Russian hut: Where and how our ancestors, device and decor, elements, videos, riddles and proverbs were built household.
"Oh, what choirs!" - So often we say now about a spacious new apartment or dacha. We speak without thinking about the meaning of this word. After all, choirs are a peasant antique housing consisting of several buildings. What were the choirs in the peasants in their Russian sings? How was the Russian traditional hut?
In this article:
- Where did they build before the hut?
- Attitude towards Russian isa in Russian folk culture,
- the device of the Russian hut
- decoration and decor of the Russian hut,
- Russian oven and red angle, male and female halves of the Russian house,
- elements of Russian huts and peasant yard (dictionary),
- Proverbs and sayings, signs about Russian hut.
As I come from the north and grew up on the White Sea, then I will show the article in the northern houses. And I chose the epigraph to my story about the Russian hill, I chose the words D. S. Likhacheva:
"Russian North! It is difficult for me to express my admiration for my admiration, my worship before this edge. When I drove for the first time for the first time, I drove on the Barents and the White Seas, on North Dvina, I visited Pomorov, in the peasant skews, listened to songs and fairy tales, looked at these unusually beautiful people, I was just and with dignity, I was completely stunned. It seemed to me that it was only possible to live truly: measured and easily, working and receiving so much satisfaction from this work ... In the Russian north, the amazing combination of the present and past, modernity and history, watercolor lyrical water, land, sky, terrible strength of the stone , storms, cold, snow and air "(D.S. Likhachev. Russian Culture. - M., 2000. - P. 409-410).
The beloved place to build the village and the construction of Russians was the bank of the river or lake. The peasants were guided by both practicality - proximity to the river and boat as a means of movement, but also aesthetic causes. From the windows of the hut standing at a high location, opened beautiful view On the lake, forests, meadows, fields, as well as on their yard with barns, on the bath at the river itself.
The northern villages are visible from afar, they never were located in lowlands, always on the hills, in the forest, in the water on the high bank of the river, became the center of the beautiful picture of the unity of man and nature, fited organically into the surrounding landscape. At the highest place, the church and the bell tower in the center of the village were built.
The house was constructed thoroughly, "on the century", the place for it was chosen quite high, dry, protected from cold winds - on a high hill. The villages tried to locate where there were fertile lands, rich meadows, forest, river or lake. The horses were put so that a good entrance and approach would be provided to them, and the windows were addressed "for the summer" - on the sunny side.
In the north of the house, they tried to have a hill on the south slope so that his top reliably closes the house from the brown cold northern winds. The south side will always warm well, and the house will be warm.
If we consider the location of the hut on the plot, then it was tried to arrange closer to the northern part of it. The house closed from the wind gardening and garden Part of the site.
In terms of orientation of the Russian hut in the Sun (North, South, West, East) Also there was a special structure of the village. It was very important that the windows of the residential part of the house were located on the sun. For better illumination of houses in the ranks, they were put in a checkerboard relative to each other. All houses on the streets of the village "watched" in one direction - in the sun, on the river. From the window it was possible to see sunrises and sunsets, movement of ships on the river.
Prosperous place for building horses It was believed to be at which the horned cattle was resting. After all, cows were considered by our ancestors as fertile life, because the cow was often a family feed.
They tried not to build houses on the swamps or next to them, these places were considered "chilly", and the crop on them often suffered from frosts. But the river or the lake next to the house is always good.
Choosing a place to build a house, men wondered - used experiment. Women never participated in it. They took sheep wool. It was placed in a clay pot. And left for the night at the place of the future at home. The result was considered positive if the wool will answer the morning. So the house will be rich.
There were other divisions - experiments. For example, in the evening left the chalk at the place of the future at home. If the chalk attracted the ants, it was considered a good sign. If the ants do not live on this earth, then better home Not to put here. The result was checked in the morning the next day.
Hug house started in early spring (Great post) or in other months of the year in the new moon. If the tree cut down on a decreasing moon, it will quickly rot, so there was such a ban. There were more stringent prescriptions by day. The forest began to harvest from Winter Nikola, from December 19. The best time for the workpiece was considered to be December - January, according to the first frosts, when the extra moisture comes out of the trunk. Dry trees or trees with growths, trees, who fell to the north, did not cut the dry trees or trees. These beliefs were treated precisely to trees, other materials were not seen such norms.
They did not build houses on the site of houses burned with zipper. It was believed that Zlinia Ilya - the Prophet amazes the places of unclean strength. They also did not build at home where there was a sauna earlier, where someone was covered with an ax or a knife, where human bones were found, where there used to be a bath or earlier the road was held, where there was some misfortune, for example, flood.
The house in Russia had a lot of titles: hut, Hut, Terem, Huples, choirs, Khorichnie and Temple. Yes, do not be surprised to -Hram! The choirs (Izba) were equated to the temple, because the temple is also a house, the house of God! And in the hut was always holy, red angle.
The peasants belonged to the house as a living being. Even the names of the parts of the house are similar to the name of the parts of the body of a person and his world! This feature is the Russian house - "Human", that is anthropomorphic names of parts of horses:
There were in the device of huts and yard and zoomorphic names: "Bulls", "Chicken", "Konk", "Zhuravel" - Well.
Word "Izba" Comes from the Vine Slavonic "Istiba". "Istbie, Istopkoy" was called heated residential log house (and "crate" is a unheated log house of a residential building).
House and hollow were for people living models of the world. The house was the innermost place in which people expressed ideas about themselves, about the world, built their own world and their lives according to the laws of harmony. The house is part of life and the way to combine and form your life. The house is a sacral space, the image of the kind and homeland, the model of the world and life of a person, the connection of a person with the world of nature and with God. The house is a space that a person builds with his own hands, and which with him from the first to the last days of his life on earth. The construction of the house is the repetition by the man of the Creator's case, because the human dwelling, according to the ideas of the people, is the small world created by the rules of the big world.
According to the appearance of the Russian house, it was possible to determine social status, religion, the nationality of its owners. In one village there were no two absolutely identical homes, because each hut carried individuality in himself and reflected the inner world of the genus, in her living.
For a child, the house is the first model of the external large world, he "feeds" and "grows" the child, the child "absorbs" from the house of the laws of life in a large adult world. If the child has grown in a bright cozy good house, in the house in which the order reigns is so the child will continue to build his life. If the chaos house is chaos and in the soul, and in a person's life. Since childhood, the child mastered the system of ideas about his home - radiated and its structure - Matitsa, red angle, female and male parts of the house.
The house is traditionally used in Russian as Synonym for the "Motherland". If a person has no feeling at home - then there is no feeling of the homeland! Attachment to the house, care for him was considered virtue. House and Russian gettingborn, the embodiment of the native, safe space. The word "house" was used and in the sense of "family" - and they said "on the hill four houses" - this meant that four families. In the Russian hollow under the same roof, the overall farming lived several generations of the kind - grandfathers, fathers, sons, grandchildren.
The internal space of the Russian hut has long been associated in popular culture as a space of a woman - she followed him, put on her order and comfort. But the external space is the courtyard and further - it was the space of a man. My husband's grandfather still recalls such a division of duties that was taken into the family of our great-grandfathers: a woman wore water from a well for home for cooking. And the man also wore water from the well, but for cows or horses. Shame was considered if the woman began to perform male duties or vice versa. Since they lived in large families - there were no problems. If someone from women could not wear water now - then this work was performed by another family woman.
The house also strictly observed men's and female half, but there will be a conversation further.
In the Russian north, residential premises and economic were combined under the same roof, So that you can run the economy without leaving the house. So the life sequal of the northerners living in harsh cold natural conditions.
The house was understood in folk culture as a center of the main life values. - Happiness, wealth, prosperity, faith. One of the functions of the hut and the house was a protective function. The carved wooden sun under the roof is the wish of happiness and well-being to the owners of the house. Image of roses (which are not growing in the north) - the wish of a happy life. Lions and lionesses in the painting - pagan charms, scare away by their terrible kind of evil.
Proverbs about Izbu
On the roof - a heavy hat from a tree - the sign of the sun. The house has necessarily a homemade man. Interestingly, S. Yesenin wrote about the skate: "The horse both in the Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Russian mythology has aspiration sign. But only one Russian man guessed him to put him onto the roof, likening his hut under him - the chariot "(Nekrasov M, and. The folk art of Russia. - M., 1983)
The house was built very proportionally and harmoniously. In its design - the law of the golden section, the law of natural harmony in proportions. Circled without measuring instruments and complex calculations - on a little, as the soul suggested.
In Russian hollow, a family of 10 or even 15-20 people sometimes lived. It was preparing food and spruce, slept, the fabrics, were rushed, the utensils were repaired, they were engaged in all their homework.
Myth and truth about Russian hut. There is an opinion that in the Russian skeins was dirty, there was an antisanitary, illness, poverty and darkness. I also thought so before, so we were taught at school. But it does not fit the truth completely! I asked my grandmother shortly before her care to the world was different when she was already over 90 years old (she rose near Nyandomy and Kargopol in the Russian north in the Arkhangelsk region), as they lived in their village in her childhood - did soap and removed the house in the year and lived in the dark and in the mud?
She was very surprised and told that always in the house was not just clean, but very light and cozy, beautiful. Her mother (my great-grandmother) embroidered and knit beautiful seats to the beds of adults and kids. Each bed and lulee were decorated with her podzors. And each bed has its own pattern! Imagine what kind of work it is! And what beauty in the frame of each bed! Her dad (my great-grandfather) cut out beautiful ornaments on all home utensils and furniture. She recalled how she was a child under his grandmother's supervision with her sisters and brothers (my great-grandfathers). They not only played, but also helped adults. It happened, in the evening, her grandmother will say to children in the evening: "Soon the mother and father will come from the field, you need to take it in the house." And ah - yes! Children take brooms, rags, suggest the full order so that neither the sorts in the corner there are nor dust, and all things in their places were. To the coming of mother and father, the house was always clean. Children understood that adults came from work, tired and they need to help. She also remembered her mother always bleached the stove so that the oven was beautiful and in the house was cozy. Even on the day of birth, her mother (my great-grandmother) blew the stove, and then went to give birth to the bath. Grandma remembered, as she, being an older daughter, helped her.
There was no such that it was clean outside, and inside - dirty. Climbed very carefully and outside, and inside. My grandmother told me that "What is outside is what you want people" (outward is the appearance of clothes, houses, cabinet, etc. - what do they look for guests and what we want to present to people Clothes, outdoor view of the house, etc.). But "what inside is what you really are" (inside is an embroidery is an embroidery or any other work, a clothing wear, which should be clean and without holes or spots, the inner part of the cabinets and other invisible to other people, but visible We are the moments of our life). Very instructive. I always remember her words.
Grandma remembered that the beggars and dirty huts were only in those who did not work. They were considered as if weakly, a little sick, they were sorry for people sick with soul. Who worked - even if he had 10 children - lived in bright clean beautiful outbreaks. Decorated your home with love. Led a big farm and never complained about life. There was always order in the house and in the yard.
The Russian House (Izba) like the Universe shared for three worlds, three tiers: Nizhny - this is a basement, underground; Middle - these are residential premises; Upper under the sky - the attic, roof.
Izba as a design He was a log house from the logs that bind to the crowns. In the Russian north, it was customary to build houses without nails, very durable at home. The minimum number of nails was used only to attach the decor - the breeding, towels, platbands. Built houses "How measure and beauty will say."
Roof- The upper part of the hut gives protection from the outside world and is the boundary of the inside of the house with space. No wonder the roof was so beautifully decorated in the houses! And in the ornament on the roof, the symbols of the sun were often depicted - solar symbols. We know such expressions: "Schirling", "live under one roof." There were customs - if a person was sick and could not leave this world for a long time, then that his soul was easier to move into the world of others, they took off the lid on the roof. Interestingly, the roof was considered a female element of the house - the hut itself and everything in the hollow should be "covered" - and the roof, both vendors, and dishes, and barrels.
Top of the house (People, Towel) Decorated with solar, that is, solar signs. In some cases, the towel depicted the full sun, and on the panels - only half of solar signs. Thus, the sun was shown at the most important points of its path across the sky - at sunrise, in Zenith and at the occasion. In folklore there is even an expression "three-flowered sun", reminiscent of these three key points.
Attic It was located under the roof and it was stored on it that did not need at the moment, remote from the house.
The hut was a two-storey, the living rooms were located on the "second floor", as it was warmer. And on the "first floor", that is, in the lower tier, was sweet.He prevented residential premises from the cold. The soil was used to store products and shared on 2 parts: basement and underground.
Floor Double to preserve heat: downstairs "black floor", and on top on it - "white floor". They laid the floorboards from the edges to the center of the hut in the direction from the facade to the exit. This was a value in some rituals. So, if they came to the house and sat on the shop along the floor, this meant that it came to match. Never slept and did not put the bed along the floor, since along the floorings put a deceased man "On the way to the doors". That is why they did not sleep heads to the exit. Always slept on the head in a red angle, to the front wall, on which icons were located.
Important in the device of the Russian hut was diagonal "Red Angle - Furnace".The red corner always pointed to noon, on the light, on God's side (red face). He was always associated with Veroko (Sunrise) and South. And the oven pointed at sunset, on darkness. And associated with the West or North. Always prayed on the image in the red corner, i.e. To the east, where the altar is located in the temples.
a doorand the entrance to the house, the exit to the outside world is one of the most important elements of the house. She meets everyone in the house. In antiquity there were many believes and different protective rituals associated with the door and the threshold of the house. Probably no wonder, and now many are brought to the door of the horseshoe for happiness. And even earlier, the threshold was put on a braid (garden tool). This reflected the ideas of people about the horse as an animal associated with the Sun. As well as metal created by man with the help of fire and being a material to protect life.
Only closed door Saves life inside the house: "Do not believe everyone, lock the door tightly." That is why people stayed in front of the threshold of the house, especially at the entrance to a strange house, this stop was often accompanied by a brief prayer.
At the wedding in some localities, a young wife, entering the house of her husband, should not have touched the threshold. That is why it was often made on their hands. And in other localities, the sign was exactly the opposite. The bride, entering the house of the groom after the wedding, be sure to be delayed on the threshold. It was a sign of that. That she is now her in the way of her husband.
The doorway threshold is the border of "their" and "alien" space. In the people's ideas, it was a border, and therefore unsafe place: "Through the threshold does not greet," "is not served through the threshold." Through the threshold is impossible and take gifts. Guests are found behind the threshold outside, then admit ahead through the threshold.
In height, the door was lower than human growth. I had to tilt at the entrance and head, and take off the cap. But at the same time the doorway was wide enough.
Window- Another entrance to the house. The window - the word is very older, the chronicles are first mentioned in 11th and is found in all Slavic peoples. In popular beliefs, it was forbidden to spit through the window, throw out the garbage, to pour out something out of the house, as under it "stands an angel of the Lord." "To serve the window (thorough) - to give God." The windows were considered the eyes of the house. A man looks through the window in the sun, and the sun looks at him through the window (eyes of the hut). Therefore, the signs of the Sun often cut on the platbands. In the riddles of the Russian people, it is said like this: "A red girl in the window looks" (the sun). The windows in the house traditionally in Russian culture always tried to orient "for the summer" - that is, east and south. The biggest windows of the houses always looked outside and on the river, they were called "red" or "kosy".
The windows in the Russian gab could be three types:
A) The wolf window is the most ancient view of the windows. Its height did not exceed the height of the horizontally laid log. But in the width it was one and a half times more than height. This window from the inside was closed with a valve, "dragging" on special grooves. Therefore, the window was called "Volokovoy". Through the wolf window, only dim light penetrated. Such windows more often met on economic buildings. Through the wolf window from the huts were output ("outdated") smoke from the stove. Through them also ventilated the towers, Chulans, Take and Chleva.
B) Wild window - consists of a deck made up of four firmly interconnected BRUSEV.
C) The roaming window is the opening in the wall, fortified by two side bars. These windows are also called "red" regardless of their location. Initially, the central windows in the Russian hill were made.
It was through the window that it was necessary to transfer the baby if the children born in the family were dying. It was believed that so you can save the child and provide him with a long life. In the Russian north, there was such a belief that the man's soul leaves the house through the window. That is why the window was put on the window with water so that the soul, who left the person could be washed and fly away. Also, after the commemoration, the towel was postponed to the window, so that the soul was climbed into the house, and then descended back. Sitting by the window, waited to lead. The window at the window in the red corner is the place of honor, for the most honored guests, including the matchmaker.
The windows were highlighted high, and therefore the view from the window did not stumbled into neighboring buildings, and the view from the window was beautiful.
When construction, there was free space (sedimentary grooves) between the windows bar and the log wall of the house. He was covered with a blackboard, which we all are well known and called concubine ("On the face of the house" \u003d platband). The platbands were decorated with an ornament to protect the house: circles as symbols of the sun, birds, horses, lions, fish, caressing (animal, considered a cumulator - believed that if you depict a predator, it would not harm the pet), floral ornament, juniper, rowan .
Outside the window was closed by shutters. Sometimes in the north, so that it is convenient to close the windows, galleries were built along the main facade (they looked like balconies). There is a master of the gallery and closes the shutters on the windows overnight.
Four sides of hut Add to four sides of the world. Appearance Hisp addressed to the outside world, and the inner decoration to the family, to the family, to the person.
The porch of the Russian isob It was more often open and spacious. Here were those family events that the whole village streets could see: they were accompanied by soldiers, met the woven, met newlyweds. They communicated on the porch, exchanged news, rested, talked about things. Therefore, the porch occupied the prominent place, it was high and rose to the pillars or fires up.
The porch is the "business card of the house and its owners", reflecting their hospitality, prosperity and glad. The house was considered non-residential if his porch was destroyed. Decorated the porch carefully and beautifully, the ornament was used the same as on the elements of the house. It could be a geometric or vegetable ornament.
What do you think from what word the word "porch" was formed? From the word "pitch", "Roof". After all, the porch necessarily was with a roof that protects against snow and rain.
Often there were two porches in the Russian hut Two inputs. The first entrance is the main, shops were arranged for conversation and rest. And the second entrance is "dirty", he served for household needs.
Bakelocated near the entrance and occupied about a quarter of the spacing of the hut. The furnace is one of the sacred centers of the house. "The oven in the house is the same that the altar in the church: there is bread in it." "Oven our mother's mother", "House without a furnace is a non-residential house." The oven had a feminine start and was in the female half of the house. It is in the furnace, a raw, unfounded turns into boiled, "his", mastered. The furnace is located in the corner opposite from the red corner. On it slept, it was used not only in cooking, but also in healing, in folk medicine, in her small children, soapy in winter, children and old men were buried on it. In the furnaces necessarily kept the damper closed if someone went out of the house (to return and the road was happy), during a thunderstorm (because the oven is one entrance to the house, the connection at home with the outside world).
Matitsa - Bar, walking across the Russian hut, on which the ceiling is held. This is the boundary of the front and rear of the house. The guest coming into the house, without the permission of the owners could not go further by Matitsa. Sitting under Matitsa meant to match the bride. To succeed everything, it was necessary to hold out for Matitsa before leaving the house.
All space of the huts shared on the female and male. Men worked and rested, took guests on weekdays in the male part of the Russian huts - in the front red corner, aside from him to the threshold and sometimes under the remedies. The workplace of the man with the repair was near the door. Women and children worked and rested, walked in the female half of the hollows - near the oven. If women took guests, then guests sat at the stove threshold. Only the female territory of the guests can only go on the invitation of the hostess. Never of representatives of the male half without much extremely needed did not enter the female half, and women are on men. It could be perceived as an insult.
Lawn served not only the seat for seating, but also a place to sleep. Under the head with a dream on the shop led the head restraint.
The shop's shop was called "Konik", she could be a workplace of the host of the house, as well as anyone who went into the house, beggar could be spent on it.
Shelves were made over the shops above the windows above the windows. They put caps, threads, yarn, straws, knives, spice and other household items.
Adult couples in marriage slept in the journals, on the cauldron, in some of their own cells - in their places. Old men slept on the stove or in the stove, kids - on the furnace.
All the utensils and furniture in the Russian northern hollow are located along the walls, and the center remains free.
Svetlitsy It was called the room - the lightweight, the rore on the second floor of the house, clean, well-groomed, for needlework and net lessons. There were a wardrobe, bed, sofa, table. But as well as in the hut, all items were separated along the walls. In the journal there were chests, in which gathered dowry for daughters. How many daughters on the issuance are so many chests. Here girls lived - the bride to issue.
In antiquity, Russian hut did not have inland partitions and was in the form square or rectangle. The average sizes of the hut were from 4 x 4 meters to 5, 5 x 6, 5 meters. The middle peasants and wealthy peasants were hindered by 8 x 9 meters, 9 x 10 meters.
Four angle differed in Russian hives: Chimney, Babi Kut, red angle, rear corner (at the entrance under the reservation). Each corner had its own traditional destination. And the whole hollow in accordance with the angles was divided into the female and male half.
Women's half is It goes from the mouth of the furnace (Outside of the furnace) to the front wall of the house.
One of the corners of the female half of the house is Babi Kut. It is also called "bakes". This place is near the oven, the female territory. Here they prepared food, pies, stored utensils, millstone. Sometimes the "female territory" house was separated by a partition or shirma. On the female half of the huts and the stove were cabinets for kitchen utensils and edible supplies, shelves for dining rooms, buckets, cast iron, bans, furnaces (bread shovel, a kocherga, grasp). "Long shop", which went on the female half of the hollow along the side wall of the house, was also feminine. Here women hung, the fabrics, sewed, embroidered, hung a baby cradle here.
Never a man on the "female territory" did not enter and did not touch the utensil, which is considered female. And someone else's person and guest can even look in Babi Kut could not, it was offensive.
On the other side of the furnace was male space,
"Male kingdom of the house." There was a threshold men's shop, where men were engaged in their homework and rested after a working day. Under it, it was often a cabinet with tools for male work. Weekly sit on the threshold shop was considered indecent. On the side shop in the back of the huts they rested during the day. 
Approximately the fourth, and sometimes the Russian oven occupied the third part of the hut. She was a symbol of a homely hearth. It was not only prepared for food, but also prepared the food cattle, baked cakes and bread, washed, heated the room, they slept and dried clothes, shoes or products, dried mushrooms and berries in it. And in the sun, even in winter could contain chickens. Although the furnace and very large, it does not "eaten", but, on the contrary, expands the life space of the hut, turning it multidimensional, bottling.
No wonder there is a saying "to dance from the stove", because everything in Russian beast begins with the oven. Remember the epics about Ilya Muromets? We have said to us that Ilya Muromets "lay on the furnace 30 years and 3 years," that is, could not walk. Not on the reagents and not on the shops, but on the furnace!
"The furnace to us as a mother is native," people said before. Many folk medical practices were associated with the stove. And signs. For example, it is impossible to spit into the oven. And it was impossible to swear when the fire was burning in the furnace.
A new furnace began to warm up gradually and evenly. The first day began with four lungs, and gradually they added one day every day to rolling the entire oven and so that it was without cracks.
First, in Russian houses there were global furnaces that were treated in black. That is, the oven then did not have an exhaust pipe for the exit of smoke. Smoke was released through the door or through a special hole in the wall. Sometimes they think that black huts were only in beggars, but it is not. Such furnaces were in rich sorry. The black oven gave more heat and kept her longer than white. Purchased walls were not afraid of damp or rot.
Later, the ovens began to build white - that is, they began to make a pipe through which smoke went out.
The furnace was always in one of the corners of the house, which was called a chimney, door, small angle. A red, holy, front, large corner of the Russian house was always diagonally from the furnace.
Red angle - central main place in the hut, in the Russian house. It is also called the "saint", "God", "front", "senior", "big". It is lit by the sun better than all other corners in the house, everything in the house is oriented towards him.
The Borean in the Red Corner as an altar of the Orthodox Temple and comprehended as the presence of God in the house. The table in the red corner is the church throne. Here, in the red corner prayed to the image. Here all the meals and main events in the life of the family were held at the table: Birth, Wedding, Funeral, Wires in the Army.
There were not only images, but also the Bible, prayer books, candles, they brought the sprigs of consecrated willow in Palm Sunday or birch twigs in the Trinity.
The red corner was especially worshiped. Here, during the commemoration, an excess device was put on a different soul.
It was in the red corner that chopped birds of happiness, traditional for the Russian north suspended.
Places at the table in the red corner were tightly fixed by tradition And not only during the holidays, but also during ordinary meals. Trapez united the family and family.
This location of family members at the table shows the model social relationship within the Russian family.
Table - He was attached great importance in the red corner of the house and in general in the hut. The table in the hut was standing in a permanent place. If the house was sold, it was sold to him together with the table!
Very important: the table is the ladies of God. "The table is the same as the throne altar, and therefore sit at the table and behave like in the church" (Olonetskaya province). It was not allowed at the dinner table to have foreign objects, because it is the place of God himself. It was impossible to knock on the table: "Do not beat the table, the table is God's palm!" Always on the table should have been bread - a symbol of wealth and well-being in the house. Same as: "Bread on the table - and the table of the throne!". Bread is a symbol of wealth, abundance, material well-being. Therefore, he always had to be on the table - God's Palm.
Small lyrical retreat from the author. Dear readers of this article! Probably, do you think all this is outdated? Well, what have the bread on the table? And you bake homeless bread houses with your own hands - it's easy enough! And then you will understand that this is completely different bread! Unlike bread from the store. Yes, and loaf in form - a circle, a symbol of movement, growth, development. When I didn't bake the pies, not cupcakes for the first time, but the bread, and the smell of bread, the whole house, I realized what a real house was a house where it smells .. bread! Where want to go back. You do not have time? I thought so too. So far, one of the moms, with the children of which I do and whom she has ten !!!, did not teach me the bake of bread. And then I thought: "If a mother of ten children finds the time of the oven your family bread, then I have a right time!" So I understand why the bread is everything head! It is necessary to feel it with your own hands and your soul! And then a loaf on your desk will become a symbol of your home and bring you a lot of joy!
The table was installed necessarily along the Half, i.e. The narrow side of the table was directed towards the western wall of the hut. This is very important, because The direction "Longitudinal - transverse" in Russian culture was attached to a special meaning. The longitudinal had a "positive" charge, and the transverse one is "negative." Therefore, all objects in the house tried to put in the longitudinal direction. Also, therefore, it was along the floorings sitting at rites (walling, as an example) - so that everything successfully passed.
Table tablecloth In Russian tradition, there was also a very deep meaning and constitutes a single integer with the table. The expression "table and tablecloth" symbolized hospitality, hospitality. Sometimes the tablecloth was called the "boss" or "self-bare". Wedding tablecloths kept as a special relic. Tablecloth covered the table not always, but in special cases. But in Karelia, for example, the tablecloth should always be on the table. On the wedding feast, the tablecloth took a special and champed it with an inlet up (from damage). The tablecloth could spread on Earth during the commemoration, because the tablecloth is "road", the relationship between the world of the space and the world of man, no wonder the expression "tablecloth - the road" came to us.
The dining table was going to families, baptized before meat and read prayer. Fir chinno, it was impossible to get up during the meal. The head of the family - a man - began to the meal. He cut the food into pieces, cut bread. A woman served everyone at the table, served food. The meal was long, leisurely, long.
On holidays, the red angle was decorated with woven and embroidered towels, flowers, trees branches. Embroidered and wovel towels with patterns hung on the divinence. At Palm Sunday, the red angle was decorated with Willow sprigs, in the Trinity-Berezov branches, Version (Juniper) - to the Great Thursday.
It is interesting to think about our modern homes:
Question 1. The division into the "male" and "female" territory in the house is not by chance. And we have a "female secret corner" in modern apartments - personal space as a "female kingdom", do men interfere in it? Do we need us? How and where can I create it?
Question 2.. And what is in the red corner of the apartment or giving - what is the main spiritual center of the house? Let's look at your home. And if you need to fix something, we will do it and create a red corner in your house, create it really unifying the family. Sometimes found on the Internet tips to put in a red angle as in the "Energy Center of the apartment" computer, organize its own workplace. I am always surprised at such recommendations. Here, in the Red - the main corner - to be what is important in life, which unites the family, which carries true spiritual values, which is the meaning and idea of \u200b\u200bthe life of the family and the kind, but not a TV or office center! Let's think together that it can be.
Now many families are interested in Russian history and traditions and build at home as our ancestors did. Sometimes it is believed that there should be only one type of house at the location of its elements, and only this type of house "Right" and "historical". In fact, the location of the main elements of the hut (red angle, furnace) depends on the region.
At the location of the furnace and the Red Angle, 4 types of Russian hut diffl. Each type is characteristic of some terrain and climatic conditions. That is, it is impossible to tell: always the furnace was strictly here, and the red angle is strictly here. Let's consider it more in drawings.
The first type is the north-russian hut. The furnace is located next to the entrance to the right or left from it in one of the rear corners of the hut. The furnace is turned to the front wall of the hut (the mouth is the outlet of the Russian oven). Diagonally from the furnace - a red angle.
The second type is the Western Russian hut. The furnace was also located next to the entrance to the right or left of it. But she was turned to the mouth to a long side wall. That is, the mouth of the furnace was near the entrance door to the house. The red angle was also diagonally from the furnace, but the food was prepared in another place of horses - closer to the door (see drawing). The side of the furnace did the flooring for sleep.
Third type - Eastern South Russian hut. The fourth type is Western South Russian Holes. In the south, the house was put on the street not a facade, but a side long side. Therefore, the location of the furnace was completely different. The furnace was placed in the corner far from entering. Diagonal from the furnace (between the door and the front long wall of the hut) was a red angle. In the eastern South Russian skews, the mouth of the furnace was turned to the entrance door. In Western South Russian skews, the mouth of the furnace was turned to the long wall of the house, which went out.
Despite the different types of His, they are respected general principle The buildings of Russian dwellings. Therefore, even being far from the house, the traveler could always navigate in the hut.
In the peasant manor The farm was large - in each estate there were from 1 to 3 barns for storing grain and valuable things. And there was a bath - the most distant from the residential building building. Each thing is their place. This principle from the proverb was always observed and everywhere. Everything in the house was thought out and arranged reasonably not to spend extra forces and time on unnecessary actions or movement. All at hand, everything is convenient. Modern ergonomics of dwellings come from our history.
The entrance to the Russian manor was from the street through a strong gate. Above the gate was the roof. And at the gate on the side of the street under the roof. Not only villagers could sit on the bench, but also any passerby. It was at the gate that it was customary to meet and accompany guests. And under the roof of the gate, it was welcome to meet them or talk to goodbye.
Barn- Separately standing small structure for storing grain, flour, supplies.
Banya - separate standing building (The furthest from the residential building is built) for washing.
Crown- logs of one horizontal row in the Siruba of the Russian Hisp.
Windman- Carved sun, attached instead of towels on the front of the hut. The wish of a rich harvest, happiness, well-being family living in the house.
GUMNO- Playground for grinding compressed bread.
Cool - The design in wooden construction is formed by the crowns from the logs laid on each other. Choir consist of several centes combined by transitions and genes.
Chicken - elements of the roof of the Russian house built without nails. They spoke so "chicken and horse on the roof - in the hives will be quieter." In view of the elements of the roof - lump and chicken. The chicken was stacked by a watery - wrapped in the form of a chute log for removal of water from the roof. The image is the "chicken" not by chance. Chicken and rooster binds to the folk consciousness with the Sun, as this bird notifies the sunrise. A crock of a rooster, according to popular beliefs, distilled unclean power.
Glacier- Pradedunka Contemporary Refrigerator - Looking with Ice For Product Storage
Matitsa- Massive wooden beamon which the ceiling is chained.
Concubine - window decoration (window opening)
Barn -Pruck for drying sheaves before grinding. Sheaves laid out on the flooring and dried.
Хлупен- Horse - connects two wings of the house, two roof slides together. Horse symbolizes the sun moving across the sky. This is a mandatory element of the design of the roof, built without nails and charm home. The chick is also called "shell" from the word "helmet", which is associated with the protection of the house and means the helmet of an ancient warrior. Perhaps this detail of the hut was called "Gulup", because when laying in place, he publishes the sound "clap". Ohlupni used to do without nails during construction.
Warm -thus called the most beautifully decorated part of the Russian female headlife on the forehead ("The chewise was also called a part of the window decoration - the upper part of the" Decoration of the forehead, chela "at home. Warehouse - the top of the platband on the window.
Take - Senov, here it was possible to enter right on the cart or on the sleigh. This room is located right above the cattle courtyard. Here they also stored boats, fishing gear, hunting equipment, shoes, clothes. Here dried and repaired networks, malli flax and did other works.
Sink- Lower room under residential premises. The soil was used for storing products and household needs.
Polyati.– wood flooring under the ceiling of the Russian hut. They were arranged between the wall and the Russian oven. On the climbing it was possible to sleep, as the oven kept the heat for a long time. If the oven for heating was not treated, then vegetables were stored on this time.
Politsa- Figure shelves for utensils over shops in the hut.
Towel - Short vertical board at the junction of two apartments, decorated with the Sun symbol. Usually the towel repeated the pattern of the breeding.
Schelins - Boards on a wooden roof of the house, navalized to the ends above the fronton (Holiday of Holidays), preventing them from Harrowing. The breeds were decorated with carvings. The pattern consists of a geometric ornament. But the ornament with grape berries is the symbol of life and the continuation of the kind.
Svetlitsa - One of the premises in the choir (see "choirs") on the female half, in the upper part of the structure, intended for needlework and other domestic training.
Seni.- The inlet cold room in the hut, usually can not be heated. As well as an entrance room between individuals in the sorry. It is always a shop for storage. The home apparers were kept here, there was a bench with vendines and subsidences, work wear, rocker, sickles, braids, rake. In the Seine did a dirty homework. In the Songy there were doors of all rooms. Seni - Cold Protection. Opened entrance door, Cold was letteled in Song, but remained in them, not reaching residential premises.
Apron- Sometimes at homes from the main facade, "Aprons", decorated with fine threads. This is a boardwalk, protecting the house from precipitation.
Hlev - Placement for livestock.
Choirs- A large residential wooden house, which consists of separate buildings, combined with genes and transitions. Gallery. All parts of the choir were different in height - a very beautiful multi-tiered structure was obtained.
Dishes For the preparation of food was kept in the stove and in the stove. These are boilers, cast-iron for porridge, soups, clay marks for baking fish, cast-iron pans. Beautiful porcelain dishes were kept so that it was visible to everyone. She was a symbol of wealth in the family. The festive dishes were kept in the hubby, in the closet - a post was put up. Casual dishes were kept in mounted cabinets. Dining tableware consisted of a big bowl of clay or wood, wooden spoons, bark or copper solon, cups with kvass.
For storage of bread in russian extended painted boxbrightly painted, sunny, joyful. The painting of the box highlighted it among other things as a thing is significant, important.
Tea drank out samovar.
Sieve The flour and as a symbol of wealth and fertility was used, and as a symbol of wealth and fertility was likened to be a heavenly column (the mystery "Sito Vito, heets is covered", the deposit is the sky and the earth).
Salt - This is not only the food, but also a charm. Therefore, it was served to guests with salt as a greeting, a symbol of hospitality.
The most common was clay dishes pot.In the pots prepared porridge and soup. The soup in the pot was well respected and became much tastier and the boost. Yes, and now, if we are comparable to taste soup and porridge from a Russian oven and from the slab - then you will immediately feel the difference in taste! From the stove - tastier!
For the economic needs of the house used barrels, hubs, luxury. Fat food in frying pan, as well as now. We knew the dough in wooden troughs and chains. Water was carried in buckets, jugs.
At the good owners immediately after meals, all the dishes were withered, wiped out and put on the shelves tilted.
Domostroy said this: "So that everything was always clean and ready for the table or in the supply."
To put the dishes in the oven and get from the furnace were needed mixt. If you have the opportunity to try to put a full pot in the oven filled with food or get it out of the furnace - you will understand how physically hard work is and how strong there were women even without fitness items :). For them, each movement was charging and physical education. It's seriously 🙂 - I tried and appreciated how difficult it is to get a big boiler with food for a big family with the help of grasp!
For increment coal used poker.
In the 19th century, metal came to replace the clay pots. They're called cartoon (from the word "cast iron").
For frying and baking, clay and metal Frying pans, marks, roasters, plates.
Furniturein our understanding of this word in the Russian hollow there was almost no. The furniture appeared much later, not so long ago. No wardrobes or dresser. Clothes and shoes and other things were not stored in the hut.
The most valuable in the peasant house - the main utensils, festive clothes, dowy of daughters, money was kept in chests. Chests were always with locks. The design of the chest could tell about the prosperity of his owner.
To paint the house (they used to say "blooming") a master of painting. Descended on bright background. Warrant patterns. These are the symbols of the sun - circles and half-facing, and crosses, and amazing plants and animals. Also, the hut was decorated with wood carvings. Women fabrics and embroidered, knitted and decorated their house with their needlework.
Guess what tool made a carving in Russian hut? Ax! And the painting of houses did "Malyary" - the artists called this. They painted the facades of houses - Frontton, platbands, porch, whims. When white ovens appeared, they began to paint in the outbreak and partitions, lockers.
The decor of the front of the roof of the northern Russian house is actually an image of the space. Sun signs on the panels and on the towel - the image of the sun path - sunrise, the sun in the zenith, sunset.
Very interesting the ornament decorating the breeds. Below the solar sign on the panels, you can see several trapezoid protrusions - the paws of waterfowl. For the northerners, the sun rose from the water, and he also sat down into the water, because there were many lakes and rivers around there, therefore, waterfowl was depicted - the underwater world. The ornament on the panels personified the seven-layer sky (remember the ancient expression - "be on the seventh heaven from happiness"?).
In the first row of the ornament, the seaches - mugs, sometimes connected to the trapezes. These are the symbols of heavenly water - rain and snow. Another series of images from triangles is a layer of land with seeds that will wake up and give a crop. It turns out that the sun rises and moves along the seven-layer sky, one of the layers of which contains moisture reserves, and the other - plant seeds. The sun first shines not in full strength, Then is in the zenith and at the end rushes down to start your way across the sky back in the next morning. One row of the ornament does not repeat another.
The same symbolism ornament can be found on the tricks of the Russian home and on the decoration of the windows of the middle strip of Russia. But in the decoration of the windows there are its own characteristics. On the bottom of the platband - uneven relief of the hut (plowed field). At the lower ends of the side boards of the platband - the heart-shaped images with a hole in the middle - a symbol of seed immersed in the ground. That is, we see the world's projection in the ornament with the most important attributes for the farmers - the seeds of the land and the sun.
Dear friends! I wanted to show in this hill it is not just a story of the Russian home, but also learn from our ancestors with you to keep a household - a reasonable and beautiful, pleasing soul and eyes, to extend in harmony and with nature, and with your conscience. In addition, very many moments in relation to the house as a home-based hearth of our ancestors are very important and now for us living in the 21st century.
Materials to this article were collected and studied by me for a very long time, checked in ethnographic sources. And I used the stories of my grandmother's stories, which shared memories of the early years of your life with me in the northern village. And only now, during the holidays and my life - to be in the village in nature, I finally completed this article. And I understood why I could not write it for so long: in the fuss of the capital in the usual panel house In the center of Moscow under the root of the cars I was too difficult to write about the harmonious world of the Russian home. But here - in nature - I am very quickly and easily, from the heart completed this article.
If you want to learn more about the Russian house in more detail, then below you will find a bibliography on this topic for adults and for children.
I hope that this article will help you to be interested in telling about the Russian house during summer travels to the village and in the museums of Russian life, and will also tell me how to consider with children with children to Russian fairy tales.
For adults
For kids
Video 1. Children's informative voice video: Children's Museum of Rustic Life
Video 2. A film about the Northern Russian isa (Museum of Kirov)
Video 3. How to build Russian huts: a documentary for adults
Get a new free audio course with game application
"Development of speech from 0 to 7 years: what is important to know and what to do. Cheat Sheet for parents"
Instruments.
The main instrument of labor in Russia in ancient architect was an ax. The saws of steel are known from about the end of the century and applied only in the joinery case with internal works. The fact is that saw when working tears wood fibers, leaving them open for water. The ax, the hummier fiber, as if seal the ends of the logs. No wonder, still say: "Cut off the hut." And, well, we are now familiar, they tried nails do not use. After all, around the nail tree is rotting faster. In the extreme case, wooden crutches were used, which in modern batch carpenters are called "Sucks".
The basis and fastening of the wooden structure.
And in ancient Russia and in modern Russia the basis wooden house Or the bath has always been and there is a log house. The log house is bonded ("related") among themselves in quadrangle logs. Each row of logs in a litter, bonded between themselves, called (and called) "crown". The first row of logs, which falls on the foundation, is called "Matching Crown". The uterine crown was often put on stone trees - a kind of foundation called "rod", such a foundation did not give the house to touch with the Earth, i.e. The loghouse was preserved longer, did not rot.
Frams differed among themselves by the type of fastening. For household The buildings were applied log house "to cut" (rarely laid). The logs here were not tight, but on the pairs of each other, and often did not bond at all.
When bonding logs "in the paw", their ends did not go beyond the walls outside, the corners of the cut were smooth. This method of cutting the corners has been preserved at carpenters and so far. But it is usually used if the house will be shifted with something outside (clapboard, siding, block mobile, etc.) and the corners are tightly insulated, because such a way of cutting the corners has a small drawback - they are less kept heat than the corners " In the bowl. "
The angles "in the bowl" (in modern) or "in the region" in the old manner were considered the warmest and reliable. With this method, the fastening of the walls of the logs went over the wall, had a cruciform form, if you look at the cut on the log house. The strange name "Oblom" comes from the word "Obolon" ("Oblong"), meaning the outer layers of the tree (cf. "Climb, envelop, the shell"). Even at the beginning of the XX century. They said: "Kick the hub in Obolon", if you wanted to emphasize that inside the huts of the logs are not shy. However, more often outside the logs remained round, while inside the huts, they were suited to the plane - "scored in Las" (Las called a smooth lane). Now the term "Obla" refers more to the protruding from the wall to the ends of the logs, which remain round, with a bummer.
The rows of logs (crowns) communicated with each other with the help of internal spikes. There was moss between the crowns in Srub and after the final assembly of the chip caught the linen packs of the gap. The same moss was often laid in the attic to preserve heat in winter. About the red moss - interwidden insulation, I will write later, in another article.
In terms of log houses, they did in the form of a quadrilateral ("Chetverik"), or in the form of an octagon ("octagon"). Of several people standing, the fourthics were compiled, mainly huts, and octrices were used to build wooden churches (after all, octacles make it possible to increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe room almost six times, without changing the length of the logs). Often, putting fourthics and octal on top of each other, folded the ancient Russian architectural pyramid structure of the church or rich choirs.
A simple indoor rectangular wooden slam without any attacks was called a "curtain". "Crate to the crate, to repeal," said in ancient, seeking to emphasize the reliability of the cut in comparison with the open canopy. Usually, the log house was put on the "fill" - the lower auxiliary floor, which was used to store reserves and economic Inventory. And the upper crowns of the cut were expanded up, forming a cornice - "Foving". This is an interesting word that happens from the verb "to fall", often used in Russia. So, for example, "Povchalsh" called the upper cold common bedrooms in the house or sorry, where the whole family went to sleep in the summer (falling out) from the holled hut.
The doors in the crates were reduced, and the windows had higher, while maintaining more heat in the hollow. And the house, and the temple was built the same - both - the other - the house (man and God). Therefore, the simplest and ancient shape of a wooden temple, like at home, was "taurry". Thus were built churches and chapels. These are two or three logs, connected to each other from the west to the East. The church was supposed to have three cuts (the refectory, temple and altar harbor), in the chapel - two (refectory and temple). Over Simple double roof put a modest master.
Small chapels in a set were put in remote villages, at a crossroads, over large stone crosses, over the springs. The priest in the chapel is not laid, the altar did not do here. And the services sent the peasants themselves, they themselves baptized and fled. Such unpretentious services, which were held as in the first Christians with the singing of short prayers in the first, third, sixth and ninth hour after sunrise, were called in Russia "clock". Hence the constructions itself received its name. At such chapels and the state and the church looked disdainfully. Therefore, the builders could give the will of their fantasy here. Therefore, today is the modern citizen today, these modest chapels with their extreme simplicity, sophistication and special atmosphere of Russian privacy.
Roof.
The roof over the logberia was arranged in antiquity without nails - "samatsy".
For this completion of the two end walls did from decreasing Cubs of logs, which called "males". There were long longitudinal stiffs on them - "Dolniki", "End" (Wed "" Slow, lie "). Sometimes, however, the males were called the ends of the slightened into the walls. One way or another, but the whole roof received its name from them.
From top to bottom across into the blind, thin tree trunks cut down with one of the branches of the root. Such trunks with roots were called "hen" (apparently for the similarity of the left root of the chicken paw). These rapids of the roots, directed up, supported the extended log - "stream". It was going to flowing from the roof, water. And on top of the chicken and luggage, wide roof boards resting on the lower edges in the exhausted groove of the flow. Especially carefully overlapped from the rain the upper bog of the boards - "Konk" (so it is called and so on). Under it was stacked by a thick "skate), and on top of the joint of the boards, as if cap, covered with a loose-in-one with a log -" shell "or" skull ". However, it was more often called "Хлупемной" - what covers.
Than just not wing the roof of wooden lines in Russia! Then the straw was linked to shens (beams) and put the roof along the roof slide, pressing the jergows; They chose aspen lamps on the skaze (duranka) and them, as if scales, shelled the hut in several layers. And in the deep antiquity, even a turden wings, turning it up with roots up and underlying beert.
The most expensive coating was considered "TES" (boards). The word "tes" itself reflects the process of its manufacture. Smooth, without bitch, a log in several places was pretended along and wedges were clogged into the gap. The split thus broke along a few times along. Irregularities of the received wide boobs They were fluent in a special ax with a very wide blade.
The roof was covered usually in two layers - "subtest" and "red topics". The bottom layer of Tesa on the roof was also called the command, as it was often covered for the tightness of the "rock" (Best, which was chipped from birch). Sometimes arranged a roof with a break. Then the lower, more common part was called "a police" (from the old word "gender" - half).
All the frontoth of the hut was important called "man" and abundantly decorated with magic facing threads. The outer ends of the undercase slightly closed from the rain with long boards - "whites". And the upper joint of the breeding was covered with a patterned hanging board - "Towel".
The roof is the most important part of the wooden building. "There would be a roof above the head," they say so far. Therefore, it became with the time the symbol of any temple, at home and even the economic structure of his "top".
"Riding" in antiquity called any completion. These tops, depending on the richness of the construction, could be the most diverse. The most simple was the "tartal" top - simple gable roof on the crate. The "tent" riding in the form of a high eight-marched pyramid was usually decorated temples. The intricate was "Cousing Top", resembling a massive four-piano bulb. Such a ride decorated with termes. A rather difficult in the work was "barrel" - a double coating with smooth curvilinear outlines, ending with a sharp comb. But they also did the "chricchaty barrel" - two intersecting simple barrels. Tent churches, cubic, long-term, multi-part - all this is named after the end of the temple, on its top.
However, most likely loved the tent. When in the screening books, it was indicated that the church "wooden from above", then this meant that she was tent.
Even after the Nikonov ban on the tents in 1656, as in vigilance and paganism in architecture, they still continued to build them in the northern Territory. And only in four corners at the base of the tent there were small barrels with masters. This technique was called the name of the tent on the baptified barrel.
Of particular difficult times came for a wooden tent in the middle of the XIX century, when the government and government The synod took over the elimination of the splitness. The northern "splitting" architecture then also got into opal. And yet, despite all the persecution, a form "Chetverik-octa-tent" remains typical for the ancient Russian wooden temple. There are also octrices "from vulgar" (from the Earth) without four, especially in bell tower. But these are already variations of the main type.
The traditions of wooden house-building have been preserved with us so far. Carpenters from the depthion still build wooden houses and baths with compliance with the technology of building log cabins. If you want to build a true Russian bath or a wooden house in my country site, see my site -
In Northern Russia, the house was always built wooden, and not because they did not know how to build stone, but because the wooden house is warmer, the microclimate is better in it than in the stone, well, because the forests have enough. It's all about the thermal conductivity of the tree and stone. A tree from one end can be buried (the temperature of this site will be about +300 degrees Celsius), and during the other end you can have a free hand to hand. It is impossible with a stone: if the stone is warm from one end to + 200 degrees, then to another end you can not be touched. Brick according to the degree of thermal conductivity, too, left the stone.
If our ancestors lived in stone castles, like Angles and Saksa, then we would not be with you in the world, as the ancestors in our climate would just die - caught up and extinct. Consequently, a wooden house is a living condition in the Russian north. You can, of course, in the north live in Yaranga from the skins or in the plague, but then you will not be Russian, it will be a completely different culture. To live in Yaranga, it is necessary that the flock of deer (source of the skins) was very large - at least 30 deer per person.
So, Russia is wooden houses, wooden architecture, wooden culture. It is no coincidence and our monetary unit, we call the ruble wooden. From the tree in Russia, houses and ships, carts, soils, harrows, bags, cups, spoons, toys, ... God's temples were also built of wood. It is no coincidence that the most honorable professions in Russia were considered a carpentest and blacksmithing, and only in third place was the potted craft - pottery.
In different parts of our unexpected homeland, different styles have developed wood construction. In the former my articles, I showed that the Great Russian Ethnic Score in Xiv XVII centuries Of the several "parent" ethnic groups - Varyagov Rusi, Sloven, Curvic, thresholds (measure, all, Kostroma, etc.). Each of these ethnic groups probably had their own manner of building at home, his tradition. Folk traditions are very steady: they, as well as the language, are preserved with centuries and even thousands of years. Traditions are what unites the generations of people into one people, in one ethnos. In some cases, traditions are due to the characteristics of the climate and the relief of the country of residence, and in some cases they simply do not associate the habits, and directly with the living conditions. The tradition of weaving Vologda lace, for example, is not related to the climate of the Vologda Territory. Lace could weave in the Oryol region *, but not weave.
* Greek Vyacheslav Petrovich I recently reported that in the Oryol region, Lrazheva weave, however, not Vologda.
"- One of the most vintage in Russia:
Back in the twentieth century, Protasov's landowner opened under the Mtsensky lace manufacturing manufactory. She invited two teachers from Belgium, and those trained local girls. Russian girls studied with interest, but adopted foreign art creatively. Very soon the motives of their weaving were so unique that all over the world they spoke about Russian lace. It was the biggest lace production in Russia. Over a year, 1200 craftsmen worked on the cockles. Products were supplied to the Tsarian Yard, taken out to England and Turkey.
At the end of the twentieth, the beginning of the twentieth centuries did a lot for the residents of Mtsensk Prinjean Anna Dmitrievna Tenishev. She opened schools and hospitals for the poor in the city, surrounding villages and villages. In 1899, she opened up the school lace 8-12 in Mtsensk. Girls were taught not only by the craft, but also by literacy, and the basics of the picture, and since the number of students grew, the boarding school was created at the school for the most capable residents of the surrounding villages. Girls there lived in full board.
The quality of Mtsensky Lace grew. At the World Exhibition in Paris, it was awarded silver medal, and at the exhibition in Glasgow - Honorary Diploma. And here the lace school works in Mtsensk again. Children are trained here for three years. During this time, they must learn to weave the measuring lace, make copies of ancient samples. Top works Young lace can be seen in the Lace Museum, like the work of their teachers. Open Atelier "Mtsensk patterns".
A distinctive feature Mtsensky Lace is the active use of geometric motifs, while a vegetable ornament is more often used in Yeletsky lace. If we compare with the Vologda lace, then there is a more dense, rich pattern, the background grilles are almost not used, and in Elets and Mtsensk, because the pattern is obtained more air. "
But the felt boots roll and wear, of course, better in the north (somehow the resident of the Crimea in the boots I can not imagine). When some ethnos is forced to change its place of residence as a result of the invasion of stronger opponents or when these conditions change due to climate change, the traditions change occur. In the stable state of tradition are preserved by millennia.
My ancestors along the mother's line were carpenters and blacksmiths, along the Father - Carpenters and Kameniki. So the subject of which will be discussed below, I am in advance inheritance. In childhood and youth, I helped the father of building our new house In the village of Alsweight Yaroslavl region, and my brother today is fully professional: he created a small construction company in Alsvytsky. Such a company was once also at our great grandfather, only she was called a carpenter artel. This is what I say that the traditions are very survivors: In addition to genes, there are some more carriers of information that transmit information from generation to generation, even sometimes after 2-3 generations, as in the case of my brother.
As a child, I drew attention to the fact that the roofs of houses in our village and neighboring villages there are two types: a duple (horse) and three-tight. The duplexes are with a bastard (fronton) log or with a pavement, three-tight - with reference or without it. In the front of the back of the house, there were always two round holes with a diameter of 10-15 cm in order for pigeons to penetrate into the attic. In addition to the difference in the type of roofs, there were differences in the design: houses were either small four-lane, or large five-lane. The third important parameterwhich differed at home in my village, are the floors. Some five-lane were two-story. As Anna's Grandma told me at the beginning of the 50s, those who had two-story five-lane, in the 30s of the last century they smoked and referred to Siberia, and their homes confiscated and placed off the office ("offices" in present). The owners of one-story five-lane vessels also loosened, but not all, but only richer and, naturally, hardworking and smart. Those who lived in quadrins did not declineal. Fortunately, my grandfather and grandmother lived in a four-lane, which grandfather built in the 20s. In this four-line in 1947, I was born, my grandmother took birth to my grandmother. There was simply no maternity hospital in our area, even in the district center.
But back to the types of houses and roofs. In my life I happened to sobrify Russia along and across. Watching the types and styles of houses, I noticed that each type and style has its geography, its distribution area. This is written about this and in the ethnographic literature: in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda region, there are large five-plated houses, high with dwarf roofs, south of the house is smaller, and at all in the south of clay and saman huts with four-tight roofs. But from this information, how much or a clear picture of the distribution of types of houses did not develop. But, by studying the history of the Russian ethnos, I noticed that the types of houses in Russia carry information about those ethnic groups, of which the Russian nation has developed. Stretting his memory and remembered what at home and where I saw, addressed the Internet services and looked through hundreds of sites, looking for photos of old (traditional) rural houses in them, including the Google portal, in which many photos attached to spacecraft now appeared. I express my appreciation to all authors.
And that's what I found ...
You can talk about the traditional Russian type of house, which, in all likelihood, is associated with the ethnic group of Varyagov Rus. This type is common in the form of a wide band from the coast of the White Sea along the Ogega rivers, Vagi, Northern Dvina, Sukhona, Sugar, Kostroma, Volga from the coal to Nizhny Novgorod. South this type reaches the latitude of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod.
The second, let's call it a Uro-Finnish type, is common in the Komi Republic (the Swede River Basin), partly in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, as well as in Karelia. In ethnographic literature, this type of houses is called Severorcans.
The third I conventionally call the Slovenian type. It is at home with a duplex roof, four-stranded or five-lane, but if the five-colored, then the Oblaner (the fifth wall) is located not along the house, but across, and on the facade of the house is not visible. This type of houses is distributed in the Novgorod, Pskov and Western part of the Tver regions, as well as in the Smolensk region, in the south of Karelia and in a narrow strip a little south of Moscow.
The fourth type of houses by the nature of the roof I call Polovtsy or Kipchak type. It is most often global, sacred, and in the northern part of wooden four-wall houses with a four-tie roof. In this type, you can distinguish two subtypes: 1 - a four-piece roof without a skate and 2 - four-tight roof with a skate. The houses of the second subtype are more in the area, they probably lived with richer people.
On the left on the card duke I tried to highlight zones with the distribution of houses of different types. It turned out a very interesting scheme. On it we see that the central Russian type of rural house in Russia is a five-line wall with a three-tie roof, with a pavement eaves and with a belft in the attic. In the West, East and south, zones with threat-Finnish, Slovenian and Polovtsy types are coming from it. If we consider that the zone with Polovtsy (Cypchak) types of houses to Russia was attached only in the XVI-XVII centuries, it becomes clear the origin of the symbol of power in the Old Russian state in the form of a trident. Now this symbol of power ancient Russia borrowed Ukraine.
Russian home in the north of the Arkhangelsk region. Typical three-tight roof with beam. It is a five-line, but the oven is not done along, but across. Home Broken, the owners went to the city
These examples, I think, is quite enough to prove that this type of houses really exists and it is widespread in traditionally Russian regions. It was somewhat unexpected for me that this type of house prevailed until recently on the coast of the White Sea. Even if you admit that I am not right, and this style of houses came to the north of the central regions of Russia, and not vice versa, it turns out that Slovenia from Lake Ilmen to the colonization of the coast of the White Sea is not related. In the Novgorod region and on the river Volkhov houses there is no houses. Strange, isn't it? And what houses are Izstari built by Novgorod Slovenia? Below I bring examples of such houses.
A typical ancient estate of poor Slovenia. Four-colored House S. double roof, small porch, indoor courtyard, fenced down with a deaf fence, sauna and hlev for livestock. Novgorod region
Borovichi Novgorod region. Five-line with a two-tie roof, covered with tesome. Please note that the rafters on this house are not in the Slovenian type (on the wall), but in Russian - on the top crown specially nominated in both sides, which is why the roof has become wider walls, it does not hang on the walls. Therefore, the house has a paved eaves from the board
Typical modern house in the Novgorod region. Double roof, windows in front and side
Slovenian style can be exquisite, with a canopy ahead of the house, under which there are benches where you can relax, breathe fresh air. But the roof is still double, and the rafters are attached to the top wet of the wall. On the side they are not pulled away from the wall and hang over it. Carpenters in my homeland contemptuously called such a type of fastening rafted "suitable only for Sarai"
Typical gardens of Slovenian type in the vicinity of Novgorod on Ilmen. And the platbands are poor compared to typical roses of the Russian type ...
In my opinion, these examples of Slovenian houses are sufficient. Interested in this issue may still find a lot of evidence of this hypothesis. The essence of the hypothesis is that the real Slovenian houses (huts) differed from Russians for a number of signs. Probably stupid to talk about what type is better, what worse. The main thing is that they differ from each other. Different rafters were delivered, no passing along the house in five-rank, at home, as a rule, the lobes - 3 or 4 windows on the front, platbands and lining at Slovenian houses, as a rule, not sucking (not openwork) and therefore not similar to lace . Of course, there are homes of mixed type of construction, a little similar to the houses of the Russian type of rafters and the presence of cornices. The most important thing is that Russian, and the Slovenian type of houses have their own aroles. Houses of Russian type on the territory of the Novgorod region and the West of the Tver region are not found or practically not found. I did not find them there.
The threat-Finnish type of houses is, as a rule, five-ranging with a longitudinal oven and much more windows than those of Slovenian houses. Fronton has a log, in the attic there is a room with log walls and large windowwhy the house is like a two-story. The rafters are attached directly on the wall, and the roof hangs over the walls, so there is no cornice at home this type. Often at home of this type consist of two docked cuts under one roof
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Probably enough examples of houses of thro-Finnish type. Of course, at present, the traditions of building houses are largely lost, and in modern villages and settlements are building houses that differ from the ancient traditional types. Everywhere in the vicinity of our cities today, we see a ridiculous cottage building, testifying to the complete loss of our national and ethnic traditions. How can you understand from these photos that borrowed by me on many dozens of sites, our ancestors lived not constantly, in environmentally friendly spacious, beautiful and comfortable homes. They worked joyfully, with songs and booms, were friendly and not greedy, near the houses nowhere in the Russian north there is no deaf fences. If a house burned in someone in the village, the new home built him to the whole world. I note again that there were no deaf high fences near Russian and threat-Finnish houses, and it says a lot.
The house in which Sergey Yesenin was born in the Ryazan region. The roof of the house is a four-tight, covered straw, rafters are strengthened directly on the walls, and the roof hangs over them. Correspond to the house is not
I hope that these examples of houses built in Polovtsy (Kipchak) style is quite enough to prove that such a style really exists and has a certain distribution area, which includes not only the south of Russia, but also a significant part of Ukraine. I think that each type of house is adapted to certain climatic conditions. In the north, many forests, it is cold there, so the inhabitants are building huge houses in Russian or threatening-Finnish-style, in which people live, and cattle, and Skarb is stored. The forests are enough for walls, and for firewood. There is no forest in the steppe, there is little in the forest-steppe, so residents and you have to make global, small ones. Big house Not needed here. Cattle can be kept in the inventory in the summer and winter, the inventory can be stored on the street under a canopy. A man in the steppe zone spends more time on an open-air street than in the hut. So it is so, but in the floodplain of Don, and especially Hopra there is a forest, from which it would be possible to build a hut and stronger and more, and make a horse to make a horse, and in the attic a beveyard to arrange. So no, the roof is made in a traditional style - four-tie, so the eye is more familiar. Why? And such a roof is stable to winds, and the winds in the steppe are much stronger. The roof of the horse here comes easily with the next Buran. In addition four-sheet roof The straw is more handy, and straw in the south of Russia and Ukraine is traditional and inexpensive roofing material. True, straw their homes wings the poor and in the middle lane of Russia, even in the north of the Yaroslavl region in my homeland. As a child, I still saw old houses in all, indoor straw. But those who are cooled, houses wing with duch or tesov, and the richest-roofing glands. I myself had a chance under the leadership of the Father, our new home and the house of an old neighbor drank. Today in the villages this technology is no longer used, everyone switched to slate, ondulin, metal tile and other new technologies.
With the help of the analysis of traditional types of houses that were distributed in Russia more recently, I managed to identify the four main ethno-cultural roots, which grew up the Great Russian Ethnic. The subsidiary ethnic groups that spoke into the ethnos of the Velikorsov, probably more, since we see that the same type of houses was characteristic of two, and sometimes for three related ethnic groups living in similar natural conditions. Surely in each type of traditional houses you can select subtypes and associate them with specific ethnic groups. Houses in Karelia, for example, are somewhat different from homes in Komi. And the houses of Russian type in the Yaroslavl region were built a little different than the houses of the same type on the North Dvina. People always sought to express their individuality, including in the device and decorating their home. At all times there were those who tried to change or hold the traditions. But exceptions only emphasize the rules - everyone is well known.
I will assume that I wrote this article is not in vain, if in Russia there will be less ridiculous cottages in no style if someone wants to build your new home in one of the traditional Steel: Russian, Slovenian, Thro-Finnish or Polovtsy. All of them today became all-Russian, and we must maintain them. An ethno-cultural invariant is the basis of any ethnic volume, perhaps, the best way. We will destroy it - and our ethnos degrades and disappear. I saw our compatriots emigrated to the United States cling to ethno-cultural traditions. They even have the manufacture of the kitlet turns into a certain ritual who helps them feel that they are Russians. Patriots are not only those who fall under tanks with pigeons grenades, but also those who prefer the Russian style of houses, Russian boots, soup and borshs, kvass, etc.
In the book of the collective of the authors edited by I.V. Vlasova and V.A. Tishkov "Russians: history and ethnography", published in 1997 in the publishing house "Science", there is a very interesting chapter on rural residential and economic development in Russia in the XII - XVII centuries. But the authors of the head of L.N. Chizhikov and O.R. Radia for some reason, very little attention was paid to the houses of Russian-type with a three-tie roof and bevel in the attic. They view them in a single group with Slovenian-type houses with a two-tie roof hanging on the side walls.
However, to explain how Russian houses appeared on the shores of the White Sea and why there are no them in the vicinity of Novgorod on Ilmen, based on the traditional concept (arguing that Novgorod controlled Novgorod with Ilmeni), it is impossible. Probably, therefore, historians and ethnographers do not pay attention to the houses of Russian type, they are not in Novgorod. In the book M. Semenova "We are Slavs!", Published in St. Petersburg in St. Petersburg in the publishing house "ABC-Classic", there is a good material about the evolution of Slovenian house.
According to the concept of M. Semenova, the initial housing of Ilmensky was like a twilight, almost completely in-depth in the ground. Over the surface, only a weakly two-sheet roof covered with acresses, which was stacked by a thick layer of turf. The walls of such dugout were log. Inside there were benches, table, sun bed for sleep. Later in the twilight, a globate furnace appeared in the twilight, which was token in black, "smoke went to the dugout and went through the door. After the end of the furnace in the housing, it became warm and in winter, it was possible to dig in the ground. The house "began to get out" from the ground to the surface. There is a floor of cramped logs or out of the plates. In such a house, it became cleaner and lighter. From the walls and from the ceiling, the Earth was not poured, it was not necessary to bend into three deaths, it was possible to make a higher door.
I think that the process of turning the semi-mining to the house with a two-tie roof was held many centuries. But today, the Slovenian hut carries some features of an ancient twilight, at least the roof shape remained two-tie.
I guess that the most ancient type of house, which pretended undoubtedly in the north was Russian type. The houses of this type are more complex on the roof device: it is three-tight, with a cornice, with a very stable position of the rafted, with a bewkish heated chimney. In such houses, the chimney in the attic did a bend with a length of about two meters. This bending of the pipe is figuratively and exactly called "Borov", on such a Borov in our house in all, for example, the cats were warm, from him and in the attic it was warm. In the house of Russian type there is no connection with the twilight. Most likely, such houses have come up with another Celts that penetrated the White Sea at least 2 thousand years ago. Perhaps on the White Sea and in the Northern Dvina, Sukhoni, Vagi, Onega and the Upper Volga basin, there were descendants of those arions, some of which went to India, Iran and Tibet. This question remains open, and the question of this is about who we are, Russians, - aliens or real aborigines? When the connoisseur of an ancient language of India Sanskrit got into a Vologda hotel and listened to the welcome women, it was very surprised by the fact that the Vologda was spoken at some spoiled Sanskrit, - so Russian turned out to be similar to Sanskrit.
Slovenian-type houses arose as a result of a semi-ray transformation as Ilmen's progress is promoted to the north. At the same time, much (including some ways to build houses) Slovenia was adopted by Karel and Veps, who inevitably come into contact. But from the north came Varyagi Rus, the throat-Finnish tribes were spread and created their own state: first Northeast Rus, and then Kievan Rus, moved the capital to warmer edges, sweating the Khazar.
But those ancient states in the VIII - XIII centuries did not have clear boundaries: those who paid the prince of tribute, he was considered belonging to this state. Princes and their squads fed, robby population. According to our standards, they were ordinary racketers. I think that the population often moved from one such racketer-sovereign to another, and in some cases the population "fed" at once several such "sovereigns". Permanent clashes between princes and atamans, permanent robbery in those times were the usual matter. The most progressive phenomenon in that era was submission to one sovereign of all small princes and attamisers, suppressing their freedom and the population towing to a solid tax. Such salvation for Russians, threats, curvacres and was inclusion of them in the composition of the Golden Horde. Unfortunately, our official history is based on the chronicles and written documents drawn up by princes or under their direct leadership. And they - princes - to obey the Supreme Government of the Golden Thawed king was "worse than bitter radish." So they called it this time.
Instruments.
The main instrument of labor in Russia in ancient architect was an ax. The saws of steel are known from about the end of the century and applied only in the joinery case with internal works. The fact is that saw when working tears wood fibers, leaving them open for water. The ax, the hummier fiber, as if seal the ends of the logs. No wonder, still say: "cut off the hut." And, well, we are now familiar, they tried nails not to use. After all, around the nail tree is rotting faster. In the extreme case, wooden crutches were used, which in modern batch carpenters are called "Sucks".
The basis and fastening of the wooden structure.
And in ancient Russia and in modern Russia The basis of the wooden house or bath has always been a log house. The log house is bonded ("related") among themselves in the log cabin. Each row of logs in a litter, bonded between themselves, called (and called) "crown". The first row of logs, which falls on the foundation, is called "Matching Crown". The uterine crown was often put on stone trees - a kind of foundation called "rod", such a foundation did not give the house to touch with the Earth, i.e. The loghouse was preserved longer, did not rot.
Frams differed among themselves by the type of fastening. For household buildings, a log house "in dir" (rarely laid) was used. The logs here were not tight, but on the pairs of each other, and often did not bond at all.
When bonding logs "in the paw", their ends did not go beyond the walls outside, the corners of the cut were smooth. This method of cutting the corners has been preserved at carpenters and so far. But it is usually used if the house will handle something outside (clapboard, siding, block champion, etc.) and the corners are tightly insulated, because such a way of cutting the corners has a small drawback - they are less kept heat than the corners " In the bowl. "
The angles "in the bowl" (in modern) or "in the region" in the old manner were considered the warmest and reliable. With this method, the fastening of the walls of the logs went over the wall, had a cruciform form, if you look at the cut on the log house. The strange name "Oblom" comes from the word "Obolon" ("Relax"), meaning the outer layers of the tree (cf. "Climb, envelop, the shell"). Even at the beginning of the XX century. They said: "Hug a hub in Obolon", if you wanted to emphasize that inside the huts of the logs of the walls are not shy. However, more often from the outside the logs remained round, while inside the huts were stuck to the plane - "scared in Las" (Las called a smooth lane). Now the term "edge" refers more to the protruding from the wall to the ends of the logs, which remain round, with a bummer.
The rows of logs (crowns) communicated with each other with the help of internal spikes. There was moss between the crowns in Srub and after the final assembly of the chip caught the linen packs of the gap. The same moss was often laid in the attic to preserve heat in winter. About the red moss - interwidden insulation, I will write later, in another article.
In terms of fire, they did in the form of a quadrilateral ("Chetverik"), or in the form of an octagon ("octa"). Of several people standing, the fourthics were compiled, mainly huts, and octrices were used to build wooden churches (after all, octacles make it possible to increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe room almost six times, without changing the length of the logs). Often, putting fourthics and octal on top of each other, folded the ancient Russian architectural pyramid structure of the church or rich choirs.
A simple indoor rectangular wooden slam without any attacks was called a "curtain". "Crate to the curtain, to repeal," said in ancient, seeking to emphasize the reliability of the cut in comparison with the open canopy. Usually, the log house was put on the "connecting" - the lower auxiliary floor, which was used for storage of stocks and economic inventory. And the upper crowns of the cut were expanded up, forming a cornice - "Foving". This is an interesting word that happens from the verb "falling" was often used in Russia. So, for example, the "patches" called the upper cold common bedrooms in the house or sorry, where the whole family went to sleep in the summer (falling) from the holled hut.
The doors in the crates were reduced, and the windows had higher, while maintaining more heat in the hollow. And the house, and the temple was built the same - both - the other - the house (man and God). Therefore, the simplest and ancient shape of a wooden temple, like at home, was "taurry". Thus were built churches and chapels. These are two or three logs, connected to each other from the west to the East. The church was supposed to have three cuts (the refectory, temple and altar harbor), in the chapel - two (refectory and temple). Over a simple two-tie roof, a modest masterpiece was put.
Small chapels in a set were put in remote villages, at a crossroads, over large stone crosses, over the springs. The priest in the chapel is not laid, the altar did not do here. And the services sent the peasants themselves, they themselves baptized and fled. Such unpretentious services, which were held as in the first Christians with the singing of short prayers in the first, third, sixth and ninth hour after sunrise, were called in Russia "clock". Hence the constructions itself received its name. At such chapels and the state and the church looked disdainfully. Therefore, the builders could give the will of their fantasy here. Therefore, today is the modern citizen today, these modest chapels with their extreme simplicity, sophistication and special atmosphere of Russian privacy.
Roof.
The roof over the logberia was arranged in antiquity without nails - "samatsy".
To this end, the completion of the two end walls were made from decreasing logs of logs, which were called "males". They put the long longitudinal stiffs on them - "Dolniki", "End" (Wed "Slow, lie down"). Sometimes, however, the males were called the ends of the slightened into the walls. One way or another, but the whole roof received its name from them.
From top to bottom across into the blind, thin tree trunks cut down with one of the branches of the root. Such trunks with roots were called "hen" (apparently for the similarity of the left root of the chicken paw). These rapids of the roots, directed up, supported the extended log - "stream". It was going to flowing from the roof, water. And on top of the chicken and luggage, wide roof boards resting on the lower edges in the exhausted groove of the flow. Especially carefully overlapped from the rain the upper bog of the boards - "Konk" (so it is called and so on). Under it was stacked by a thick "skate), and on top of the joint of the boards, as if cap, covered with a loose-in-one with a log -" shell "or" skull ". However, it was more often called "Хлупемной" - what covers.
Than just not wing the roof of wooden lines in Russia! Then the straw was linked to shens (beams) and put the roof along the roof slide, pressing the jergows; They chose aspen lamps on the skaze (duranka) and them, as if scales, shelled the hut in several layers. And in the deep antiquity, even a turden wings, turning it up with roots up and underlying beert.
The most expensive coating was considered "TES" (boards). The word "TES" itself reflects the process of its manufacture. Smooth, without bitch, a log in several places was pretended along and wedges were clogged into the gap. The split thus broke along a few times along. The irregularities of the received wide boards were fluent in a special ax with a very wide blade.
The roof was covered usually in two layers - "subtest" and "red topics". The bottom layer of Tesa on the roof was also called the command, as it was often covered for the tightness of the "rock" (Best, which was chipped from birch). Sometimes arranged a roof with a break. Then the lower, more common part was called "a police" (from the old word "gender" - half).
All the frontoth of the hut was important called "man" and abundantly decorated with magic facing threads. The outer ends of the undercase slightly closed from the rain with long boards - "whites". And the upper joint of the breeding was covered with a patterned hanging board - "Towel".
The roof is the most important part of the wooden building. "There would be a roof above the head," they say so far. Therefore, it became with the time the symbol of any temple, at home and even the economic structure of his "top".
"Riding" in antiquity called any completion. These tops, depending on the richness of the construction, could be the most diverse. The most simple was the "tape" top - a simple bartal roof on the crate. The "tent" riding in the form of a high eight-marched pyramid was usually decorated temples. The intricate was "Cousing Top", resembling a massive four-piano bulb. Such a ride decorated with termes. A rather difficult in the work was "barrel" - a double coating with smooth curvilinear outlines, ending with a sharp comb. But they also did the "chricchaty barrel" - two intersecting simple barrels. Tent churches, cubic, long-term, multi-part - all this is named after the end of the temple, on its top.
However, most likely loved the tent. When in the screening books it was indicated that the Church of Wooden from above, then it meant that she was tent.
Even after the Nikonov ban on the tents in 1656, as in vigilance and paganism in architecture, they still continued to build them in the northern Territory. And only in four corners at the base of the tent there were small barrels with masters. This technique was called the name of the tent on the baptified barrel.
Particularly difficult times came for a wooden tent in the middle of the XIX century, when the government and government synodes took up the elimination of solutions. The northern "splitting" architecture then also got into opal. And yet, despite all the persecution, a form "Chetverik-octa-tent" remains typical for the ancient Russian wooden temple. There are eights "from the vulgar" (from the Earth) without four, especially in the bell tower. But these are already variations of the main type.
Recently a lot is built wooden buildings: and houses, and bath, and arbors, etc. If you inspired my article on the construction of a wooden house or bath, then contact -
How did you build at home in Russia before?Instruments.
The main thing, and often the only gun of the ancient Russian architect was an ax. Saws, although known from the X century, but were used exclusively in joinery for internal work. The fact is that saw when working tears wood fibers, leaving them open for water. The ax, the hummier fiber, as if seal the ends of the logs. No wonder, still say: "cut off the hut." And, well, we are now familiar, they tried nails not to use. After all, around the nail tree is rotting faster. As a last resort, wooden crutches were used.
The foundation. Basin.
The basis of the wooden building in Russia was " log". These are bonded (" connected ") among themselves in a log cabin. Each row of logs respectfully called" vest". The first, the lower crown was often set on a stone base -" rod", Wood from powerful boulders. So warmer, and rotates less.
In the type of fastening logs, the types of log cabins differ among themselves. For household buildings, a log house was used " in dir"(rarely laid). The logs were not tight here, but on each other's pairs, and often did not bond at all. when bonding logs" in paw"The ends of them, whimsically disheveled and really resembling paws, did not go beyond the walls outside. The crowns here were already tightly fit to each other, but in the corners could still be blown in winter.
The most reliable, warm, it was believed to fasten the logs " in the edge"When the ends of the logs went out of the walls of the wall. Such a strange name today comes from the word" Obolon "(" Relax "), meaning the outer layers of the tree (cf." Close, envelop, envelop "). Even at the beginning of the XX century. They said: "Hug hub in Obolon," if you wanted to emphasize that inside the out of the logs of the walls are not shy. However, the logs remained round, while inside the huts were suited to the plane - "screamed in Las" (Lases called a smooth lane). Now The term "Oblom" refers more to the protruding from the wall to the ends of the logs, which remain round, with a bummer.
The rows of logs / wints / binds to each other with the help of internal spikes. There was moss between the crowns in Srub and after the final assembly of the chip caught the linen packs of the gap. The same moss was often laid in the attic to preserve heat in winter.
In terms of log cabins, they did in the form of a quadrilateral / " chetverik"/, or in the form of an octagon /" octa"/. From several nearby fetrelics, they were compiled, mainly huts, and the octricians were used to build wooden churches (after all, octaging allows you to increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe room almost six times, without changing the length of the logs). Often, in each other, ferechiki and eights, Folded the ancient Russian architect the pyramid structure of the church or rich choirs.
Simple indoor rectangular wooden slab without any attacks called "Cite"
. "Crate to the curtain, to repelly happen", "said in ancient, seeking to emphasize the reliability of the cut in comparison with the open canopy. Usually the log house was put on "Floor"
- The lower auxiliary floor, which was used to store reserves and economic equipment. And the top crowns of the cut expanded up, forming a cornice - "Foving"
. This is an interesting word that happens from the verb "falling" was often used in Russia. So, for example, the "patches" called the upper cold common bedrooms in the house or sorry, where the whole family went to sleep in the summer (falling) from the holled hut.
The doors in the cage were made as low as possible, and the windows had higher. So heat was less left of the hut.
And the house, and the temple was built the same - both - the other - the house (man and God). Therefore, the simplest and ancient shape of a wooden temple, like at home, was "taurry". Thus were built churches and chapels. These are two or three logs, connected to each other from the west to the East. The church was supposed to have three cuts (the refectory, temple and altar harbor), in the chapel - two (refectory and temple). Over a simple two-tie roof, a modest masterpiece was put.
Small chapels in a set were put in remote villages, at a crossroads, over large stone crosses, over the springs. The priest in the chapel is not laid, the altar did not do here. And the services sent the peasants themselves, they themselves baptized and fled. Such unpretentious services, which were held as in the first Christians with the singing of short prayers in the first, third, sixth and ninth hour after sunrise, were called in Russia "clock". Hence the constructions itself received its name. At such chapels and the state and the church looked disdainfully. Therefore, the builders could give the will of their fantasy here. Therefore, today is the modern citizen today, these modest chapels with their extreme simplicity, sophistication and special atmosphere of Russian privacy.
Roof.
The roof over the logberia was arranged in antiquity of the Gullless - "Self-"
.
To this end, the completion of the two end walls were made from decreasing logs of logs, which were called "males". On them stairs put long longitudinal rhe - "Dolniki", "End"
(Wed. "Slow, lie"). Sometimes, however, the males were called the ends of the slightened into the walls. One way or another, but the whole roof received its name from them.
From top to bottom across into the blind, thin tree trunks cut down with one of the branches of the root. Such trunks were rooted called "Chicses"
(Apparently, the similarity of the left root with a chicken paw). These branches of the roots, directed up, supported the wounded log - "flow"
. It was going to flowing from the roof, water. And on top of the chicken and luggage, wide roof boards resting on the lower edges in the exhausted groove of the flow. Especially carefully overlapped from the rain the upper bog of the boards - "Konk" ("Prince")
. Under it stacked fat "Sking Iblem"
, and on top of the junction of boards, as if cap, covered with a loose one with a walled bottom - "Shell"
or "Skull"
. However, more often the log was called "GULUEM"
- What covers.
Than just not wing the roof of wooden lines in Russia! Then the straw was linked to shens (beams) and put the roof along the roof slide, pressing the jergows; They chose aspen lamps on the plank (duranka) and they, as if scales, shelled the hut in several layers. And in the deep antiquity, even a turden wings, turning it up with roots up and underlying beert.
The most expensive coating was considered "TES" (boards). The word "TES" itself reflects the process of its manufacture. Smooth, without bitch, a log in several places was pretended along and wedges were clogged into the gap. The split thus broke along a few times along. The irregularities of the received wide boards were fluent in a special ax with a very wide blade.
Covered the roof usually in two layers - "Substitute"
and "Red TES"
. The bottom layer of Tesa on the roof was also called the command, as it was often covered for tightness "Rock"
(Bresh, which was riveted with birches). Sometimes arranged a roof with a break. Then the bottom, more common part called "POLY"
(from the old word "Paul" - Half).
The entire frontoth of the hut is important called "Chela"
And abundantly decorated with magic facing carvings. The outer ends of the undercase slightly closed from the rain with long boards - "Schelins"
. And the upper joint of the breeding was covered with a patterned hanging board - "Towel"
.Published on ruslife.org.ua.
The roof is the most important part of the wooden building. "There would be a roof above the head", - They say so far in the people. Therefore, it became with the time the symbol of any temple, at home and even the economic structure of his "top".
"On horseback"
In antiquity, called any completion. These tops, depending on the richness of the construction, could be the most diverse. The easiest was "Celebration"
The top is a simple bartal roof on the crate. "Shatrov"
The riding in the form of a high eight-marched pyramid was usually decorated temples. Intricate was "Cousing Top"
, resembling a massive tetrahedral bulb. Such a ride decorated with termes. Quite difficult in work was "barrel"
- Double coating with smooth curvilinear outlines, completed with sharp ridge. But they also did "Breshchazy Barrel"
- Two intersecting simple barrels. Tent churches, cubic, long-term, multi-part - all this is named after the end of the temple, on its top.
However, most likely loved the tent. When in the screening books indicated that the church "Wooden from above", it meant that she was tent.
Even after the Nikonov ban on the tents in 1656, as in vigilance and paganism in architecture, they still continued to build them in the northern Territory. And only in four corners at the base of the tent there were small barrels with masters. This technique was called the name of the tent on the baptified barrel. Published on ruslife.org.ua.
Particularly difficult times came for a wooden tent in the middle of the XIX century, when the government and government synodes took up the elimination of solutions. The northern "splitting" architecture then also got into opal. And yet, despite all the persecution, a form "Chetverik-octa-tent" remains typical for the ancient Russian wooden temple. There are eights "from the vulgar" (from the Earth) without four, especially in the bell tower. But these are already variations of the main type.
