To ensure a high-quality standard of living in your country house, you need to take care of the convenience of the outflow of used water and waste products. A sewage system correctly calculated at the design stage and subsequently installed in a private house is a guarantee of long and trouble-free operation. Such a structure can be mounted independently, with your own hands, if you approach this issue thoroughly. Designing a house plays a key role in drawing up an internal pipeline diagram, but several rules must be followed to lay external sewer networks.
The sewerage system in a private house must be carried out in accordance with all the rules and regulations so that its operation is long and trouble-free. Internal - unites all pipes that are inside the house and plumbing fixtures. Its main purpose is the disposal of wastewater generated in the process of human life. Internal installation sewer system carried out taking into account SNiP according to a previously agreed plan. But the main thing in this project is the device of a cesspool, septic tank or other container for collecting wastewater.
The distance to the accommodation should be 5-12 meters. If the distance is greater, then difficulties may arise with the outflow of fluid from the pipes.
The distance between outbuildings and the sump must be at least 1 meter.
The distance from the neighboring fence is 2-4 meters.
Distance from decorative and garden plants- 3-4 meters.
A sump with sewage should be located at a distance of at least 30 meters from wells and boreholes.
The depth of the pit is determined depending on the groundwater level, but not less than three meters.
The bulk of the sewage should be below the freezing point of the soil. The tank can be filled with a 35 cm gap up to the top cap.
What treatment systems to install - directly depends on the desire and capabilities of the owner. There are these types of sewer systems:
Septic tank - allows you to ensure not only the collection of wastewater, but also their processing. In the chambers of such containers, wastewater is settled and processed by special bacteria that feed on organic matter.
Biological wastewater treatment using a special station. This option is distinguished by a high degree of wastewater treatment and high productivity. However, the station is dependent on electricity and is quite expensive.
Dry closet - this option is only suitable for summer cottages where the owners do not live permanently. A dry closet is not able to solve the problem of their kitchen and shower drains.
Cesspool - this is the most commonly used option before. But due to technical progress, against the background of which the number of household items interacting with water (dishwasher and washing machine) has increased, the amount of wastewater has increased markedly, and the volume of the cesspool has ceased to cope with it. And the risk of soil contamination in this case is much higher.
You can make a sewage system in a private house with your own hands in all of the above cases, except, perhaps, installing a cleaning station. Here you cannot do without the help of specialists.
To install a cesspool, a long and voluminous pit is dug in the ground, where sewage from the toilet, kitchen and bathroom is drained through pipes. In some cases, the pit is lined with bricks. The advantages of this design include low cost and ease of installation. However, there are still more disadvantages to the cesspool:
It all depends on which pit the owner preferred. A structure with an earthen bottom is more dangerous in an ecological sense and can lead to poisoning of the entire site. The sealed pit is a brick-lined structure with a concrete bottom. This option is safer and requires cleaning 1-2 times a year. A concrete ring structure is also considered a sealed pit.
A popular option is a sealed storage tank, which can be metal or plastic. The first option has significant drawbacks - it is prone to corrosion and eventually requires replacement, especially in such an aggressive environment as wastewater. Also, a metal tank requires a waterproofing procedure.
Sealed tank
A plastic container is a more suitable option, which has many advantages:
The disadvantages of a plastic container include its rather high cost.
This option is suitable for a small family of three, where the total volume of water for local sewerage does not exceed 1000 liters. The design of a single-chamber septic tank is a sealed container or structure with a filter for discharging water into the soil. The last option is a construction of concrete rings with periodic addition of biological agents to the container in order to improve the quality of cleaning.
Advantages of a single-chamber septic tank:
Low price and ease of installation;
The ability to do all the work with your own hands;
Safe for the environment;
Lack of unpleasant odor;
Reinforced concrete septic tank, like a plastic container, is resistant to the influence of aggressive environments;
Durability of operation.
The principle of operation of this design is very simple: sewage flows through pipes into the septic tank chamber, solid particles settle to the bottom. From the sump, the water goes to the soil and ground for treatment. The main thing is to choose the right place. drainage area, the depth of installation of the septic tank is correctly determined and the volume of the container is calculated.
The disadvantages of a single-chamber septic tank include the need to install it at a great depth in order to prevent the pouring of sewage into water resources.
When is it advisable to install a two-chamber septic tank in a private house? The first chamber of this design serves to settle water and purify it. All impurities settle in it, and only water, oil and the remains of household chemicals remain on top. Secondary wastewater treatment takes place in the second chamber. Oil and household chemicals are already settling here. Only water remains at the level, which is 65% cleaner than before. When the container overflows, its top layer falls into the soil. But due to the low level of contamination of the liquid, it does not pose a threat to the environment. A two-chamber septic tank for sewerage in a private house provides a high level of sewage purification and safety. This design is suitable for installation in big house, where 5-8 people live.
Advantages of a two-chamber septic tank:
High quality wastewater treatment;
The container does not rust and lasts up to 50 years;
Installation of a two-chamber septic tank can be done by hand.
The weak side of such structures can be attributed to the need to sometimes clean it of silt. It is worth knowing that this must be done carefully, without completely getting rid of siltation, because microorganisms participate in the separation, which feed on organic compounds from the drains and live in it.
A biofilter in a septic tank is a container that is filled with an inert material (expanded clay). How a biofilter works:
Sewer masses enter the sump, cleaned and enter the biofilter;
The aerobic bacteria living in the biofilter break down and oxidize organic compounds from the effluent;
The water is cleaned of impurities and enters the drainage pipe.
Diagram of a septic tank with a biofilter
In the absence of the possibility of connecting the house to the central sewerage system, the only option is an autonomous sewerage system in a private house - it is not too difficult to do it with your own hands, but to perform some work, if necessary, you can attract specialists and special equipment. The cost of the project as a whole and the time of its implementation depend on individual characteristics.
Waste disposal is one of the defining issues when choosing an autonomous sewage system. Comfort of living largely depends on the correct choice and efficiency of the treatment or storage facility.
In order to make it easier to compare the possible options, we will briefly list the features, advantages and disadvantages of each of them.
Sealed cesspool, on the one hand, is a classic, on the other hand, this classic is increasingly giving way to more advanced and economical designs due to its main drawback - the need to periodically call a sewage machine to pump out the contents. Cleaning services are not only troublesome, but also inevitable costs. At the same time, during the construction phase, a cesspool is the cheapest option.
Self-built septic tanks depending on the design, they can significantly increase the time intervals between pumping out wastewater or make it possible to do without sewers altogether, limiting themselves to cleaning the structure once a year or even less often. Undoubtedly, you will have to buy materials for the construction of septic tanks with your own hands, but from an economic point of view, there are certain advantages:
Materials for the manufacture of tanks at self-construction can serve:
Ready-made septic tanks can be volatile or self-contained. Requiring and not requiring pumping.
Among the options available on the market for sewage disposal equipment, there are two main categories.
1. Non-volatile factory septic tanks differ in their operational capabilities and, accordingly, in cost. The more efficiently a septic tank works (performance, degree of purification), the more it costs, however, the higher the level of comfort and less effort is required for maintenance.
In the photo there is an autonomous sewerage system based on a non-volatile septic tank with additional wastewater treatment in the filtration fields 2. Local treatment plants (VOCs) are rather expensive, but more efficient structures with the ability to treat wastewater with the removal of up to 98-99% of impurities and obtain water suitable for irrigation. Balanced systems and bioremediation methods used make VOCs safe and easy to use. The main disadvantage of VOCs is the high cost of equipment and the need for electricity consumption.
The most popular models of ready-made sewage treatment plants are:
For an independent device treatment plant you may find it helpful if you decide to choose this material.
And about the construction of a brick septic tank is.
How to install a septic tank, as well as about its device, we told on this page
An autonomous sewage system in a private house will work flawlessly only if, during its construction, all the nuances of operation are taken into account as much as possible, including:
When designing an autonomous sewage system with your own hands, the scheme includes:
In order for the developed system to fully comply with the operating conditions and not experience overloads, the following items are included in the project:
In order to understand how to make an autonomous sewage system in a private house, you can consider the whole range of works, dividing it into separate blocks.
The external pipeline is the main line from the residential building to the wastewater collection or treatment site. Ideal option could become a straight line from one point to another, made with the necessary slope, however, it is far from always possible to lay the highway in this way.
In addition, it is possible to insert additional outlets into this line (drains from a shower, a bath, etc.). All bends and taps pose a potential risk of blockage, since solid impurities can become trapped on the pipe walls when the flow rate changes.
Due to this certain rules should be followed:
Another important point is an selection of pipes for outdoor system ... It is possible to use products from:
PVC plastic pipes for external sewage should be orange, and for internal - gray When choosing, not only the cost is taken into account, but also the characteristics of the pipes.
There are other nuances that should be considered when deciding how to make an autonomous sewage system in a private house.
Do-it-yourself internal autonomous sewage in a private house is made of polypropylene or PVC pipes. In this case, the temperature of the effluent and the susceptibility of the material must also be considered.
The diameter of the pipes is selected depending on the volume and type of wastewater at each point. For washbasins, a diameter of 50 mm is sufficient, and for toilets and common collectors - 110 mm. The amount of slope required for drains to run without delays and the formation of plugs depends on the diameter of the line: for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, it is 3% (3 cm for each meter of length), and for pipes with a diameter of 110 mm - 2% (2 cm).
To prevent backflow when a blockage occurs it is recommended to install check valves(for each branch separately or common for the collector pipeline). When installing internal sewerage systems, also water traps are used or capable of preventing entry into the premises unpleasant odors from the sewer.
The most important element of the sewer system is the junction point of its internal and external components, the so-called outlet from the house, which is the transition of an in-house collector with a highway that transports wastewater to the septic tank.
How the autonomous sewerage system of a private house works largely depends on efficiency. The latter is designed to normalize the pressure in the pipelines, which changes when the water is drained, and also to remove gases from the system. The presence of ventilation also allows you to extend the durability of the system, eliminating the possibility.
In addition, the timely flow of air into the rarefaction zone that occurs when the water is drained eliminates the possibility of its capture from the siphons, which is usually accompanied by unpleasant sounds. The classic solution is with the output of its free end to the roof.
During construction, certain requirements and features should be taken into account.
The device of autonomous sewerage in a private house is increasingly complemented by that can replace or work with general ventilation. Diaphragm or stem structures respond to pressure changes. Depending on the model, the valves can only work on the air inlet or on the air inlet and outlet. The valves can be installed on a common pipeline or on the branches of individual plumbing facilities. It is often advisable to install such a device only on the outlet of the washing machine, since it is she who drains the water with a certain pressure, thereby dramatically changing the pressure in the pipeline.
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These building rules are an updated version of an older document - SNiP 2.04.01-85.
Let's take a look at the main JV requirements related to private construction. I will allow myself to comment on some points based on my own experience:
Sometimes the terrain necessitates the use of fecal pumps.
In this case, the pump must be installed in a buffer tank that allows for a limited time to operate the sewerage system in the absence of power supply.
This fully applies to pipes made of cast iron, PVC and polypropylene.
Polyethylene allows for some bend in the spacer (up to about 10 angular degrees).
It retains elasticity even when negative temperatures, so that cracks and destruction of pipes are not to be feared.
This instruction is due to the fact that when the slope changes, the solid fractions of the effluent will be retained in areas where it is minimal.
This will increase the likelihood of blockages.
This will greatly simplify cleaning if a blockage occurs.
A rope or wire, resting against the opposite wall of the straight tee, can fold or move in the opposite direction to the blockage.
The oblique tee will direct the cleaning tool in the direction of the drains.
This is necessary so that during a salvo discharge of water from one bath, water does not flow into another.
With a leaky connection of the bath tubing, overflow of the sewer is fraught with flooding of the bathroom.
If possible, it is better to leave the pipes accessible for inspection and repair. In my practice, there were blockages that could be cleared only by cutting out a section of the riser.
The most typical case is a large shard of thick glass, which has risen up between the walls of a cast-iron pipe.
In a wooden floor, polyurethane foam is used for the same purpose.
The goal is to reduce the spread of sounds between floors, including through the sewer pipe itself, which in certain conditions serves as an excellent resonator.
With all due respect to the authors of the joint venture, this requirement is not always worth fulfilling.
The deflector will really limit traction in calm weather, but it will protect the sewer system from wind-carried debris and prevent precipitation from entering it in a downpour.
For the owners of cesspools who pay for waste disposal, the latter is quite important.
| Diameter, mm | Step, m |
| 50 | 8-12 |
| 100 — 150 | 10-15 |
The joints of the elbows and siphons with the sewer are carefully sealed with rubber sealing couplings. Otherwise, gases will enter the room through the sockets.
For bathtubs, washbasins, sinks, shower cabins, urinals, washing machines and dishwashers, the diameter of the connected sewer is 50 mm. For toilets - 110 mm.
These diameters are sufficient for any reasonable number of plumbing fixtures connected in parallel to the sewerage system, including two baths in one room, subject to a simultaneous salvo discharge.
The sound of water pouring in pipes will hardly give you much pleasure. A number of simple recommendations will help to avoid it.
How to properly collect the sewer from plastic pipes with your own hands? Here are the basic rules for installation:
The sockets of pipes and fittings should be directed against the direction of flow of drains. In this case, there will be a minimum number of irregularities inside the pipe, over which bulky debris (paper, rags, etc.) can get caught in it.
The pipe is easiest to cut with a grinder. Any abrasive wheel can be used for cutting. When working indoors, do not forget to protect your lungs with a gauze bandage: breathing plastic dust is a below average pleasure.
After cutting, be sure to deburr the inside of the pipe and chamfer it from the outside. Burrs will pick up wastewater-borne hair, tissue fibers and other debris. The chamfer will greatly facilitate assembly of the joint.
If the pipe is forced into the socket, lubricate it with liquid soap or any other water-based lubricant. Do not use machine oil and other fuels and lubricants for lubrication: they will cause the seals to crack.
With a hidden gasket (in boxes and false walls), it is better to collect connections on silicone sealant. Even if the seals lose their elasticity, it will not allow the bell to leak.
It is really necessary. Instead of lengthy discussions about the movement of sewer gases in pipes, I will simply share my own experience.
During the construction of the second floor, I brought the sewage system to the septic tank without installation, based on the fact that with a system height of only 4 meters, significant traction will not arise in it. In addition, all sockets of plumbing fixtures were carefully sealed.
It was not so: after a while, a characteristic smell of sewage appeared in the attic toilet. As it turned out, the following happened:
The problem was predictably solved by installing a funnel at the top of the sewer.
In regions with a warm climate, open laying of sewer sections is often practiced. So, in the Crimea with his average temperature January, at + 3C, you can often find sewer pipes laid between the house and the well along the surface of the soil. Laying pipes for drainage from the second floor along the facade is also practiced.
Having looked at other people's buildings, I also laid a section of internal sewage to the septic tank along the facade: I did not want to spoil the ceiling and the renovated first floor with a riser.
Alas, there are frosts in a warm climatic zone. In the very first winter, the operation of the in-house sewage system showed that it was impossible to do without insulation at all: already at -10C, the drains began to freeze.
The problem was solved by installing a self-regulating one. It is a conductive matrix that increases resistance when heated and decreases when cooled. As a result, the lower the temperature, the greater the heat transfer, the more the pipe on which the cable is fixed heats up.
The installation was done like this:
Several turns of the cable are also used to heat the open septic tank.
The main requirement for laying is that it is necessary to leave the termination and heat shrinkage between the cable and the cold end outside the container with drains.
They are aggressive and destroy the heat-shrinkable tube in a year or two of operation, but the vinyl insulation of the cable perfectly tolerates prolonged contact with a chemically active medium.
As you can see, the installation of the sewage system is not extremely difficult. You can learn more about it by watching the video in this article. Please share your own experience in the comments. Good luck, comrades!
July 14, 2016If you want to express gratitude, add clarification or objection, ask the author something - add a comment or say thank you!
Arrangement of a sewage system in a private house begins with a layout and a laying scheme. This makes it possible to arrange all the plumbing as conveniently as possible, to make the correct slope, and to accurately calculate all consumables.
As a result, the system will work smoothly, and in the event of a breakdown or clogging of one of the elements, everything can be quickly and easily repaired. In this article, we will tell you how to correctly draw up schemes for the internal and external (external) sewage system for a private house or in the country, what is the optimal depth of laying sewer pipes and what consumables should be used for the device and installation autonomous system with your own hands in the house and outside.
Drawing up a diagram starts from a distant plumbing fixture in the attic or top floor... All horizontal lines must necessarily be reduced to one riser. To save money and Supplies bathrooms on different tiers are placed along the same vertical.
The sewerage system in the house consists of:
It is important that the house does not have a transition from a larger diameter of a sewer to a smaller one. Therefore, in the diagram, the toilet should be located as close as possible to the riser.
Accurate drawing of the internal system depends on the number of storeys of the building, the presence of a basement, the amount of plumbing used and the number of users. The depth of the septic tank and binding to additional equipment(pumping station or separately for each device).
In the diagram all elements should be displayed to scale, so that in the event of a planned repair or an emergency, you can quickly figure out the wiring and find a breakdown.
External sewerage starts with a pipeline from the foundation... Wastewater is discharged to a septic tank, cesspool or filtering structure. At each turn of the pipe, revisions are installed (adapters with covers, with which you can quickly clear the blockage). Outside, there is also a revision well and a ventilation hood.
Ventilation is removed from the riser through a drain pipe. Due to strong foreign odors, it must not be mounted near windows, with an exit to the courtyard, or near smoke. Categorically it is forbidden to connect it to a conventional ventilation shaft... Instead of an umbrella, you can use a special vacuum valve at the top of the riser (not to be confused with a check valve!).
The final element of the system is the storage and cleaning tank. In the absence of a central collector for the collection of gutters, stand-alone installations are used.
It is imperative to decide on the volume of the septic tank. The calculation is carried out taking into account that 200 liters of water per day is used for each inhabitant of the house... The effluent in the septic tank is settled within 3 days. Based on these data, we obtain the exact size of the waste tank.
So, a family of 4 consumes 800 liters. In three days, 2400 liters are accumulated. Means, you need to select a septic tank of exactly this volume... If desired, you can make a small margin in case of maximum tank loading. Septic tanks with such parameters cost from 20 thousand rubles.
Main fittings:
Before starting to equip the sewer system, you must carefully read the basic requirements put forward to it. As we will tell in a special review.
Water can be not only useful, but also harmful to the human body. Find out which coarse filter is better for giving, find out from this one.
According to the recommendations of SNiP for pipes with a diameter of 50 mm, a stable 3 cm is made for each meter of laying... With a cross-section of 100 mm, this value can be reduced to 2 cm. In order to avoid clogging and "greasing" of the sewer in the kitchen, it is advisable to increase the slope by 0.5-1 cm per meter of wiring.
When installing on a land plot, the same angle of inclination is observed. The sleeve (a pipe with a larger diameter than the main pipeline, protruding 15 cm from each edge) is installed in a hole made in the foundation. It provides a transition to an outdoor sewerage system, and located 30 cm above the level of soil freezing.
Burying pipes below the freezing level (on average, it is 1.6 m) is unprofitable- you will have to make a very deep septic tank. If a constant slope is observed, this will be 4-5 m, where groundwater may already appear. The cost is increased by additional concrete rings and more durable (corrugated) pipes that can withstand both the head of the drain and the weight of the soil.
The drain temperature is usually higher than room temperature, which prevents freezing, and if desired, thermal insulation or insulation with a heating cable can be used.
Pipes are used to drain wastewater from plumbing fixtures diameter 5 cm... The pipe from the toilet should have a cross section of 10-11 cm, which will help to avoid blockages.
Pipes can be used to organize the sewer system in a private house. cast iron, reinforced concrete or plastic. The latter are more acceptable due to their strength, durability, corrosion resistance and smooth surface.
Designed for outdoor networks. They are distinguished by their characteristic orange or yellow-brown color. Despite the relative cheapness, these pipes have sufficient strength, which allows their use both for outdoor and hidden installation... For these, a cold weld connection is recommended. All turns are made using fittings and elbows.
For internal communications, they are light gray and have different technical parameters, depending on the manufacturer and model. Their common features are:
In short, an instruction on how to properly make a local autonomous sewage system in a private country house (in the country) with your own hands looks like this:
For pipeline bends, fittings are used for external engineering networks... If the distance from the foundation to the septic tank is more than 10-12 m, it makes sense to equip the site with an intermediate inspection well.
This video presents how to properly make a sewer for a private house, as well as how to lay pipes on your own:
How to properly carry out the sewerage system in a private house, do everything according to the scheme yourself and lay pipes for the system without errors? Installation of the sewer system will be of better quality if observe several prescriptions:
When installing the sewage system it is important to take into account every nuance: arrangement of plumbing, site relief, location of the intake manifold or septic tank, the depth of pipe laying and the angle of inclination.
Only with careful drawing up of the scheme, careful planning and adherence to order installing the sewerage system in a private house or in the country with your own hands, you can guarantee that the system does not freeze in the middle of winter, and it will be good to drain drains without creating additional problems in the house and on the site.
Disposal of human waste products is an indispensable condition for organizing comfortable living in private ownership. Therefore, a particularly important stage in the installation of a drainage system is the development of a sewerage scheme in a private house.
Gone are the days when typical device for a private suburban household there was an ordinary country toilet, which was a wooden booth and a cesspool. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the article.
At present, the sewerage system in the house is its indispensable attribute.
Water in your house or in the country is necessary, there is no point in arguing with this statement. But an excess of it is even more harmful than a deficiency. An excessively watered area is in an economic sense even more useless than a dehydrated one. Therefore, to remove excess moisture, special systems are created:
Any of these devices performs a specific function and has its own design differences in accordance with the purpose.
The nature of the effluent in each system assumes separate collection and sewerage of liquid from each type of these devices.
Such a document is a graphical action plan. The sewerage project makes it possible to correctly calculate the need for materials for the installation of a sewerage system for your home.
Watch the video
The basis for drawing up gutter diagrams is the project of the building, on which the places of installation of plumbing fixtures and their names are clearly indicated, which allows the correct selection of materials.
To determine the size and placement of the main elements when installing a sewage system in a private house, it is imperative to determine the level of water consumption. The calculation uses averaged consumption data.
As a first approximation, you can use the standard in the amount of 100 liters per person. When designing, you should adhere to the basic rule of placing the main outdoor sewerage equipment at a distance of no closer than 4 meters from the border of the site and no closer than 10 meters from a residential building.
In this case, the distance to the nearest water intake (well or well) must be at least 35 meters.
If neighbors complain about you, then the inspection authorities (sanitary and epidemiological service) will require that the distance be at least the above figure!
Below is a sample project.
The purpose of drawing up the plan is to locate the main equipment of the drainage system, determine the cross-section of the sewer outlets and select the appropriate fittings for the device of the gravity drainage network.
These include the following details;
V two-story house these elements can be repeated on each floor, but they can be absent, then the corresponding adjustments must be made to the above list.
All of these parts are connected to a horizontally located branch pipe. Since we are talking about a gravity drainage system, the drainage channel during installation is installed with a slope of 2-5 millimeters in the direction of the drain and is connected to the riser of the drainage system.
The size of the branch pipe may fluctuate within the nominal size 32-50 mm... In practice, they usually prefer to do with one, maximum diameter, which simplifies the selection of fittings. See the diagram below.
All data on the use of plumbing elements are summarized in an axonometric drawing, in accordance with which you need to calculate the need for materials.
When laying sewer pipes in a country house, all connections must be made at an angle of 135 degrees, for which appropriate fittings are produced.
Such a graphic document provides for the display of all communications in the house, including the spillway diagram. In this case, the following circumstances are taken into account:
The system for collecting and removing wastewater is free-flowing, therefore, there is a drainage line. This rule must be followed very scrupulously.
If the slope is insufficient, the water flow will be difficult or impossible, and exceeding the parameter will lead to accelerated drainage. As a result, the water will drain, and some of the impurities will remain in the pipe, creating the preconditions for future clogging.
The second significant node of the internal sewerage system in a private house is a riser that receives drainage water from a drain pipe. There can be several such taps.
For this reason, the diameter of the riser pipe is chosen in the range of 100-150 millimeters. The riser is necessarily equipped with an audit to monitor its condition and ensure the possibility of cleaning.
But functionally, this element of the system performs another important task - its continuation provides ventilation in the sewerage system.
Another revision is installed on the upper end of the riser in the house, to which the base of the fan pipe is attached. It is led out through the ceiling and roof slabs. The upper end should be at least half a meter higher than the roof ridge to reliably remove unpleasant sewer odors.
In addition, when the riser pipe is completely filled with drainage water, the siphon may break.
In the filled pipe of the riser, a vacuum is created, as a result of which the water seals in the siphons are sucked into the riser. The air, which is not at all scented, enters the living space of the house through empty water locks. The result is obvious.
Such an unsightly situation is completely resolved by installing a fan pipe through which air enters the system, equalizing the pressure.
The drain pipe must be protected by a cap from clogging with debris and leaves. They are most often made in the form of a deflector that creates an upward air flow for ventilation.
Thus, the riser plays an important role in the overall drainage system and all the features of its structure must be taken into account when designing a sewage system.
The device of the upper floor in a country house also provides for the use of a drain system. There are fewer drain points on it, usually a shower and a toilet.
To save money, the sewerage system on the second floor is laid in parallel with a similar network on the first floor. This simplifies the design and installation of the system, since there is no need to install a second riser - the drain will be connected to the existing one.
The external wastewater treatment and disposal system consists of a number of units, the action of which is aimed at the disinfection of wastewater.
The main ones are:
For it, you can use slag, gravel, broken brick. The latter is laid in the upper layer of broken brick, the size of the fraction is about 50 millimeters. For the gravel filter, material is used from 15 millimeters.
The drained liquid fills the first chamber. At the place where the liquid jet falls, a protective plate must be installed, which will not allow it to erode the sludge layer. A cartridge with a bacterial culture must be placed in the chamber, which will form the basis of the aerobic filter.
In it, the biological mass decomposes pollution. Water overflows through the upper edge of the partition and enters the second chamber, where an aerator is installed and the water is blown through with sprayed air. In this case, the oxidation of contaminants and their additional processing, this time by anaerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen
When using a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment reaches 75 - 90%, which indicates the need for additional additional treatment for complete disinfection.
This method is used for additional treatment of effluents when they pass through the soil. From the septic tank, liquid enters the system drainage pipes while passing through a gravel pack and a double layer of geotextile.
In this case, all fine particles are retained in them, and the degree of purification reaches 98%.
The limitation for the use of this method of additional wastewater treatment is the characteristics of the soil. The fields are ineffective on soils with low permeability - dense loams and clays. The most favorable are sandy gravel and sandy soils, which make it possible to make high-quality filtration of effluents.
Any of the described objects can be used both together and in the configuration chosen by the buyer. The connection of objects is made by laying plastic pipes with a diameter of 100-150 millimeters, less often - for large objects - pipes of 200 millimeters are used.
In addition, each external sewerage facility is equipped with a ventilation system; inside the building, drain pipes are used for this purpose.
The use of septic tanks is most popular in areas with insufficient rainfall, while the purified liquid is actively used for reuse for household needs.
These two components of a single task are completely opposite. If the internal sewage system is designed to collect wastewater, then the external one is for their disinfection and disposal.
Therefore, the rules for its design have only one similarity with the internal requirements - the slope from the foundation of the house towards the drive should be 1-2 millimeters per meter for the same reasons (see above).
The tasks solved by the external sewage system are the processing of wastewater in order to disinfect it. The water discharged into the ground after cleaning must be absolutely safe, since, after the final cleaning by ground filtration, it returns to the consumer.
Since the object passes into the external environment, it is necessary to take into account the depth of soil freezing. The pipe must be below this level.
But, even if this condition is met, it is advisable to insulate the sewer pipe in case of extreme climatic circumstances, which have recently happened with enviable regularity.
And to guarantee the integrity of the pipeline, with a critical drop in temperature.
They can be both objective, caused by specific conditions, and subjective, arising from the appropriate attitude of the designer.
The first include the already mentioned depth of soil freezing, which affects the depth of the pipe in the outer part of the sewage system.
Also, objective reasons explain the choice of a method for filtering liquid purified by septic tanks. When installing a sewage system on clayey soils with low water permeability, a method using infiltrates is forcedly chosen.
The factors of the first group include the absence of a special closed shaft for placing a fan pipe. We have already seen its necessity. In such a situation, it is installed with an outlet through the wall in a wall-mounted version; it is attached to the wall using brackets.
If the installation of a fan pipe in this option is also undesirable, you can use air valve to relieve pressure in the sewer drain.
For the disinfection and purification of wastewater, canalized in a private house, several methods are used:
The above cleaning scheme is used in industrial conditions, but most of the operations in one form or another are carried out at home cleaning devices.
INFORMATION TO HELP !!! So, in the storage tank, chemical and bacteriological treatment of effluents is carried out. Further post-treatment takes place in the filter well. The filter in this case consists of gravel and sand. Good results are obtained by using granulated slag and broken bricks, which are good adsorbents.
The body of the well was made of a concrete ring with a diameter of up to 2.5 meters and a height of up to 2 meters. In the upper part, the neck was installed so that only the metal cover remained at the ground level.
A filtering mass is poured around the ring. It is also practiced to make the case with brickwork.
A further development of filtering devices is the manufacture of septic tanks with several chambers designed for various purposes.
The first tank serves for the accumulation of effluents, primary separation into fractions, chemical and biological treatment, aeration. Spray air treatment is carried out for additional oxidation of decomposition products contained in the effluent.
To do this, a compressor is built into the cleaning system, which operates in a continuous mode.
In the last section of the treatment plant, a filter well is installed, in which additional wastewater treatment is carried out.
The design of an autonomous cleaning system can different options differ, but the principle of operation remains unchanged. The degree of wastewater treatment in modern septic tanks reaches 98%, which is a very high indicator.
Nevertheless, the most modern device needs periodic pumping out and cleaning of sludge.
How deeply you need to place the elements of the outer part of the sewage system depends on the climatic characteristics of the construction region. One thing is obvious - the most dangerous for the pipeline is its freezing, especially if it is made of metal materials.
Most often, this phenomenon is behind its destruction. But the most unpleasant thing is that before the onset of warmth, you can forget about the operation of the sewage system. Only after it becomes possible to excavate the system will it be time to spend money on repairing and restoring the system.
As a result of the accumulated experience, certain rules have been formed for the installation of internal and external pipelines when laying a sewage system. They look like this:
When using plastic pipes, the sand layer must be compacted carefully. The best results are obtained with abundant water cover. In this case, the highest quality compaction occurs, after which it is possible to backfill with soil.
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Correct autonomous sewerage country house can work for a long time, subject to quality gaskets and proper maintenance.
This event allows you to avoid carrying out bulk earthworks when laying communications in regions with a harsh climate and to protect shallow pipes from freezing. For this, various insulation materials are used:
For a complete guarantee, you can also install a heating cable with a switch-on sensor in case of a critical drop in temperature. The costs incurred will eliminate the need renovation works and associated costs. The sewer line arranged in this way does not need to be deeply laid.
Above, we have already considered the requirements for the angle of inclination of gravity sewer pipes for the internal system. They are also true for its outer part: 1-2 millimeters per meter of the length of the wiring.
A septic tank is a purification device that must contain and process the necessary volumes of household waste. First of all, you need to take into account that the septic tank, in accordance with sanitary requirements, should be enough for at least a three-day cycle of clarification / wastewater treatment.
Simply put, the minimum volume of the chambers of the treatment plant corresponds to the total three-day water consumption by all residents of a private house. There should also be a certain operational reserve in case of replenishment in the family, that is, an increase in the number of consumers.
Determining one person's actual daily water consumption is not a straightforward matter; so, according to SNiP it is 200 liters; this indicator is currently considered obsolete due to widespread use different types household appliances using water.
For example, it is believed that:
Taking into account the above, in this calculator you are invited to choose and enter in the parameters for calculating the daily water consumption by one person from the range of 260-370 liters; this is the average range of recommendations.
SNiP 2.04.03-85, depending on the wastewater flow rate, allocates:
For small farms, reinforced concrete rings are most often used as anaerobic concrete containers. Reinforced concrete sewer structures are distinguished by their reliability, practically unlimited service life. The problem that accompanied them earlier - insufficient tightness, is now being solved by modern means of waterproofing. MDS 40-2.200 recommends placing the bottoms of the tanks at least 3 meters from the surface, which limits the number of rings in one section (chamber) of the septic tank.
The active volume of the septic tank (Vak) is determined as the product of the daily water consumption by one consumer (Q liters), the number of consumers (K) and the number of days (D) of clarification (sludge) of effluents: Vak = Q * K * D. According to the recommendation of SNiP 2.04.03 -85, with the annual discharge of sediments, the minimum D is taken: 3, if the flow of wastewater is up to 5 m3 / day or 5, if the flow is more than 5 m3 / day. In addition, if it is planned to clean the tank less often than 2 times a year, then Vak should be increased by 20 percent for sediment.
When determining the height of the chambers (for example, from concrete rings), it should also be borne in mind that according to clause 3.35, MDS 40-2.200, the height of the air volume above the liquid level cannot be less than 500 mm.
The capacity of the septic tank should ensure the content of the daily volume of wastewater. The amount of canalized liquid directly depends on the number of people living in a private house. As a first approximation, it is believed that one person consumes up to 200 liters per day.
The directions of these costs are quite traditional and are associated with household and sanitary-hygienic consumption. Thus, a family of 4 consumes about a cubic meter of liquid per day.
You can more accurately determine this indicator using the built-in online calculator.
The most important device on the outside of the sewer is a septic tank or other wastewater filtering device. The installation of a concrete or brick structure is not associated with any particular features.
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But nowadays popular devices of a high degree of readiness made of plastic require additional attention. In areas where they manifest high levels groundwater of a seasonal nature, it is possible for the capacity to rise.
In sealed cesspools, the contents are retained for the entire time between pumpings. At big family such operations are performed quite often, because each person produces about 100 liters of wastewater per day.
The cesspool is located in a place convenient for the entrance of a sewage truck, no more than 6 meters from the border of the site.
The danger of cesspools is inadequate wastewater treatment. If in sealed devices this issue is not considered at all, then in filtration devices the degree of purification is about 75%, which is clearly not enough and pollution gradually accumulates in the soils.
Do-it-yourself installation of the sewerage system of a private house is possible in other ways. So, the outer part is made in the form of filter wells. This becomes possible on highly permeable marl or sandy soils.
The composition of the filter in this case is heterogeneous:
On the upper layers of such a filter, large components of the filtrate are deposited, then smaller ones. Filter wells are effective if biological wastewater treatment is used. In the filter, aerobic bacteria gradually develop, which are able to process the organic matter contained in the wastewater.
A method of disposal of the filtered liquid through drainage ditches into the nearest body of water is possible and often used. Waste water in the drainage canvas, it undergoes additional cleaning, passing through a gravel-sand filter.
The degree of purification in the filter well, depending on the throughput characteristics of the soil, can reach 90-95%.
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In general, a filter well is a transitional stage from a cesspool to a septic tank. If you add another compartment with an aeration unit to the container, you can get a full-fledged septic tank. Atomized air actively oxidizes the wastewater biomass, forming another silt bactericidal layer, in this case it is represented by anaerobic bacteria.
You should understand the responsibility of the residents of the house for the ecological state of the place of residence. And in many respects it depends on the purity of the groundwater. Therefore, a number of documents were developed that regulate water consumption and water purification:
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The calculation of the volume of a septic tank can be performed both for a single-chamber scheme and for a multi-chamber one. With a consumption volume of about one cubic meter per day, one chamber is enough for a complete biocenosis of the contents of a septic tank.
With a larger number of drains, you need to use two or more containers, which are installed in series. Septic tanks from two or more chambers are divided equally, but it is possible to use devices in which the first chamber occupies up to 75% of the volume. It is important - according to sanitary standards, it is prohibited to make cesspools!
The main importance in the development of a septic tank project for a country house is its working volume, which can be calculated according to the following algorithm:
When calculating with your own hands, your own purification device with final cleaning by filtration through the soil, you should take into account that this is realistic with a liquid flow rate of 3-5 cubic meters per day.
If it is higher, you need to use SBR reactors or use a combined design with treatment with both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, not excluding the use of aeration.
The use of biochemical materials for wastewater treatment increases the degree of wastewater treatment and accelerates its processing tenfold.
The use of biochemical treatment of effluents allows them to be purified to a degree of 98%, therefore, such water can be used for watering a vegetable garden and at the same time obtain an increase in the yield. To fertilize the soil, you can
use silt deposits.
The main difference between drainage systems and other pipelines is the following:
When installing the sewer system, it is not allowed to connect pipes with a bias from a common axis. Otherwise, a gap is formed between the wall of the part and the collar with the leakage of the transported liquid.
For wastewater disposal systems, pipelines of various materials are used:
To facilitate the installation of cast iron pipelines, a large assortment of fittings is produced.
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Therefore, a rule has been established that determines the installation storage capacity at a distance of at least 10 meters from a residential building. However, there are sources that regulate this value at 5 meters.
It should be understood that this is an accidental discrepancy, but it is better to stick to the first installation option. In this case, it will be impossible to make a claim. But strictly speaking correct installation capacity depends on the throughput and filtering capacity of the soils on the site.
It is imperative that the slope is observed in the parameters mentioned above.
To lay a sewer outlet pipe, you will need to open a trench of the required depth, determined by the level of soil freezing. Imagine the labor costs associated with fulfilling this requirement, because you also need to provide for the thickness of the drainage layer. If in the Moscow region the soil freezes up to 1.8 meters, then the depth of the trench will be more than 2.2. Therefore, many people prefer shallow ditches, insulating pipes with a protective jacket and a heating cable.
The order of work is as follows:
The use of plastic pipes for the external drainage system will ensure their integrity during seasonal soil movements, since they are elastic enough to withstand such loads. The sewerage device in your home made of this material ensures its performance for up to 50 years.
Payment for the services of invited specialists costs a lot of money. But if you analyze the installation technology according to the layout of the sewer system, it becomes obvious that there is nothing in it that could not be done correctly yourself.
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Uninterrupted operability of the drain system, first of all, is ensured quality installation.
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The only thing that can be advised to the user is to install a waste shredder under the sink in addition to the sewerage scheme, it will not be difficult to do it correctly. This action will largely protect the system from blockages.
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