.2) min. After this time, the burner is returned to its original position.
9.4 In the absence of sample ignition for 10 minutes, the test is considered complete.
If the sample is ignited, the test is completed at the cessation of fiery burning or after 30 minutes from the beginning of the impact on the sample of the gas burner by compulsory damage.
In the process of testing, the ignition time and the duration of flame burning are recorded.
9.5 After the test is completed, the camera door opens, put forward the platform, remove the sample.
The test of each subsequent sample is carried out after cooling the sample holder to room temperature and checking the compliance of the PTP at the point L2. The requirements specified in Table 2.
9.6 Measure the length of the damaged part of the sample along its longitudinal axis for each of the five samples. Measurements are carried out with an accuracy of 1 mm.
Damage is the burnout and charring of the sample material as a result of the spread of fiery burning along its surface. Melting, warping, sintering, swelling, shrinkage, color change, shape, impaired sample integrity (ruptures, surfaces, etc.) are not damaged.
10 Test Results Processing
10.1 The flame proliferation length is defined as an arithmetic average of a damaged part of five samples.
10.2 The value of the PPPTP is set based on the measurement results of the flame proliferation length (10.1) according to the PTP distribution schedule over the sample surface obtained during the installation calibration.
10.3 In the absence of ignition of samples or the length of the spread of flames less than 100 mm, it should be assumed that the material KPTP is more than 11 kW / m2.
10.4 In the case of compulsory damage to the sample after 30 minutes, the test of the PTPP is determined by the results of measuring the length of the flame propagation at the time of quenching and conditionally take this value equal to critical.
10.5 For materials with anisotropic properties, the classification uses the smallest of the obtained quantities of KPTP.
11 Test Protocol
The test reports in the test report:
Name of testing laboratory;
Name of the customer;
Name of the manufacturer (supplier) of the material;
Description of the material or product, technical documentation, as well as a trademark, composition, thickness, density, mass and method of manufacturing samples, the characteristic of the exhibited surface, for layered materials - the thickness of each layer and the characteristic of the material of each layer;
Flame proliferation parameters (flame proliferation length, KPTP), as well as sample ignition time;
The conclusion about the material distribution group indicating the quantity of the CPTP;
Additional observations when testing the sample: burnout, charring, melting, swelling, shrinkage, bundle, cracking, as well as other special observations when spreading the flame.
12 Safety Requirements
The room in which tests must be equipped with a supply-exhaust ventilation. The operator's workplace should meet the requirements of electrical safety according to GOST 12.1.019 and sanitary and hygienic requirements according to GOST 12.1.005.
Keywords: building materials, flame proliferation, heat flux density, critical thermal flux density, flame proliferation length, test samples, test chamber, radiation panel
Made The management of standardization, technical rationing and certification of the Ministry of Construction
