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- pathological conditions, accompanied by impaired perception of reality, behavioral disorders, deviations in volitional, emotional and mental spheres. They can be exogenous (caused by somatic diseases, trauma and stressful situations) or endogenous (genetically determined). Psychiatrists, psychotherapists and medical psychologists are involved in the diagnosis, treatment and study of mental disorders, in some cases in cooperation with narcologists, neurologists, therapists, traumatologists and doctors of other specialties.
Mental disorder is a very frightening phrase that everyone is afraid to hear addressed to themselves. In fact, this term has very wide boundaries, and a mental diagnosis is not always a verdict. In different contexts (legal, psychiatric, psychological), this concept is interpreted in different ways. In the ICD-10 list, mental and behavioral disorders are allocated to a separate class of diseases and differ according to the clinical picture. The peculiarities of the human psyche at all times aroused keen interest among doctors and scientists, especially from the point of view of the border between norm and pathology. The World Health Organization claims that one in five people on the planet suffers from various mental disorders. What are the types of mental disorders? What triggers the onset of mental disorders?
The human psyche and brain are so complicated that it is still not possible to clearly identify all the causes of mental disorders. The most correct is the opinion that such diseases develop due to the complex influence of social, personal and biological reasons. All provoking factors can be divided into two broad categories: endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external). Mental disorders of an endogenous nature are largely associated with genes and heredity. The onset of such diseases usually occurs suddenly, without any pronounced environmental influences. Exogenous factors include various neuroinfections, stressful situations, intoxication, psychological trauma received in the process of personality formation. Mental disorders with brain trauma or vascular disorders are also a consequence of the influence of external causes. Sometimes it happens that the propensity to certain mental illnesses by itself does not guarantee their occurrence. However, it is precisely various external factors and mental characteristics that can eventually work as a trigger.
WHO, depression is the most common mental illness, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. With depression, there is a persistent decrease in mood and self-esteem, loss of interest in life and previous hobbies, pessimism, sleep and appetite disorders.
The speech of a depressed person has its own characteristics:
In addition, there is the concept of masked depression, when a person hides his problems and tries to appear happy. It is not easy to recognize the disorder in this case: the interlocutor will always deny all life difficulties. Can make suicide jokes.
Masked depression is harder to recognize. Such patients will try not to touch on topics that are problematic for them in the dialogue, to emphasize that everything is fine in their life. But it is worth starting a conversation about the areas where they are experiencing difficulties, we will see despondency on their face and hear the phrases: “Where am I in a hurry? I will have time for everything, I have my whole life ahead of me. "
Lucina Lukyanova, psychotherapist, chief physician of the "Happiness" medical center
Bipolar affective, or manic-depressive psychosis, is another mental illness associated with mood swings. It suffers Mental disorders about 60 million people in the world. The life of such people passes in two modes: mania (or hypomania - its facilitated form) and depression. The duration of each period is individual and unpredictable, it can range from several days to several months.
A characteristic feature is a change in phases: heightened mood or desire to move, do something, create, commit depression, apathy, despondency, powerlessness, indifference. The moment when the phase change will occur is impossible to predict.
Alexandra Shvets, Candidate of Medical Sciences, neurologist at the Ekaterininskaya clinic
The manic phase is characterized by an incredible rise in mood and strength, increased activity, including sexual activity. There is so much energy that a person stops sleeping and eating, he is busy all the time. The speech of a patient in a manic phase is distinguished by the following features:
The depressive phase is accompanied by a decline in strength, self-esteem, sexual desire, loss of interest in previous hobbies and life in general. The person is depressed, inhibited, does not want to communicate with anyone. In severe cases, he plans to commit suicide.
This disease is prone to Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century one third of the world's population. A person constantly experiences anxiety and, suffers from unpleasant sensations in the body: tremors, sweating, dizziness, discomfort in the solar plexus region. Anxiety is usually caused by a variety of fears associated with the future.
Among the features of communication:
Often these are single people who have not achieved success in their personal life and work. Often they are outraged by something: the leadership of the country or the company where they work, the situation in the state or at home - everything they face in life.
Lucina Lukyanova
Another anxiety-related disease. With it, the patient has obsessive fearful thoughts that he is not able to fight. To get rid of anxiety, a person performs some kind of ritual: spits over his left shoulder, checks all the locks in the house, washes his hands, and so on. These actions may seem pointless, but they help the patient to relieve the condition for a short time.
A person with OCD can be recognized by the same speech patterns as people with generalized anxiety disorder. These are complaints, suspiciousness, repeated conversations about fears. However, it will be much more effective to observe his behavior, to track the ritual. A typical OCD sufferer is the American inventor Howard Hughes, whose life the movie "Aviator" was made. He constantly washed his hands because he was afraid of catching an infection.
It is very difficult to identify patients with OCD by phrases in speech, the exception is if the person himself wants to tell you about what is bothering him. It's easy to spot them if you watch people in the park, for example.
Lucina Lukyanova
The disorder can arise after a traumatic situation, most often associated with a threat to life. Sick - victims of sexual or other violence, terrorist attacks, participants in hostilities. They try to avoid conversations, places and situations that may remind them of past experiences, but memories constantly bring them back there. In especially severe cases, the patient can displace the event from memory, as if to forget.
People with PTSD suffer from both depressive and anxiety symptoms, so in their speech you can find the same signs as in patients with depression or anxiety disorder.
It is difficult to notice something from their statements, because they try not to communicate with anyone, living in their experiences. But if the dialogue does take place, then you will not hear a word about happiness, joy or love. The interlocutor with the PTRS will either be laconic, or devote his story to the misfortune that happened to him.
Lucina Lukyanova
According to WHO Mental disorders, schizophrenia affects 23 million people worldwide. This is a serious mental illness that is accompanied by impaired thinking, perception of reality, emotions, speech and behavior. Patients do not have a critical attitude towards their condition, in most cases they are sure that they are healthy. A typical example is the mathematician and Nobel laureate in economics John Nash, about whose life the film A Beautiful Mind was made.
Schizophrenia can be recognized by the following signs:
One of the clearest manifestations of schizophrenia in speech is the delusional symptoms of persecution. The patient will be sure that sticks are being put into his wheels, he is being watched. He will whisper in your ear about his guesses, looking around.
Lucina Lukyanova
Remember, you cannot make a diagnosis based on speech and communication alone. However, if it seems to you that the behavior of a loved one has changed, then show observation. If you have the symptoms described, it is better to show it to your doctor.
Mental disorders
Diseases associated with mental disorders will appear in the top five diseases leading to disability by 2020. Such data are provided by the World Health Organization. According to recent studies, anxiety symptoms concern every third resident of Russia.
Mental health problems occur for a number of reasons. These are external factors, heredity and genetic predisposition, although all the reasons are still not known to science.
Anything that disables the nervous system eventually becomes the basis for the development of mental illnesses. Mental disorders occur for no apparent reason, and after stress, overwork, contact with toxic substances, alcohol and psychoactive substances.
Often, hereditary mental illness manifests itself as early as childhood. The main symptoms are:
Other mental health problems become apparent during adolescence. For example, signs of schizophrenia. Deviations that are associated with a genetic predisposition also declare themselves early.
Mental illness is treatable. Experienced psychiatrists and psychotherapists write about all the phenomena of psychiatry in our journal: about the clinical picture, diagnostics and methods that can return to normal life. Who else to believe in such a serious matter if not literate and experienced doctors?
Doctors use clinical and laboratory methods to diagnose diseases. At the first stage, psychiatrists talk with a person, observe his behavior. There are laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods - Neurotest and Neurophysiological test system.
Special drugs are capable of fighting the disease. Specialists prescribe antidepressants, tranquilizers, nootropics, antipsychotics. Individual, group, family and gestalt therapy are also considered effective methods of rehabilitation.
There are different approaches to dividing mental illness into types. The main types of mental disorders:
What mental illnesses are, is described in detail in the ICD of the tenth revision. They are divided into 11 blocks.
The first group of the classification includes mental complications after diseases and injuries of the brain and severe ailments such as stroke. They are called organic mental disorders. The group includes symptomatic mental health problems (due to infections, cancer). Codes F00 - F09.
The next group (F10 - F19) describes diseases that are caused by substance abuse and dependence. We are talking about alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances. This group includes addiction and withdrawal syndromes.
Class with codes F20 - F29 characterizes schizophrenia, schizopathic and delusional disorders. They are characterized by distorted perception, which manifests itself in the form of hallucinations, and distorted thinking - the patient has delusional statements and ideas.
Mood disorders (also called affective ones) are designated by codes F30 - F39. Their peculiarity is the change in emotions towards pessimistic views, anxiety and apathy towards everything. The opposite state is also possible, when a person's mood is unreasonably elevated, to the point of carelessness and euphoria.
The class of neurotic states is associated with various kinds of phobias, anxiety states. Disorders that are associated with obsessive thoughts, persistent discomfort and pain in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and autonomic system (psychosomatic disorders) are described separately. Codes F40 - F49.
Group F50 - F59 refers to the clinical picture of conduct disorders. These include problems with eating, sleeping, sexual dysfunctions, and others.
Under the codes F60 - F69, several types of mental personality disorders are distinguished. This category is united by a common feature - human behavior constantly leads to conflicts with others, or vice versa, a person becomes dependent on other people:
Forms of mental retardation - from mild to profound - are described in class F70 - F79. Among the signs is mental retardation or incompleteness. Mental retardation occurs due to irreversible damage to the central nervous system during pregnancy or childbirth.
Problems with speech, coordination, motor functions speak of mental development disorders, which are designated F80 - F89.
The penultimate group F90 - F98 characterizes emotional and behavioral disorders in children and adolescents, and the next one contains all unspecified mental health problems.
The number of cases of mental illness worries doctors around the world. As practicing psychotherapists and psychiatrists note, depressive states and phobias are the main mental illnesses.
Depression is a frequent medical report. Any depressive disorder (even the mild one) is dangerous by a decrease in performance up to disability and suicidal thoughts.
Diseases of the psyche that are associated with a sense of fear make up a huge list. A person is able to panic fear not only of darkness, heights or confined space. He is afraid at the sight of:
Here we are not talking about fear as a sense of self-preservation. People with this disorder are afraid of something that does not pose a real threat to their health or life.
Major mental illnesses are also associated with sleep disturbances, nutritional problems, and alcohol and substance dependence.
Eating disorders are anorexia and bulimia. With anorexia, a person brings himself to a state where he is not able to eat normally, and the sight of food makes him disgusted. With bulimia, the person does not control the amount of food eaten, does not experience the taste of food and the feeling of satiety. After breakdowns (overeating), remorse comes, which is reinforced by attempts to quickly remove food from the body. The person begins to provoke vomiting, drinks laxatives and diuretics.
Practitioners - psychotherapists and psychiatrists - act as experts in our journal. The articles describe the clinical picture of various syndromes and diseases, diagnostics and methods of health restoration.
The first signs of a mental disorder are behavioral changes and impaired thinking that go beyond existing norms and traditions. Basically, these signs are associated with complete or partial insanity of a person and make a person incapable of performing social functions.
Similar disorders can occur in men and women, regardless of age and nationality.
The pathogenesis of many mental disorders is not completely clear, however, scientists have come to the conclusion that their formation is influenced by a combination of social, psychological and biological factors.
How to understand that you have a mental disorder? To do this, you should be examined by a professional psychotherapist, answer questions as honestly and frankly as possible.
During the progression of the disease, symptoms appear that are noticeable, if not to the patient himself, then to his relatives. The main signs of a mental disorder are:
If the first symptoms of the disease are persistent and interfere with normal activities, then it is recommended to undergo diagnostics. There are borderline mental states of the personality, which are present in many mental and somatic diseases or ordinary fatigue.
Asthenic syndrome is manifested by nervous exhaustion, rapid fatigability, and low efficiency. The female psyche is more vulnerable and therefore such disorders are more typical for the fairer sex. They have increased emotionality, tearfulness and
The male psyche reacts to asthenic syndrome with outbursts of irritation, loss of self-control over trifles. With asthenia, severe headaches, lethargy and disturbed night sleep are also possible.
This is a condition in which an adult persists in various fears or doubts. He cannot get rid of these thoughts, despite the awareness of the problem. A patient with mental pathology can check and recount something for hours, and if he is distracted at the time of the ritual, start counting over again. This category also includes claustrophobia, agoraphobia, fear of heights and others.
This condition, which is painful for any person, is characterized by a persistent decrease in mood, depression, depression. The disease can be detected at an early stage, in which case the condition can be quickly normalized.
Severe cases of depression are often accompanied by suicidal thoughts and require hospital treatment.
Often, the appearance of delusional ideas is preceded by depersonalization and derealization.
These are conditions in which movement disorders come to the fore: complete or partial inhibition, or, on the contrary, excitement. With a catatonic stupor, the patient is completely immobilized, silent, muscles are in good shape. The patient freezes in an unusual, often ridiculous and uncomfortable position.
For catatonic excitement, repetition of any movements with exclamations is typical. Catatonic syndromes are observed with both dull and clear consciousness. In the first case, this indicates a possible favorable outcome of the disease, and in the second, the severity of the patient's condition.
In an unconscious state, the perception of reality is distorted, interaction with society is disrupted.
There are several types of this condition. They are united by common symptoms:
Each of these signs sometimes occurs in an adult, but their combination can indicate a clouding of consciousness. They usually go away with the restoration of clarity of consciousness.
With this disorder, the ability to learn and apply knowledge decreases or is lost, adaptation to the outside world is impaired. Distinguish between congenital (oligophrenia) and acquired form of intellectual decline, which occurs in people of age or patients with progressive forms of mental disorders.
