We have already spoken with you that it is divided into oral and written. One of the principles of the methodology for the development of speech is in the interrelated development of oral and written speech. The methodology for the development of written speech in school is designed much more thorough than the method of development of oral speech. Therefore, work on the development of written speech is more organized.
Oral and written speech - These are two forms of the process of communication of people through a language, each of which has its own specific features.
Oral speech marks the process of direct, living communication between people; She assumes the presence of a speaking and listening. Its character depends on the specific situation of communication, i.e. of someone who speaks with whom about what is sometimes for what. Oral speech has such richest expressive means as intonation, pauses, logical stress, gestures, facial expressions. All this makes it possible to understand the oral speech with a half-word, which cannot but reflect on its specific design. The syntax of oral speech is usually distinguished by the presence of brief proposals, often incomplete, lack of complex structures, separate revolutions with various forms of communion and verbalism, etc. Oral speech also admits the reduction of the forms of the word.
Written speech Always graphic, most importantly monologic, not involving the availability of the interlocutor. It uses complicated simple sentences and complex syntactic designs.
It is noted that well-speaking usually make thoughts on the letter. On the other hand, many shortcomings of written speech are closely related to the incorrect speech.
In this regard, the development of oral and written connected speech is equally important.
When developing a system of exercise, oral speech should take into account the specific features of one type of speech compared to the other. Oral speech requires from the speaker speed in the selection of the desired words, in the design of proposals and the construction of speech as a whole. Oral speech does not allow the amendments, returning back. It is somewhat economical, because the speaker at the same time uses such additional means of expression of thought, like intonation, pause, gesture, facial expression.
The written speech in its design is of greater verification, greater book, does not allow, as a rule, the "liberty" of the style, often quite relevant in colloquial speech.
Oral speech is like a dialogic and monologue.
It has a number of signs: - intonation expressiveness; -thtonation of the whole text, a separate offer, which is associated with the logical membership of the text, the place of logical emphasis, etc.
Work on oral speech should go in parallel with the work on the development of writing. For example, a written presentation should precede an oral summary of the same or similar text, an essay in the picture is an oral story on the same or specially selected picture or oral drawing. A written writing may be preceded by an oral essay on the same literary topic, the plan can be drawn up not only to the written, but also to the oral composition.
The concept of speech forms: oral and written is given in grade 5: oral- this is a speech that we say, writingwhich we write and see (p. 8, § 2, 5th grade). On page 10, special attention is paid to the auxiliary means of oral speech: people can speak differently: fun and sad, quickly and slow. Much can be said without words, with the help of the movement of the hands or expression of the face, that is, gestures or faith. Means expressiveness Oral speech are the height of the voice, its timbre, the tempo of speech, facial expressions, gestures.
Communication is a phenomenon of multifaceted. One of its components is speech. Speech classification is therefore quite complex and has many different bases. Consider the main of them.
Classification of speech species can exist according to the form in which information is exchanged. That is, it happens oral (with sounds) or written (using special characters).
If you can focus on the number of participants in communication, it can be divided into monologic, dialogic and polylogical. Speech style depends on what field of communication it functions, and may be scientific, journalistic, official-business, artistic or conversational.
The classification of the forms of speech on composite-structural features, as well as in meaningfully sessional, belongs to any of its type either to the description, or to the narrative, or to reasoning. Consider each of these divisions.
Under the oral speech (the form, opposed to the written variety) is meant to speech pronounced, that is, sounding. It belongs to the primary forms of the existence of any language.
The written is understood as the speech, which is depicted on physical media - paper, canvas, parchment, etc. using graphic signs of writing designed specifically for this. Historically, she appeared later on oral.
The form in which the Russian language mainly exists is called a literary speech. The main sign of it is the conscious use of means of communication with the orientation of compliance with specific norms and rules. They are given in reference books, dictionaries and teaching aids. Learning standards are conducted at school, cultural institutions and media.
In real communications, writing and oral speech constantly intersect, interact and penetrate one to another. A part of the genres relating to written speech is subsequently voiced - these are speaking speeches (including speech lessons) or dramaturgy. The literary work very often contains similar samples in the form of monologues and the dialogues of the actors.
The most important advantage of oral speech before writing is the possibility of instilling information. The difference between these two forms is also that the oral dialogue most often allows participants to see each other and adjust the content and form of pronounced depending on the response of the interlocutor.
Designed for perception by human ear, oral speech does not need accurate literal playback. In case of such a need, you have to use certain technical means. Pronounced all "score", without prior amendments.
Communicating in writing, the author of the speech does not have the ability to feed feedback with its addressee. Therefore, the reaction of the latter is not enough for what affects. The reading subsequently has the ability to return to separate postulates any number of times, and the writeer has time and means to adjust and supplement written.
The advantage of written communication is a more accurate and fixed statement of information, the ability to transfer it to future times. Written speech serves as the basis of scientific and any business.
As a material form reproducible on a letter using the alphabet letters, sound waves emitted by the human speech apparatus are served. Due to this, it is inherent in all the wealth of intonational capabilities. The means of formation of intonation is the intensity, the tempo of the conversation, the sound timbre, etc. Much in it depends on the clarity of pronunciation, the arrangement of logical strokes, the duration of the pause.
Important characteristics of oral speech - spontaneity, multi-channel and irreversibility. The origin of the thought and its statement occurs almost simultaneously. Depending on the speech experience of the speaker and other circumstances of oral speech, smoothness or intermittentness, fragmentaryness can be inherent.
Focusing on the audience's response, uttering can allocate the most important points, use comments, refinements and repetitions. These features are most characterized by an unprepared oral speech. The classification of speech on this basis opposes it to another - prepared, existing in the form of lectures or reports.
For this form, a clear structure, thoughtfulness, is characteristic. In spontaneously pronounced text, characteristic of the unprepared oral speech, a lot of pauses, the repetitions of individual words and sounds that do not make any sense (such as "uh-e", "here", "means"), which is sometimes planted to pronounce the design. In such a speech, more speech mistakes, short, incomplete and not always correct proposals, fewer involvement and particle turns.
According to functional varieties, the types of oral speech are also vary. It can be a scientific, journalistic, artistic, conversational, as well as used in the formal business industry.
A written speech is not intended to a specific interlocutor and depends entirely from the writing. As already noted, it arose at a historically later stage of the development of humanity and exists in the form of an artificially created sign system developed in order to fix the pronounced sounds. That is, signs for the designation of the published sounds serve its material carriers.
Unlike oral, the written speech not only serves to directly communicate, but also allows you to assimilate and perceive knowledge accumulated throughout the development of the whole human society. Such a speech is a means of communication in cases of the impossibility of direct dialogue, when the interlocutors share the time or space.
Exchange messages in writing began already in ancient times. Nowadays, the role of writing is reduced with the development of modern technologies (for example, the phone), but with the invention of the Internet, as well as facsimile reports of the form of such a speech again in demand.
The main property of it can be considered the ability of long-term storage of transmitted information. The main feature of use is a strictly regulated book language. The main units of written speech are suggestions, whose task is to express the logical semantic links a rather complex level.
That is why there are always well-thought-out proposals in writing speech, it is characterized by the fixed order of words. Such a speech is not inherent inversion, that is, the use of words in the reverse order. In some cases it is unacceptable. The written speech is focused on the visual perception, in connection with which it is clearly structured - the pages have a numbering, the text is divided into paragraphs and chapters, various types of fonts are used, etc.
The classification of speech in the number of participants was undertaken in ancient times. Dividing on dialogues and monologues was used in such spheres as logic, rhetoric, philosophy. The term "polylog" appeared at the end of the 20th century and denotes a conversation with the participation of the number of people more than two.
Such a form, as a dialogue, is typical of the alternate statement of both interlocutors in direct communication with a specific situation. The statements themselves are called replicas. According to the semantic load, the dialogue is an exchange of views dependent on each other.
The whole dialogue and any of its parts can be perceived as a separate text act. The structure of the dialogue includes parts referred to as the basis, the basis and ending. As the first of these, generally accepted forms of speech etiquette, greeting or introductory replica as a question or judgment are used.
The main part can be from very brief to very long. Any dialogue has a property to be continued. As an ending, replicas of consent, response or standard speech etiquette ("goodbye" or "good") are used.
In the sphere of colloquial speech, the dialogue is considered a domestic and leading using conversational vocabulary. There is not the most successful choice of words, repetitions, retreat from literary standards. This dialogue is characterized by emotions and expression, irregularities, a variety of topics, deviation from the main line of discussion.
In literary sources, dialogue is also found. Examples - Communication of heroes, Roman in letters or genuine correspondence of historical persons.
It can be like informative and not very. In the latter case, it consists mainly of speech forms and does not contain useful information. For informative dialogue, the need for communication in order to obtain new data is characterized.
What is a monologue? Examples of it are not less common. This term indicates the statement of anyone in the unfolded form, intended for themselves or other and having some kind of organization in the sense of composition and completeness. In the artistic work, a monologue can be an integral component or an independent unit - for example, in the form of monospectacle.
In public life in the form of a monolign, speeches speeches, lecturers, speeches of radio speakers and television. Monologists are most characteristic of the book speech orally (performances in the courts, lectures, reports), he can not have its own address of a particular listener and not to assume a response.
For the purpose of the statement, this form of speech refers to either information, or to convincing, or to prompting. Information is a conveyant monologue. Examples are all the same lectures, reports, reports or speeches. The speech of urgent properties is focused on the emotions of those who have to listen to her. It is congratulations, farewell, etc.
The encouraging speech seems to be from the name, designed to merge the listeners on certain actions. As an example, you can bring calls, protests and politicians.
The classification of speech styles has recently (the end of the last century) was replenished with the concept of a polylog. Even among the linguists, it has not yet entered a wide use. This is a conversation of several people right away. It is situationally closer to the dialogue, as unites listening and speaking. There is a polylog in the forms of discussions, conversations, games, meetings. There is an exchange of information made by each, and everything is aware of what we are talking about.
The rules on which the polylog is built, the following: to speak participants is prescribed convincingly and sufficiently briefly, everyone who constitutes it is obliged to follow the plot of discussions and be attentive, it is customary to ask questions and clarify the incomprehensible moments, as well as to make the necessary objections. The polylog must be conducted in correct and friendly form.
On the functions performed also there are various speech. The classification of speech on this feature divides it into texts with a reflection of the actual reality and those that contain thoughts and reasoning about it. Depending on the value, any of them can be attributed to a narrative, descriptive and relative to reasoning.
The descriptions depicts any phenomenon with the listing of features, inherent in it. It can be portrait, landscape, interior, domestic, scientific, etc. It is static, and it is built on the main starting point contained in the subject or its separate part. The idea is developing by adding new signs to the above.
The type called by the narration is a story about events and actions that occur for some time. The composition of it includes a prominent with subsequent development, continuation, climax and ends with a junction.
Under reasoning is understood by the confirmation and explanation of a certain thought or statement. The composition usually consists of the thesis given to its evidence and final conclusions.
Modern linguistics streamlined the concept of "speech". The classification of speech depending on the purpose of communication, as already mentioned at the beginning of the article, is reduced to five different speech styles (everyday or colloquial, scientific, official-business, journalistic and artistic). So, the conversational style is intended mainly in everyday life and in everyday communications. It is characterized by oral speech with the predominance of dialogues.
In the field of scientific and technical sphere, a scientific style prevails with a description of various theories and technologies - strictly verified and non-free-free revolutions. Official-business applies in the legislative sector and with any formal communication. There are many fixed structures for him, a significant predominance of writing speech, a large number of monologues (reports, lectures, speeches, judicial speeches).
For the socio-political sphere, the journalistic style has always been applied and used in the form of bright emotionally painted monologues of a prompting nature.
Art style is subject to artistic art. Here the ball is the variety of expressions, wealth of forms and linguistic means, strict official designs here are practically not found.
The choice of genresis and styles is dictated by the content of speech and the type of its communicative orientation, simply speaking - the purpose of communication. It is from them that they depend on those techniques that will be used in a dialogue or a monologue, as well as the compositional structure of each specific speech.
External and inner speech. People spelling depending on the various conditions acquires peculiar features. Accordingly, this is distinguished by different types of speech. First of all, there is an external speech and inner. External speech serves to communicate (although in some cases a person can reflect out loud, without communicating with anyone), so its main sign is the availability of perception through the auditory or visual channel of other people.
Inner speech - This is an internal silent speech process. It is not available to the perception of other people and, therefore, can not be a means of communication. Usually they say that this is a verbal shell of thinking. Inner speech is affordable. It is very reduced, rolled, almost never exists in the form of complete, deployed proposals. Often, whole phrases are reduced to one word (subject to or tame). This is explained by the fact that the subject of his own thought is quite clear and therefore does not require it from the deployed verbal wording. Disclaimed such an external speech internal speech only in cases where they have difficulty in the process of thinking.
Oral and written speech. Depending on whether the sounds or written signs are used for external speech, distinguish between oral (usually sound speaking) and written speech. Oral and written speech possess their psychological peculiarities.
With oral speech, a person perceives listeners, their reaction to his words. Getting instant feedback, it can adjust its further speech. In addition to the generally linguistic means, a person can use non-language (gestures, facial expressions, speech pace, pauses, etc.), which also affect the degree of understanding by the listeners of his speech.
Monologue and dialogue (polylog). Depending on the conditions of communication, oral speech acquires the form or monologic or dialogical speech. Speech in which they take more than two people are called polyloga. In the dialogue (polylogging), people speak alternately. In everyday conversation, the dialogic is not planned. The direction of such a conversation and its results are largely determined by the statements of its participants, their replicas, comments, approval or objections. Therefore, it is said that this speech is supporting, as the speech of each participant of the dialogue is always supported by issues, answers, objections of the interlocutors. If there is no such support, then it is either converted into a monologue, or it stops at all.
Sometimes the dialogue is organized specifically to find out a certain question, then it is targeted (for example, a student's response to a teacher's question).
Dialogical speech, as a rule, imposes less requirements for building a coherent and deployed statement than other types of external speech; There is no preliminary preparation here, since the interlocutors are in the same situation, perceive the same facts and phenomena and therefore relatively easily, sometimes "from a half pass", understand each other. They do not need to state their thoughts in the expanded speech form. An important requirement for interlocutors during a dialogic speech is to be able to listen to the interlocutor to the end, to understand his objections and respond to them, and not on their own thoughts. For a dialogical speech, the active use of off-language means is characterized. It is conducted with emotionally expressive contact of speaking.
Monologic speech suggests that one person says, others only listen, without participating in a conversation. Monological speech in the practice of human communication with higher education occupies a great place and manifests itself in a wide variety of performances: report, lecture, performance on radio or television, etc. The total and characteristic feature of all forms of monologic speech are the pronounced direction of it to the listeners.
The purpose of such a speech is to achieve the necessary impact on the listeners, to give them knowledge to convince them. In this regard, monologous speech is detailed, requires a related presentation of thoughts, and, consequently, preliminary training and planning. As a rule, monologue is associated with a known voltage. It requires a speaking ability to logically sequentially express their thoughts, express them in a clear and distinct form, to be smooth, continuous.
Features of written speech. Written speech Frames to the missing reader who does not see and do not hear the writing, read only after a while. The lack of direct contact between the writing and reading creates certain difficulties in building a written speech.
A written speech, in contrast to oral speech, does not have almost no additional out-of-language funds for better presentation of thoughts, as it happens in oral speech. She does not imply a knowledge of the situation with the addressee, it cannot use neither gestures or facial expressions nor intonation or pause. You can use only text elements with font, italics or paragraph. So the written speech is usually less expressive than oral. Therefore, the written speech should be especially deployed, both semantically and grammatically. The writing must build his message so that the reading could do the entire return path from the deployed external speech to the inner meaning of the outlined material.
On the other hand, in writing speech, compared with the oral speech, there is an advantage: written can always be reread, i.e. arbitrarily Return to all links included in it. Therefore, the written speech is not needed, even interfere with the unnecessary repeats of the same thought, albeit presented in different language shell. Moreover, the written speech, unlike oral, makes it possible to carefully work on the expression of thought. It follows that the written speech occupies the dominant position in the process of forming a common speech culture of a person.
Not just a translation, but various functions -----------
Business conversational
Impersonal personal
Distracted immediate
Their features in building and means
Detailed construction of a rolled character
because There is a general situation
Requires systematic allowing some individual
logical connected components
saying
Limited expressive agents are numerous
italic gestures
paragraph Mimica
punctuation signs intonation,
emphasis, etc.
Types of writing and oral speech are significantly less different
from each other than a written speech from oral speech as a whole.
letter spoken
conversation message
scientific treatise report
abstract lecture
speech.
Introduction
Speech is an integral part of the social being of people, the necessary condition for the existence of human society. This is used in the process of joint employment to coordinate efforts, planning work, check and evaluate its results. Speech is a necessary condition for human cognitive activity. Thanks to speech (language), a person digested, acquires knowledge and transmits them. Speech is a means of exposure to consciousness, developing outlines, norms of behavior, formation of tastes. This function is used to influence the views and beliefs of people, change their attitude to certain facts and reality phenomena, to incline them to action and actions. Speech is a means of meeting the personal needs of a person in communicating, in the admission to a certain group of persons. The man, being in nature the creature social, cannot live out of connection with other people: he must consult, share thoughts, experiences, empathize, look for understanding, etc. In general, it is fundamental importance in the formation of a human person.
Among the various kinds of human affairs, actions, there is also the so-called speech activity. In speech activity, a person produces and perceives information transformed into text. There are four types of speech activities. Two of them are involved in the production of text (information transmission) - this is speaking and writing; Two - in the perception of the text laid in it, this is a hearing and reading. Speech activities of all species is a complex process in which special psychological and speech mechanisms participate.
The most important achievement of a person who allowed him to use the universal experience, both the last and real, was speech communication, which developed on the basis of labor activity.
Types of communication:
1. According to the position of communications in space and in time, communication is distinguished contact - distant
The concept of contact communication is obvious: the interlocutors are next to each other. Contact communication has a support for the situation, sign-mimic and intonational signals. Here everything is in sight, a lot is understandable from a half-clow, and often a facial expression, an expression of the eyes, a gesture, phrase emphasis, intonation as a whole speak more than words.
Types of distant communication include all those situations where communications are separated by space and time. It may be a conversation on the phone, while the interlocutors are at a distance, but are associated in a single time. Distant in time and space Communication in letters (and in general, with the help of any fixed text).
2. According to the presence or absence of any mediated "apparatus" distinguish communication immediate - indirect
The concept of direct communication related to contact is obviously a common conversation, conversation, report, etc. The types of mediated communication include telephone conversation, and a letter, and the transfer of information through the media and works of art.
3. From the point of view of the form of language existence, communication is distinguished
oral - written
The text oral or written has its own characteristics. Oral communication, as a rule, is associated with signs of contact and directness, and written - with signs of distance and indirectness. In the written text, more complex forms of thinking reflected in more complex linguistic forms are embodied. It is here that various kinds are separate revolutions, including those involved and ready, rows of homogeneous members, structural parallelism. Writing text requires thinking, it obeys more stringent rules for lexical and grammatical selection. Finally, it turns out to be fixed. Oral communication does not allow processing of text, except for clarifications, reservations. The written text is refundable and, if necessary, recycling by its author.
Types of speech activities and their features .
Psychology distinguished two main types of speech: external and internal. The external speech contains oral (dialogic and monologic) and written. Dialogue is a direct communication of two or more people.
Dialogical speech is the speech supported; The interlocutor puts in the course of her clarifying questions, feeding a replica, can help complete the thought (or reorient it). A variety of dialogic communication is a conversation, in which the dialogue has thematic orientation.
Monologic speech is a long, consistent, connected presentation of the system of thoughts, knowledge system by one person. It also develops in the process of communication, but the nature of communication here is different: the monologue is uninterrupted, therefore the actively expressive-mimic and gesture has a speaker. In monologic speech, compared with the dialogic, the meaningful side is most significantly changed. Monological speech is connected, contextual. Its maintenance must, first of all, meet the consistency requirements and evidence in the presentation. Another condition that is inextricably linked to the first - grammatically correct construction of proposals.
The monologue does not tolerate the improper constructions of phrases. It places a number of requirements for the tempo and sounding speech.
The content side of the monologue must be combined with expressive. Expressiveness is created as a language tool (the ability to use the word, phrase, the syntax design, which most accurately transmit the intelligence of the speaker), and with non-language communicative means (intonation, system pause, dismembering the pronunciation of some word or several words, performing a function in oral speech peculiar underscore, facial and gesture).
Written speech is a kind of monologue speech. It is more deployed than oral monologue. This is due to the fact that the written speech involves the absence of feedback with the interlocutor. In addition, the written speech has no additional means of affecting the perceive, except for the words themselves, their order and the proposal of the punctuation marks.
Interaction of oral and written speech .
It is known that there is a lot of common between oral and writing speech: the same dictionary is mainly used, the same ways of communication of words and proposals. It is characteristic that at the level of the 1200 most common words of fundamental differences between the conversational and literary and book list of words do not exist.
Both forms of speech "are associated with thousands of transitions to each other" (Bukhakhovsky L.A. The course of the Russian literary language. - Kiev, 1952.- T.1.- p.410). This organic connection between oral and written speech, psychologists explain the fact that the inner speech is also based on both forms of speech, in which the thought begins to form. Sometimes oral speech is characterized as "sounding, pronounted, hearing." However, not any pronounced and heard speech can be assigned to the oral form of speech. The fact is that oral speech can be recorded (on paper), and written - pronounced. So, when reading out loud or pronounced the text, a person perceives sounding speech, but the written form in these cases was primary, therefore this form of speech with the vocabulary-grammatical characteristics inherent in it is reproduced. And although during the pronunciation of the written text, it may acquire some of the features of oral speech (its intonation color, rhythm, etc.), this sounding speech is not oral in the full sense of the word.
Genuine oral speech is created at the time of speaking. By definition V.G. Kostomarova, oral speech is the speech language, which assumes the presence of verbal improvisation, which always takes place in the process of speaking - to a greater or lesser extent.
Nowadays, oral speech "not only overtook written in the possibilities of actual distribution, but also acquired an important advantage in front of it - instantitality, or, as they say, the imyarch of information transfer, which is extremely important for rapid pace and the Rhythms of the XX century. In addition, oral speech acquired another quality: the ability to be fixed, canned, persist and reproduced "(Kostomarov V.G. Problems of modern philology. - M., 1965. - p.176)
So, oral (speaking) is designed for the semantic perception of the speech-created speech at the time of speaking. Therefore, when the oral speech is described as well, we mean only one species associated with the generation of speech. In fact, there is another, closely associated with the speaking side - a hearing, perception, understanding of the speech generated. Speaking and creates a statement based on his semantic perception. And in connection with this, it is not at all indifferent to how speaking knows and takes into account the peculiarities of the interlocutor, the audience, how freely he owns the oral speech.
The differences in the oral and written speech of a psychological and situational nature can be submitted in the following comparative table:
Oral speech | Written speech |
| Talking and listening not only hear, but often and see each other | The writing service does not see and does not hear the one who is intended to be spent, he can only mentally imagine - more or less specifically - the future reader. |
| In many cases, it depends on the reaction of the listeners, it may vary depending on this reaction. | It does not depend on the recipient reaction. |
| Designed for auditory perception. | Designed for visual perception |
| Oral statement can only be reproduced in the presence of special technical systems | The reader can repeat the literally to re-read the written as much as necessary. |
| Speaking speaks without preparation, correcting in the course of the presentation only that it will be able to notice in the process of speech. | The writing service can be repeatedly returned to the written and repeatedly improve it. |
Features of oral speech.
For oral speech, both for speech created at the time of speaking is characterized by two features - redundancy and brevity of statements (laconic), which, at first glance, may seem mutually exclusive. Redundancy, i.e. Direct repetitions of words, phrases, proposals, more often repetitions of thoughts, when close by the meaning of the word, other, correlate in the content of the design are used, is explained by the conditions for the creation of oral text, the desire to convey certain information to the listeners. Another Aristotle wrote about this feature of oral speech: "... phrases, not connected by unions, and the frequent repetition of the same in the speech in writing in justice is rejected, and speakers are used in oral competitions, because they are scenic."
Since the oral speech is peculiar (in a large or lesser extent) verbal improvisation, then, depending on the various circumstances, oral speech may be more or less smooth, smooth, more or less intermittent. Intermittentness is expressed in the presence of involuntary, longer (relatively with the rest) stops, pauses (between words, sentences), in repetition of individual words, syllables and sounds, in "stretching" the sound of type [e] and in expressions of the type How to say it?
All these manifestations of intermittentness of speech disclose the process of creating a statement, as well as the difficulty of the speaker. If there are few cases of intermittentness, and they reflect the search for the speaker-needed, the means of expressing thought optimal for this speech situation, their presence does not interfere with to accept the statement, and sometimes intensifies the attention of the listeners. But intermittentness of oral speech is an ambiguous phenomenon. Pause, self-triggering, broken structures of the structures may reflect the state of the speaker, his excitement, disadvantage, may testify to certain difficulties of one who creates an oral word: what he does not know what to say what to say, and that He finds it difficult in the expression of thought.
Functional and stylistic speech varieties .
Between the form of language and its styles there are complex relationships. Each of the functional styles is also used in oral, and in writing speech. However, some styles are implemented mainly in a certain form of language (speech). So, for example, the conversational style is more often marked with an oral language form. In this case, as indicated by V.G. Kostomarov, the features of the spoken style are especially closely intertwined with the features of the oral form of speech. On the other hand, there are styles that function equally (or almost equally) both oral and in writing speech. This is primarily applies to a publicistic style in which there are features that come from both forms of speech. So, for speech speech, which functions orally, a conscious installation on the means of expression is characteristic (for example, the use of different figures), which is typically for book styles of writing speech. (Kostomarov V.G. Converety: Definition and role in teaching // Russian language in the National School. - 1965. №1). At the same time, such non-language means of expression, as a gesture and mimic, are used in speech speech, as associated with oratory speech.
Scientific style can also be implemented in oral speech, for example, in the report on the scientific topic, and in writing speech in the scientific article. "To speak, for example, on scientific topics, even in the most relaxed atmosphere of the dialogue, without moving on the scientific style or at best, on a mixture of scientific style with elements of a conversational" (Lapteva O.A. On the structural components of spoken speech // Russian in the National School. - 1965. №2).
Actually, many book styles of the language (official-business, scientific), which arose in connection with writing and developing in writing are now functioning and orally. At the same time, naturally, the form of speech imposes a certain imprint on its style. With orally, the functioning of book styles in them is easier and naturally penetrate the elements of the spoken style, they are more "free" in syntactic constructions, etc. Thus, although the "Style of Speech does not turn out to be enshrined at the form", it is not indifferent, whether the statement is performed orally or writing, since, depending on this, various modifications of the same "functional and stylistic categories" arise. (Vinokur T.G.stilistic development of modern Russian spoken speech // In the book: Development of the functional styles of the modern Russian language. - M., 1968).
Development of oral and written speech in children .
A very significant acquisition in the speech development of a child is to master the written speech. Written speech is of great importance for the mental development of the child, but the mastering of it represents some difficulties. These difficulties are already affected by teaching reading, i.e. Understanding written speech. Reading is not just a mechanical transaction translating signs in oral speech. For learning reading, it is necessary, first of all, the development of relevant technical skills, but alone technical skills not enough. As reading includes an understanding of the read, it represents a peculiar mental operation. Understanding oral speech also suggests intellectual activity from the listener. But reading is a more difficult operation than the hearing. In oral speech intonation, pauses, voice underscores, a whole gamma of expressive means facilitates understanding. Taking advantage of them, who speaks as if interpreting said, and reveals the text of his speech to the listener. When reading, it is necessary without the help of all these aids, relying on the same text, by defining the correct ratio of words included in this text, give him an independent interpretation. Reading, the child learns in a new way to regain his speech.
Mastering the letter is very important. First of all, some difficulties poses for a child mastering the technique of the letter; And these difficulties cannot but affect the level of writing. Then the question arises: Is the written questioning is the simple translation of oral in writing signs? The German researcher Burman drew attention to the fact that the child, the oral story of which is characterized by wealth and liveliness, is completely different when he must write a letter. He writes: "Dear, brave Franz, I am writing you a letter. Your Hans. It can be said that the written speech is of great difficulties for a schoolboy and reduce his mental activity at a lower level, not because it contains the same difficulties that were in oral speech, but by virtue of other circumstances.
First circumstance.
A number of researchers have shown that the written speech is more abstract. It is abstract that this is a speech without intonation. A person begins to understand the intonation earlier than the speech itself. The child in early childhood tells about the items that are in front of the eyes, and can not speak when they are missing. Therefore, to proceed from specific items to a conversation about them for him represents considerable difficulty. It is even more difficult to transition to a written speech, which is more abstract in this regard.
Second circumstance.
The written speech is also abstract, that it is committed without a interlocutor. Any living speech implies a situation where I say, and you listen to me or where you say, and I listen to you. The child is accustomed to the dialogue, i.e. To such a situation where he says and now receives some kind of response. Talking out of the situation of the conversation is a big degree of distraction, as it is necessary to imagine a listener, contact a person who is now not here, to imagine that he is near. This again requires a child abstraction, which is still poorly developed. It is very interesting to observe that on the phone the children of young people speak much worse than in the usual situation.
There is no doubt that the child's written speech often discovers, along with the undoubted lag in some respects, well-known advantages compared with his oral speech in other respects; It is mostly more planned, systematically thought out; Being less common, it sometimes happens rather more compressed than less complete.
Psychological differences in the nature of written and oral speech .
In the development of speech really manifests the differences in writing and oral speech and their community; It affects them in their interaction. First, naturally, the oral speech is dominated; It defines a child's written speech; The child writes, as says: the form of oral speech generated by him is determined by the first time the structure of his written speech.
But in writing speech, a number of expressive moments of oral speech are inevitably falls; If they are not replenished with the proper restructuring of its subject-semantic content, the written speech is due to this, it turns out to be poorer. In the future, writing with the requirements of thoughtfulness, logicality, connectedness, which it imposes, begins to have a significant impact on the development of oral speech.
The main link in the development of written speech is the development of a connected speech - the ability to display in speech all the significant links of the subject matter so that the semantic content of the speech formed the context is understandable for the other. The development of a connected - contextual speech significantly depends on the development of writing speech.
Students of the written speech of schoolchildren show how only gradually high school students begin to cope with those difficulties with which the construction of a connected, understandable for the context reader is associated. In this regard, there are specific tasks that must be allowed in the introduction, then others - in the presentation and, finally, in conclusion, when you need to summarize the entire presentation in the light of those installations, which proceeds by writing: Construction of a connected context, which is understandable for the reader, Requires special techniques and means. Special work is required to master these means.
In adolescent and youthful years due to mental development, especially with good culture, we are talking, both writing and oral, is becoming more and more rich, multifaceted, increasingly literary: due to mastering in the process of learning scientific knowledge and development of thinking in The concepts are becoming more adapted to the expression of an abstract thought. The words already had at the disposal are acquired a more generalized, distracted value. In addition to the semantic development of cash verbal stock, a number of new special terms are included - technical scientific speech is developing. Along with this, the speech of the teenager is brighter than a child, student in elementary school, perform its emotionally expressive - lyrical and rhetorical - moments. Grows sensitivity to the form, to the literary submission of said and written; More frequent use of metaphorical expressions. The structure of speech is especially written - more or less significantly complicated, the number of complex structures increases; Alien speech, which was previously brought in the form of direct speech, is transmitted more often in the form of an indirect speech; In connection with the expanding hours of reading and the emerging skills of working with a book, quotes begin; Some flowery is observed in speech; It manifests itself as a result of a well-known disproportion between the intensity of the experience and speech means for its adequate objectivated and still quite bright expression.
Conclusion.
In a person's speech, the entire psychological appearance of the personality is usually revealed. Such a substantial party, as a degree and feature of sociability, which lies at the basis of many classifications of characters, is directly manifested in speech. It is also indicative of usually how a person begins the conversation and how he finishes him; In the pace of speech, its temperament is more or less clearly, in its intonation, rhythmic, generally expressive figure is its emotionality, and its spiritual world, his interests, their focus, are shifted.
Used Books:
1. Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Speaking as a means and subject of learning. M.: Flint, 1998.
2. Formanovskaya N.I. Racheva etiquette and culture of communication. M.: Higher School, 1989.
3. Rubinstein S.L. Zohnov's general psychology. M.: Pedagogy, 1989.
4. Vygotsky hp Pedagogical psychology. M.: Pedagogy, 1991.
Genuine oral speech is created at the time of speaking. By definition V.G. Kostomarova, oral speech is the speech language, which assumes the presence of verbal improvisation, which always takes place in the process of speaking - to a greater or lesser extent.
Nowadays, oral speech "not only overtook written in the possibilities of actual distribution, but also acquired an important advantage in front of it - instantitality, or, as they say, the imyarch of information transfer, which is extremely important for rapid pace and the Rhythms of the XX century. In addition, oral speech acquired another quality: the ability to be fixed, canned, persist and reproduced "(Kostomarov V.G. Problems of modern philology. - M., 1965. - p.176)
So, oral (speaking) is designed for the semantic perception of the speech-created speech at the time of speaking. Therefore, when the oral speech is described as well, we mean only one species associated with the generation of speech. In fact, there is another, closely associated with the speaking side - a hearing, perception, understanding of the speech generated. Speaking and creates a statement based on his semantic perception. And in connection with this, it is not at all indifferent to how speaking knows and takes into account the peculiarities of the interlocutor, the audience, how freely he owns the oral speech.
The differences in the oral and written speech of a psychological and situational nature can be submitted in the following comparative table:
|
Talking and listening not only hear, but often and see each other |
The writing service does not see and does not hear the one who is intended to be spent, he can only mentally imagine - more or less specifically - the future reader. |
|
In many cases, it depends on the reaction of the listeners, it may vary depending on this reaction. |
It does not depend on the recipient reaction. |
|
Designed for auditory perception. |
Designed for visual perception |
|
Oral statement can only be reproduced in the presence of special technical systems |
The reader can repeat the literally to re-read the written as much as necessary. |
|
Speaking speaks without preparation, correcting in the course of the presentation only that it will be able to notice in the process of speech. |
The writing service can be repeatedly returned to the written and repeatedly improve it. |
Features of oral speech.
For oral speech, both for speech created at the time of speaking is characterized by two features - redundancy and brevity of statements (laconic), which, at first glance, may seem mutually exclusive. Redundancy, i.e. Direct repetitions of words, phrases, proposals, more often repetitions of thoughts, when close by the meaning of the word, other, correlate in the content of the design are used, is explained by the conditions for the creation of oral text, the desire to convey certain information to the listeners. Another Aristotle wrote about this feature of oral speech: "... phrases, not connected by unions, and the frequent repetition of the same in the speech in writing in justice is rejected, and speakers are used in oral competitions, because they are scenic."
Since the oral speech is peculiar (in a large or lesser extent) verbal improvisation, then, depending on the various circumstances, oral speech may be more or less smooth, smooth, more or less intermittent. Intermittentness is expressed in the presence of involuntary, longer (relatively with the rest) stops, pauses (between words, sentences), in repetition of individual words, syllables, and even sounds, in the "stretching" of the type [e] and in expressions like it?
All these manifestations of intermittentness of speech disclose the process of creating a statement, as well as the difficulty of the speaker. If there are few cases of intermittentness, and they reflect the search for the speaker-needed, the means of expressing thought optimal for this speech situation, their presence does not interfere with to accept the statement, and sometimes intensifies the attention of the listeners. But intermittentness of oral speech is an ambiguous phenomenon. Pause, self-triggering, broken structures of the structures may reflect the state of the speaker, his excitement, disadvantage, may testify to certain difficulties of one who creates an oral word: what he does not know what to say what to say, and that He finds it difficult in the expression of thought.
Functional and stylistic speech varieties.
Between the form of language and its styles there are complex relationships. Each of the functional styles is also used in oral, and in writing speech. However, some styles are implemented mainly in a certain form of language (speech). So, for example, the conversational style is more often marked with an oral language form. In this case, as indicated by V.G. Kostomarov, the features of the spoken style are especially closely intertwined with the features of the oral form of speech. On the other hand, there are styles that function equally (or almost equally) both oral and in writing speech. This is primarily applies to a publicistic style in which there are features that come from both forms of speech. So, for speech speech, which functions orally, a conscious installation on the means of expression is characteristic (for example, the use of different figures), which is typically for book styles of writing speech. (Kostomarov V.G. Converety: Definition and role in teaching // Russian language in the National School. - 1965. №1). At the same time, such non-language means of expression, as a gesture and mimic, are used in speech speech, as associated with oratory speech.
Scientific style can also be implemented in oral speech, for example, in the report on the scientific topic, and in writing speech in the scientific article. "To speak, for example, on scientific topics, even in the most relaxed atmosphere of the dialogue, without moving on the scientific style or at best, on a mixture of scientific style with elements of a conversational" (Lapteva O.A. On the structural components of spoken speech // Russian in the National School. - 1965. №2).
Actually, many book styles of the language (official-business, scientific), which arose in connection with writing and developing in writing are now functioning and orally. At the same time, naturally, the form of speech imposes a certain imprint on its style. With orally, the functioning of book styles in them is easier and naturally penetrate the elements of the spoken style, they are more "free" in syntactic constructions, etc. Thus, although the "Style of Speech does not turn out to be enshrined at the form", it is not indifferent, whether the statement is performed orally or writing, since, depending on this, various modifications of the same "functional and stylistic categories" arise. (Vinokur T.G.stilistic development of modern Russian spoken speech // In the book: Development of the functional styles of the modern Russian language. - M., 1968).
