Atlantic Ocean - This "Delianka" of the Water Square of the World Ocean, which, from the south, limits Europe and Africa, with Western South and North America. A huge mass of salty water, beautiful views, rich Flora and Fauna, hundreds of beautiful islands - this is all called the Atlantic Ocean.
Atlantic Ocean They consider the second largest component of our planet (in the first place -). The coastline is clearly divided in the water area: the sea, bays. Total Atlantic Ocean Square, river basins that fall into it is about 329.7 million km³ (this is 25% of the waters of the World Ocean).
For the first time, the name of the ocean - Atlantis, there is still in the works of Herodota (5th century BC). Then the prototype of the modern name was recorded in the works of the Senior Plane (1 century AD). It sounds like Oceanus Atlanticus, translated from the ancient Greek language - the Atlantic Ocean.
There are several versions of the etymology of the Ocean name:
- in honor of the Mythological Titan of Atlanta (atlas, who keeps the whole heavenly arch);
- from the name of the Atlas Mountains (they are in the northern part of Africa);
- in honor of the mysterious and legendary mainland of Atlantis. Immediately offer you the most interesting video - the film "Battle of Civilizations - Find Atlantis"
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These are the versions and assumptions are nominated about the Atlantis and the mysterious race of the Atlanta.
As for the history of the ocean formation, the scientists are confident that he originated due to the split of the Pangea's missing supercontinent. He included 90% of the continental bark of our planet.
Every 600 million years of continental blocks are connected to split again with time. It is as a result of this process 160 tons. Years ago Atlantic Ocean. Map The flow shows that the ocean water is moved under the action of cold and warm currents. 
These are all the main flow of the Atlantic Ocean.
The largest islands of the Atlantic Ocean are Ireland, United Kingdom, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Newfoundland. They are in the northern sector of the ocean. Their total area is 700 taxes 2. Several groups of smaller islands are located in the eastern part of the ocean: the Canary Islands ,. On the western side there are groups, small antillest islands. Their archipelago creates a unique arc of earthly solid, which surrounds the eastern water sector.
It is impossible not to mention one of the most beautiful islands of the Atlantic.
The water of the Atlantic Ocean is colder than or quiet (due to a large stretch of the middle-atlantic ridge). The average temperature of the water on the surface is +16.9, but it changes depending on the season. In February, in the northern part of the water area and in August, the very low temperature is recorded on southern, and the highest is observed in other months.
What depth of the Atlantic Ocean? The maximum depth of the Atlantic Ocean reaches 8742 m (fixed in Puerto Rico groove at 8742 m), and the average depth rate is 3736 m. Puerto Rico Groit is located on the border of the ocean water and the Caribbean. Its length along the slopes of the Antilles ridge is 1200 km.
The Atlantic Ocean Square is 91, 66 million km². And a quarter of this territory falls on his sea. Here.
Underwater World of Atlantic Oceanit will affect the imagination of any person with its wealth and diversity. It is a unique ecosystem that combines many species of plants and animals.
The flora of the Atlantic Ocean is presented mainly by bottom vegetation (phytobentos): green, red, brown algae, laminaries, flowering plants, such as poseidia, philosopadic.
A unique natural miracle, without exaggeration, can be called Sargasso Sea, located in the Atlantic Ocean between 20 ° and 40 ° of the northern latitude and 60 ° of Western longitude. On the surface of 70% of its water stroit all the time brown algae - Sargassa.
But most of the surface of the Atlantic Ocean is covered with phytoplankton (these are single-core algae). Its mass, depending on the site, is differentiated from 1 to 100 mg / m3.
Inhabitants of the Atlantic Oceanbeautiful and mysterious, because many of their species have not been fully understood. A large number of different representatives of underwater fauna live in cold and temperate waters. For example, lastonovy, whales, ocupal, cambal, cream, herring, shrimp, crustaceans, mollusks. Many animals are bipolar, that is, adapted to comfortable existence and in cold, and in a temperate belt (turtles, crabs, jellyfish, sea seals, whales, seals, mussels).
The special class is the inhabitants of the deep water of the Atlantic Ocean. Corals, sponges, Ichain-skinned species of fish are striking and impressive person's eyes.
What sharks in the Atlantic Ocean Can you visit the visited tourist? The number of species that live in the Atlantic exceeds a dozen. The most common is white, soup, blue, reef, giant, sandy sharks. But, cases of attacks on people occur not very often, and if they happen, it is more often due to provocations of the most people.
The first official shark attack on a person happened on July 1, 1916 with Charles Vensen Santom on New Jersey Beach. But then the residents of the resort town took this case as an accident. Registered similar tragedies were only in 1935. But scientists - Acouulov Nikols, Merphy and Lyukas did not react to attacks frivolously and began hard to look for their specific reasons. As a result, they created their theory of "shark year." She argued that attacks were motivated by a great shark migration. Since the beginning of 2013, according to the international register of attacks, the sharks in the world recorded 55 cases of attacks of predators per person, of which 10 with a fatal outcome.
The ocean gets a lot of heat from the sun - occupying a large area, it gets warm more than land. Water has big heat capacityTherefore, a huge amount of heat accumulates in the ocean. Only the upper 10-meter layer of ocean water contains heat more than all. But the sun rays are heated only the upper layer of water, down from this layer heat is transmitted as a result of constant stirring water. But it should be noted that the temperature of the water with depth falls, first hopped, and then smoothly. At depth, the water is almost homogeneous by temperature, since the depth of oceans is mainly filled with the waters of the same origin that are formed in the polar regions of the Earth. At a depth More than 3-4 thousand meters. Temperature usually ranges from + 2 ° C to 0 ° C.
So, the ocean absorbs heat by 25-50% more than sushi. The sun all summer heats the water, and in winter it gets into the atmosphere, so without the World Ocean, such brutal frosts would come on Earth, which would have died all living on the planet. This is his huge role for the living beings of the Earth. It was estimated that if the oceans would not keep so carefully warm, the average temperature on our planet would be -21 ° C, and this is 36 ° below the one we have now.
The climate of the Atlantic Ocean is determined by its huge meridional length, the nature of atmospheric circulation and the ability of the water surface to significantly level the annual temperature. For the oceanic climate, small fluctuations in air temperature are generally characteristic. In the Atlantic Ocean at the equator, they are less than 1 second, in subtropical latitudes 5 s, and by 60 s. sh. and Yu. sh. - 10 C. Only in the North-West and the Extreme South of the Ocean, where the effect of adjacent continents is mostly affected, the annual fluctuations exceed 25 S.
The warmest month in the northern hemisphere - August, in South - February, the coldest - respectively February and August. In the coldest month, the air temperature drops to + 25 s at the equator, + 20 sleep 20 ss.sh. Iyu.Sh., 0 with 60 s. sh. IDO-10 dreaming Sh., In the extreme north-west and south of the ocean, the average air temperature over the ocean falls below -25 s. At the same time, there is a very noticeable difference in the temperature conditions between the eastern and western ocean parts caused by the distribution of warm and cold waters and the peculiarities of atmospheric circulation. Between 30 s. sh. and 30 yu. sh. The eastern part of the ocean is colder than Western.
Atmospheric circulation over the Atlantic Ocean is generally determined by the areas of atmospheric pressure developing over it and adjacent continents. In the extreme north and south of the ocean, thermal areas of reduced pressure are formed. One of them is an Icelandic minimum, somewhat shifting to the southwest of Iceland, the most developed in winter.
Between them in subtropical latitudes are permanent areas of high pressure - Azores and South Atlantic maxima. These subtropical maxima are separated from the equator to the dynamic area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure.
Such a pressure distribution is determined in the lower layers of the atmosphere in moderate and subtropical latitudes of both hemispheres of the domination of Western winds, and in tropical latitudes - the northeast directions in the northern part of the ocean and the southeast in South. The meeting of trade winds in the north of the equator leads to a decrease in their strength, the formation of intensive air flows, significant cloudiness and abundance of precipitation. The Equatorial belt belt is located here. The greatest strength of the winds in moderate latitudes have in winter. This time is characterized by frequent storms. In the tropical latitudes of the northern hemisphere on the tropical front, the strongest hurricanes are born. From July to October, they follow from the shores of Africa to the Isles of West Indies, where they achieve the greatest strength.
Differences in atmospheric circulation conditions lead to a very uneven distribution of cloudiness and the amount of precipitation in the Atlantic Ocean. In high and moderate latitudes, cloudiness is 6-8 points, in subtropical and tropical it decreases and is less than 4 points, and at the equator again exceeds 6 points. The amount of precipitation in high latitudes 250 mm in the north and 100 mm in the south, in moderate latitudes, respectively, 1500 and 1000 mm. In subtropical and tropical latitudes, the amount of precipitation is significantly lower and varies from the east to the west of from 1000 mm to 500 mm, and in the equator again increases and exceeds 2000 mm. The average precipitation over the ocean is 780 mm / year.
The passage of warm air over the cold surface of the water causes the occurrence of thick fogs in the ocean. Especially frequently in the summer at the junction of warm and cold waters in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Great Newfoundland Bank, near the mouth of the La Plata River in the fortieth latitudes of the southern hemisphere, as well as the southwestern shores of Africa, where in the area of \u200b\u200braising cold depths, thick fogs are noted during the whole of the year. In tropical latitudes, such fogs are extremely rare. However, in the northern hemisphere in the area of \u200b\u200bthe islands of the Green Cape, dust fogs, brought by the North-Eastern Passat, from the inner parts of the Sahara and spreading to 40 s are observed. D. Bes8I25 s. sh.
Hydrological mode. The climatic conditions of the Atlantic Ocean determine the features of its hydrological regime.
Excitement. The wave formation in the Atlantic Ocean depends on the nature of the dominant winds over those or other areas. The region of the most frequent storms extends north of 40 s. sh. and south of 40 yu. sh. The height of the waves during long and very strong storms can reach 20-26 m. But such waves are observed relatively rarely - on average once every 10-15 years from the North American shores in the area of \u200b\u200bthe island of Seb. The wave height is 16-18 m (Biscai Biscai), and almost annually in the passage of tropical cyclones develops waves with a height of 14-16 m.
In the northern part of the Atlantic are often tsunami. Strong tsunami (water lift to 2-4 m) are frequent from the Antilles, Azores, Canary Islands, off the coast of Portugal.
Flows. In the tropical latitudes of the ocean, the Passats cause powerful surface flows of salted waters moving from the east to the west on both sides of the equator under the name of the Northern and South Passatures.
South Passatoe The flow of South America (Cape San Rocks) is divided into two branches, one of which deviates to the south, the other continues to move along the shore of Guiana (Guiangic current) and enters the southern straits of small Antille Islands in the Caribbean Sea.
Northern trade houseWhen having met the ridge of these islands, also divided into two branches. North continues to go to the north-west along the northern shores of large Antille Islands ( Antillest current) And the South through the northern straits of small Antille Islands is also included in the Caribbean Sea, passing which, rushes through the Yucatan shed in the Mexican bay. The latter creates a huge accumulation of water, which under the influence of the difference in the levels of water of the Gulf of Mexican and the adjacent part of the ocean at a speed of up to 9 km / h overlooking the Florida Strait called Floridal flow in the ocean where they meet with Antillest flow and give rise to a powerful warm thread Golf Stream. Gulf Stream should be north-east along the shores of North America, taking under the influence of Western winds by 40 p. sh. Eastern direction. Approximately 40 s. D. Golf Stream deviates to the northeast, at the same time giving a branch to the south along the shores of the Pyrenean Peninsula and Africa - Cold Canary Current. South Islands of Green Cape One Flow Branch goes into Northern trade house, closure anticyclonic cycle of the water of the northern hemisphere. The other continues to the south and, gradually heating, enters the Guinean bay as warm Guinea flow.
Northeastern Golf Stream Branch - Warm North Atlantic Flow - As you move towards the British Islands gives a branch to Iceland Island ( irmininger), which partially continues in the north along the Western coast of the island, and partially deviates to the West and, rich from the south of Greenland, brings warm water in the buffins of the bay.
From the North Icetic in the Atlantic Ocean, two powerful flows are cold and desalinated water. One of them follows along the eastern shore of Greenland as East Greenland Currentwhich south of the Danish Strait faces and mixes with the warm waters of the Irminer's current. The other is heading through the buffins of the bay along the shores of North America, which he is known as cold Labrador Current , and the south of Newfoundland faces Golfustrim, partially deviating to the east, follows Cape Hatteras, forming a cold wall between the warm waters and the shore.
In the southern hemisphere, the southern branch of the Southern Passat, descends under the name of warm Brazilian timetablei am along the coast of South America to 40 yu. Sh., At the same time, a fan-like spreading in the southeast and eastern directions. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of the La Plata River, this flow occurs with cold Falkland flow, which is the branch of the flow of Western winds and next to the north along the coast of Patagonia, and U40 p. sh. Turns to the east. As it moves to the East, the current is increasingly rejecting north and when meeting with the southern tip of Africa gives rise to cold Bengelege flowwhich is sent to the equator where it goes into the southern trade in the current, closing anticyclonic water cycle Southern Hemisphere.
A large modern discovery in the field of hydrology was the establishment of the existence of the subsurface countercase in the equatorial belt of the Atlantic Ocean - lomonosov's currents. It crosses the ocean from the west to the East under the southern trade in the course, reaches the Guinean Bay and faded south of him. Relatively recently in the southeastern part of the ocean, a warm Angolath current was found. In recent years, the powerful depth of the Luzitansky flow in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean in the East of the Atlantic Ocean, formed by the bottom of the Mediterranean Waters through the Gibraltar Strait, is studied. The main flow of water of the Lusitan flow is directed to the north along the shores of the Pyrenean Peninsula. It is also found that under a golfustrim at a speed of 20 cm / s, a powerful countercover is held at a depth of 900-3000 m.
Riding. The Atlantic Ocean is inherent in the mainly semi-sufficient tides. They have the most correct character from the coast of Europe. The magnitude of the tide in the open ocean does not exceed 1 m (Saint Helena Island - 0.8, the island of Ascension is 0.6 m). The largest tide in the world - 18 m is observed off the coast of Canada in Fandy Bay. Great tides and the eastern shore of the ocean. So, in the Bristol Gulf (United Kingdom) they reach 15 m, and in the Gulf of Saint-Little (France) - 9-12 m.
Properties of water. In general, the temperature of the surface water of the Atlantic decreases from the equator to high latitudes, and the northern part of the ocean due to the receipt of a large amount of warm water turns out to be significantly warmer southern. The highest temperature of the water is marked in the northern hemisphere in August, in South - in February, when it changes from +26 sleep equator to + 25 sleep 20 s. sh. and Yu. sh. And to + 10 C. The lowest temperature is observed in the northern hemisphere in February, in South - in August. Only at the equator at this time it rises to +27 C, but with increasing latitude decreases to +23 s at 20 s. sh. and up to +20 sleep 20 yu. sh.; The water temperature reaches +6 C, but on the 60th year. sh. It is below -1 S.
In the latitudinal distribution of water temperature, the same unevenness is noted, as in the distribution of air temperature. In the southern hemisphere, north of 30 yu. sh., the eastern part of the ocean is 10 with a colder western, which is explained by the arrival of high latitudes of colder water. But the south of the 30th year. sh. The difference in temperatures between the eastern and western parts of the ocean disappears due to the latitudinal direction of the relevant flow here. Especially sharp changes in temperature are observed in areas of warm and cold waters and in places of raising deep waters. For example, at the junction of the cold water of the East Greenland flow with the warm waters of the Irmininger flow, the temperature at a distance of 20-36 km decreases with +10 to +3 C; In the coastal strip of southwestern Africa, the temperature is 5 with below the surrounding waters.
The salinity distribution in general corresponds to the temperature distribution. High salinity - more than 37.25% o in subtropical latitudes, where there are few precipitation and a great evaporation, and in high latitudes it drops to 35.0%. The greatest non-uniformity in the latitudinal distribution of salinity is notes north of 40 s. W.: In the eastern ocean - 35.5, in Western - 32.0% O (Labrador district). The average salinity of the Atlantic Ocean is 35.4%. The highest salinity of water in the Atlantic Ocean - 37.4% is observed in tropical latitudes in the field of maximum evaporation to the west of the Azores.
The transparency of the water of the Atlantic Ocean generally decreases from the equator to the poles. The greatest transparency in the Sargasso Sea, where the white disk is visible at a depth of 65.5 m. The color of water in the open ocean is dark blue, and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Gulf Stream gently blue. In coastal areas, greenish shades appear.
A variety of climatic conditions on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean is determined by its large meridional length and circulation of air masses under the influence of four major atmospheric centers: Greenland and Antarctic maxima, Icelandic and Antarctic minima .
In addition, two anticyclone are constantly in subtropics: Azores and South Atlantic. They are divided by the equatorial area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure. Such a distribution of the Baric regions determines the system of dominant winds in the Atlantic. Not only its large meridional length is the greatest effect on the temperature regime of the Atlantic Ocean, but also water exchange with the Northern Arctic Ocean, the seas of Antarctic and the Mediterranean Sea. For surface waters, their gradual cooling is characterized by removal from the equator to high latitudes, although the presence of powerful currents causes significant deviations from zonal temperature modes
On the expanses of the Atlantic are all climatic belts of the planet. For tropical breadth silent seasonal temperature fluctuations are characteristic (average indicator - 20 ° C) and abundant precipitation. To the north and south of the tropics there are subtropical belts with more noticeable seasonal (from 10 ° C in winter to 20 ° C in summer) and daily temperature fluctuations; The precipitation here falls mainly in the summer. Frequent phenomenon in the subtropical zone - tropical hurricanes . In these monstrous atmospheric vortices, wind speed reaches several hundred kilometers per hour. The most powerful tropical hurricanes are rampant in the Caribbean: for example, in the Gulf of Mexico and on the Islands of West Indies. West-Indian tropical hurricanes are formed in the western part of the ocean in the region of 10-15 ° S.Sh. And move to the Azores and Ireland. Next to the north and south follow the zones of subtropics, where in the coldest month, the temperature decreases to 10 ° C, and in winter, cold air masses from the polar areas of low pressure bring abundant precipitation.
In moderate latitudes the average temperature of the warm month is held in the range of 10-15 ° C, and the coldest -10 ° C. There are also significant daily temperature differences. For moderate belt characteristic Quite evenly falling out during the year of the precipitation (about 1 000 mm), reaching a maximum in the autumn-winter period, and frequent ferocious storms, for which the southern moderate latitudes are nicknamed "roaring forty". Isotherm 10 ° C determines the boundaries of the northern and southern sugar belts. In the northern hemisphere This border passes in a wide band between 50 ° C.Sh. (Labrador) and 70 ° S.Sh. (Northern Norway coast). IN Southern Hemisphere Summer Zone It begins closer to the equator - approximately 45-50 ° Yu.Sh. The lowest temperature (-34 ° C) was registered in the sea Weddell
HYDROLOGY
COMING From the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Drake with the course of Western winds (Antarctic Circampolar Method). From the Indian Ocean through the incision of Africa - Antarctica (20 ° V.D.) with coastal antarctic flow, deep and coastal waters.
CONSUMPTIONIn the Indian Ocean through the incision of Africa - Antarctica (20 ° V.D.) over the course of Western winds (Antarctic circumpolar flow). In the North Arctic Ocean through the Straits: Devisov, Danish, Faroezo-Icelandic, Faroezo-Shetland (and arrival).
The main flow of water of the north-Atlantic flow runs between Iceland and the Scandinavian peninsula and poured into the northern Arctic Ocean, mitigating the climate in the European sector of the Arctic. From the Arctic Ocean, there are two powerful flow of cold desalinated water - the East Greenland Current and Labrador Current Current Labrador, Newfoundland.
The flow of Western winds is branched off by the cold Bengelege flow and moving along the coast of South-West Africa gradually deviates to the West. In the southern part of the Guinean Gulf, this flow closes the anticyclonic cycle of the southern trade house. In the Atlantic Ocean there are several tiers of deep-water flows. Under the golphustrine passes powerfulness, the main straightening of which lies at a depth of up to 3500 m, at a speed of 20 cm / s. The counterchange is a narrow stream at the bottom of the mainland slope, the formation of this flow is associated with the bottom drain of cold water from the Norwegian and Greenland seas. In the Equatorial Ocean zone, the subsurface flow of Lomonosov is open. It begins on the antilo-Guiangic countercord and reaches the Gulf of Guinea.
The largest magnitude of the tide in the world is fixed in Fandy Bay, on the East Coast of Canada, where the maximum tide reaches 15.6-18 m
86, surface circulation of the water of the Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean - second largely after the quiet, the ocean of the Earth. As well as quiet, it extends from subarctic latitudes to the subnutrctic, that is, from the underwater threshold, separating his impoverished Ice Okeanan North, to the coast of Antarctica in the south. In the east, the Atlantic Ocean is washed by the coast of Eurasia and Africa, in the West - North and South America.
In the anti-essential latitudes there are two trade-offs - the Northern Passatown and South Commerce, moving from the east to the West. Interpassate countercourse is moving between them. Northern Passatown Pass passes near 20 ° C.Sh. And the coast of North America is gradually deviated to the north. The southern trade house, passing the south of the equator from the shores of Africa to the West, reaches the eastern protrusion of the South American mainland and at Cape Kabu Branka is divided into two branches running along the shores of South America. Its north of its branch (Gwiank Current) reaches the Gulf of Mexico and, together with the North Passage, participates in the formation of a system of warm currents of the North Atlantic. The southern branch (the Brazilian current) reaches 40 ° S., where it is found with the branch of the circumpolar flow of the Western winds - the cold Falkland current. Another branch of the flow of Western winds, to the north relatively cold water, is included in the Atlantic Ocean in the south-west coast of Africa. This is the Bengelege course - an analogue of the Peruvian Pacific Power. Its influence can be traced almost to the equator, where it is poured into the southern trade in the current, the closure of the southern cycle of the Atlantic and significantly reducing surface waters at the coast of Africa.
Total picture of surface flows North Atlantic It is much more complicated than in the southern part of the ocean, and also has significant differences from the system of currents of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean.
The branch of the Northern Passat, strengthened by the Guiangue penetrates through the Caribbean Sea and Yucatan shed in the Mexican Bay, causing there a significant increase in water level compared to the ocean. As a result, there is a powerful severior course, which, rich Cuba, through the Florida Strait goes into the ocean called Golfstream ("Flow from the Bay"). So in the south-eastern shores of North America, the greatest system of warm superficial flows of the oceans is born.
Golf Stream at 30 ° S.Sh. and 79 ° zd merges with the warm antillest flow, which is a continuation of the Northern Passat. Next, the Gulf Stream passes along the edge of the mainland, wept about up to 36 ° S.Sh. At Cape Hatteras, deviating under the influence of the earth's rotation, he turns to the east, the rich edge of a large Newfoundland bank, and goes to the banks of Europe called the North Atlantic current, or "Golf Stream drift".
When leaving the Floridian Strait, the Gulf Stream width reaches 75 km, the depth is 700 m, and the flow rate is from 6 to 30 km / h. The average temperature of the water on the surface is 26 ° C. After the merger with the antil flow, the golfustrim width increases 3 times, and water consumption is 82 million m 3 / s, i.e., 60 times the consumption of all rivers of the globe.
North Atlantic flow in 50 ° S.Sh. and 20 ° zd divided into three branches. North (Irminger's current) is sent to the southern and western banks of Iceland, and then envelopes the southern coast of Greenland. The main middle branch continues to move to the northeast, to the British Islands and the Scandinavian Peninsula, and goes to the Northern Arctic Ocean called the Norwegian current. The width of his stream to the north of the British islands reaches 185 km, the depth is 500 m, the flow rate is from 9 to 12 km per day. The water temperature on the surface is 7 ... 8 ° in winter and 11 ... 13 ° C in summer, which is 10 ° C average higher than on the same latitude in the western part of the ocean. The third, south, the branch penetrates the Biscai Bay and continues to the south along the Pyrenean Peninsula and the Northeast Coast of Africa in the form of a cold canary flow. Pouring into the northern trade house, it closes the subtropical cycle of the North Atlantic.
The north-western part of the Atlantic Ocean is mainly influenced by cold waters coming from the Arctic, and there are other hydrological conditions. In the area of \u200b\u200bNewfoundland Island, the cold water of the Labrador flow is moving towards the Golfstrum, the warm water of Golfstream from the north-eastern coast of North America. In winter, the water Labrador current is 5 ... 8 ° C colder than golphustrum; The whole year their temperature does not exceed 10 ° C, they form the so-called "cold wall". The alignment of warm and cold waters contributes to the development of microorganisms in the upper layer of water and, therefore, the abundance of fish. Especially famous for this Big Newfoundland Bankwhere they catch a cod, herring, salmon.
Approximately 43 ° C.Sh. Labrador Current takes out icebergs and sea ice, which in combination with the mist characteristic for this part of the ocean is a greater danger to shipping. The tragic illustration of the Titanic liner liner is served by a crash in 1912 at 800 km south-east of Newfoundland.
Temperature Water on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean, as in a quiet, in the southern hemisphere, is generally lower than in Northern. Even at 60 ° C.Sh. (With the exception of northwestern districts), surface waters are fluid during the year from 6 to 10 ° C. In the southern hemisphere on the same latitude, it is close to 0 ° C and in the eastern part lower than in Western.
The warmer surface waters of the Atlantic (26 ... 28 ° С) are confined to the zone between the equator and the northern tropical. But even these maximum values \u200b\u200bdo not reach the values \u200b\u200bnoted on the same latitudes in the quiet and Indian Oceans.
Indicators saltness The surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean differ much more variety than in other oceans. The greatest values \u200b\u200b(36-37% o is the maximum value for the open part of the World Ocean) are characteristic of tatropic areas with small annual amounts of precipitation and strong evaporation. High salinity is also associated with the admission of salted waters from the Mediterranean Sea through the shallow water gibraltar strait. On the other hand, large areas of the water surface have an average oceanic and even reduced salinity. This is due to the large amounts of atmospheric precipitation (in the hexavatorial regions) and the ceiling exposure to large rivers (Amazon, La fees, Orinoco, Congo, etc.). In high latitudes, the decrease in salinity up to 32-34% o, especially in the summer, due to the melting of icebergs and floating sea ice.
The features of the buildings of the northern Atlantic, the circulation of the atmosphere and surface water in subtropical latitudes caused the existence of a unique natural education here, called Sargasso Sea. This is a section of the Atlantic Ocean water area between 21 and 36 S.Sh. and 40 and 70 ° z.d. Sargassovo Sea "wildly, but not limitless." Its peculiar turnings can be considered the flows: the Northern Passatoe in the south, Antilles in southwest, Golf Stream in the West, the North Atlantic in the north and Canary in the east. These boundaries are moving, so the Sargassov Sea Square ranges between 6 and 7 million km 2. Its position approximately corresponds to the central part of the Azores of the Baric maximum. Within Sargassov Sea there are volcanic and coral islands of the Bermuda Archipelago.
The main features of the surface waters of Sargassov of the sea compared to the surrounding water area are the small mobility, weak development of plankton and the largest transparency in the oceans, especially in summer (to a depth of 66 m). High temperature and salinity indicators are also characteristic.
Surface circulation of water in the Atlantic Ocean.Surface flows in the ocean are created mainly mainstream winds, therefore there is a certain similarity in the directions of winds and flows. Water movement forms time-resistant large-scale oceanic cyphans in different parts of the ocean.
Subarctic (subepolar) cyclonic circulation is created east- and West Greenland currents in the north, Labradors in the West, North Atlantic in the south, Irminger ( Irmininger The current The warm current of the Atlantic Ocean in the southern shores of Iceland, the western branch of the North Atlantic current, the speed of about 1 km / h. Water temperature from 5 ° C to 7 ° in winter and from 10 ° C. up to 12 ° C. in summer. Saltness 34.8 - 35. Named by the name of the Danish Marinener K. Irminger (S. Irgeringer), who first celebrated him and described in 1853-54.) - In the East.
Northern subtropical anticyclonic circulation consists From the currents of Golf Stream, the North Atlantic, Canary and Northern Passatoe. This cycle is the most extensive and powerful circulation formation of the Atlantic. Gulf Stream received his name because of an erroneous opinion, as if he was born in the Gulf of Mexico. In English "Golf Stream" means "the flow of the bay". According to modern ideas, the actual Golf Stream is formed in the area to the north-west of the Malaya Bahamas as a result of the merger of Antille and Florida currents. The highest speeds on its surface 3 m / s.
Northern tropical cyclonic circulation Formed by the Northern Passat and Northern Equatorial countercords. Between the tropical cyclonic circulation and the equator pouring Northern tropical anticyclonic cycle, Created by southern trade in the Gwiank currents in the south and the Northern Equatorial countercover, turning into Guinean, in the north. Southern tropical cyclonic circulation It is noted between the southern equatorial countercord in the north, Bennel in the south-west and Angolan (southern) in the East. The southern subtropical anticyclonal cycle formed by the Bennel flow on its northern periphery, Brazilian in the West and the circular Antarctic (the course of Western winds) in the south is the most significant oceanic cycle of the South Atlantic.
The cyclonic waters prevails the south of the circular Antarctic flow to the shores of Antarctica. Western coastal flow closes Southern etarchic cyclonic cyclony.
The speed of surface flows in the Atlantic Ocean varies in a rather wide range of quantities. The average speed of flows on the surface of the ocean is about 10 m / s.
Detailed studies of water dynamics of the Atlantic Ocean led to important geographical discoveries.
During the Soviet-American expeditionary works in the North-West Atlantic, vortices were discovered, various in size and time of existence, closed circulation formations like cyclones and anticyclones in the atmosphere. Some of them are formed and supported by stationary wind vortices over the ocean and have diameters from 50 to 200 - 300 km, and the circular movements of water in them are traced to the horizons 800 - 1000 m. In the northern part of the ocean, anticyclonic whirl northeast is well expressed from Newfoundland . The origin of another kind of vortex is connected with a golphustrim, the movement of water in which is occurring in the form of wave-like bends - meander. On both sides of the flow in non-strokes (up to 100 - by km), small vortices with a diameter of 50-60 m and more are observed. They are formed as a result of the separation of some mass of water from the main flow of Golfustrum. On the left in relation to the flow direction there are cyclonic vortices, the water in which is rotated counterclockwise, and on the right - anticyclonic, where water rotates clockwise. Sometimes, when separated by Meandr, the Golf Stream is formed by vortices with a diameter of 100-300 km and a thickness of a thousand to several thousand meters. The speed of movement of water in them reaches sometimes 300 cm / s. Such vortices can exist from several months to several years. The vortices, formed from Meander Golfustrim, carry warm water to the north, and cold - south. This manifests them with an important geographical role.
In 1959, the domestic research vessel Mikhail Lomonosov conducted a comprehensive study of the equatorial areas of the Atlantic Ocean. During these works, M survened subsurface counter flow, named by the name of the vessel of Lomonosov. It has a length of 4600-4800 km, crosses almost all of the Atlantic from the west to the east of 40 - 38 ° C. Up to 6 - 7 ° V.D., It takes place in both hemispheres almost symmetrically equator, occupying a bandwidth 370 - 440 km in the West and 185 - 220 km in the east. The flow occupies a layer between the horizons 25 - 30 and 200 - 250 m, although it goes to the surface or deepened below the midline. Its kernel is usually located on the horizons 70 - 75 m, but sometimes it rises to the horizon of 50 m. From the sources in the West, the flow increases as it moves to the east and the most developed between 15 and 25 ° C is the most developed, from where it gradually fades. The flow rate is different in different areas and varies with depth. The maximum speed is 150 cm / s - observed in the kernel, in the region of 23 "30" ZD In the mid-60s, Soviet scientists opened a major anti-Gwiangsky counterchange that moving in subsurface horizons to the south-east. Its width of about 250 km, lounge horizons - 1000 - 1500 m, the maximum speed is about 50 cm / s - observed in the upper layers. The vertical movement of the atlantic waters is characterized by an upwelling, in which their deep layers from the horizons are 100-150 m, occasionally from 400-500 m, rose to the surface. As a result, surface waters are enriched with nutrients, which increases biological productivity in the Area zones. They are found in different parts of the Atlantic Ocean, but the most bright appelle is expressed from the coast of Africa. Wind excitement develops on all the spaces of the Atlantic. It is most often observed in the cold season in the zone from 40 to 60 ° C. sh., between 30 "century and zero meridian. The average wave height is close to 2 m, and the maximum reaches 25-6 m. In the southern part of the ocean, the most frequent and strong excitement is observed in the zone of the predominance of storm western winds, about about about 40 ° S. w. In the equatorial part of the ocean, a calm state prevails.
Sometimes in the ocean there are crushing isochki waves arising from windless weather. They are randomly praying, and water without any visible reason is boil like in the boiler. This phenomenon is called "Suler." It is generated by a meeting and a collision of multidirectional currents.
The flow of the Atlantic Ocean
Southern trade house. It starts almost from the shores of Africa with a strip of about 10 degrees of latitude. The northern flow limit of about 1 ° N first and at the shores of Y. America reaches 6-7 ° N. Very steadily, the greatest daily rate is 55 miles. In winter, the speed is less than in summer. It comes to the Cabo Branca, where it is divided into the Brazilian flow, coming to the south, and the Guiangic flow.
Gwiang. From Cape Kabu Branka, directed to the north-west along the coast of Y. America, the speed is 30-60 miles per day, the temperature is 27-28 °. In summer, its speed comes to 90 miles. Entering the Caribbean Sea, flows from the straits between the small antilles to Yucatanian strait throughout the surface of the Caribbean. Speed \u200b\u200bup to 35-50 miles. Passing the Mexican bay, mainly evaded to the Floridian strait. In the future, merges with the Northern Passat.
Northern trade house. It starts from the green cape between 8 and 23 ° N. speed up to 20 miles. Fitting to. Small Antille Islands, gradually evade the west-north-west, divided into two branches. The oceanic branch receives the name of the antillest flow, the speed of which is 10-20 miles per day. In the future, the antillest flow joins Golf Stream. The second branch merges with the Guiangue, entering him to the Caribbean Sea.
Golfstream. Starts from the Florida Strait. The speed of up to 120 miles per day at the beginning and 40-50 at Cape Gatteras. It flows along the shores of North America from the Floridian Strait to the Eastern Newfoundland region, where the course begins to branch. With removal to the north the flow rate drops from 45-50 miles per day to 25-30 miles. Among the flow expanding in 50 ° W to 350 miles, bands with different speeds and temperatures appear. Between the Golfustrim and the Bank's shore there is a cold water strip, which is the continuation of the branch of the cold Labrador flow from the Bay of St. Lawrence. The Eastern Gulf Stream limit should be considered the area of \u200b\u200bthe eastern tip of Newfoundland, approximately 40 ° W.
North Atlantic current. This name is assigned to the entire set of currents of the North of the Atlantic Ocean. They begin with the northeastern border of Golf Stream, being a continuation between Newfoundland and La Mansha. The average flow rate of 12-15 miles per day, and the southern border passes by about 40 ° N. Gradually, the southeastern branch is separated from its southern edge. Azores, this branch is called North African, or Canarian current. At its temperature of water flow by 2-3 ° colder than others. In the future, the Canary Current, turning to the southwest, gives the beginning of the North Passat flow. The Atlantic current, approaching the shores of Europe, gradually turns into the northeast. On the parallels of Ireland, a left branch was separated from him, called the flow of the Irminger, going to the southern tip of Greenland, and then in the middle of Davisov Strait to the Baphinovo Sea, forming a warm Western Greenland current there. The main part of the Atlantic flow passes through the straits between Iceland and Scotland to the outskirts of the mainland slope of Norway and along its shores to the north. Having passed Norway, the flow is divided into two branches, one branch goes to the east called the North Castle to the Barents Sea, and the second to Svalbard, a rich island along its Western shores and gradually disappearing.
The East Greenland Current comes from the northeast to the cassa of Fairwell, and from this Cape in Davisov, the shed between the shore of Greenland and the warm Western Greenland flow. In the Danish Strait, the speed of this flow comes to 24 miles per day.
Labrador Current originates from the straits of the North American archipelago, flowing along the western coast of the Buffhin of the sea. The speed of it in this sea is somewhat less than 10 miles per day, but in the future it increases to 14 miles. The water of this current, meeting with Golfustrim, go under him; In the meeting area, they endure icebergs from Greenland, representing a significant danger of courts, especially since in the area of \u200b\u200bthe meeting of currents, up to 43% of foggy days a year is celebrated. Labrador flow in the Davis Strait and Cape Faerwell is adjacent to West Greenland and East-Greenland flow.
Brazilian flow. It is the southern branch of a southern trade-end flow, its speed is 15-20 miles, a day. South of mouth r. Parana gradually moves away from the shore and with 45 ° S turns into the east, merging over the course of Western winds, directed towards the caution of good hope.
Falkland Cold formed by cold waters of the flow of Western winds, the branch of it, going to the equator along the eastern shores of Patagonia and South America. This flow, reaching up to 40 ° S, carries with you a large number of icy mountains, mainly in the summer, southern hemisphere (October-December). In the future, it is adjacent to the flow of Western winds.
Benguel Code occurs as the northern branch of the flow of Western winds, departing from him at the Cape of Good Hope to the Equator along the West Bank of Africa. Speed \u200b\u200babout 20 miles per day. The flow takes up to 10 ° S and, turning there to the West, gives the beginning of the South Methods.
87. Surface circulation of the water of the Pacific Ocean.
1) General data
2) Relief bottom
4) climate and ocean circulation
5) flow and surface circulation of water masses
Question: Tell us about the phenomenon of El - Niño.
This is a global ocean - atmospheric phenomenon. The warm flow of El Niño, consisting of a tropical water-depleted plankton and heated by his eastern duct in the equatorial flow, replaces the cold rich waterbold water water plankton, also known as the Peruvian flow, which contains large populations of fishing fish. The El Niño phenomenon lies in a sharp increase in temperature (at 5-9 o C) of the surface layer of water in the east of the Pacific Ocean (in the tropical and central parts) on the area of \u200b\u200babout 10 7 km 2. Elnino.Elninio is a warm Pacific Equatorial current, arising every few years. Over the past 20 years, five active ELNIO cycles are noted: 1982-83, 1986-87, 1991-1993, 1994-95 and 1997-98, i.e. On average every 3-4 years.
In the years when Elninio is absent, along the entire Pacific coast of South America due to the coastal rise of cold depths, caused by the surface cold peruvian flow, the surface temperature of the ocean fluctuates in narrow seasonal limits - from 15 ° C to 19 ° C. During the ELNIO period temperature The surface of the ocean in the coastal zone increases by 6-10 ° C. With the elnino in the area of \u200b\u200bthe equator, it warms it stronger than usual. Therefore, trade-stone winds weaken or do not blow at all. Heated water, spreading to the sides, goes back to the American coast. There is an abnormal zone of convection, and rains and hurricanes are condensed to central and southern America. Global warming already in the near future can lead to disastrous consequences. Mail out whole types of animals and plants that do not have time to adapt to climate change. Due to the melting of polar ice, the level of the ocean can rise by a whole meter, and the islands will become less. In a century, warming can reach 8 degrees.
Abnormal weather conditions on the globe during the years of Elnino.In the tropics there is an increase in precipitation over the polls to the east of the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the decrease in the North of Australia, in Indonesia and the Philippines. In December-February, precipitation is more normally observed on the coast of Ecuador, in the north-west Peru, above South Brazil, Central Argentina and over the Equatorial, eastern Africa, and during June-August - in the West of the United States and over the central part of Chile.
The appearance of Elnino is also responsible for large-scale air temperature anomalies around the world. These years are outstanding temperature increases. Wilderly than normal, conditions in December-February were over Southeast Asia, over Primorye, Japan, Japanese Sea, over Southeast Africa and Brazil, in the south-east of Australia. Temperatures above the norm are also celebrated in June-August on the west coast of South America and over Southeast Brazil. Cooling winter (December-February) are on the southwest US coast.
Lanigno. Lanigno - as opposed to elnino, manifests itself as a decrease in the surface temperature of the water in the east of the tropical zone of the Pacific Ocean. Such phenomena were observed in 1984-1985, 1988-1989 and 1995-1996. During this period, the cold weather is installed in the east of the Pacific. Winds shift the warm water zone and the "Language" of cold waters stretches for 5000 km, in the Ecuador area - Samoa Islands, it is in the place where the Warm Waters belt should be with Elnino. During this period in Indochina, India and Australia, powerful monsoon rains are observed. The countries of the Caribbean and the United States suffer from drought and tornado.
Abnormal weather conditions on the globe during the years of Lanigno. During the periods of Lanigno, the sediments are enhanced over the western equatorial part of the Pacific Ocean, Indonesia and the Philippines and are almost completely absent in the eastern part of the ocean. Mostly precipitation falls in December-February in the north of South America and over South Africa, and in June-August over Southeast Australia. More arid conditions are observed over the Ecuador coast, in the north-west Peru and over the Equatorial part of East Africa during December-February, as well as over South Brazil and Central Argentina in June-August. All over the world there are large-scale deviations from the norm. There is a large number of areas with abnormally cool conditions, such as cold winters in Japan and in Primorye, over South Alaska and Western, Central Canada, as well as cool summer seasons over Southeast Africa, over India and Southeast Asia. Warm winter comes in the southwest of the United States.
Lanigno, like Elnino, most often arise from December to March. The difference is that Elnino occurs on average once every three or four years, and Lanigno - every six to seven years. Both phenomena carry a higher amount of hurricanes with them, but during Lanigno there are three or four times more than with ELNIO.
According to the latest observations, the accuracy of the occurrence of Elnino or Lanigno, you can determine if:
1. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe equator, in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean, a stain of warmer water is formed than usual, in the case of ELNIO and colder - in the case of Lanigno.
2. If the atmospheric pressure in the port of Darwin (Australia) tends to decrease, and on the island of Tahiti - to improve, then ELNIO is expected. Otherwise, Lanigno will be.
Elnino and Lanigno - the most pronounced manifestations of global one-year climate variability. They are large-scale temperatures ocean, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, vertical air movements over the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean.
It takes 1/3 of the surface of the Earth. The most ancient, the largest, the warst and deepest of all oceans. Located in all hemispheres. Surrounded by Eurasia and Australia in the West, North and South America in East and Antarctica in the south. His border with the North Arctic Ocean passes through the Berengovoy Strait, with the Atlantic, by the narrowest place - the Strait of Drake, with Indian on the east line of Australia after 145 Meridian V.D.). The coastline is relatively straightforward, strongly dissected from the coast of North. South. America and Eurasia. Area - 178.62 million square meters. km., The average depth of 3980 m, the deepest place in the world is 11,022 m.
Relief complex. A significant part of the ocean lies on one Pacific plate. At its borders are seismic belts. Shelf is narrow. In the South - East is the South Pacific Raising.
In the American and Asian shelves, oil deposits, in the mouth of the rivers - deposits of non-ferrous and precious metals. At the bottom found iron orders.
The Pacific Ocean is located in all Klim. belts. Climate and adjacent territories are greatly influenced by the trade winds that dominate in the tropics, and the Western winds that are in moderate latitudes. Summer from the ocean on sushi, variable winds are blowing - monsoons affecting the climate of the eastern coast of Eurasia.
- Flow
Forming two rings. Northern - Northern Passatoe, Kurosio, Northern Pacific, California. These flows are moving clockwise. The southern ring includes the southern trade house, East Australian, Peruvian and the flow of Western winds. This rode of flows is moving counterclockwise.
They have a significant impact on the redistribution of heat and moisture in the ocean, on the nature of the adjacent territories. For example, trade-off flows tolerate warm water from the eastern parts of the ocean to Western, so in low latitudes, the western part of the ocean is essentially thermally warmer. In medium and high latitudes - on the contrary, the eastern parts of the ocean are warmer than Western.
In the northern subepolar belt there is intensive circulation of water, so they are rich in fish. For the northern moderate belt, the interaction of warm and cold water masses is characteristic. Oxygen-rich water is full of various organisms. The western part of the northern subtropical belt is warm, oriental - cold. Waters are weakly mixed, the number of plankton and fish is not great.
