Making a brick chimney with your own hands is not an easy task, but if you wish, you can do it, because the prices for this work are not small, and not everyone has the opportunity to pay a decent amount.
In a private house or a bathhouse, which is heated with a stove (gas or solid fuel boiler), one cannot do without a chimney.
It does not matter if you have a ventilation pipe and additional ventilation ducts in your house or bath, if the device is made gas boiler, solid fuel boiler or stove - a chimney is needed in any case.
Unfortunately, according to statistics, most fires occur due to an incorrectly installed chimney system or if the required repair of a gas boiler or stove was not done on time.
Therefore, if the structure requires repair, it is advisable not to delay with this moment.
It is necessary not only to follow all the rules for masonry, but also to use only high-quality refractory materials.
The photo below shows options for a chimney in a private house and a bathhouse.
Most often, brick or metal is used as a material. Let us also try to build a brick stove chimney structure.
Before building a structure, it will be correct to study its structure from the inside.
In order to correctly perform all the work and not be mistaken in your actions, there is a diagram of the structure of the chimney system.
From the outside it may seem that this is just a brickwork in the form of a pipe, but this is not at all the case. In fact, such a chimney consists of many parts, and each part is extremely important.
But which brick should you choose for the job? The market has big choice of this material at different rates.
Special requirements are imposed on the brick for the chimney system: it must be of sufficient thickness and be fire resistant.
These requirements are fully met by red oven bricks made of fired clay (mortar for brickwork should also be free of combustible elements).
The prices for this brick are not small, but it also serves for a very long time.
Therefore, if you do not want to spend money on repairs in the future, it is better to fulfill all the necessary installation requirements and buy quality materials, including bricks, mortar and additional elements.
Now, let's look at the chimney structure diagram in more detail:
At the very end of the structure, a cap or a weather vane is installed (in this case, metal is usually used as a material, and their size is selected individually).
The metal of the vane protects the head from harmful weather conditions and increases the draft of smoke inside the chimney. Now that we have a general idea of the structure of the chimney, let's try to assemble it.
To make it clearer for you, the photo below shows a detailed diagram of the structure of a brick chimney for a gas or solid fuel boiler.
It should be remembered that before laying a brick chimney, it is necessary to prepare a mortar from clay with clean dry sand added to it (the solution must have a homogeneous structure).
The assembly of the structure should take place exclusively vertically and be controlled by a construction plumb line on the exhaust duct.
To do this, a nail is driven into the upper and lower parts of the structure, a fishing line is pulled between them, along which they will subsequently be guided, carrying out the device of the system.
The overhead pipe is laid in compliance with all the rules of brick bindings, connecting to the upper part of the furnace, gas or solid fuel boiler (when installing a gas boiler, it is advisable to also conduct additional ventilation ducts so that there is no smell of gas in the room.)
If there are already ventilation ducts in the room, but the smell of gas is still there, it means that the draft is not working well or at the chimney small size... At the same time, ventilation ducts cannot be used for chimneys.
And if the ventilation ducts are located next to the chimney, they should have the same outlet height as the chimney itself.
Finish the laying by forming a fluff.
To eliminate the thermal effect on flammable parts and ceiling details, we expand the chimney brick channel in its ceilings. We carry out expansion using brick or concrete.
Alternatively, you can additionally isolate the passage section with the help of special non-combustible materials (it is better to use basalt mineral wool).
In this case, the insulation layer must be at least 10 cm in thickness.
When making brick fluffs, we expand the subsequent rows of masonry by 4-5 cm.
After completing the fluff, the remaining part of the chimney duct (up to the roof itself) must be laid out in the same way as before the start of the expansion, checking the preservation of the vertical with a plumb line.
After completing the expansion of the pipe channel, we lay all its parts with a layer of refractory material (it is better to use sheet asbestos with a thickness of at least 1 cm).
The video below is filmed detailed process masonry fluff.
We smoothly move to the attic and begin to produce the riser device:
Having finished working with the riser, we move on to the construction of the otter.
In the chimney, there must be an expansion of the pipe on the outside of the roof, which protects the top of the chimney from the adverse effects of the external environment and weather conditions.
The otter is built from 9 rows of bricks so that each row is ¼ wider than the previous one. In this case, the installation of brick plates mounted in the smoke channel is mandatory.
This is necessary so that the dimensions of the hole itself remain unchanged. The device of the 4th row of otter bricks involves the arrangement of small projections in length.
The same protrusions are made during the laying of subsequent rows, so that their size can cover all possible space between the chimney and the roof.
After we carry out the laying of the rear ledge, thereby completing the otter device (in the 8th and 9th row of bricks, a ledge with a dressing is also formed).
At the same time, do not forget that a high-quality solution is needed for a good fixation of the otter.
The mortar is extremely easy to prepare: dry cement is mixed with a small amount of water in a ratio of 1 to 10 and mixed thoroughly (the consistency of the solution should be homogeneous and without lumps, then the masonry will hold well).
The solution is applied using a construction trowel, and the excess is cleaned with a spatula.
The size of the neck directly depends on the height of the chimney. Professionals do not advise that the pipe is very high, because this leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the structure.
And at the same time, the pipe itself does not look very aesthetically pleasing on the roof (it is located on the roof of a bathhouse or on the roof of a private house - it does not matter).
In any case, it is necessary to follow certain rules and regulations and, according to them, choose the possible dimensions and height for the chimney pipe.
Then you need to fold the head. After we complete all the work by installing a weather vane or a cap.
As you can see, it is quite possible to build a chimney from bricks with your own hands for a gas or solid fuel boiler. The video below shows a detailed diagram of all the work performed.
The requirements for the chimney system for a bath are special. In this case, it is required not only to install it correctly, but also to additionally insulate it (with which material you should choose).
Fuel prices are constantly growing, and therefore additional insulation will help save money.
Scroll useful tips will help you to correctly install the chimney system in the bath and increase the efficiency of its work:
If the chimney from a stove or gas boiler is planned to be carried out not in a private house, but in a bathhouse or sauna, then it is necessary not only to make thermal insulation, but also to properly insulate the existing floors.
The surface of the walls is additionally protected with refractory sheets (it is better to take metal).
If it is not possible to insulate the room, then as an option, you can install special nets in the chimney (for their production, refractory metal is used) and place ordinary stones on them.
Warming up, they will generate additional heat, which is so important for the bath.
You can also install a regulator of the intensity of combustion, which will help to vary the required temperature.
The part of the chimney located on the roof of the bath must also be insulated (roofing or facing brickwork is suitable for this).
It is extremely important to insulate the chimney for a bath, because it will help to keep the heat in the room, which is so necessary for the steam room.
Timely chimney repair is very important. It helps to correct problems and shortcomings in the operation of the chimney system.
Basically, repairs are required when the chimney was initially placed incorrectly, or the bricks began to collapse from time or external influence.
If a brick pipe begins to collapse under the influence of condensate or waste materials from combustion rising from the furnace, then there is no need to immediately replace the pipe or carry out complex repairs.
You can just sleeve brickwork using metal.
In this case, metal sheets are attached to its walls inside the chimney (as a rule, it is stainless steel).
The space between steel and brick is filled with insulating non-combustible materials.
At the same time, metal allows you to insulate the masonry and avoid spending the budget on expensive repairs (prices for repairing chimneys from professionals are simply off scale).
A do-it-yourself chimney for a stove can be erected if there is a diagram of its masonry at hand, and House master possesses at least minimal skills in the work of a bricklayer. The construction of this department requires no less serious approach than, since the efficiency of heating, the safety of those living in the house, and the total service life of the entire heating structure will depend on the quality of its masonry.
When working on a chimney, it must be remembered that its inner surfaces must be as neat and even as the outer ones, since this factor directly affects the creation of good draft.
Chimneys are divided into types depending on the place of their installation relative to the stove itself. So, they are indigenous, mounted and wall-mounted.
Root pipes can be installed for both brick and cast iron stoves. In addition, one root structure is often used for several heating appliances... For example, in a two or three-story house, one chimney is passed through all floors and stoves are connected to it. If you plan to use the pipe in this way, then in this case, an accurate calculation of its parameters must be made, otherwise there will be no normal draft, which means that the efficiency of the furnaces will also decrease, and the risk of combustion products entering the premises will increase.
It should be noted that although this structure is distinguished as a separate species, it can be both root and mounted.
The chimney has several sections. To understand its basic design, as an example, you can take the structure of a packed tube, since most often it is it that is chosen by development engineers, drawing up the ordering diagrams of the furnaces.
So, the design of a top-mounted pipe with its passage through the attic floor and the rafter system includes the following departments and elements:
1 - Metal cap or umbrella. It can take many forms, but its function is always to protect interior space chimney from the penetration of atmospheric precipitation of various kinds as well as dust and dirt.
2 - The head of the pipe consists of bricks protruding outward, which will protect the neck of the structure from raindrops that will flow down the protective cap. The metal umbrella is fixed, including on the protruding parts of the head.
3 - the neck of the pipe.
4 - Cemented or otherwise waterproofed inclined surface of an otter, designed to drain water that has fallen on the neck of the pipe.
5 - Otter. This part of the structure has thicker walls than the pipe neck. The otter should be located in the place where the chimney passes through the rafter system and the roof. The thick walls of the otter will protect the combustible sheathing materials under the roof from overheating.
6 - Roofing material.
7 - Lathing rafter system.
8 - Rafters.
9 - Pipe riser. This department is located in the attic of the house.
10 - Fluff. This part of the chimney starts at the ceiling inside the house, goes through the attic floor and ends in the attic, just above or flush with the floor joists. The fluff, like the otter, has thicker walls than the neck and riser of the pipe. Extra thickness also protects against overheating wooden beams and other combustible materials of the attic or interfloor overlap.
It should be noted that in some cases, instead of fluffing, a metal box is mounted in its place around the pipe, filled with non-combustible materials, such as sand, vermiculite or expanded clay. The functions of this layer, which has a thickness of 100 ÷ 150 mm, is also to protect the combustible materials of the floor from overheating.
11 - Floor beams.
12 - Insulation, which is most often made of asbestos, is in any case necessary to create fire safety, since the walls of the chimney will come into contact with the wood of the floor beams and other materials that make up the floor and ceiling.
13 - Smoke damper, located in the room, in the upper part of the chimney, allowing to regulate the intensity of the outflows of heated air and combustion products.
14 - The neck of the pipe, which begins at the top of the furnace - the ceiling.
The principle of operation of the chimney system consists in the movement of air masses from the combustion chamber to the exit to the street, that is, from the lower point to the upper one. This process occurs through the creation of thrust, which occurs due to temperature and pressure changes. It is thanks to all these factors that the normal functioning of the chimney system is carried out.
To create optimal aerodynamic processes, the size of the pipe channel must correspond to the capacity of the furnace, which, in turn, largely depends on the size of the furnace. The surfaces of the internal chimney space should have smooth walls, along which the air flows will slide freely without turbulence, and due to this, back draft will not be created. That is why, quite often, an insert from a round ceramic pipe is built into a square brick chimney, which has an absolutely smooth surface and does not have internal corners.
In connection with the above factors, it is necessary to very carefully calculate the internal size of the chimney, while taking into account its length, since the larger this parameter, the higher the draft in the pipe.
Of great importance for the creation of normal draft and the high-quality functioning of the heating device is the correspondence of the parameters of the chimney passage and power, as well as the size and number of channels provided for by the design and passing through the furnace.
If the parameters internal dimensions of the chimney in the cross section will exceed the calculated value, this will lead to a rapid cooling of heated air in it and the appearance of condensate, which means a decrease in draft. In this case, the necessary balance will be disturbed, and the currents cooling in the upper part of the pipe can return downward, creating smoke in the room.
The chimney size is calculated as follows:
When calculating the chimney chimney, you can use the following table.
| Pipe height Н, m | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F / F ratio in% | ||||||||
| Pipe section | Round | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 8.9 |
| Square | 12.4 | 11.6 | 11 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 9.4 | |
| Rectangular | 13.2 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 9.8 | |
Pay attention to the direct dependence of the chimney cross section not only on the parameters of the furnace, but also on the height of the chimney. Probably, sometimes in calculations it will be more expedient to start from this parameter. For example, a pipe 11 meters high on a one-story country house will look completely ridiculous.
The same dependence, but more accurately represented in the form of a graph.
Suppose it is necessary to calculate the cross-section of the chimney for a fireplace with a firebox, the dimensions of the window of which are 500 × 700 mm, that is, the total area is 0.35 m²... It is assumed that a pipe with a total height of 7 meters.
- for a circular section of the chimney, the optimal ratio f / F = 9.9%;
- for square - 11,1% ;
- for rectangular - 11,7% .
- circle: 0.35 × 0.099 = 0.0346 m²;
- square: 0.35 × 0.11 = 0.0385 m²;
- rectangle: 0.35 × 0.117 = 0.041 m2.
- diameter round pipe: d = 2 × √S / π = 2 × √0.0346 / 3.14 ≈ 0.209 m = 210 mm.
- square pipe side: a = √S = √0.0385 ≈ 0.196 m = 196 mm.
- the rectangle may have various options- for example 0.130 × 0.315 m or 130 × 315 mm.
The calculation will be much easier if you use the calculator below, which already contains all the mentioned dependencies.
Competent construction of a chimney is a process as serious as the construction of the stove itself.
How correctly and accurately this work is done, so much the owner will protect his house and households from fire or carbon monoxide poisoning. Therefore, the construction of this element must be taken very responsibly and everything should be done as correctly as possible and according to the instructions. You can build brick chimneys with your own hands if you have experience in this work, but in the case when she is unfamiliar, it is better to entrust her to a professional. If you are not confident in your abilities, it is better not to start.
Brick chimneys can be of two types: main and mounted. In each case, one of them is selected for construction, the one that is suitable for a particular furnace.
This chimney structure is suitable for cast iron and brick heating appliances, and even two or three stoves can be connected to one main chimney. Naturally, in this case, in its internal section, it must correspond to the necessary parameters for a certain number of heating devices connected to it.
If a main chimney is installed, to which a branch pipe from a cast-iron stove or a gas boiler will be supplied, then it may be necessary to install a metal pipe inside the chimney.
The root chimney is installed on a foundation, separate from the common house and stove. The depth of the foundation pit should be at least 30-50 centimeters, depending on the height and width of the chimney, and its perimeter should be 12-15 centimeters larger than the base of the chimney structure.
The principle of the device of both types of chimneys is the same, but if two or three stoves are connected to the main pipe, it can have several risers and several cuttings, the number of which will depend on the number of floors of the house.
In this figure, you can consider all parts of the chimney structure, which consists of the following elements and departments:
The first thing that needs to be done is to carefully read the chimney diagram and figure out how each of its rows is laid. You can choose one of many scheme - better the one on which everything will become very clear. When laying the usual brick oven, the ordering is suitable for a standard brick chimney.
When installing the overhead pipe, the laying of the furnace structure itself ends 50-60 centimeters before the ceiling, and then the direct construction of the chimney channel begins. This diagram shows two options for laying the chimney: square and rectangular.
Having laid out three or four rows according to this scheme of the first row, the removal of the pipe fluff begins.
This is how the fluff looks outwardly ...
... and this is her order
With all this, it must be remembered that the chimney channel must maintain its original cross-section, since the meaning of thickening its walls is to increase safety for overlapping during operation. Moreover, the narrowing or expansion of the internal cavity can negatively affect the draft during the fire.
Having finished laying the fluff, you can proceed to work on the otter and then you need to try very hard, since each row forms the next step and protrudes outward, by one third.
After completing the laying of the otter, the neck of the pipe is laid out, which is brought out according to the scheme of the first row to the two upper rows of the cap, where the brick is also laid with a ledge to the outside.
The chimney should rise half a meter above the roof ridge if it is located one and a half meters horizontally from it.
If it is located lower along the slope, it is raised flush with the ridge or lower by no more than 10 degrees at an angle to the ridge. These parameters must be strictly observed, since they ensure the safe operation of the heating structure, they have been tested by many years of experience.
Another option for laying a chimney can be a simple straight design. It is suitable for those who have no experience in performing this type of construction.
In this way, the complexities of masonry configurations can be circumvented. Of course, this work will take much longer, but it is impossible to make a mistake in it. The main thing is to arrange the formwork correctly, accurately and evenly.
Despite the thickness of the walls of the fluff, it is necessary to arrange thermal insulation around it when passing through the ceiling. It is made of asbestos impregnated with clay felt, or a metal box is arranged, which is covered with expanded clay or sand. The fluff must be insulated to the full thickness of the ceiling.
After completing the laying of the cap, you can install an umbrella and proceed to waterproofing the pipe passage through the roof.
Waterproofing is very important point in the chimney device, and the durability and efficiency of its work depend on it.
The distance between the pipe and the roof must be covered with an apron. Most often, roofing material is used for these purposes, which is fixed to a sealant.
On top of this layer of waterproofing is formed by an "apron", which is made from a wall profile or from a special waterproofing tape. It also attaches to roofing material with the help of a sealant, and is fixed on the pipe with a strip intended for this.
"Apron" for the chimney
In order for the chimney system to work efficiently, you need to follow some recommendations that professional stove-makers always take into account.
Chimney masonry is a very difficult undertaking, since it takes place at a height and requires maximum care. Therefore, you need to realistically assess your strengths and capabilities. If there are doubts that this work is feasible to do on your own, then it is better to entrust it to an experienced master.
The chimney is required element when erecting stove heating... This design is needed to remove the combustion products of wood, coal, gas and other materials burned in the furnace.
Exists different types chimneys, differing in pipe material and cross-sectional shape, but despite the emergence of new high-tech materials, the most popular is the square (less often rectangular) brick chimney.
There are 3 types of chimney designs. They differ in the way they exit the oven, the number of connected heating devices, and so on.
Each type has its own pros and cons in the application, as well as some installation features.
Wall-mounted chimneys are the most common type of construction. In this case, the pipe is simply an extension of the furnace going up through the roof. The advantages of such a system:
The disadvantage of a top-mounted chimney is that it is mounted for one specific device. If there are several stoves in the house, each will have to build its own chimney or apply a different type of structure.
In this case, the chimney is a common riser, to which, using metal pipes several heating devices can be connected, and the stoves can be located both in different rooms, and on different floors.
Among the disadvantages - additional space is required not only for the installation of the chimney, but also for the supply pipes. Also, rather complex calculations of sections for each element of such a structure to ensure normal traction.
The chimney got this name because it is always located at the main wall (internal or external). If the chimney is located at outer wall, then most of its structure turns out to be from the outside of the house and requires an additional foundation. For indoor installation, the chimney must run inside the wall.
The advantage of the wall chimney is that several devices can be connected to it on different floors, but they must be located strictly above each other.
Also, the internal wall chimney is a kind of additional heat source, since hot pipe gives off heat in all directions, including rooms adjacent to the main wall. True, the efficiency of such heating is minimal and is simply an additional advantage of the wall chimney.
The main disadvantage is the high cost of materials and the need for additional space.
A brick chimney consists of several sections, some of which are indoors and some outdoors.
The design features are such that, passing through the attic floor, the pipe walls must be thickened as much as possible in order to reduce the risk of fire in the rafter system. At the same time, going beyond the roof, the very structure of the chimney should overlap the opening in the roof so that precipitation does not penetrate into it.
The chimney is. If everything is done in accordance with the technology, then the smoke will go up - outside, and the heat will spread throughout the room. The process of laying a brick chimney can be perfectly performed by a master or an experienced builder. If you want to save time and money, you can build a brick chimney with your own hands for a layman, for this it is enough to adhere to a few recommendations.
During the laying of the chimney, it is necessary to adhere to some rules and regulations, thanks to which the operation heating system will be absolutely safe:
For the correct calculation of this parameter, it may be necessary to consult a specialist in order to comply with all fire safety rules and regulations.
Before you start laying, you need to make some calculations. It is quite possible to cope with this process on your own. With the correct calculation, a high-quality chimney will come out, which means that the amount of fuel for heating will be minimized, all waste from combustion will go outside without difficulty, and fresh air will circulate in the room.
A correctly calculated chimney height parameter will allow organizing good draft, which means that the combustion process will be of the highest quality and most efficient.
Fire safety must be calculated depending on the thickness of the walls: wide ones will heat up for a long time, while one layer of brick will warm up in just an hour.
It is necessary to make calculations for each parameter individually, depending on the room, roof, and the type of heating system.
The second important preparatory stage is the choice building material... When laying the chimney, only a brick is needed and cement mortar... It is very important to choose the right type of brick. It is worth choosing a refractory and of the highest quality type, in which all sides are as smooth and even as possible. The shape of each element must have identical dimensions.
Then you need to start the selection of components for the solution. The composition should include: sand, clay, water, cement. Each component affects the quality of the chimney: fine sand fraction, high-quality cement, clay without impurities. With such raw materials, you can independently build any chimney.
Chimney masonry tools:
Before laying out a brick chimney, one important point must be taken into account - the mortar layer must be small to get strong and robust design... The masonry process is standard - as for the construction of any building: each row should be shifted half a brick to the side in order to obtain maximum adhesion.
When forming cutting and otters, experts recommend using metal rods, which must be built into the brickwork, but at the same time the reinforcement should not cross the smoke channel. How to make the chimney clogging to a minimum, so that soot inside practically does not settle on the walls? It is necessary to smooth the walls of the structure with plaster.
During the construction of the chimney walls, small openings should be left so that the cleaning process does not bring inconvenience.
The riser must be folded in the attic (roof), while it must be made close to. A hole is made directly in it (or the roof is partially disassembled), through which the pipe will be led out. The height of the riser must be higher than the height of the ridge.
After about 10-15 rows, it is necessary to make a chimney neck, the parameters of which are optional. At the very end, equip a head, on top of which you can install a cap or a weather vane.
To complete the construction, you need to make fastening and thermal insulation, which provides effective work heating system.
As you can see, you can build a brick chimney yourself, if you take into account the recommendations of specialists and follow the technology. To get acquainted with the visual processes, it is enough to watch a special video, which takes into account all the little things. If you have questions on the topic, then write them in the comments to the article.
After watching the video, you can familiarize yourself with the technology of laying a brick chimney for a fireplace:
Thanks to these schemes, you can carry out high-quality brickwork:
