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With that huge number of types and modifications of devices and alarm devices, it is impossible to know all of them, and it is not even necessary. It is enough to master the basic principles of the construction and functioning of the alarm, to be able to work with the technical documentation for the devices.

The alarm device in its various modifications (burglar, fire, automobile) is essentially the same. Figure 1 shows the general block diagram of the signaling, where:

• D - alarm sensor
• UOS - signal processing device
• IU - executive device
• LAN - communication line
• UPD - data transmission device
• UO - warning device
• IP - power supply

An alarm sensor (the term "detector" is used for burglar alarms) is a device that, when exposed to it, changes the characteristics of the electrical circuit in which it is included. Depending on the purpose, the sensors can react to temperature changes, sound vibrations, vibrations, etc.

A relay is most often used as an output device in detectors, which closes or opens an electrical circuit (alarm loop) or changes its current consumption. However, there are sensors that generate a digital signal. Various types of alarm sensors, installation diagram, connection of detectors are discussed in more detail in the sections "SECURITY EQUIPMENT, ALARM DEVICES", "INSTALLATION OF FIRE ALARM".

The signal processing device (control panel) monitors the change in the state of the detectors, with the help of executive devices (as a rule, relays) turns on the warning devices (sirens, light annunciators). If it is necessary to transmit notifications about the state of the alarm system over remote distances, for example, to the security console, a data transmission device is used. The above sections also have Additional Information about this equipment.

A power supply is naturally needed for all devices. The design of the devices can provide built-in power supplies, some types of detectors are powered by the alarm loop.

As already noted, the above signaling scheme is a generalized version, some of its elements may be absent in specific systems.

It is worth noting that such abstract - theorized schemes are not always easily accessible for perception, therefore I will give a signaling scheme that is simple to a primitive, which, however, contains most of the devices discussed above, uses general principles construction and functioning of security alarm systems (Fig.2.1 corresponds to the "guard" mode, Fig.2.2 - "alarm").

The role of the sensor is performed by wire 1, laid secretly along the protected perimeter, having a low breaking force. The current I1 flowing through it from the battery 4 triggers the relay 2 (analogue of the control panel), which keeps its contacts (actuator) in the open state.

If the wire breaks, the relay is de-energized and switches the contacts into a closed state, supplying the supply voltage to bell 3 (notification device), which gives an "alarm" signal.

I want to note that most signaling systems work exactly according to this principle, using, of course, more complex circuitry solutions. In addition, automation systems work in a similar way. For example, use a water detection sensor, connect an electromechanical valve or gate valve to the actuator and you will get an emergency water supply shutdown system when leaks are detected.

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Conventional (traditional) fire alarm system

In such systems, control and monitoring devices determine the state of the alarm loop by measuring the electric current in the alarm loop with detectors installed in it, which can only be in two static states: "normal" and "fire". When the fire factor is fixed, the detector generates a “fire” notification, abruptly changing its internal resistance and, as a result, the current in the alarm loop changes. It is important to separate alarms from service ones related to malfunctions in the alarm loop or false alarms. Therefore, the entire range of loop resistance values ​​for the control panel is divided into several areas, each of which is assigned one of the modes ("Norm", "Attention", "Fire", "Malfunction"). The detectors are connected in a certain way to the alarm loop line, taking into account their individual internal resistance in the "normal" and "fire" states. For traditional systems, features such as the ability to automatically reset the power supply of a fire detector in order to confirm activation, the ability to detect several triggered detectors in a loop, as well as the implementation of mechanisms to minimize the effect of transients in loops.

Addressable threshold fire alarm system

The difference between the address-threshold signaling system and the traditional one lies in the topology of the circuit design and the sensor polling algorithm. The control panel cyclically polls the connected fire detectors in order to find out their status. Moreover, each detector in the loop has its own unique address and can already be in several static states: "normal", "fire", "malfunction", "attention", "dusty", etc. Unlike traditional systems, such a polling algorithm allows you to determine the location of the fire with an accuracy of the detector. Fire regulations in Russia allow the installation of one addressable detector for fire detection, provided that when this fire detector is triggered, no signal is generated to control fire extinguishing installations or type 5 fire warning systems.

Analog addressable fire alarm system

Analogue addressable systems are currently the most advanced, they have all the advantages of addressable threshold systems, as well as additional functionality. In analogue addressable systems, the control device, and not the detector, decides on the state of the object. That is, in the configuration of the control device for each connected addressable device, the response thresholds ("Norm", "Attention" and "Fire") are set. This allows you to flexibly shape the modes of operation fire alarm for rooms with varying degrees of external interference (dust, level of industrial smoke, etc.), including during the day. The control device constantly polls the connected devices and analyzes the obtained values, comparing them with the threshold values ​​set in its configuration. In this case, the topology of the address line to which the detectors are connected can be circular. In this case, a break in the address line will lead to the fact that it simply disintegrates into two radial independent loops, which will fully retain their operability. The listed features of analogue addressable systems form such advantages over other types of fire alarm systems as early fire detection, low level of false alarms. Monitoring the performance of fire detectors in real time allows you to pre-select detectors that are promising for maintenance and draw up a plan for the departure of specialists from the service organization to the facility. The number of protected rooms by one controller is determined by the address capacity of this controller.

On the applicability of systems

At first glance, it is advisable to use traditional systems for small and medium-sized facilities, when one of the main selection criteria is the relatively low cost of the system. And the cost of the system is largely determined by the cost of the detector. Today, conventional conventional detectors are relatively cheap. Despite the fact that the use of modern algorithms for digital signal processing in control panels can significantly increase the reliability of signal detection from detectors, and as a result, reduce the likelihood of false alarms, you still need to take into account that often such detectors do not provide a sufficient level of reliability. And - as a consequence of this fact - the need to install at least two or even three detectors in one room. Traditional systems also do not provide convenience in installation - loops in such systems can only be radial. Accordingly, the larger the system, the more communication lines you need to install and the more detectors you need to install. When the criterion of reliability comes to the fore, we can already talk about the installation of an address-threshold or address-analog system at the facility. At the same small and medium-sized facilities, it is advisable to use addressable threshold systems that combine the advantages of analogue addressable and traditional systems. In this case, we can already install one detector in the room (the cost of which is slightly lower than the cost of an analogue addressable detector), free line topology (bus or ring), and there is no need to use VUOS for addressable detectors. However, it should be borne in mind that for such systems it is not possible to use short-circuit isolators in the loop, as well as to determine the exact location of the breaks in the ring loop. Maintenance of such systems is also carried out in a planned preventive manner. Analogue addressable systems are free from such disadvantages. The advantages of installing such systems are obvious - free topology plus the possibility of using short-circuit isolators and determining the location of a line break, the ability to set analog values ​​for alarm messages "Attention", "Fire" (moreover, these values ​​may be different for day and night), as well as for When using an analogue addressable system, the savings in maintenance are obvious - monitoring the performance of fire detectors in real time makes it possible to pre-select detectors that are promising for maintenance and draw up a plan for the departure of specialists of the service organization to the facility. In the software of microcontrollers of analogue addressable detectors of the company "Bolid" algorithms have been introduced that exclude false alarms under various influences environment

Conventional fire alarm system using devices ISO "Orion"

To build a conventional fire alarm in the Orion integrated security system manufactured by the Bolid company, the following control and monitoring devices with control of radial alarm loops can be used: All devices, with the exception of "Signal-20P", can operate in an autonomous mode. However, when using devices for organizing a fire alarm, a network controller is usually also used in the system - the "S2000M" (or "S2000") console. The control panel in PS systems can perform functions of displaying events occurring in the system, as well as relay control functions if additional relay modules are used. If there is a need for display units, a remote control is also required. Depending on the type of connected fire detectors, when programming the device configurations, one of the following types can be assigned to the loops:

Type 1. Fire fighter with double actuation recognition.

Fire smoke (normally open) detectors are switched on in the AL. Possible AL modes (states):

• "Break" - loop resistance is more than 6 kOhm;

When the detector is triggered, the control panel generates the message "Sensor triggering" and resets the AL state: it resets (briefly disconnects) the AL power supply for 3 seconds. If the detector is triggered again within 55 seconds after the reset, the AL goes into the "Attention" mode. If the detector does not re-act within 55 seconds, the AL returns to the "Armed" state. From the "Attention" mode, the AL can switch to the "Fire" mode if a second detector is triggered in this AL, as well as after the expiration of the time delay set by the parameter "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire"... If the parameter "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire" "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire" equal to 255 s (maximum possible value), corresponds to an infinite time delay, and the transition from the "Attention" mode to the "Fire" mode is possible only when the second detector in the AL is triggered.

Type 2. Combined single-threshold fireman.

Fire smoke (normally open) and heat (normally closed) detectors are included in the AL. Possible AL modes (states):

• "On guard" ("Taken") - AL is controlled, resistance is normal;
• “Disarmed” (“Disarmed”) - the loop is not monitored;
• "Attention" - a heat detector has been triggered or a smoke detector has been repeatedly triggered;
• "Fire" - expired after the detector was triggered "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire";
• "Short circuit" - loop resistance is less than 100 Ohm;
• "Break" - loop resistance is more than 16 kOhm (more than 50 kOhm for "S2000-4");
• "Failure to take" - AL was violated at the moment of arming.

When the heat detector is triggered, the device switches to the "Attention" mode. When a smoke detector is triggered, the control panel generates the message "Sensor triggering", and makes a re-request of the AL state (see type 1). When the detector is triggered, the AL goes into the "Attention" mode. From the "Attention" mode, the AL can switch to the "Fire" mode after the expiration of the time delay set by the parameter "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire"... If the parameter "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire" is equal to 0, then the transition from the "Attention" mode to the "Fire" mode will occur instantly. Parameter value "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire" equal to 255 s (the maximum possible value) corresponds to an infinite time delay, and the transition from the "Attention" mode to the "Fire" mode is impossible.

Type 3. Firefighter thermal two-threshold.

Fire heat (normally closed) detectors are switched on in the AL. Possible AL modes (states):

• "On guard" ("Taken") - AL is controlled, resistance is normal;
• “Disarmed” (“Disarmed”) - the loop is not monitored;
• “Arming delay” - the arming delay has not ended;
• "Attention" - one detector has been triggered;
• "Fire" - more than one detector has been triggered, or after one detector has been triggered it has expired "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire";
• "Short circuit" - loop resistance is less than 2 kOhm;
• "Break" - loop resistance is more than 25 kOhm (over 50 kOhm for "S2000-4");
• "Failure to take" - AL was violated at the moment of arming.

When the detector is triggered, the control panel switches to the "Attention" mode for this AL. From the "Attention" mode, the control panel can switch to the "Fire" mode if a second detector is triggered in the AL, as well as after the expiration of the time delay set by the "Delay in Alarm / Fire" parameter. If the parameter "Delayed transition to Alarm / Fire" is equal to 0, then the transition from the "Attention" mode to the "Fire" mode will occur instantly. The value of the "Delayed transition to Alarm / Fire" parameter, equal to 255 s (the maximum possible value), corresponds to an infinite time delay, and the transition from the "Attention" mode to the "Fire" mode is possible only when the second detector in this AL is triggered. For each loop, in addition to the type, you can configure such additional parameters as:

• Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire - for any of the fire loops this is the time of transition from the "Attention" state to the "Fire" state. Loops of type 1 and type 3 (with double actuation recognition) can also switch to the "Fire" state when the second fire detector in the AL is triggered. If "Delay of transition to Alarm / Fire" is equal to 255 s, then the control panel does not switch to "Fire" mode by time (infinite delay). In this case, loops of type 1 and 3 can go to the "Fire" state only after the second detector in the loop is triggered, and the loop of type 2 will not go to the "Fire" state under any circumstances.
• Loop analysis delay after power reset is the duration of the pause before analyzing the loop after removing the loop power supply voltage (when re-requesting the state of the fire loop and when arming). This delay allows detectors with a long readiness time (“settling down” time) to be included in the loop.
• Without the right to disarm - does not allow disarming the loop under any circumstances.
• Auto-arming from Alarm / Fire - the loop will automatically switch to the “Armed” state as soon as the loop resistance is normal for a time equal to the numerical value of this parameter multiplied by 15 s.

The maximum length of the signaling loops is limited only by the resistance of the wires (no more than 100 Ohm). Each alarm control panel has relay outputs. With the help of the relay outputs of the devices, it is possible to control various executive devices - light and sound annunciators, as well as transmit notifications to the monitoring station. The tactics of operation of any relay output can be programmed, as well as the activation linkage (from a specific loop or from a group of loops). When organizing a fire alarm system, the following relay operation algorithms can be used:

• Enable / disable if at least one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the "Fire" state;
• Turn on / off for a while, if at least one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the "Fire" state;
• Blink from on / off state if at least one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the "Fire" state;
• "Lamp" - blink if at least one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the Fire state (to blink with a different duty cycle, if at least one of the connected loops has switched to the Attention state); enable in case of taking the associated loop (s), disable in case of removal of the associated loop (s). At the same time, alarming conditions are of higher priority.
• "Monitoring station" - turn on when picking up at least one of the loops connected to the relay, in all other cases - turn off;
• "ASPT" - Switch on for a specified time, if two or more loops associated with the relay have switched to the "Fire" state and there is no violation of technological AL. A broken technological loop blocks switching on. If the technological loop was violated during the relay control delay, then when it is restored, the output will be turned on for the specified time (violation of the technological loop pauses the countdown of the relay turn-on delay
• "Siren" - If at least one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the "Fire" state, switch the specified time with one duty cycle, if in the attention state - from the other;
• “Fire monitoring station” - if at least one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the “Fire” or “Attention” state, turn it on, otherwise turn it off;
• “Fault” output - if one of the loops connected to the relay is in the “Fault”, “Failure”, “Disarmed” or “Arming Delay” state, then turn it off, otherwise turn it on;
• Fire lamp - If at least one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the "Fire" state, then blink with one duty cycle; turn on, otherwise turn off;
• “Old tactics of monitoring station” - enable, if all loops connected with the relay are taken or removed (there is no “Fire”, “Fault”, “Failure” state), otherwise - disable;
• Turn on / off for a specified time before taking the loop (s) associated with the relay;
• Turn on / off for a specified time when taking a loop (loops) connected to the relay;
• Turn on / off for a specified time if the loop (loops) associated with the relay is not taken;
• Enable / disable when removing the loop (s) associated with the relay;
• Turn on / off when taking a loop (loops) connected to the relay;
• "ASPT-1" - Switch on for a specified time, if one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the "FIRE" state and there are no violated technological loops. If the process loop was violated during the relay control delay, then when it is restored, the output will be turned on for the specified time (violation of the process loop pauses the countdown of the relay turn-on delay);
• "ASPT-A" - Switch on for a specified time, if two or more loops connected to the relay block switching on, when it is restored, the output will remain switched off;
• "ASPT-A1" - Switch on for a specified time, if at least one of the loops connected to the relay has switched to the "FIRE" state and there are no violated technological loops. A broken technological loop blocks switching on; when it is restored, the output will remain off.

Control and monitoring devices ISO "Orion" in autonomous mode

PPKOP S2000-4

"S2000-4" is used in stand-alone mode at small facilities. For example, the device can be used in small shops, small offices, apartments, etc. The device has:

1. Four alarm loops, which can include any type of conventional fire detectors. All loops are freely programmable, i.e. for any loop, you can set types 1, 2 3, and also set up individually for each loop and other configuration parameters.
2. Two relay outputs of the "dry contact" type and two outputs with monitoring the serviceability of connection circuits. Actuating devices (light and sound annunciators) can be connected to the relay outputs of the device, and notifications can be transmitted to the monitoring station using a relay. In the second case, the relay output of the object device is included in the so-called “general alarm” loop of the notification transmission device, which has a built-in transmitter via the GSM channel and / or an output for connection to the city telephone network. Thus, when the control panel switches to the “Fire” mode, the relay closes, the general alarm loop is violated, and the alarm message is transmitted to the monitoring station via GSM channels or via the telephone network;
3. Circuit for connecting a reader (you can connect various readers operating on the Touch Memory, Wiegand, Aba Track II interface).

Four indicators of the alarm loop status, as well as an indicator of the device operation mode.

Control Panel Signal-10

"Signal-10" is used in stand-alone mode at small and medium-sized facilities. The device has a convenient function for controlling the status of zones by means of contactless identifiers - Touch Memory or Wiegand keys (up to 85 user passwords). The powers of each key can be flexibly configured - to allow full control of one or an arbitrary group of loops, or to allow only re-arming of loops. The powers of each key can be flexibly configured - to allow full control of one or an arbitrary group of loops, or to allow only re-picking of loops. The device has:

1. Ten alarm loops, which can include any type of conventional fire detectors. All loops are freely programmable, i.e. for any loop, you can set types 1, 2 and 3, and also set up individually for each loop and other configuration parameters.
2. Two relay outputs of the "dry contact" type and two outputs with monitoring the serviceability of connection circuits. Actuating devices (light and sound annunciators) can be connected to the relay outputs of the device, and notifications can be transmitted to the monitoring station using a relay. In the second case, the relay output of the object device is included in the so-called “general alarm” loop of the notification transmission device, which has a built-in transmitter via the GSM channel and / or an output for connection to the city telephone network. Thus, when the control panel switches to Fire mode, the relay closes, the general alarm loop is violated, and the alarm message is transmitted to the monitoring station via GSM channels or via the telephone network.
3. A circuit for connecting a reader, with the help of which convenient way control of arming and disarming using electronic keys or cards. You can connect any reader of Touch Memory keys or contactless Proxy-cards that have a Touch Memory interface at the output (for example, "Reader-2", "S2000-Proxy", "Proxy-2A", "Proxy-3A", etc.) ).
4. Ten status indicators of alarm loops and a functional indicator of the device operation.

PPKOP Signal-20M

"Signal-20M" can be used on small and medium-sized objects (for example, warehouses, small offices, residential buildings, etc.). To control the state of the zones, PIN codes can be used (64 user PIN codes are supported), User rights (each PIN code) can be flexibly configured - to allow full control, or to allow only re-arming. Any user can control an arbitrary number of zones, for each zone the arming and disarming powers can also be individually configured. Twenty signaling loops "Signal-20m" provide sufficient localization of the alarm notification at the mentioned objects when any security detector in the loop is triggered. The device has:

1. Twenty alarm loops, which can include any kind of conventional fire detectors. All loops are freely programmable, that is, types 1, 2 and 3 can be set for any loop, and other configuration parameters can also be configured individually for each loop;
2. Three relay outputs of the "dry contact" type and two outputs with monitoring the serviceability of connection circuits. Actuating devices (light and sound annunciators) can be connected to the relay outputs of the device, and notifications can be transmitted to the monitoring station using a relay. In the second case, the relay object output of the device is included in the so-called “general alarm” loop of the notification transmission device, which has a built-in transmitter via the GSM channel and / or an output for connection to the city telephone network. The tactics of operation are defined for the relay, for example, turn it on in case of alarm. Thus, when the control panel switches to the “Fire” mode, the relay closes, the general alarm loop is violated, and the alarm message is transmitted to the monitoring station via GSM channels or via the telephone network;
3. Keypad for control by means of PIN-codes the state of zones on the device body. The device supports up to 64 user passwords, 1 operator password, 1 administrator password. Users can have the right to either arming and disarming alarm loops, or only arming, or only disarming. Using the operator password, it is possible to switch the device to the test mode, and using the administrator password, enter new user passwords and change or delete old ones.
4. Twenty indicators of the status of alarm loops, five indicators of the status of outputs and functional indicators "Operation", "Fire", "Fault", "Alarm".

Conventional fire alarm in ISO ORION

Figure 4 shows an example of organizing a conventional fire alarm system using Orion ISO devices. It is possible to connect various types of threshold fire detectors to each of the devices (smoke, heat, flame, manual). Alarm loops for each of the devices are freely programmable, i.e. for any loop, you can set types 1, 2 and 3, as well as configure other configuration parameters individually for each loop. Each device has relay outputs, with the help of which you can control various executive devices - light and sound annunciators, as well as transmit an alarm signal to the centralized monitoring station. For the same purposes, you can use the control and launch unit "S2000-KPB". Additionally, the system has an indication unit "S2000-BI", which is designed to display the status of the zones of the devices at the observation post. The control of the state of the zones, as well as the viewing of system events, is carried out from the network controller - the S2000-M console. Often the console is also used to expand the fire alarm system - to connect additional control panels or relay modules. That is, to increase system performance and build it up. Moreover, the build-up of the system occurs without its structural changes, but only by adding new devices to it.

Addressable threshold fire alarm system using devices ISO "Orion

To build an address-threshold fire alarm in ISO "Orion" the following are used:

• The control panel "Signal-10" with the address-threshold mode of the alarm loops
• Smoke optoelectronic threshold-addressable detector "DIP-34PA"
• Thermal maximum differential threshold-addressable detector "S2000-IP-PA"
• Manual threshold-addressable detector "IPR 513-3PA"

When connecting the indicated detectors to the Signal-10 device, the device loops must be assigned type 14 - “Addressable-threshold fire”. Up to 10 addressable detectors can be connected to one address-threshold loop, each of which is capable of reporting its current state at the request of the device. The device periodically polls addressable detectors, ensuring control of their performance and identification of a faulty or alarm detector. "Signal-10" accepts the following types of notifications from addressable detectors: "Norm", "Dusty, service required", "Fault", "Fire", "Manual fire", "Test", "Shutdown". Each addressable detector is considered as an additional addressable zone of the control panel. When the control panel is operated together with a network controller, each addressable zone can be disarmed and armed. When arming or disarming a threshold-addressable loop, the addressable zones that belong to the loop are automatically removed or taken. In this case, the address zones that are not tied to the loop do not change their state when the threshold-address loop is picked up or removed. When configuring the Signal-10 device, it is possible to pre-specify the addresses of those detectors that will be included in the threshold-address loop. For this, the parameter "Initial binding of loop to addresses" is used. If there is no binding of the address zone of the detector to the loop, this zone does not participate in the formation of the generalized state of the loop, commands for arming / disarming the loop do not apply to it. An addressable threshold loop can be in the following states (states are listed in order of priority):

• “Fire” - at least one addressable zone is in the “Manual fire” state, two or more addressable zones are in the “Fire” state, or the transition to alarm / fire delay has expired;
• "Attention" - at least one addressable zone is in the "Fire" state;
• "Fault" - one of the addressable zones is in the "Fault" state;
• "Disabled" - one of the addressable zones is in the "Disabled" state;
• "Not armed" - at the moment of arming, the address zone is in a state different from the "Normal" state;
• "Dusty, maintenance required" - one of the address zones is in the "Dusty" state;
• "Disarmed" ("Disarmed") - one of the address zones is disarmed;
• "Armed" ("Armed") - all address zones are normal and armed.

If the “Fire” state of one addressable zone is fixed in the address-threshold loop, the loop goes into the “Attention” state. If the “Manual fire” or “Fire” state is fixed for two addressable zones, the loop switches to the “Fire” mode. The transition from the "Attention" mode to the "Fire" mode is also possible by a timeout equal to the value of the "Delayed transition to fire" parameter. addressable detector. If the value of "Delayed transition to fire" is 255 (infinite delay), the loop switches to the "Fire" mode only upon activation of two automatic addressable detectors or one manual one. If the control panel does not receive a response from the detector within 10 seconds, the “Disabled” state is assigned to its addressable zone. In this case, there is no need to use a loop break when removing the detector from the socket, and all other detectors remain operational. An end-of-line resistor is not required for a threshold-address loop, and an arbitrary loop topology can be used: bus, ring, star, or any combination of them. When organizing an address-threshold alarm system for the operation of outputs, you can use tactics similar to those used in the conventional system (see above). Figure 5 shows an example of the organization of an address-threshold fire alarm system using the Signal-10 device.

Analogue addressable fire alarm system using devices ISO "Orion"

The analogue addressable fire alarm system in ISO "Orion" is built using the following devices:

• Controller of two-wire communication line "S2000-KDL";
• Fire-fighting smoke optical-electronic analogue addressable detector "DIP-34A";
• Fireman thermal maximum differential analogue addressable "S2000-IP"
• Fire-fighting manual addressable annunciator "IPR 513-3A"
• Branching and isolating blocks "BRIZ", "BRIZ" isp. 01. The devices are designed to isolate short-circuited sections with subsequent automatic recovery after removing the short circuit. "BREEZE" is installed in the line as a separate device, "BREEZE" isp. 01 is built into the base of fire detectors "S2000-IP" and "DIP-34A"
• Addressable expanders "S2000-AP1", "S2000-AP2", "S2000-AP8". The devices are designed to connect conventional four-wire detectors. Thus, conventional threshold detectors can be connected to the addressable system.

The controller of the two-wire communication line actually has one alarm loop to which up to 127 addressable devices can be connected. Addressable devices can be fire detectors, addressable expanders or relay modules. Each addressable device occupies one address in the controller memory. Addressable expanders occupy as many addresses in the controller's memory as there are loops that can be connected to them (S2000-AP1 - 1 address, S2000-AP2 - 2 addresses, S2000-AP8 - 8 addresses). Addressable relay modules also occupy 2 addresses in the controller memory. Thus, the number of protected rooms is determined by the address capacity of the controller. For example, with one "S2000-KDL" you can use 127 smoke detectors, or 17 smoke detectors and 60 addressable relay modules. When the addressable detectors are triggered or when the loops of the addressable expanders are violated, the controller issues an alarm message via the RS-485 interface to the S2000M control panel. For each addressable device in the controller, you must specify the type of zone. The zone type indicates to the controller the tactics of the zone operation and the class of detectors included in the zone. Type 2 - "Combined firefighter". This type of zone includes address expanders with threshold detectors included in them. ... In this case, the addressable expanders will recognize such states as "Norm", "Fire", "Open" and "Short circuit". Type 3. Thermal firefighter. This type of zone can include IPR-513-3A addressable manual call points, as well as address expanders with threshold detectors included in them. It is also possible to include the S2000-IP detector in this type of zone, however, in this case the detector loses its analog quality. Possible zone states:

• "Taken" - the zone is fully controlled;
• "Disarmed" - the zone is normal, if there are no faults;
• "Failure" - the monitored parameter of the AC was not normal at the moment of arming;
• "Arming delay" - the zone is in the arming delay state;
• "Fire" - the addressable heat detector has detected a change or excess of the temperature value corresponding to the condition for switching to the "Fire" mode (maximum differential mode); the addressable manual call point is switched to the "Fire" state (glass break). For address expander loops, there are certain loop resistance values ​​corresponding to this state;
• "Short circuit" - For address expander loops, there are certain loop resistance values ​​corresponding to this state;
• "Malfunction of fire equipment" - the measuring channel of the addressable heat detector is faulty.

Type 8. Smoke addressable analog. The zone of this type can include fire smoke optoelectronic analogue addressable detectors "DIP-34A". The controller in the standby mode of the DPLS operation requests numerical values ​​corresponding to the level of smoke concentration measured by the detector. Pre-warning thresholds are set for each zone "Attention" and alerts "Fire"... Alarm thresholds are set separately for time zones "NIGHT" and "DAY"... The controller periodically requests the value of the dust content of the smoke chamber, the obtained value is compared with the threshold "Dusty" set separately for each zone. Possible zone states:

• "Taken" - the zone is monitored, the thresholds "Fire", "Attention" and "Dusty" are not exceeded;
• "Disabled" - only the "Dusty" threshold and malfunctions are monitored;
• "Malfunction of fire equipment" - the measuring channel of the addressable detector is faulty;
• "Service required" - the internal threshold for automatic compensation of dustiness in the smoke chamber of the addressable detector or the "Dusty" threshold has been exceeded.

Type 9. "Thermal analog addressable"... The zone of this type can include fire-fighting thermal maximum differential analogue addressable detectors "S2000-IP". The controller in the standby mode of the DPLS operation requests numerical values ​​corresponding to the temperature measured by the detector. Pre-alarm temperature thresholds are set for each zone "Attention" and alerts "Fire"... Possible zone states:

• "Taken" - the zone is monitored, the "Fire" and "Attention" thresholds are not exceeded;
• "Discontinued" - only malfunctions are monitored;
• "Arming delay" - the zone is in the arming delay state;
• “Failure” - at the moment of arming, one of the “Fire”, “Attention” or “Dusty” thresholds was exceeded, or there is a malfunction;
• "Attention" - the "Attention" threshold has been exceeded;
• "Fire" - the "Fire" threshold has been exceeded;
• "Malfunction of fire equipment" - the measuring channel of the addressable detector is faulty.

Additional parameters can also be configured for loops:

• Auto-re-arm from alarm - allows automatic transition from the “Alarm”, “Fire” and “Attention” states to the “Accepted” state when the zone violation is restored. At the same time, for the transition to the "Accepted" state, the zone must be in the normal state for a time not less than that specified by the "Recovery time" parameter.
• Without the right to disarm - serves for the possibility of constant monitoring of the zone, that is, a zone with such a parameter cannot be disarmed under any circumstances.

When organizing an analogue addressable fire alarm system, S2000-SP2 devices can be used as relay modules. These are addressable relay modules, which are also connected to the "S2000-KDL" via a two-wire communication line. For the S2000-SP2 relay, you can use tactics of work similar to those used in the conventional system (see above). The S2000-KDL controller also has a circuit for connecting readers. It is possible to connect a variety of readers using the Touch Memory or Wiegand interface. The readers can control the state of the controller zones. In addition, the device has functional indicators of the operating mode status, DPS lines and an indicator of exchange via the RS-485 interface. Figure 6 shows an example of the organization of an analogue addressable fire alarm system under the control of the S2000M console.

Explosion-proof solutions based on analogue addressable fire alarm system

If necessary, fire alarm equipment for an object with explosive zones, together with an analogue address system based on the S2000-KDL controller, it is possible to use BRShS-ex intrinsically safe barriers (Figure 7). This unit provides protection at the level of an intrinsically safe electrical circuit. This method of protection is based on the principle of limiting the maximum energy stored or released by the electrical circuit in emergency mode, or dissipating power to a level significantly below the minimum energy or ignition temperature. That is, the voltage and current values ​​that can enter the hazardous area in the event of a malfunction are limited. The intrinsic safety of the unit is ensured by galvanic isolation and the appropriate selection of the values ​​of the electrical clearances and creepage distances between the intrinsically safe and associated spark-proof circuits, limiting the voltage and current to intrinsically safe values ​​in the output circuits due to the use of intrinsically safe barriers filled with a compound on zener diodes and current-limiting devices, providing electrical gaps, leakage paths and intactness of spark protection elements, including by sealing (filling) them with a compound. BRShS provides:

• receiving notifications from connected detectors via two intrinsically safe loops by monitoring the values ​​of their resistances;
• power supply of external devices from two built-in intrinsically safe power supplies;
• relaying alarms to the controller of a two-wire communication line.

The X sign after the explosion protection marking means that only explosion-proof electrical equipment with the “intrinsically safe electrical circuit i” type of environmental, technological and nuclear supervision in hazardous areas. BRShS occupies two addresses in the address space of the S2000-KDL controller. It is possible to connect any threshold detectors of special design to "BRShS-Ex". To date, CJSC NVP "Bolid" supplies a number of sensors for installation inside an explosive zone (explosion-proof design):

• Foton-18 - security passive optoelectronic detector;
• Foton-Sh-Ex - security infrared passive optoelectronic “curtain” detector;
• Glass-Ex - security acoustic detector;
• Rustle-Ex - security surface vibration detector;
• MK-Ex - security magnetic contact;
• STZ-Ex - flooding alarm;
• IPD-Ex - optical-electronic smoke detector;
• IPDL-Ex - optical-electronic smoke linear detector;
• IPP-Ex - infrared flame detector;
• IPR-Ex- manual call point

Additional PS capabilities when using software

In some cases, when building a fire alarm, a personal computer with specialized software preinstalled on it is used. The software can expand the functionality of the S2000M console, namely, it can be used to organize an automated workstation for a dispatching post, keep a log of events and alarms, indicate the causes of alarms, collect statistics on addressable fire detectors, as well as generate various reports. For the organization of automated workstations in ISO "Orion" the following software can be used: AWS "S2000", AWS "Orion PRO". Workstation "S2000" allows you to implement the simplest functionality - monitoring system events. This software can be used if it is necessary to monitor several autonomous devices from the observation post and event logging. In this case, the fire alarm is controlled directly from the controls of the devices ("Signal-20M") or from the readers ("S2000-4", "Signal-10"). PC with AWS "Orion PRO" allows you to implement the following functions:

• Accumulation of OS events in the database (based on PS triggers, operator reactions to these triggers, etc.);
• Creation of a database for a protected object - adding loops, sections, relays to it, placing them on the floor plans;
• Creation of access rights for managing SS objects (loops, sections), assigning them to operators on duty;
• Placement on graphic plans of premises of logical objects of substation (loops, areas of sections, relays)
• Interrogation and control of control devices connected to the PC, including consoles. That is, it is possible to simultaneously poll and control several subsystems from a computer, each of which operates under the control of the console;
• Setting up automatic system responses to various events;
• Displaying the state of the protected object on the graphical floor plans of the premises, managing the logical objects of the substation (loops, sections);
• Registration and processing of fire alarms arising in the system with indication of reasons, service marks, as well as their archiving;
• Providing information on the state of substation objects in the form of an object card;
• Formation and issuance of reports on various events of the PS;
• Displaying CCTV cameras, as well as managing the status of these cameras.

Physically, the computer with the software is connected to the ISO "Orion" through the interface converter one at a time and the options shown in Figure 8. The number of workstations that can be simultaneously used in the system (AWP software modules) is also shown here. The assignment of automatic fire alarm tasks to software modules is shown in Figure 9. It is worth noting that Orion ISO devices interact with the system computer on which the Operational Task software module is installed. Software modules can be installed on computers in any way - each module on a separate computer, a combination of any modules on a computer, or installation of all modules on one computer.

Security and security and fire alarm are a set of jointly operating technical means for detecting signs of the appearance of unauthorized entry of a person (intruder) into the protected object and (or) fire on them, transmission, collection, processing and presentation of information in a given form to the user. In accordance with the international classification according to IEC 839-4-1-88, the security and fire alarm system belongs to the systems alarm signaling designed to detect several types of danger. The corresponding Russian standard GOST R 50 775-95 defines such a system as combined].

The elements of the system are technical means of security and fire alarm systems. A generalized diagram characterizing the composition of the alarm system is shown in Fig. 1. For a specific system, the composition of technical means is determined by the method of organizing security, as well as by the needs of the user. Depending on the type of protection, it can be organized as autonomous or centralized ... Autonomous protection is characterized by the presence of one object of protection, which is one or a complex of premises located within one or several buildings, united by a common territory. In this case, the obligatory elements of the system are a detector, a siren and a source of their power supply. Centralized security is organized for a large number of objects spatially dispersed over a large area. In this case, the presence of a notification transmission subsystem is additionally required. In practice, communication between the detector, the annunciator and the notification transmission system at the facility is always carried out through the fire alarm control panel.

In order to increase the reliability of the information received, when organizing the protection of an object, they use multi-foreign signaling complexes. Each of the lines is a set of jointly acting technical means of detection (detectors), interconnected by an electric circuit (loop), which makes it possible to issue an independent separate notification of the intruder's intrusion or attempt to enter the protected area (or several zones that make up the line). At the same time, detectors based on different principles of operation must be included in each signaling line. In the case of autonomous protection, a multi-line security alarm system can be organized using a multi-loop device with separate indication of the triggering of detectors included in the AL and making up the boundary or its dedicated part.

In the technical literature, there is also the term "controlled area" ... Usually this is a part of the protected object, controlled by one burglar alarm loop (for burglar alarm complexes), one fire alarm loop (for fire alarm systems), one burglar and fire alarm loop, or a set of burglar and fire alarm loops (for burglar and fire alarm systems) ... In a broader sense, this is a monitored object (or part of an object), for which its state can be unambiguously displayed by means of indication, notification, or transmitted to the monitoring station, and separate control is provided (arming, disarming manually or automatically , facility management, etc.).

Fig. 1. Generalized diagram of the alarm system

1 - detector; 2, 8 - light and (or) sound annunciator; 3 - control installation (security and fire alarm control panel); 4, 10 - power supply unit; 5 - device controlled by the control unit; 6 - programmable input device (encryption device); 7 - signal interface (notification transmission system); 9 - control installation (centralized monitoring console)

Generalized diagram of the alarm system

Features of the design of burglar alarm systems for private security facilities

The features of the design and operation of the fire alarm system are:
1. In the fire alarm system, the operational reliability, sensitivity and noise immunity of each of its functional parts should not be inferior to each other in order to ensure, in general, high level security of the facility. In this case, the purpose of creating an integrated signaling system is to increase reliability and (or) reduce the cost of its implementation.
2. When processing and displaying alarming and service-diagnostic information in the fire alarm system, the priority should be information that meets the requirements for ensuring the safety of people, as well as fire safety object.
3. During the operation of the fire alarm system, a response to alarm signals by the appropriate services (facility personnel) should be organized, taking into account the possible complex manifestation of threats.
For the design of systems and complexes of burglar alarms and engineering and technical measures to enhance the protection of objects of different security on the territory Russian Federation, the building codes "Systems and complexes of security alarm systems" apply.
"Engineering and technical strength. Technical means of protection. Requirements and design standards for the protection of objects from criminal encroachments RD 78.36.003-2002. This document was introduced on 01.01.2001 instead of RD78.143-92 and RD78.147-93. These standards are not apply to objects federal bodies executive power and organizations that have departmental or industry standards and requirements for their protection, agreed with the GUVO of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as for facilities equipped in accordance with orders. norms and requirements of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Design assignments are recommended to be performed in accordance with the guidance document "Systems automatic fire extinguishing, fire, burglar and security and fire alarm systems. The procedure for developing a design assignment "RD 25.952-90.
The designed technical means of protection should be applied in accordance with industry and departmental regulatory documents and lists of objects to be equipped with fire safety means, approved by ministries and departments in the prescribed manner or by the project customer.
The use of technical means of protection for the equipment of objects should be complex and take into account the type and tactics of protection, the nature and significance of material values, as well as the possibility of their movement during working hours and changing the configuration of the loading of protected premises.
The composition of technical means for protecting objects should be determined depending on the belonging to groups and subgroups of objects RD 78.36.003-2002 ..
The effectiveness of the use of technical means for the protection of objects of various forms of ownership depends on many factors that must be taken into account when organizing protection. The main ones are:
- the cost of equipping the facility with technical means of security and their operation;
- the reliability of the equipment used (failure rate and
- the amount of possible damage from theft from the protected object;
- structural and construction characteristics of buildings and premises of the facility;
- social factors (crime prevention).

The assessment of the reliability of the protection of objects should be carried out according to the methodology set forth in the "Recommendations for checking the reliability of the protection of state facilities during the commissioning of security alarm installations" approved by the Scientific Research Center "Okhrana" VNIIPO'MVD USSR justification of the option of equipping the facility with technical means of signaling.
The task of the feasibility study is to select a rational option, which is determined by the structure of the burglar alarm complex.
It is necessary to take into account the total costs of equipping an object with OPS and their operation during the year, as well as the amount of possible damage from theft from the object. Calculations carried out to determine the rational options for the equipment of objects showed that ensuring the required level of security of the object is achieved by the number of security lines, minimizing the total costs of equipment of the facility is achieved by varying the types of detectors and control panels at each security line.
Site-specific equipment options feasibility studies are detailed in the following technical guidance material;
"Methodology for calculating the probabilistic characteristics of detection of object complexes of the security alarm" VNIIPO Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Moscow, 1990;
"Feasibility study of the choice of options for equipping national economic facilities by means of security and fire alarms" VNIIPO Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Moscow. 1990

Detectors in the security and fire alarm system

A detector in a security and fire alarm system is a device that generates a notification when a fire or intrusion occurs. Depending on the method of activation, it can be automatic or manual (non-automatic). The functions of an automatic detector include the detection of factors accompanying a fire, as well as attempts to enter or physical impact exceeding the standardized level, and the formation of an alarm message.
The detector is a structurally complete device that performs independent functions in the alarm system. The closest in meaning to the word "detector" is "detector" (from the Latin detector - opener, detector).
In the security and fire alarm system, both independent security and fire detectors can be used, as well as security and fire detectors that combine the functions of a security and fire detector (for example, an ultrasonic detector "Echo-A").
One of the main component parts the detector is a sensitive element that performs the functions of an information converter and reacts to external physical influences. If the sensitive element is selected and placed in a separate structurally complete part of the detector, it is called a sensor (sensor).
The classification of security and security and fire detectors in accordance with regulatory documents, as well as established practice, is based on the following main features:
- type of detection zone;
- operating principle;
- the nature of the protected object;
- way of functioning;
- power supply method.

Detection area view characterizes the shape and size of the area monitored by the detector in relation to the entire protected area. In accordance with this, point (1), linear (2), surface (3) and volumetric (4) detectors are distinguished. The characteristic size of the detection area (range) is an additional classification feature.
One of the main features for the classification of detectors is their operating principle ... It characterizes the physical nature of the applied method of receiving and converting information that underlies the operation of the detector. In other words, these are physical phenomena or effects used to build a detector or its main component - a sensitive element (Fig. 2).
By the nature of the protected object and the associated resistance to impact climatic factors the environment, the detectors are divided into technical means intended for operation inside buildings or outside (on open areas and perimeters of objects). At the same time, depending on the range of operating temperatures inside buildings, they are referred to as detectors for heated or unheated indoor spaces.
By way of functioning distinguish between passive and active detectors. Active security and security fire detectors emit energy of an electromagnetic, acoustic or other field, and the surrounding space is monitored by changing the parameters of the received signal. Passive detectors do not emit anything during their operation, but only receive and analyze signals generated in the monitored area associated with a detected threat.
By way of power supply the detectors are divided into those powered from a separate power source (autonomous or external), as well as from a two-wire alarm loop of the control panel. Currently, the detectors used use both of these methods, while the external source can be either a separate network power supply unit (such as MBP-12 and the like), or built into the control panel.

Fig. 2. Principles of operation of security and security and fire detectors

Principles of operation of security and security and fire detectors

The established abbreviated designation of the detectors is assigned by the head organization for standardization in the field of security and security and fire alarms - Research Center "Okhrana" GUVO of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, located in the city of Balashikha, Moscow Region. The designation has the following structural formula:

where X1- abbreviated designation of purpose: IO - burglar detector, IOP - burglar-fire detector;
X2- characteristics of the type of detection zone (the corresponding number is indicated in brackets when defining the type of zone);
X3- the principle of operation (the two-digit number corresponds to that shown in Fig. 2);
X4- serial number of the development of a detector of this type (determined by the head organization);
X5- serial number of the design;
X6- letter designation of modernization (Russian letter in alphabetical order, starting with A).

For instance: IO 329-3 - surface burglar sound detector.
In order to facilitate the perception of a specific type, detectors, as a rule, have a name indicated in the technical documentation, which is an abbreviation or, more often, a conditional name. For example: SMK-3, "Arfa", "Sokol-2".
Let's consider the generalized functional diagrams that differ for active and passive detectors (Fig. 3).

1.1 ... 1.N - sensitive elements;
2 - signal processing unit;
3 - display unit;
4 - block for generating notifications;
5 - power supply unit;
5 ′ - supply voltage control.

1 - receiving transducer;
2 - emitting converter;
3 - signal processing unit;
4 - generator
5 - display unit;
6 - block for generating notifications;
7 - power supply unit;
7 ′ - supply voltage control.

Rice. 3. Generalized functional diagrams of passive (a) and active (b) detectors

In the process of functioning, a passive detector (Fig. 3a) receives signals with the help of a sensitive element (sensor) 1 and converts them into electrical signals that enter the processing unit 2. In this unit, signals are amplified and analyzed according to the identified features. When the signal is identified as corresponding to the detected danger, a control signal is generated at the output of the processing unit, which is transmitted to the unit for generating notifications, which generates the "Alarm" notification to the communication line. The block for generating notifications also controls the operation of the built-in light indicators (indicator) 3, which display the state of the detector. Power supply 4 supplies power to the detector units. The dashed line denotes the option of supplying the detector from the alarm loop, while the control of the supply voltage (line 5 /) is usually absent.
For detectors with several detection zones, for example, the "Window" series, several sensitive elements (sensors) 1.1 - 1.N. can be connected to the signal processing unit. For an active detector (Fig.3b), it is necessary to additionally have a generator 4 and an emitting converter 2.
The parameters of the joint between the detectors are defined in the regulatory documents and are reflected in the technical documentation.

Alarm control devices

Reception and control devices refer to technical means of control and registration of information. They are designed for continuous collection of information from detectors included in the loop, analysis of the alarm situation at the facility, generation and transmission of notifications about the status of the facility to the centralized monitoring console, as well as control of local light and sound annunciators and indicators. In addition, the devices provide the handover and disarming of the object according to the adopted tactics, as well as, in some cases, the power supply of the detectors.
Thus, the devices are the main elements that form the alarm system (complex) at the facility. It should be noted that in centralized security systems and fire and security alarm systems, a terminal device of the notification transmission system can be used as a control panel.
In accordance with the current regulatory documents, as well as the draft of a new standard for control and monitoring devices for security and security and fire alarms, it is possible to determine the classification of the control panel according to the following characteristics:
- by the type of organization of the alarm signaling at the facility;
- by the method of detectors control;
- according to the formed structure of AL wire lines;
- by the type of communication channel with detectors;
- by information capacity;
- in terms of information content.

By the type of alarm organization at the facility, the devices can be subdivided into:
autonomous - designed to provide autonomous isolated signaling, in which notifications about the state of the monitored object are issued only to sound and light alarms installed at the protected object or in the immediate vicinity of it;
local - designed to provide autonomous (local) signaling at the facility, in which status notifications, as well as control of the monitored loop (zones) are carried out using their own means of displaying information and control (indicator panels, consoles) that are part of the control panel;
centralized - designed for centralized signaling and work together or as a part of the SPI, in which notifications from the control panel are transmitted to the monitoring station of the SPI through the use of various communication channels (telephone lines, radio channels, dedicated lines, etc.).
Based on the method of detectors control, the control panels are subdivided into:
unaddressed - devices in which the monitored detector is not identified (devices with only unaddressed AL or unaddressed communication channels);
address - devices in which the address (identification number) of the monitored detector is determined (devices with addressable alarm loops, addressable signaling lines or addressable communication channels);
combined - devices with unaddressed AL and address communication lines (channels).
According to the structure of the AL wired lines, control panels are distinguished with:
— radial structure;
— annular structure;
— tree-like structure;
— combined structure.

By the type of communication channel with detectors, the control panels can be divided into:
— wired using physical communication lines (AL, address lines, electrical or radio transmission network, fiber, etc.);
— wireless using acoustic, optical, radio or other communication channels with detectors.

In general, the information content includes notices:
- characterizing the state of the loop (addresses, zones) per one loop (address, zone), as well as the state and operating mode of the device;
- displayed by internal light and sound indicators, indicator panels, instrument consoles, as well as external light and sound annunciators;
- transmitted to the monitoring station SPI (for the centralized signaling control panel).
In terms of resistance to climatic environmental factors, the devices belong to technical means intended for use inside buildings, while, depending on the range of operating temperatures, they can be subdivided into devices for heated and unheated rooms.
By the type of power supply and the organization of its redundancy: devices are distinguished with power supply from the AC mains, from an autonomous power source, without power supply redundancy, with redundancy from the source direct current switchable to the centralized monitoring station.
By the type of communication channels used, the devices can be divided into wired and wireless (loopback). Modern wireless devices mainly use a radio channel to communicate with detectors.

The established abbreviated designation of control panels has the following structural formula:

where X1- abbreviated designation of the name of the technical means, characterizing its functional purpose in relation to the flow of information and the scope of the technical means: PKPO - security control and monitoring device; PKPOP - fire alarm control panel;
X2- type of used communication channel: 01 - on special wire lines of radial structure; 02 - on special wire lines of a chain structure; 03 - on special wire lines of a tree structure; 04 - via leased lines of the telephone network; 05 - via telephone lines switched for the period of protection; 06 - on busy lines of the telephone network; 07 - through the channels of the compression equipment used in the telephone network; 08 - on low voltage electrical network; 09 - over the radio broadcasting network; 10 - by radio channel; 11 - via the optical channel; 12-28 - reserve; 29 - via other communication channels.
X3- the applied method of information transmission: 1 - digital; 2 - temporary; 3 - frequency; 4 - multi-wire; 5-8 - reserve; 9 - other methods of transferring information.
X4- basic (without building up) the number of controlled directions.
X5- the maximum number of controlled directions, achieved by building up using a block or modular design (in the absence of building up, X5 is not given).
X6- the serial number of the development of this type of technical means.
X7- serial number of the design modification.
X8- Russian capital letter characterizing the modernization of a technical device (the first modernization is the letter A, the subsequent ones are in alphabetical order).
Recording example: PKPOP 014 - 4 - 3B is a fire and security control panel using special wire lines of a radial structure, a multi-wire method of information transmission, four controlled directions, registration number -3, second (B) modification.
When using communication channels of several types or several methods of transferring information, instead of X2 or X3, the corresponding numbers are given in succession. For example: 1004 (over the air and a dedicated telephone line).
For ease of perception, most devices are assigned the name indicated in the technical documentation, which is a conventional name or its abbreviation. For example: UOTS-1-1A (security telesignalization device), "Accord", "Rubin-8P", "Signal-20". The number in the name usually indicates the serial number of the development and (or) the number of connected ALs, and the letter is a distinctive sign of modification or modernization.
A generalized functional diagram of an unaddressed control panel of low information capacity is shown in Fig. 4.
The loop with the detectors installed in it is connected to the control unit, which provides its power supply and analysis according to several parameters. These parameters include, first of all, the amplitude values ​​of the monitored electrical signals, as well as their temporal characteristics, which make it possible to isolate the signal when the detector is triggered or when the normal state of the loop is disturbed (its open circuit or short circuit) and to distinguish it from a possible interference signal. At the output of the control unit, a normalized signal is generated when the monitored parameters are exceeded, the set threshold values.

Rice. 4. Generalized functional diagram of a control panel of low information capacity

It enters the processing unit, which carries out logical analysis and the formation of output signals that control the unit for switching on sirens, as well as the unit for generating notifications. The processing unit determines the tactics of handing over / disarming the object, the mode of switching on the light and sound annunciators, the characteristics of the generated notifications.

With the help of indicators located on the device, on a remote display or control panel, in the general case, light and sound signaling is provided:
- states of loops;
- operating mode of the device;
- availability of main power supply;
- availability and malfunction of backup power (discharge or malfunction of the storage battery).
The sounder switching unit directly controls external sound and light sounders. according to the adopted tactics. For autonomous control panels, it is possible to combine light and sound annunciators in one housing with the device.
The block for generating notifications provides communication of the device with the centralized monitoring panel or other device, transmitting notifications about the normal or alarm state of the object in accordance with the established interface.
Required in the functional diagram is the presence of a power supply unit that supplies power to the device blocks.
In general, the device can have additional output circuits for control engineering systems or devices to actively counter the detected hazard.
The control panels for local security must be able to connect a printer, computer or other device to provide event logging, or have a built-in non-volatile memory for storing event data with the ability to view the events later. Information about events should contain data about time, type of event and address (loop number, address, zone).
Centralized security devices may have the ability to connect remote control panel state control elements (outfit control circuit): a light indicator and a control sensor (electro-contact or other type). In normal state, the indicator light should be off. When the control panel operates in conjunction with the notification transmission system, when the control sensor is triggered, a corresponding notification can be sent to the keypad (for example, "Arrival of the order").
The main parameters of the joints: "device - alarm loop", "device - annunciators", "device - line of the centralized monitoring panel", "device - power supply" are defined in regulatory documents, including the current State standards.

Literature

1. GOST R 50 776-95 (IEC 839-1-4-88) Alarm systems. Part 1. General requirements. Section 4. Guidelines for design, installation and technical
service.
2. Kiryukhina T.G., Chlenov A.N. Security technical means. Part 1. Security and burglar-fire alarm systems. Video control systems. Access control and management systems M .: NOU "Takir", 2002 - 216 p.
3. Chlenov AN, Kiryukhina TG Reception and control devices of security and fire alarm systems M .: Scientific Research Center "Okhrana", 2003. - 112 p.
4. Antonenko A.A. Technical operation means of protection and security of the object LEU "Takir", Moscow: "MACCENTR. Publishing house", 2002 - 48 p.

Since olden times, people have used different ways transmission of information about the occurrence of events at a considerable distance. They rang bells or kindled fires. Modern life is associated with different devices, the operation of which is monitored from a distance using different alarms. Fire alarm systems in residential buildings and in industrial facilities play an important role.

The purpose of the fire alarm system is reduced to the prompt transmission of data on the fire to the fire service on duty, which must quickly take measures to extinguish the fire. In addition, the fire alarm system can remotely use fire extinguishers that are pre-configured to extinguish the fire of a specific object, notify people about the need for evacuation, and also transmit information about a fire that has arisen to additional control points.

Fire alarm classification

There are three types of fire alarm systems that are worth considering in more detail.

Threshold alarm

Most often, threshold signaling is used in small systems to control objects with weak and medium fire hazard as well as for residential buildings... Their main feature is the use of detectors with factory response thresholds. The structural diagram of such signaling is performed in the form of a radial arrangement of loops. The loops diverge from the control and monitoring devices, and various sensors are connected to them. If one sensor is triggered, then the alarm signal will come from the entire loop.

Considering that one loop can be connected to several different premises, then when one sensor is triggered, it will not be clear where exactly the fire occurred, that is, the information content of the threshold alarm is very low.

In addition, the disadvantages of the threshold system include:

• High labor intensity of installation of system cables.
• Lack of testing the serviceability of the detectors.
• Late fire detection.

Advantages:

• Easy setup and installation.
• Low cost.

Addressable polling signaling

The main feature of the address-interrogation signaling is the type of communication between control panels and detectors. In this type of communication, the control device does not wait for a signal to change the operating mode from the sensor, but periodically polls it about the status. This makes it possible to obtain information about the health of the sensors, expands the list of possible notifications.

The structure of a network of this type is performed on a ring. The ring system has become popular for the same type of premises: offices, educational institutions, shops.

Dignity

• Great information content.
• Possibility of monitoring the health of sensors.

Addressable analog signaling

Currently, this type of fire alarm system is the most common and optimal. Its main difference from other types is that the processing of information and the decision to send an alarm signal is carried out not by the detector, but by the control panel, which is a more complex device.

It performs several functions: constantly polling detectors, processing information, comparing data with threshold values, making decisions based on data different types detectors. Therefore, the number of false alarms decreases, it becomes possible to identify the exact location and time of the fire site without delaying time due to several factors. Each factor alone would not trigger the system.

Fire alarm device

Any fire alarm systems, regardless of their type and size, consist of the following devices:

• Detectors (sensors) are sensitive detectors capable of detecting fire by analyzing environmental factors: high temperature, smoke, etc.
• Receiving and control devices receive and process information received from the sensors.
• Executive peripheral devices - control panels, insulation monitoring, relays, sirens.

Also, fire alarm systems can include devices central administration... For small objects, they are made in the form of a control panel, with which you can set some commands.

Larger-scale alarms can work under the control of a computer with a special program. Most often this is organized in fire systems, where statistical data are stored and processed on a computer.

Detectors

Such devices are sensors that monitor the state of the guarded object, controlling some parameters inherent in the occurrence of a fire: smoke, temperature, infrared radiation.

Detection sensors are characterized by certain parameters:

• The principle of work.
• By the method of data transmission to the receiving and control devices.
• A type of parameter control.

The main parameter is the principle of generating the alarm. Passive detectors, which are the most popular, react to temperature or smoke when they act directly on the sensor. Active view detectors carry out control of infrared radiation and includes a receiver and an emitter.

Receiving and control devices

The control device receiving information is the main control element of the fire alarm system. It checks the status of the loops, receives information from the detectors and transmits the data to the central control panel. When operating in stand-alone mode, the control panel manages warning people, automatic fire extinguishing and smoke removal.

Classification of devices by:

• Appointment: managers, security and firefighters, firefighters.
• Informativeness: low-informative - two types of messages, medium-informative - up to 5 messages, multi-informative - more than 5 messages.
• Communication type: wired, via radio channel.
• Train type: radial, loop.
• Climatic version: for warm and cold rooms.
• The method of turning on the standby mode: separately for each loop, group, combined.
• The location of the spare power supply: built-in, external.
• The number of loops (information capacity): low information content - up to 5 loops, medium information content - up to 20 loops, high information content - up to 100 loops.
• Specialized control devices for hazardous areas.

Executive devices

In fire alarm systems, executive peripheral devices are devices that are connected to the control and monitoring devices via a communication line and are made in a separate building:

• Remote control used to remotely control the alarm.
• The insulation monitoring device is used in fire alarm loops with a ring structure to ensure the functioning of the system in the event of a short circuit.
• Relay modules increase the capabilities of the instruments in automatic mode.
• Light and sound alarms are used to alert people about a fire.

The principle of operation of the fire alarm system

After detectors detect a fire, the system should act as follows:

• Enable warning of people and the system about their evacuation.
• Determine the location of the fire most accurately.
• Manage other systems.

Alert

All visitors and staff of the establishment where the fire has occurred must be informed of this. The notification system can be speech, light and sound or light. Its choice depends on the parameters of the building: ceiling height, area, number of floors.

These parameters are taken into account when developing a fire alarm in accordance with regulatory documents. The warning should include the marking of exit routes with illuminated signs so that they can be seen even in smoke.

Unblocking outputs

If the building has an access control system (turnstiles, locking doors, etc.), then the alarm should give a signal to turn it off. If there are elevators in the house, then the alarm gives a command to send the elevators to the 1st floor, open their doors and turn off the elevators.

Smoke extraction and fire extinguishing

Fire extinguishing systems in a building can be different: foam, water, powder, etc., depending on the specifics and type of building. A fire extinguishing agent is selected depending on the type of property in the building, as well as in accordance with fire safety regulations.

A smoke extraction system removes smoke and heat outside the building. In the event of a fire, the ventilation must be closed so that air does not enter the fire site. A system must also be in place to prevent smoke from entering the exit path.

How the smoke detector works

The sensor is located on the ceiling where smoke can accumulate in the event of a fire. It consists of a housing, an electronic device and an optics system. These elements are collected in a single module. The function of the sensor is to detect smoke using an optical system. It includes an LED that directs the light beam, a photocell that receives this beam and converts it into an electric current signal.

The beam from the LED does not hit the photocell, as it is directed in one direction. When smoke occurs, the rays of light are reflected in different directions and hit the photocell, which is triggered. The electronics sends a command to the alarm control panels via communication channels.

Thermal sensors action

These sensors are also fixed to the ceiling. They are triggered in the following cases:

• Reaching a certain rate of temperature increase.
• Exceeding the permissible temperature threshold.

The principle of operation of the fire sensor

Flame detectors are widely used detectors. They react to open flames or smoldering fires without producing smoke.

A photocell with high sensitivity detects the appearance of the spectrum of optical waves of the flame. The device of the fire sensor is complex, therefore the sensor has a high cost. In this regard, they are rarely used in residential buildings, but they have become popular in gas and oil production enterprises.

Simple flame detectors can be triggered by welding, bright sunlight, and some types of lamps. To prevent false alarms, special light filters are used.

Each of us has seen on television the results of the fires, which are caused by a too late call to the Ministry of Emergency Situations. All this could have been avoided if the burned-out room had been equipped with a fire alarm.

Let's consider the work of a fire alarm system using the example of the Bolid system, one of the most popular on the Russian market.

Alarm purpose

Fire alarm Bolide - a set of equipment allowing:

• establish the fact of fire;
• transmit an alarm;
• switch on fire extinguishing and smoke removal equipment in automatic mode;
• turn off ventilation;
• turn off the power supply (except for special equipment);
• include equipment and apparatus that prevent the spread of fire and facilitate evacuation.

The main quality of this system is reliability, which allows you to minimize damage in case of fire. Bolid systems are distinguished by a minimum number of false positives.

System types

There are three types of fire alarm systems, depending on the method of detecting a fire that has arisen and the method of signaling about it.

1. Address... They are installed in the controlled room. They are connected to the control panel. The control panel cyclically generates a request and receives signals from the sensors about the absence or presence of a fire, about the operational state of the sensor itself. This allows not only to detect a fire with the exact localization of the point of ignition, but also to obtain information about the operation of the sensors that make up the system, to quickly eliminate system malfunctions. But this system lacks responsiveness: a fire can be detected with a significant time delay.
2. Threshold, or unaddressed... From the control panel there are “beams” - fire alarm cables. During operation, each "beam" transmits signals from 20-30 sensors that are triggered when the threshold value of the controlled parameter is reached. The panel reflects the number of the "beam" containing the triggered sensor, generating a general alarm. This makes it impossible to determine a specific flash point.

   This system makes it impossible to monitor the health of the sensors, which leads to a delay in fire detection.

3. Analog addressable... The system is used to continuously monitor the facility. The control panel constantly polls the sensors, receiving information from them about the value of the monitored parameters and the operability of the sensors themselves. After analyzing the received data, the control panel makes a decision about the occurrence of an alarm situation or the need for instrument maintenance and troubleshooting. This allows you to detect a fire at the ignition stage, change the settings of the sensors without disabling the fire alarm systems.

Part of the equipment

Any fire alarm system used at the supervised object consists of blocks:

Fire detectors and sensors

Sensors monitor the physical parameters of the environment. In fire alarm systems, smoke, heat, combined, manual, light and ionization detectors are used.

Distinguish between active and passive detectors depending on how the signal is generated.

Active detectors generate a signal, upon the change of which (usually this is the value of a change in the monitored parameter), a decision is made to issue an alarm.

Passive detectors are triggered when they are exposed to external factors - temperature changes, the appearance of smoke and other factors that indicate the occurrence of a fire.

Fire alarm control equipment

This equipment feeds the detectors and sensors through the object's fire alarm loops, receives alarms from peripheral devices, after analyzing the signals, it generates an alarm warning and signals to activate fire-fighting systems. At large facilities the alarm signal is transmitted to the central control point of the object or to the fire departments.

Peripherals

These are devices (with the exception of detectors) that are connected to the control and monitoring equipment by external communication lines.

Peripheral devices can perform various functions: control alarm devices from a specific location in the facility; ensure the performance of alarm systems; monitor and manage both conventional detectors and external devices, carry out sound and light alerts, print alarm and service alerts.

Fire alarm schemes

When choosing a fire alarm scheme, a number of factors are usually taken into account: the size of the object, the degree of fire hazard of this object, possible damage from a fire, the estimated cost of the fire alarm system.

The least reliable and effective is the threshold alarm system... But its low cost makes it possible to use it on small objects with an insignificant degree of fire hazard.

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To construct such circuits on the Bolid equipment, the control and monitoring devices Signal-20P, Signal-20M, Signal-10 and S2000-4 are used. Alarm loops include detectors of three types; there is a function for setting additional parameters. The inclusion of the S2000M controller-console into the system expands the functions of the system.

More reliable is the choice of an addressable fire alarm system... This will allow installing a smaller number of detectors, choosing a free line configuration, as well as eliminating the need for external optical signaling devices. But it is worth considering that the maintenance of such a system is carried out in a planned manner to prevent possible system failures.

The "Signal-10" control panel used in such circuits allows connecting loops with addressable and non-addressable detectors.

The use of an analogue addressable system will make it possible to avoid these disadvantages. Its sensors react to temperature fluctuations, measure the level of smoke in the room. Monitoring the performance of sensors allows you to service them in case of malfunctions. The system is easy to program, all sensors are connected to a computer. This the best choice for critical facilities.

The scheme is carried out using the S2000-KDL controller, to which up to 127 addressable devices are connected: detectors, addressable expanders, relay modules.

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Construction schemes different systems fire alarm systems on equipment manufactured by Bolid are shown in the figure.

The advantages of the Bolid system

Bolid equipment is used to build fire alarm circuits at many large industrial and civil construction projects. The quality of products is also evidenced by the fact that exactly this equipment was used at the Sochi Olympics... The company's equipment can be used to fully implement fire protection schemes for the most complex facilities.