The second half of the 1960s was perhaps the best period in the history of the USSR: peace on external fronts, rising living standards, stability. This is largely due to the merit of Alexei Kosygin, who called himself the chief engineer of the Soviet Union.

The youngest People's Commissar of Stalin

In 1936, a graduate of the Leningrad Textile Institute gets a job at a factory. Within six months he was a shift supervisor, a year later he was a director; two years later, in 1938, he was the chairman of the executive committee of the Leningrad City Council, in fact, the head of the city. At the age of 34!

Evil tongues slandered that such a fantastic rise was the result of Yezhov's terror, due to which Kosygin allegedly got the opportunity to occupy the vacated positions of repressed bosses. They also said that Kosygin was the son of Nicholas II.

But, I think, the real reason is the outstanding managerial talents and moral qualities that the young Leningrader showed in any field.

“A man of this type could lead a large corporation like Ford or General Motors,” noted Newsweek magazine much later, in 1964.

In the meantime, the pinnacle of his pre-war career: in January 1939, Aleksey Nikolayevich became the people's commissar of the textile industry, almost the youngest Stalinist people's commissar.

The new turn is the Great Patriotic War. In 1941, Kosygin organized the evacuation of thousands of factories to the east, unparalleled in history. Then he is in charge of supplying the besieged Leningrad, paving the Road of Life.

"And you, Kosyga, stay!"

The life of the great economist was full of mysteries. As we already wrote, it was said among the people that Alexei Nikolaevich was a miraculously escaped son of the last tsar (we remember the year and place of birth of our hero, as well as the almost complete absence of his photographs in childhood and adolescence).

Or another, more reliable fact. Somehow in 1949, on the eve of the arrests in the "Leningrad case", Kosygin (at that time - the minister of light industry of the USSR) was invited to one of the night Stalinist feasts. In the morning the tired guests were about to leave, when suddenly the Boss ordered loudly: "And you, Kosyga, stay!". The remark was remembered, they did not dare to repress.

A brilliant manager and an observant person, Aleksey Nikolaevich was well aware of the Achilles heel of the Soviet economy: the colossal disproportions between the level of development of heavy and light industries.

Miners and metallurgists, who provided resources for the grandiose construction projects of socialism, sometimes could not buy even the most ordinary household items with their rather large salary, which had a bad effect not only on the economy, but also on social well-being. Yes, total mobilization and strict control helped to establish vital production during the difficult war years, but this model was not suitable for ordinary life.

In October 1964, after Khrushchev was dismissed as chairman of the Council of Ministers, Kosygin began to implement, if not the most ambitious, then the most effective economic reform in the entire history of the USSR - the introduction of cost accounting.

The "red directors" were given some (keyword: some) freedom in the selection of personnel, the size of salaries and the cost of the final product. Different enterprises could also negotiate between themselves on prices and delivery times on their own (of course, while remaining under the control of the party leadership).

From above, the State Planning Committee of the USSR gave them only the required quantitative and qualitative indicators. By the end of the sixties, more than 30 thousand factories and factories, which produced three-quarters of the national wealth, had switched to self-financing.

"Golden Five-Year Plan"

In the second half of the sixties, the volume of industrial production increased 1.5 times, trade turnover - 1.8 times. The average salary has increased 2.5 times.

Perhaps for the first time in the history of Russia, the standard of living of the population did not lag behind the rapid economic growth. About 1900 new enterprises were put into operation, the construction of the auto giants VAZ and KAMAZ began. The scale of the industrial breakthrough was not inferior to the 1930s - only without the horrors of collectivization, hunger and repression.

For example, only passenger cars in 1965, on the eve of the Kosygin reforms, were produced about 200 thousand. In 1975 - already 1 million 200 thousand. And one workplace at a car plant provides a dozen people employed in factories - suppliers of components, and the same number in the service sector. The massive construction of highways with accompanying service infrastructure began.

The pace of housing construction increased threefold - which is natural, since enterprises that had the opportunity to independently distribute the profits received could use it to build high-quality (in comparison with the barracks of the first five-year periods) apartments for their own workers.

Red negotiator

Speaking about the diplomacy of the Brezhnev period, we usually recall "Mr. No" - the legendary Andrei Gromyko.

But meanwhile, it was Kosygin, who had never studied foreign affairs, who for a long time was the face of Soviet foreign policy and was rightfully considered an outstanding negotiator.

As the second person in the state, he met and found a common language with prominent foreign politicians - from Gaddafi to. In 1966, Aleksey Nikolayevich organized negotiations between the Pakistani President and the Indian Prime Minister in Tashkent, having achieved an end to the Second Indo-Pakistani War.

Once again, to the horror of the guards, he invited the President of Finland, Urho Kekkonen, on a hike along the mountain paths of the Caucasus, and after their joint walk "through the Lermontov places" the whole world started talking about the Essentuki resorts.

The great economist also took part in the settlement of the conflict on Damansky Island, having held talks with Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai right at the Beijing airport, where he unexpectedly landed, returning from Vietnam from the funeral of Ho Chi Minh. According to some reports, Kosygin made this intermediate stop without the consent of Brezhnev.

“The imperialists want to solve their problems by playing off the PRC and the USSR,” his phrase remained in history. As a result, the threat of war between the two nuclear powers was over.

The final

The Kosygin experiments were very ambiguously perceived by the dogmatic communists, who saw in the elements of the market economy "the return of philistinism" and "a departure from the ideals of socialism."

In addition, the Czechoslovak reformer Dubcek began to introduce a system similar to cost accounting in the spring of 1968, but economic transformations eventually led to the erosion of the entire political system of Czechoslovakia, which eventually ended with the introduction of Warsaw Pact troops and frightened the hawks from Brezhnev's entourage. Leonid Ilyich himself, who appreciated Kosygin's professionalism, nevertheless felt a personal dislike for him, gradually removing him from power.

In 1973, after the defeat of the Arab countries in the Yom Kippur War, the price of oil soared from 3 to 12 more of those full-weight dollars per barrel. The need for cost accounting has disappeared: the country's leadership chose not to stimulate the consumer market, embarking on risky (for a dogmatic Marxist) market experiments, but to buy the necessary consumer goods for petrodollars abroad.

Kosygin's departure from life remained almost invisible: ironically, he died on December 18, 1980, a day before Brezhnev's birthday, and for some time the country was not informed at all about the fate of one of its architects.

Nevertheless, he carefully studied the experience of the Kosygin reforms (and in many respects embodied), whose great friend Aleksey Nikolayevich remained throughout his life.

2016.07.08, 09:35 4806

The heir to the Russian throne, Alyosha Romanov, became the People's Commissar Alexei Kosygin?

There was no execution of the royal family. The royal family was torn apart in 1918, but not shot. Maria Feodorovna and her daughters left for Germany, while Nicholas II and the heir to the throne Alexei remained hostages in Russia.

In April of this year, Rosarkhiv, which was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture, was reassigned directly to the head of state. The changes in status were explained by the special state value of the materials stored there. While the experts wondered what all this would mean, a historical investigation appeared in the President newspaper registered on the platform of the Presidential Administration. Its essence lies in the fact that no one shot the royal family. All of them lived a long life, and Tsarevich Alexei even made a nomenklatura career in the USSR.

The transformation of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov into Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin was first discussed during perestroika. They referred to a leak from the party archives. The information was perceived as a historical anecdote, although the thought "What if it's true?" stirred in many. After all, no one saw the remains of the royal family then, and there were always a lot of rumors about their miraculous salvation. And suddenly, on you - a publication about the life of the royal family after the alleged execution comes out in a publication that is as far as possible from the pursuit of a sensation.

“Was it possible to flee or be taken out of Ipatiev’s house? It turns out, yes! - historian Sergei Zhelenkov writes to the President newspaper. - There was a factory nearby. In 1905, the owner dug an underground passage to it in case of seizure by revolutionaries. During the destruction of the house by Boris Yeltsin after the decision of the Politburo, the bulldozer fell into the tunnel that no one knew about. "

In front of everyone, STALIN often called KOSYGIN (left) the prince.

Left hostage

What grounds did the Bolsheviks have to save the life of the royal family?

Researchers Tom Mangold and Anthony Summers published in 1979 the book "The Case of the Romanovs, or the Shooting That Didn't Happen". They started with the fact that in 1978 the 60-year secrecy class expired from the Brest Peace Treaty signed in 1918, and it would be interesting to look into the declassified archives. The first thing they dug up were telegrams from the British ambassador, announcing the evacuation of the royal family by the Bolsheviks from Yekaterinburg to Perm.

According to British intelligence agents in the army of Alexander Kolchak, entering Yekaterinburg on July 25, 1918, the admiral immediately appointed an investigator in the case of the shooting of the royal family. Three months later, Captain Nametkin put a report on his table, where he said that instead of being shot, he was staged. Not believing, Kolchak appointed a second investigator, Sergeev, and soon received the same results.

In parallel with them, the commission of Captain Malinovsky worked, who in June 1919 gave the following instructions to the third investigator Nikolai Sokolov: "As a result of my work on the case, I became convinced that the august family is alive ... all the facts that I observed during the investigation are a simulation of murder."

Admiral Kolchak, who had already proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia, did not need a living tsar at all, so Sokolov received very clear instructions - to find evidence of the death of the emperor.

Sokolov does not think of anything better than to tell: "The corpses were thrown into the mine, doused with acid."

Tom Mangold and Anthony Summers considered that the clue should be sought in the Treaty of the Brest-Litovsk Peace itself. However, its full text is not in the declassified archives of London or Berlin. And they came to the conclusion that there are points concerning the royal family.

Probably, Emperor Wilhelm II, who was a close relative of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, demanded that all the august women be handed over to Germany. The girls did not have the right to the Russian throne and, therefore, could not threaten the Bolsheviks. Men remained hostage - as guarantors that the German army would not go to St. Petersburg and Moscow.

This explanation looks quite logical. Especially if you remember that the tsar was overthrown not by the Reds, but by their own liberal-minded aristocrats, the bourgeoisie and the top of the army. The Bolsheviks had no particular hatred for Nicholas II. He did not threaten them with anything, but at the same time he was an excellent trump card in his sleeve and a good bargaining chip in negotiations.

In addition, Lenin perfectly understood that Nicholas II was a chicken, capable, if shaken well, of laying down many golden eggs so necessary for the young Soviet state. After all, the tsar's head kept the secrets of many family and government deposits in Western banks. Later, these riches of the Russian Empire were used for industrialization.

Life after death"

According to the newspaper "President", in the KGB of the USSR, on the basis of the 2nd Main Directorate, there was a special department that monitored all movements of the royal family and their descendants across the territory of the USSR:

"Stalin built a dacha in Sukhumi next to the dacha of the royal family and came there to meet with the emperor. In the form of an officer, Nicholas II visited the Kremlin, which was confirmed by General Vatov, who served in the guard of Joseph Vissarionovich."

According to the newspaper, in order to honor the memory of the last emperor, the monarchists can go to Nizhny Novgorod to the Krasnaya Etna cemetery, where he was buried on December 26, 1958. The famous Nizhny Novgorod elder Gregory served as the funeral and buried the sovereign.

Much more surprising is the fate of the heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. Over time, he, like many, resigned himself to the revolution and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to serve the Fatherland, regardless of his political convictions. However, he had no other choice.

Historian Sergei Zhelenkov provides a lot of evidence of the transformation of Tsarevich Alexei into the Red Army soldier Kosygin. In the thundering years of the Civil War, and even under the cover of the Cheka, it was really not difficult to do this. Much more interesting is his further career. Stalin considered a great future in the young man and moved far-sightedly along the economic line. Not according to the party.

In 1942, authorized by the State Defense Committee in besieged Leningrad, Kosygin supervised the evacuation of the population and industrial enterprises and property of Tsarskoye Selo. Aleksey went to Ladoga many times on a yacht "Standart" and knew the vicinity of the lake well, therefore he organized the "Road of Life" to supply the city.

In 1949, during Malenkov's promotion of the Leningrad affair, Kosygin miraculously survived. Stalin, who in front of everyone called him tsarevich, sent Alexei Nikolaevich on a long trip to Siberia in connection with the need to strengthen the activities of cooperation, to improve matters with the procurement of agricultural products.

Kosygin was so far removed from internal party affairs that he retained his position after the death of his patron. Khrushchev and Brezhnev needed a good proven business executive, and as a result, Kosygin served as head of government for the longest time in the history of the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation - 16 years.

There was no funeral service

As for the wife of Nicholas II and his daughters, their trace cannot be called lost either.

In the 90s, the Italian newspaper La Repubblica published an article about the death of a nun, Sister Pascaline Lenart, who from 1939 to 1958 held an important post under Pope Pius XII. Before her death, she called a notary and said that Olga Romanova, the daughter of Nicholas II, was not shot by the Bolsheviks, but lived a long life under the patronage of the Vatican and was buried in the cemetery in the village of Marcotte in northern Italy. The journalists, who went to the indicated address, actually found a slab on the churchyard, where it was written in German: "Olga Nikolaevna, the eldest daughter of the Russian Tsar Nikolai Romanov, 1895 - 1976".

In the cemetery in the Italian village of Marcotte, there was a tombstone on which Princess Olga Nikolaevna, the eldest daughter of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, rested. In 1995, the grave, under the pretext of non-payment of rent, was destroyed, and the ashes were transferred

In this regard, the question arises: who was buried in 1998 in the Peter and Paul Cathedral? President Boris Yeltsin assured the public that these were the remains of the royal family. But the Russian Orthodox Church then refused to admit this fact.

Let us recall that in Sofia, in the building of the Holy Synod on St. Alexander Nevsky Square, lived the confessor of the Highest Surname, Vladyka Theophan, who had fled from the horrors of the revolution. He never served a requiem for the august family and said that the royal family was alive!

Golden five-year plan

The resulting Alexey Kosygin economic reforms became the so-called golden eighth five-year plan of 1966 - 1970. During this time:

National income rose 42 percent

The volume of gross industrial output increased by 51 percent,

Agricultural profitability increased by 21 percent,

The formation of the Unified Energy System of the European part of the USSR was completed, the Unified Energy System of Central Siberia was created,

The development of the Tyumen oil and gas production complex began,

The Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk and Saratov hydroelectric power plants, Pridneprovskaya TPP,

The West Siberian Metallurgical and Karaganda Metallurgical Combines started operating,

The first Zhiguli were released,

The provision of the population with televisions has doubled, with washing machines - two and a half, refrigerators - three times.

Arkady Krasilshchikov

From the editorial board of NOVO24. We did not deny ourselves the pleasure of finding the original, which the author refers to.

The royal family: real life after the imaginary execution

History, like a corrupt girl, falls under any new "tsar". So, the recent history of our country has been rewritten many times. "Responsible" and "unbiased" historians rewrote biographies and changed the fate of people in the Soviet and post-Soviet period.

But today, access to many archives is open. Only conscience is the key. What gets to people bit by bit does not leave indifferent those who live in Russia. Those who want to be proud of their country and raise their children as patriots of their native land.

In Russia, historians are a dime a dozen. If you throw a stone, you will almost always hit one of them. But now only 14 years have passed, and no one can establish the real history of the last century.

Miller and Baer's modern henchmen are robbing Russians in all directions. Either, mocking Russian traditions, Maslenitsa will be started in February, then an outright criminal will be brought under the Nobel Prize.

And then we wonder: why is it such a poor people in a country with richest resources and cultural heritage?

Abdication of Nicholas II

Emperor Nicholas II did not abdicate the throne. This act is "fake". It was compiled and typed on a typewriter by the Quartermaster General of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief A.S. Lukomsky and the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the General Staff N.I. Basili.

This printed text was signed on March 2, 1917, not by Tsar Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov, but by the Minister of the Imperial Court, Adjutant General, Baron Boris Fredericks.

After 4 days, the Orthodox Tsar Nicholas II was betrayed by the top of the Russian Orthodox Church, misleading the whole of Russia by the fact that, seeing this false act, the clergy passed it off as a real one. And they transmitted by telegraph to the entire Empire and beyond its borders that the sovereign, they say, abdicated the throne!

On March 6, 1917, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church listened to two lectures. The first, which took place on March 2, 1917, was an act on the "abdication" of Emperor Nicholas II for himself and for his son from the throne of the Russian State and on the resignation of supreme power. The second, which took place on March 3, 1917, was an act on the refusal of the Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich from the perception of the supreme power.

After the hearings, until the establishment in the Constituent Assembly of the image of government and new basic laws of the Russian State, ORDERED:

"The aforementioned acts should be taken into account and executed and announced in all Orthodox churches, in urban - on the first day after receiving the text of these acts, and in rural ones - on the first Sunday or holiday, after the Divine Liturgy, with a prayer to the Lord God about the calming of the passions , with the proclamation of many years of the God-protected Russian State and its Blessed Provisional Government ".

And although the top of the generals of the Russian army for the most part consisted of Jews, the middle officer corps and several higher ranks of the generals, such as Fyodor Arturovich Keller, did not believe this fake and decided to go to the rescue of the sovereign.

From that moment on, the split of the Army began, which turned into a Civil War!

The priesthood and the entire Russian society split.

But the Rothschilds achieved the main thing - they removed its legitimate sovereign from governing the country and began to finish off Russia.

After the revolution, all bishops and priests who had betrayed the tsar suffered death or scattering throughout the world for perjury before the Orthodox tsar.

"Chairman V. Ch. K. No. 13666/2 Comrade Dzerzhinsky F. E. INSTRUCTION: In accordance with the decision of V. Ts. I. K. and the Council of People's Commissars, it is necessary to put an end to priests and religion as soon as possible. Popov should be arrested as counter-revolutionaries. and saboteurs, to shoot mercilessly and everywhere. And as many as possible. Churches must be closed. The premises of the temples should be sealed and turned into warehouses.

Chairman V. Ts. I. K. Kalinin, Chairman of the Sov. bunk bed Komissarov Ulyanov / Lenin / ".

Simulated murder

There is a lot of information about the sovereign's stay with his family in prison and exile, about his stay in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg, and it is quite truthful.

Was there a shooting? Or perhaps it was staged? Was it possible to flee or be taken out of the Ipatiev house?

It turns out, yes!

There was a factory nearby. In 1905, the owner dug an underground passage to it in case of seizure by revolutionaries. When the house was destroyed by Yeltsin after the decision of the Politburo, the bulldozer fell into a tunnel that no one knew about.

Thanks to Stalin and the intelligence officers of the General Staff, with the blessing of Metropolitan Macarius (Nevsky), the royal family was taken to various Russian provinces,

On July 22, 1918, Yevgenia Popel received the keys to the empty house and sent a telegram to her husband NN Ipatiev in the village of Nikolskoye about the possibility of returning to the city.

In connection with the offensive of the White Guard army in Yekaterinburg, Soviet institutions were evacuated. Documents, property and valuables were taken out, including the Romanov family (!).

Strong excitement spread among the officers when it became known in what condition the house of Ipatiev, where the royal family lived, was. Who was free from the service, went to the house, everyone wanted to take an active part in clarifying the question: "Where are they?"

Some examined the house, breaking open boarded up doors; others dismantled the lying things and papers; still others dumped the ashes from the stoves. Still others scoured the courtyard and garden, peering into all the basements and cellars. Each acted independently, not trusting each other and trying to find an answer to the question that worried everyone.

While the officers were examining the rooms, the people who had come to profit took away a lot of abandoned property, which was later found in the bazaar and flea markets.

The head of the garrison, Major General Golitsin, appointed a special commission of officers, mainly cadets of the General Staff Academy, chaired by Colonel Sherekhovsky. Which was instructed to deal with the finds in the area of ​​Ganina Yama: local peasants, raking up recent fireplaces, found burnt things from the Tsar's wardrobe, including a cross with precious stones.

Captain Malinovsky was ordered to survey the area of ​​Ganina Yama. On July 30, taking with him Sheremetyevsky, the investigator for the most important cases of the Yekaterinburg district court A.P. Nametkin, several officers, the heir's doctor - V.N. Derevenko and the servant of the sovereign - T.I. Chemodurov, went there.

This is how the investigation into the disappearance of Tsar Nicholas II, the Empress, the Tsarevich and the Grand Duchesses began.

Malinovsky's commission lasted for about a week. But it was she who determined the area of ​​all subsequent investigative actions in Yekaterinburg and its environs. It was she who found witnesses to the cordoning off of the Koptyakovskaya road around Ganina Yama by the Red Army. I found those who saw a suspicious convoy that passed from Yekaterinburg inside the cordon and back. I got evidence of destruction there, in bonfires near the mines of royal things.

After all the officers went to Koptyaki, Sherekhovsky divided the team into two parts. One, headed by Malinovsky, examined the Ipatiev house, the other, headed by Lieutenant Sheremetyevsky, took up the survey of Ganina Yama.

When inspecting Ipatiev's house, officers of Malinovsky's group managed to establish almost all the basic facts in a week, on which the investigation later relied.

A year after the investigations, Malinovsky, in June 1919, showed Sokolov: "As a result of my work on the case, I became convinced that the august family is alive ... all the facts that I observed during the investigation are a simulation of murder."

At the scene

On July 28, A.P. Nametkin was invited to the headquarters, and from the side of the military authorities, since the civilian power had not yet been formed, it was proposed to him to investigate the case of the royal family. After that, they began to inspect the Ipatiev house. Doctor Derevenko and old Chemodurov were invited to participate in the identification of things; Professor of the Academy of the General Staff, Lieutenant-General Medvedev, took part as an expert.

On July 30, Aleksey Pavlovich Nametkin took part in inspecting the mine and fires near Ganina Yama. After the inspection, the Koptyakovsky peasant handed over to Captain Politkovsky a huge diamond, recognized by Chemodurov, who was right there, as a jewel belonging to Tsarina Alexandra Fedorovna.

Nametkin, examining the Ipatiev house from 2 to 8 August, had publications of resolutions of the Ural Soviet and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee announcing the execution of Nicholas II.

Inspection of the building, traces of shots and signs of spilled blood confirmed the well-known fact - the possible death of people in this house.

As for the other results of the inspection of Ipatiev's house, they left the impression of an unexpected disappearance of its inhabitants.

On August 5, 6, 7, 8, Nametkin continued to inspect the Ipatiev house, described the state of the rooms where Nikolai Alexandrovich, Alexandra Fedorovna, the prince and the grand duchesses were kept. On examination, I found many small things that belonged, according to the valet TI Chemodurov and the doctor and the Heir V.N. Derevenko, to members of the royal family.

Being an experienced investigator, Nametkin, after examining the scene of the incident, stated that an imitation of an execution had taken place in the Ipatiev House and that none of the members of the royal family had been shot there.

He officially repeated his data in Omsk, where he gave interviews on this topic to foreign, mainly American correspondents. Stating that he had evidence that the royal family was not killed on the night of July 16-17 and was going to publish these documents soon.

But he was forced to hand over the investigation.

War with investigators

On August 7, 1918, a meeting of the branches of the Yekaterinburg District Court took place, where, unexpectedly for the prosecutor Kutuzov, contrary to agreements with the chairman of the court Glasson, the Yekaterinburg District Court by a majority vote decided to transfer "the case of the murder of the former Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II" to a member of the court Ivan Aleksandrovich Sergeev.

After the transfer of the case, the house where he rented the premises was burned down, which led to the death of Nametkin's investigative archive.

The main difference in the work of a detective on the scene lies in what is not in the laws and textbooks in order to plan further measures for each of the revealed significant circumstances. That is why their replacement is harmful, because with the departure of the former investigator, his plan to unravel the tangle of riddles disappears.

On August 13, A.P. Nametkin transferred the case to I.A.Sergeev on 26 numbered sheets. And after the capture of Yekaterinburg by the Bolsheviks, Nametkin was shot.

Sergeev was aware of the complexity of the forthcoming investigation.

He understood that the main thing was to find the bodies of those killed. Indeed, in forensic science there is a strict directive: "no corpse - no murder." They placed great expectations on the expedition to Ganina Yama, where they very carefully searched the area, pumped out water from the mines. But ... they found only a severed finger and an upper jaw prosthesis. True, the "corpse" was also recovered, but it was the corpse of the dog of the Grand Duchess Anastasia.

In addition, there are witnesses who saw the former empress and her children in Perm.

The doctor Derevenko, who treated the heir, like Botkin, who accompanied the royal family in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg, repeatedly testifies that the unidentified corpses delivered to him are not the king and not the heir, since the king on his head / skull / must have a mark from a Japanese blow sabers in 1891

The clergy, Patriarch St. Tikhon, also knew about the release of the royal family.

Life of the royal family after "death"

In the KGB of the USSR, on the basis of the 2nd Main Directorate, there was a special. a department that oversaw all the movements of the royal family and their descendants across the territory of the USSR. Whether someone likes it or not, they will have to reckon with this and, therefore, revise Russia's future policy.

Daughters Olga (lived under the name Natalia) and Tatiana were in the Diveyevo monastery under the guise of nuns and sang in the choir of the Trinity Church. From there Tatyana moved to the Krasnodar Territory, got married and lived in the Apsheronsky and Mostovsky districts. She was buried on 09.21.1992 in the village of Solyonom, Mostovsky District.

Olga went through Uzbekistan to Afghanistan with the Emir of Bukhara Seyid Alim Khan (1880 - 1944). From there - to Finland to Vyrubova. Since 1956 she lived in Vyritsa under the name of Natalya Mikhailovna Evstigneeva, where she rested in Bose on January 16, 1976 (on November 15, 2011 from the grave of V.K.Olga, her fragrant relics were partially stolen by one demoniac, but were returned to Kazan temple).

On October 6, 2012, her remaining relics were removed from the grave in the cemetery, joined to the abducted, and reburied near the Kazan Church.

The daughters of Nicholas II, Maria and Anastasia (lived as Alexandra Nikolaevna Tugareva) were in the Glinsk Hermitage for some time. Then Anastasia moved to the Volgograd (Stalingrad) region and got married on the Tugarev farm of the Novoanninsky district. From there she moved to st. Panfilovo, where she was buried on June 27, 1980. And her husband Vasily Evlampievich Peregudov died defending Stalingrad in January 1943. Maria moved to the Nizhny Novgorod region in the village of Arefino, where she was buried on May 27, 1954.

Metropolitan John of Ladoga (Snychev, d. 1995) nursed Anastasia's daughter, Julia, in the city of Samara, and together with Archimandrite John (Maslov, d. 1991) he nourished Tsarevich Alexei. Archpriest Vasily (Shvets, d. 2011) nursed his daughter Olga (Natalia). The son of the youngest daughter of Nicholas II - Anastasia - Mikhail Vasilievich Peregudov (1924 - 2001), having come from the front, worked as an architect, according to his design, a railway station was built in Stalingrad-Volgograd.

The brother of Tsar Nicholas II, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, was also able to escape from Perm right under the nose of the Cheka. At first he lived in Belogorye, and then moved to Vyritsa, where he rested in Bose in 1948.

Empress Alexandra Feodorovna

Until 1927, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna was at the Tsar's dacha (Vvedensky skete of the Seraphim-Ponetaevsky monastery, Nizhny Novgorod region). And at the same time she visited Kiev, Moscow, Petersburg, Sukhumi. Alexandra Feodorovna took the name Xenia (in honor of St. Xenia Grigorievna of Petersburg / Petrova 1732 - 1803 /).

In 1899, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna wrote a prophetic poem:

[b] In the solitude and silence of the monastery,

Where guardian angels fly

Far from temptation and sin

She lives, whom everyone considers dead.

Everyone thinks She already dwells

In the divine celestial sphere.

She steps outside the walls of the monastery,

Submissive to her increased faith!

The empress met with Stalin, who told her the following: "Live in peace in the city of Starobelsk, but there is no need to interfere in politics."

Stalin's patronage saved the queen when local Chekists opened criminal cases against her.

Money transfers were regularly received from France and Japan to the name of the queen. The Empress received them and passed them on to four kindergartens. This was confirmed by the former manager of the Starobelsk branch of the State Bank, Ruf Leontyevich Shpilev, and the chief accountant Klokolov.

The Empress did needlework, making blouses and scarves, and straws were sent to her from Japan to make hats. All this was done on the orders of local fashionistas.

In 1931, the Tsarina appeared at the Starobelsk branch of the GPU and announced that there were 185,000 marks in her account in the Berlin Reichsbank, as well as 300,000 dollars in the Chicago bank. She wants to transfer all these funds to the disposal of the Soviet government, provided that it provides her with old age.

The Empress's statement was forwarded to the GPU of the Ukrainian SSR, which instructed the so-called "Credit Bureau" to negotiate with foreign countries about receiving these deposits!

In 1942 Starobelsk was occupied, the Empress on the same day was invited to breakfast with Colonel-General Kleist, who suggested that she move to Berlin, to which the Empress responded with dignity: "I am Russian and I want to die in my homeland" Then she was offered to choose any house in the city that she wanted: it is useless, they say, for such a person to huddle in a cramped dugout. But she refused that too.

The only thing the queen agreed to was to use the services of German doctors. True, the commandant of the city still ordered to install a plaque near the Empress's dwelling with the inscription in Russian and German: "Do not disturb Her Majesty."

What she was very happy about, because in her dugout behind a screen there were ... wounded Soviet tankers.

German medicines came in very handy. The tankers managed to get out, and they safely crossed the front line. Taking advantage of the authorities' favor, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna saved many prisoners of war and local residents who were threatened with reprisals.

Empress Alexandra Fedorovna under the name of Xenia from 1927 until her death in 1948 lived in the city of Starobelsk, Luhansk region. She took monastic vows with the name Alexandra at the Starobelsk Holy Trinity Monastery.

Kosygin - Tsarevich Alexei

Tsarevich Alexei ... became Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin (1904 - 1980). Twice Hero of Socialist. Labor (1964, 1974). Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru. In 1935 he graduated from the Leningrad Textile Institute. In 1938 he was already the head. department of the Leningrad regional party committee, chairman of the executive committee of the Leningrad City Council.

The wife of Klavdia Andreevna Krivosheina (1908 - 1967) is the niece of A.A. Kuznetsov. Daughter Lyudmila (1928 - 1990) was married to Jermen Mikhailovich Gvishiani (1928 - 2003). The son of Mikhail Maksimovich Gvishiani (1905 - 1966) since 1928 in the GPUKVD of Georgia. In 1937-38. deputy. Chairman of the Tbilisi City Executive Committee. In 1938, the 1st deputy. People's Commissar of the NKVD of Georgia. In 1938 - 1950. early UNKVDUNKGBUMGB Primorsky Territory. 1950-1953 early UMGB of the Kuibyshev region. Grandchildren Tatiana and Alexey.

The Kosygin family was friends with the families of the writer Sholokhov, the composer Khachaturian, the rocket designer Chelomey.

In 1940 - 1960 Alexey Kosygin - Deputy. prev. Council of People's Commissars - Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1941 - deputy. prev. Council for the evacuation of industry in the eastern regions of the USSR. From January to July 1942 - Commissioner of the State Defense Committee in besieged Leningrad. Participated in the evacuation of the population and industrial enterprises and property of Tsarskoe Selo. The tsarevich walked around Ladoga on a yacht "Standart" and knew the surroundings of the lake well, therefore he organized the "Road of Life" across the lake to supply the city.

Aleksey Nikolaevich created an electronics center in Zelenograd, but the enemies in the Politburo did not allow him to bring this idea to fruition. And today Russia is forced to purchase household appliances and computers all over the world.

The Sverdlovsk region produced everything: from strategic missiles to bacteriological weapons and was filled with underground cities hiding under the indexes "Sverdlovsk-42", and there were more than two hundred of these "Sverdlovsk".

He helped Palestine as Israel expanded its borders at the expense of Arab lands.

He implemented projects for the development of gas and oil fields in Siberia.

But the Jews, members of the Politburo, made the export of crude oil and gas the main line of the budget - instead of exporting refined products, as Alexei Kosygin (Romanov) wanted.

In 1949, during the promotion of the Leningrad affair by GM Malenkov, Kosygin miraculously survived. During the investigation Mikoyan, deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, "organized a long trip for Kosygin to Siberia, in connection with the need to strengthen the activities of cooperation, to improve matters with the procurement of agricultural products"... Stalin coordinated this trip with Mikoyan on time, for he was poisoned and from the beginning of August to the end of December 1950 he lay in his dacha, miraculously survived.

In dealing with Alexei, Stalin affectionately called him "Kosyga", since he was his nephew. Sometimes Stalin called him tsarevich in front of everyone.

In the 60s. Tsarevich Alexei, realizing the inefficiency of the existing system, proposed a transition from social economy to a real one. Keep records of sold, not manufactured products as the main indicator of the efficiency of enterprises, etc.

Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov normalized relations between the USSR and China during the conflict on the island. Damansky, having met in Beijing at the airport with the Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai.

Alexei Nikolaevich visited the Venevsky monastery in the Tula region and talked with nun Anna, who was in touch with the entire royal family. He even once gave her a diamond ring for clear predictions. And shortly before his death he came to her, and she told him that he would die on December 18.

The death of Tsarevich Alexei coincided with Leonid Brezhnev's birthday on 12/18/1980, and these days the country did not know that Kosygin had died.

The ashes of the Tsarevich have been resting in the Kremlin wall since December 24, 1980.

There was no funeral service for the august family

Until 1927, the royal family met on the stones of St. Seraphim of Sarov, next to the Tsar's dacha, on the territory of the Vvedensky skete of the Seraphim-Ponetaevsky monastery. Now only the former baptismal remains of the Skete. It was closed in 1927 by the forces of the NKVD. This was preceded by a general search, after which all the nuns were moved to different monasteries in Arzamas and Ponetayevka. And icons, jewelry, bells and other property were taken to Moscow.

In the 20-30s. Nicholas II stayed in Diveevo at st. Arzamasskaya, 16, in the house of Alexandra Ivanovna Grashkina - schema-nun of Dominica (1906 - 2009).

Stalin built a dacha in Sukhumi next to the dacha of the royal family and came there to meet with the emperor and cousin Nicholas II.

In the form of an officer, Nicholas II visited Stalin in the Kremlin, which was confirmed by General Vatov (d. 2004), who served in Stalin's guard.

Marshal Mannerheim, having become president of Finland, immediately left the war, as he secretly communicated with the emperor. And in the office of Mannerheim there was a portrait of Nicholas II. Confessor of the royal family since 1912, Fr. Alexey (Kibardin, 1882 - 1964), while living in Vyritsa, took care of the woman who arrived there from Finland in 1956 at the railway station. the tsar's eldest daughter Olga.

In Sofia after the revolution, in the building of the Holy Synod on St. Alexander Nevsky Square, the confessor of the Highest Surname, Vladyka Theophan (Bystrov), lived.

Vladyka never served a requiem for the august family and told his cell attendant that the royal family was alive! And even in April 1931 he went to Paris to meet with Tsar Nicholas II and with the people who freed the royal family from captivity. Vladyka Theophan also said that over time the Romanov family would be restored, but along the female line.

Expertise

Head Department of Biology of the Ural Medical Academy Oleg Makeev said: "Genetic examination after 90 years is not only difficult due to the changes that have occurred in the bone tissue, but it cannot give an absolute result even if it is carefully performed. The technique used in the studies already carried out is still not recognized by any court in the world as proof".

A foreign expert commission to investigate the fate of the royal family, created in 1989, under the chairmanship of Pyotr Nikolayevich Koltypin-Wallovsky, ordered a study by scientists at Stanford University and received data on the DNA mismatch of the "Yekaterinburg remains."

The commission provided for DNA analysis a fragment of VK St. Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova's finger, whose relics are kept in the Jerusalem Church of Mary Magdalene.

"Sisters and their children must have identical mitochondrial DNA, but the results of the analysis of the remains of Elizaveta Fyodorovna do not match the previously published DNA of the alleged remains of Alexandra Fyodorovna and her daughters,"- this was the conclusion of scientists.

The experiment was carried out by an international team of scientists led by Dr. Alec Knight, a molecular taxonomist from Stanford University, with the participation of geneticists from East Michigan University, Los Alamos National Laboratory with the participation of Dr. Lev Zhivotovsky, an employee of the Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

After the death of an organism, DNA begins to rapidly decompose, (chop) into parts, and the more time passes, the more these parts are shortened. After 80 years, without creating special conditions, DNA segments longer than 200-300 nucleotides are not preserved. And in 1994, when analyzing, a section of 1.223 nucleotides was isolated. "

Thus, Peter Koltypin-Wallovskoy emphasized: "Geneticists again refuted the results of an examination carried out in 1994 at the British Laboratory, on the basis of which it was concluded that Tsar Nicholas II and his family belonged to the" Yekaterinburg remains "."

Japanese scientists presented to the Moscow Patriarchate the results of their research in relation to the "Yekaterinburg remains".

On December 7, 2004, in the building of the MP, Bishop Alexander of Dmitrov, vicar of the Moscow Diocese, met with Dr. Tatsuo Nagai. Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Director of the Department of Forensic and Scientific Medicine, Kitazato University (Japan). Since 1987 he has worked at Kitazato University, is vice-dean of the Joint School of Medical Sciences, director and professor of the Department of Clinical Hematology and the Department of Forensic Medicine. He has published 372 scientific papers and presented 150 reports at international medical conferences in various countries. Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine in London.

He carried out the identification of the mitochondrial DNA of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II. During the assassination attempt on Tsarevich Nicholas II in Japan in 1891, his handkerchief remained there, which was applied to the wound. It turned out that the DNA structures from the cuts in 1998 in the first case differ from the DNA structure in both the second and the third cases. A research team led by Dr. Nagai took a sample of dried sweat from the clothes of Nicholas II, kept in the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, and performed mitochondrial analysis.

In addition, a mitochondrial analysis of the DNA of hair, the bone of the lower jaw and the thumbnail of V.K.Georgy Alexandrovich, the younger brother of Nicholas II, was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. He compared DNA from bone cuts buried in 1998 in the Peter and Paul Fortress, with blood samples from the nephew of Emperor Nicholas II Tikhon Nikolayevich, as well as samples of sweat and blood of Tsar Nicholas II himself.

Dr. Nagai's findings: "We got results different from the results obtained by Drs. Peter Gill and Pavel Ivanov on five points."

Glorification of the king

Anatoly Sobchak (Finkelstein, d. 2000), being the mayor of St. Petersburg, committed a heinous crime - he issued death certificates for Nicholas II and his family members, Leonida Georgievna. He issued certificates in 1996, without even waiting for the conclusions of the "official commission" of Nemtsov.

"The protection of the rights and legitimate interests" of the "imperial house" in Russia began in 1995 by the late Leonida Georgievna, who, on the instructions of her daughter, "the head of the Russian imperial house", applied for state registration of the death of members of the Imperial House, who were killed in 1918-1919. , and the issuance of certificates of their deaths. "

On December 1, 2005, an application was submitted to the Prosecutor General's Office for the "rehabilitation of Emperor Nicholas II and his family members." This application was submitted on the instructions of "Princess" Maria Vladimirovna by her lawyer G. Yu. Lukyanov, who replaced Sobchak in this post.

The glorification of the royal family, although it happened under Ridiger (Alexy II) at the Bishops' Council, was just a cover for the "consecration" of Solomon's temple.

After all, a tsar in the face of saints can only be glorified by the Local Council. Because the king is the spokesman for the Spirit of all the people, not just the priesthood. That is why the decision of the Council of Bishops in 2000 must be approved by the Local Council.

According to the ancient canons, it is possible to glorify God's saints after healing from various ailments occurs on their graves. After that, it is checked how this or that ascetic lived. If he lived a righteous life, then healings come from God. If not, then Bes does such healings, and then they will turn into new diseases.

In order to be convinced on your own experience, you need to go to the grave of Emperor Nicholas II, to Nizhny Novgorod at the Krasnaya Etna cemetery, where he was buried on December 26, 1958.

The famous Nizhny Novgorod elder and priest Grigory (Dolbunov, d. 1996) performed the funeral service and buried the sovereign Emperor Nicholas II.

Whom the Lord will grant to go to the grave and be healed, he can be convinced by his own experience.

The transfer of his relics is still pending at the federal level.

Sergey Zhelenkov

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We do not claim the reliability of all the facts that are presented in this article, however, the arguments that are presented below are very curious.

There was no execution of the royal family.The heir to the throne, Alyosha Romanov, became People's Commissar Alexei Kosygin.
The royal family was torn apart in 1918, but not shot. Maria Feodorovna left for Germany, while Nicholas II and the heir to the throne Alexei remained hostages in Russia.

In April of this year, Rosarkhiv, which was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture, was reassigned directly to the head of state. The changes in status were explained by the special state value of the materials stored there. While the experts wondered what all this would mean, a historical investigation appeared in the President newspaper registered on the platform of the Presidential Administration. Its essence lies in the fact that no one shot the royal family. All of them lived a long life, and Tsarevich Alexei even made a nomenklatura career in the USSR.

The transformation of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov into Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin was first discussed during perestroika. They referred to a leak from the party archives. The information was perceived as a historical anecdote, although the thought - and suddenly the truth - stirred among many. After all, no one saw the remains of the royal family then, and there were always a lot of rumors about their miraculous salvation. And suddenly, on you - a publication about the life of the royal family after the alleged execution comes out in a publication that is as far as possible from the pursuit of a sensation.

- Was it possible to escape or be taken out of the Ipatiev house? It turns out, yes! - historian Sergei Zhelenkov writes to the newspaper "President". “There was a factory nearby. In 1905, the owner dug an underground passage to it in case of seizure by revolutionaries. During the destruction of the house by Boris Yeltsin after the decision of the Politburo, the bulldozer fell into the tunnel that no one knew about.

STALIN in front of everyone often called KOSYGIN (left) the prince

Left hostage

What grounds did the Bolsheviks have to save the life of the royal family?

Researchers Tom Mangold and Anthony Summers published in 1979 the book The Case of the Romanovs, or the Shooting That Didn't Happen. They started with the fact that in 1978 the 60-year secrecy class expired from the Brest Peace Treaty signed in 1918, and it would be interesting to look into the declassified archives.

The first thing they dug up were telegrams from the British ambassador, announcing the evacuation of the royal family by the Bolsheviks from Yekaterinburg to Perm.

According to British intelligence agents in the army of Alexander Kolchak, entering Yekaterinburg on July 25, 1918, the admiral immediately appointed an investigator in the case of the shooting of the royal family. Three months later, Captain Nametkin put a report on his table, where he said that instead of being shot, he was staged. Not believing, Kolchak appointed a second investigator, Sergeev, and soon received the same results.

In parallel with them, the commission of Captain Malinovsky worked, who in June 1919 gave the third investigator Nikolai Sokolov the following instructions: simulation of murder. "

Admiral Kolchak, who had already proclaimed himself the Supreme Ruler of Russia, did not need a living tsar at all, so Sokolov received very clear instructions - to find evidence of the death of the emperor.

Sokolov does not think of anything better than to tell: "The corpses were thrown into the mine, doused with acid."

Tom Mangold and Anthony Summers considered that the clue should be sought in the Treaty of the Brest-Litovsk Peace itself. However, its full text is not in the declassified archives of London or Berlin. And they came to the conclusion that there are points concerning the royal family.

Probably, Emperor Wilhelm II, who was a close relative of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, demanded that all the august women be handed over to Germany. The girls did not have the right to the Russian throne and, therefore, could not threaten the Bolsheviks. Men remained hostage - as guarantors that the German army would not go to St. Petersburg and Moscow.

This explanation looks quite logical. Especially if you remember that the tsar was overthrown not by the Reds, but by their own liberal-minded aristocracy, the bourgeoisie and the top of the army. The Bolsheviks had no particular hatred for Nicholas II. He did not threaten them with anything, but at the same time he was an excellent trump card in his sleeve and a good bargaining chip in negotiations.

In addition, Lenin perfectly understood that Nicholas II was a chicken, capable, if shaken well, of laying down many golden eggs so necessary for the young Soviet state. After all, the tsar's head kept the secrets of many family and government deposits in Western banks. Later, these riches of the Russian Empire were used for industrialization.

In the cemetery in the Italian village of Marcotte, there was a tombstone on which Princess Olga Nikolaevna, the eldest daughter of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, rested. In 1995, the grave, under the pretext of non-payment of rent, was destroyed, and the ashes were moved.

Life after death"

According to the newspaper "President", in the KGB of the USSR, on the basis of the 2nd Main Directorate, there was a special department that monitored all movements of the royal family and their descendants across the territory of the USSR:

“Stalin built a dacha in Sukhumi next to the dacha of the royal family and came there to meet with the emperor. In the form of an officer, Nicholas II visited the Kremlin, which was confirmed by General Vatov, who served in the guard of Joseph Vissarionovich. "

According to the newspaper, in order to honor the memory of the last emperor, the monarchists can go to Nizhny Novgorod to the Krasnaya Etna cemetery, where he was buried on December 26, 1958. The famous Nizhny Novgorod elder Gregory served the funeral service and buried the sovereign.

Much more surprising is the fate of the heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich.

Over time, he, like many, resigned himself to the revolution and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to serve the Fatherland, regardless of his political convictions. However, he had no other choice.

Historian Sergei Zhelenkov provides a lot of evidence of the transformation of Tsarevich Alexei into the Red Army soldier Kosygin. In the thundering years of the Civil War, and even under the cover of the Cheka, it was really not difficult to do this. Much more interesting is his further career. Stalin considered a great future in the young man and moved far-sightedly along the economic line. Not according to the party.

In 1942, authorized by the State Defense Committee in besieged Leningrad, Kosygin supervised the evacuation of the population and industrial enterprises and property of Tsarskoye Selo. Aleksey went to Ladoga many times on a yacht "Shtandart" and knew the surroundings of the lake well, therefore he organized the "Road of Life" to supply the city.

In 1949, during Malenkov's promotion of the Leningrad Affair, Kosygin "miraculously" survived. Stalin, who in front of everyone called him tsarevich, sent Alexei Nikolaevich on a long trip to Siberia in connection with the need to strengthen the activities of cooperation, to improve matters with the procurement of agricultural products.

Kosygin was so far removed from internal party affairs that he retained his position after the death of his patron. Khrushchev and Brezhnev needed a good proven business executive, and as a result, Kosygin served as head of government for the longest time in the history of the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation - 16 years.

As for the wife of Nicholas II and his daughters, their trace cannot be called lost either.

In the 90s, the Italian newspaper La Repubblica published an article about the death of a nun, Sister Pascaline Lenart, who from 1939 to 1958 held an important post under Pope Pius XII.

Before her death, she called a notary and said that Olga Romanova, the daughter of Nicholas II, was not shot by the Bolsheviks, but lived a long life under the patronage of the Vatican and was buried in the cemetery in the village of Marcotte in northern Italy.

The journalists, who went to the indicated address, actually found a slab on the churchyard, where it was written in German: “ Olga Nikolaevna, the eldest daughter of the Russian Tsar Nikolai Romanov, 1895 - 1976».

In this regard, the question arises: who was buried in 1998 in the Peter and Paul Cathedral? President Boris Yeltsin assured the public that these were the remains of the royal family. But the Russian Orthodox Church then refused to admit this fact. Let us recall that in Sofia, in the building of the Holy Synod on St. Alexander Nevsky Square, lived the confessor of the Highest Surname, Vladyka Theophan, who had fled from the horrors of the revolution. He never served a requiem for the august family and said that the royal family was alive!

The result of the economic reforms developed by Alexei Kosygin was the so-called golden eighth five-year plan of 1966-1970. During this time:

- national income increased by 42 percent,

- the volume of gross industrial output increased by 51 percent,

- the profitability of agriculture increased by 21 percent,

- the formation of the Unified Energy System of the European part of the USSR was completed, the Unified Energy System of Central Siberia was created,

- the development of the Tyumen oil and gas production complex began,

- Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk and Saratovskaya hydroelectric power plants, Pridneprovskaya TPP were put into operation,

- the West Siberian Metallurgical and Karaganda Metallurgical Combines were put into operation,

- the first Zhiguli were released,

- The provision of the population with televisions has doubled, with washing machines - two and a half, refrigerators - three times.

The biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin is of interest to everyone who is studying Soviet history. He is a well-known party statesman who held important posts in the 60-80s. Perhaps most of all, he became famous thanks to the Kosygin reform of 1965, which consisted in a significant expansion of independence for enterprises by softening or even completely exempting from the standards established by the State Planning Committee, and it also assumed a new system of incentives for employees.

The meaning of a historical figure

The biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin plays an important role in Soviet history. Some researchers argue that he was an incredibly effective statesman who pursued successful economic policies. And he was even more successful than the Minister of Emperor Nicholas II, Peter Stolypin. Kosygin was called the favorite of Joseph Stalin, as well as the gray cardinal.

Many historians who assess the policy of the Soviet government believe that if the leaders of the state listened to it more, and also allowed it to complete the reforms begun in the mid-60s in industry, then the USSR could turn into a truly independent power by getting rid of the raw material industries.

Experts note that the entire modern economic basis on which Russia today rests was created precisely by Kosygin. In addition, he became the record holder for the longest tenure at the head of the Soviet government.

For the 16 years that he was a Soviet minister, this is an incredible record that no one else could come close to. And this even on the condition that he had very tense relations with the secretaries general - both with Nikita Khrushchev and with Leonid Brezhnev. They tolerated him only for the highest professionalism, and besides, for the fact that they simply did not imagine who could replace him.

Childhood and youth

It is possible that Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin owed his successful biography to the October Revolution. The hero of our article was born in 1904 in St. Petersburg. The date of birth of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin is February 21 (according to the old style it was the 8th). His father was a simple worker, so if the tsarist regime continued, he would have had no chance of pursuing such a career.

Very little is known about the initial stage of the biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin. There is only information that the parents baptized their son according to the Orthodox rite in the church of Sampson the stranger. The childhood photo of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin has survived a little, but they can still be found.

The father of the hero of our article was named Nikolai Ilyich, and his mother was Matrona Alexandrovna. In the biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin, childhood played a big role.

It is interesting that there is a conspiracy theory of the origin of the hero of our article. Some suggest that the childhood of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin was spent in the imperial palace. It is assumed that he is the son of Nicholas II, who survived, and was not killed along with the rest of the family. They even compare the auricles of the late Tsarevich with a photo of the young Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin. As evidence, they also cited the fact that he was able to very quickly organize the "Road of Life" along the frozen Ladoga Lake, because he often walked around Ladoga on a yacht "Standart", knew perfectly the features of this reservoir. Of course, the biography, photos from the childhood of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin confirm that this is nothing more than someone's speculation.

At the age of 15, the hero of our article volunteered for the Red Army, although at that time he was only a student of the Petrovsky real school. So the childhood of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin was very eventful. He was sent to build defensive structures. He returned to Petrograd three years later and completed his studies. Received a diploma from a cooperative technical school. Having become a young specialist, Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin, whose photo is in this article, went to Siberia to develop industrial cooperation.

Early career

At that moment, a planned economy had already been established in the country. Industrial cooperation was a kind of oasis within which, surprisingly, entrepreneurship was encouraged. So he formed his very first ideas about the economy in this area.

In 1935, Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin, whose photo is presented below, went up the career ladder. In just two years, he went from being an ordinary foreman of the Oktyabr textile factory to its direct manager. True, he ran the enterprise for a little over a year. His successes during this time turned out to be so impressive that already in 1938 he was appointed chairman of the executive committee of the Leningrad Soviet of workers and peasants.

A year later, he received the post of People's Commissar of the Textile Industry of the entire Soviet Union.

There are skeptics who argue that such a success was due to the fact that there was a shortage of personnel in the country. This happened due to the fact that the Great Terror of those years practically destroyed all ambitious specialists. So the Soviet leadership at that time had to put young novice business executives, deprived of political ambitions, in high positions.

It should be admitted that in a certain sense this is indeed the case. The biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin, whose photo you will find in this article, confirms that he never participated in the undercover struggle and any intrigues. At the same time, he remained a professional of the highest class.

During the war

Talking about the biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin briefly, you need to dwell on his relationship with Stalin. The Generalissimo did not trust most of his associates, fearing even to turn his back on them. He highly appreciated the qualities of the hero of our article.

The young employee met all his requirements and possessed the qualities that a real business executive should have.

When the Great Patriotic War began, it became a real test for Kosygin, who at that time was 37 years old. Thousands of human lives depended on the result of his work this time. Indeed, already in June 1941, he was appointed deputy chairman of the Council for the evacuation of industrial enterprises. He led a group of inspectors who dispatched 1,500 strategically important industrial enterprises to the east. Organizing their evacuation, he did not disappoint.

Therefore, already in 1942, he was instructed to supply Leningrad, which was in the blockade, with food. Analyzing his work, historians confirm that he did everything he could. Thanks to him, hundreds of thousands of lives have been saved. This fact alone, without exaggeration, makes him a true hero.

In 1943, he was appointed head of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, which was evidence of the confidence of the country's top leadership in him. Stalin openly favored Kosygin.

In 1946, Kosygin's career continued to develop successfully. He receives the post of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. The next step was the appointment of a candidate for membership in the Politburo.

They appreciated him for his high performance, phenomenal memory, incredible ability in the mind to multiply multidigit numbers. There were legends about this. It is worth noting that he was an atypical official. For example, he avoided feasts and flattery, and the meetings he held were short and extremely dry. He immediately formulated the essence of the problem, did not allow himself or his subordinates "to spread their thoughts along the tree."

When Joseph Stalin passed away, who did not manage to complete the change of elites he had conceived, Kosygin managed to stay in power under the new leadership. Moreover, his career continued to develop.

Step back

Although at first he had to give in. He was removed from the post of deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers, he lost his light industry. But as a result he got a modest ministerial post. He began to be responsible for the production of consumer goods.

But even here he managed to prove himself. By 1953, under his leadership, the Ministry of Food Industry was reorganized through the merger of several ministries. Therefore, as a result, he returned to the post of deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers.

There are many interesting facts about the biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin, especially how he approached his duties. After the war, he quit smoking. On duty, Alexei Nikolaevich once went to the opening of a tobacco factory in Georgia. During a conversation with her leader, he asked him to light a cigarette. He offered him cigarettes, which he himself constantly smoked. They turned out to be American made. Immediately after that, Kosygin silently turned around and left. Factory directors were changed as a result.

Brezhnev's reign

When Khrushchev came to power, Kosygin was promoted again. Already in 1960, he received the post of first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. And when the so-called "palace coup" took place and Brezhnev came to power, Kosygin became the head of government.

It is worth noting that Leonid Ilyich at the same time extremely disliked Alexei Nikolaevich. Only the lack of desire to sit up, intrigue, as well as the lack of political ambitions helped him to keep in his chair.

At the same time, Kosygin always remained unconvinced. For example, he was the only member of the Politburo who voted against the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. In addition, Kosygin has always been a first-class diplomat who knew how to solve all kinds of international problems. It was he who took part in the resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflicts in 1967 and 1973. He participated in negotiations for the Americans to stop bombing Indochina in the early 1970s.

But his main success in the diplomatic field is considered to be a virtuoso solution to the Soviet-Chinese conflict. It was as a result of 4-hour negotiations with his participation, which took place at the Beijing airport, that the Soviet-Chinese war was averted.

Industrial reforms

Historians who assess his activities note his successful economic reforms in industry. They are even called "Kosygin". He advocated the expansion of the independence of factories and enterprises, the decentralization of the national economy. It was Kosygin who made it so that the concept associated with gross production became a thing of the past, and was replaced by a more effective and efficient indicator of sold products.

Kosygin had a hard time, since his economic reforms were fundamentally different from the "Leninist principles", and some accused him of a "bourgeois approach." Apparently, that is why the changes introduced by him met with such strong resistance from the officials of the old school. True, it was not possible to bring them to their logical conclusion. The main thing he was trying to achieve was to make the key item in the budget of the Soviet Union not the export of gas and oil, but the products of their processing.

Personal life

Everyone who knew Kosygin well noted that in everyday life he was extremely modest and unpretentious, as well as a deeply decent person.

Having retired, after a few days he left the state dacha, which he was entitled to for work, starting to live in a modest apartment. From the dacha he took only books and his personal belongings. He never got his own country house.

He did not manage to earn a solid fortune over the long years of his tenure in the first positions in the country. Even when he received any gorgeous gifts during foreign visits, he handed them over to a sponsored school or sent them to the State Depository, and left almost nothing for himself. For example, in Arab countries he was often presented with sabers and swords decorated with precious stones, but he did not leave even such valuable gifts for himself.

The wife of the hero of our article was Klavdia Andreevna Krivosheina. They say that Joseph Stalin himself respected her. She passed away in 1968. Kosygin's wife died on May 1, when he himself was on the podium on Red Square. The second time he never married. Although, according to rumors, Alexei Nikolaevich had an affair with the popular singer Lyudmila Zykina. But most are convinced that this is nothing more than gossip. Kosygin's driver said that his boss carried a shirt, presented to him by his wife, as a talisman on all business trips.

The children of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin are the daughter of Lyudmila, who became the director of the Library of Foreign Literature. She gave her father two grandchildren, Alexei and Tatiana Gvishiani. Now Aleksey Gvishiani is an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, heads the geophysical center, and is engaged in geoinformatics.

Kosygin's son-in-law is the famous sociologist and philosopher Jermen Gvishiani.

Last years

The main hobby of Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin was sports. He especially enjoyed kayaking and skiing. One summer, his boat capsized, he was barely rescued. After such an incident, the hero of our article stopped taking risks, preferring safer sports.

In 1974 he had a microstroke. This was his first serious health problem. The heart began to fail him after the body, which was accustomed to heavy loads, "freed" from them. In 1979, Alexei Nikolaevich already had a massive heart attack.

In October, he resigned from the post of a member of the Politburo, ceased to be the chairman of the Council of Ministers. He resigned from the post of his own free will, although most of his colleagues held on to their chair until the last day.

After the second heart attack, the doctors admitted that his days were numbered. On December 18, 1980, he died right on the eve of Leonid Brezhnev's birthday. Because of this, Kosygin's funeral was organized only six days after his death. The body was cremated, and the ashes were buried at the Kremlin wall.

The Great Patriotic War

Post-war career

Perpetuation of memory

Interesting Facts

Reviews about A. N. Kosygin

Kosygin in encyclopedic sources

(February 21 (March 5) 1904 - December 18, 1980) - Soviet statesman and party leader. Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1964, 1974).

Member of the CPSU (b) since 1927, member of the Central Committee since 1939, candidate member of the Politburo (Presidium) of the Central Committee from the March Plenum of the Central Committee of 1946 to 1953 and from 1960 to 1980. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR since 1946

Biography

Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin was born on February 21 (March 5), 1904 in St. Petersburg in the family of Nikolai Ilyich and Matrona Alexandrovna Kosygin.

From the end of 1919 to March 1921, Alexei Kosygin served in the 7th Army in the 16th and 61st military field construction in the Petrograd - Murmansk section.

From 1921 to 1924, Kosygin was a student of the All-Russian food courses of the People's Commissariat for Food and studied at the Leningrad Cooperative Technical School, after which he was sent to Novosibirsk as an instructor of the Novosibirsk Regional Union of Consumer Cooperatives, and from 1926 to 1928 he was a member of the board, head of the organizational department of the Lena Union consumer cooperation in the city of Kirensk (now the Irkutsk region). There, in 1927, he was accepted as a member of the CPSU (b). In 1928 he returned to Novosibirsk, where he worked as the head of the planning department of the Siberian Regional Union of Consumer Cooperatives.

After returning to Leningrad in 1930, Alexei Kosygin entered the Leningrad Textile Institute, from which he graduated in 1935.

From 1936 to 1937 he worked as a foreman, and then as a shift supervisor at the factory. Zhelyabov, and from 1937 to 1938 he was the director of the Oktyabrskaya factory

In 1938, he was appointed head of the industrial and transport department of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and in the same year was appointed to the post of chairman of the Leningrad City Executive Committee, which he held until 1939.

On March 21, 1939, at the XVIII Congress, Alexei Kosygin was elected a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In the same year, he was appointed to the post of People's Commissar of the Textile Industry of the USSR, which he held until 1940. In April 1940 he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and Chairman of the Council on Consumer Goods under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

The Great Patriotic War

On June 24, 1941, Alexei Kosygin was appointed deputy chairman of the Evacuation Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

On July 11, by decision of the State Defense Committee, a special group of inspectors headed by Kosygin was created under the Evacuation Council. Under the control of this group, in the second half of 1941, one thousand five hundred and twenty-three enterprises, including one thousand three hundred and sixty large, were fully or partially evacuated.

From January 19 to July 1942, Kosygin, as a GKO commissioner in besieged Leningrad, carrying out work to supply the civilian population of the city and troops, and also participated in the work of local Soviet and party bodies and the Military Council of the Leningrad Front. At the same time, Kosygin supervised the evacuation of civilians from the besieged city and participated in the creation of the "Road of Life", namely in the implementation of the decree "On laying a pipeline along the bottom of Lake Ladoga."

On August 23, 1942, Alexei Kosygin was appointed authorized by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to ensure the procurement of local types of fuel, and on June 23, 1943 - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

Post-war career

In 1945, he was appointed chairman of the Operations Bureau of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, and on March 19, 1946, Alexei Kosygin was approved as Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on March 27, 1946. In March of the same year, he was elected a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).

During the famine of 1946-47, Alexei Kosygin oversaw the provision of food aid to the most affected areas.

From 1946 to 1947 he served as Deputy Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. On February 8, 1947, Alexei Kosygin was appointed to the post of Chairman of the Bureau for Trade and Light Industry under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

In February 1948, Kosygin was elected a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). On February 16 of the same year, he was appointed to the post of Minister of Finance of the USSR. On July 9, Kosygin was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Bureau for Trade and Light Industry under the Council of Ministers, and on December 28 he was approved as the Minister of Light Industry of the USSR, whose post he held until 1953, with the release of the Minister of Finance of the USSR.

From 1948 to 1953 he was a member of the Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

On February 7, 1949, he was appointed Chairman of the Bureau for Trade under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. On October 16, 1952, he was elected a candidate member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

In 1951, he headed a commission that considered the question of dissolving the FTF of Moscow State University.

On March 15, 1953, Aleksey Kosygin was appointed Minister of Light and Food Industry of the USSR, on August 24 of the same year, as Minister of Consumer Goods Industry of the USSR, on December 7, as Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, and on December 22, as Chairman of the Bureau for Food and Industrial Consumer Goods Industry. at the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

On February 23, 1955, Kosygin was relieved of his duties as Minister of Consumer Goods Industry of the USSR, and on February 26, he was approved as a member of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers, on March 22, Alexei Kosygin was approved as a member of the Commission of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers on current affairs, and on August 26, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Presidium Commission Council of Ministers of the USSR on the production of consumer goods.

On December 25, 1956, he was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the current planning of the national economy - Minister of the USSR, relieved of his duties as Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

On May 23, 1957, Kosygin was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Planning Committee, and on July 4, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers.

In 1957 he was approved as a member of the Main Military Council under the USSR Defense Council, and in June of the same year he was elected a candidate member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee.

The support of Nikita Khrushchev at the June 1957 Plenum allowed Alexei Kosygin to return as a candidate for membership in the Presidium of the Central Committee (June 29, 1957 - May 4, 1960).

On March 31, 1958, Kosygin was appointed to the post of Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers, and on October 13 - Chairman of the Commission of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers on prices.

In 1959, he was approved as a member of the USSR Defense Council, on March 24 of the same year, Kosygin was appointed the USSR representative in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, and on August 13, 1959, Kosygin was relieved of his duties as chairman of the Commission of the Presidium of the USSR Council of Ministers on prices.

On May 4, 1960, Alexei Kosygin was elected a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU and at subsequent congresses and plenary sessions of the Central Committee was elected a member of the Central Committee and a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

From May 4, 1960, he served as First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, and from October 15, 1964 to October 23, 1980 - Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers.

At a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, held from 13 to 14 October 1964, when the question of removing NS Khrushchev was discussed, Alexei Kosygin called Khrushchev's style of government "not Leninist" and supported the group that advocated his removal. In the same 1964 Kosygin was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor

While in office Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR(October 1964 - October 1980), Alexei Kosygin sought the implementation of those economic reforms that he set out in a report on improving industrial management, improving planning and strengthening economic incentives for industrial production at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, held in September 1965. The essence of these reforms was the decentralization of national economic planning, an increase in the role of integral indicators of economic efficiency (profit, profitability) and an increase in the independence of enterprises.

The eighth five-year plan (1966-1970), which passed under the banner of Kosygin's economic reforms, became the most successful in Soviet history and was named “golden”.

In 1974, Alexei Kosygin was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time.

According to V.I. Varennikov, in 1979 Kosygin was the only member of the Politburo who did not support the decision to send Soviet troops to Afghanistan and from that moment he had a complete break with Brezhnev and his entourage.

On October 21, 1980, Kosygin was relieved of his duties as a member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee and on October 23, he was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers on the basis of an application filed due to deteriorating health. According to the recollections of V.V. Grishin, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU, Kosygin, already in the hospital, worried about the implementation of the upcoming five-year plan of 1981-1985, feared its complete failure, spoke of the Politburo's unwillingness to constructively address this issue.

Alexey Nikolaevich Kosygin died on December 18, 1980. The official press reported about his death only three days later. The funeral of Alexei Kosygin took place on December 24 of the same year on Red Square in Moscow near the Kremlin wall. The urn with his ashes in the Kremlin wall was laid by Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Nikolai Tikhonov.

Alexei Kosygin made a significant contribution to the normalization of relations between the USSR and China during the border conflict on Damansky Island, meeting in Beijing at the airport with the Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai. The price of this normalization was as follows: Kosygin forbade Soviet troops to occupy the island after the Chinese were driven out of it. As a result, Chinese troops immediately occupied the island, which is still Chinese today.

Family

Alexei Kosygin was married to Klavdia Andreevna Krivosheina (1908 - May 1, 1967), a relative of Alexei Kuznetsov.

Daughter - Lyudmila Alekseevna (November 4, 1928 - 1990) was married to Jermen Gvishiani. Grandchildren Tatiana and Alexey.

Perpetuation of memory

In 1981, most of the Vorobyovskoye Highway in Moscow was renamed Kosygina Street.

In 1981, Kantemirovskaya Street in Leningrad was named "Kosygin Street", but already in 1982 the street was returned to its former name.

The name of Alexei Kosygin was given in 1984 to the Moscow Textile Institute (now the A. N. Kosygin Moscow State Textile University).

In 2005, the Moscow government decided to erect a bronze bust near the house number 8 on Kosygin Street, where Aleksey Nikolayevich himself lived. The bust was made by Nikolai Tomsky.

There is also a school named after A. N. Kosygin in the village of Arkhangelsk. A bust of A. N. Kosygin is installed in the school and a museum of gifts presented to Kosygin operates. The well-known estate "Arkhangelskoye" is also located there.

In Novosibirsk there is the Novosibirsk Cooperative Technical School named after A. N. Kosygin of the Novosibirsk Regional Consumer Union.

A monument (bust) to A.N. Kosygin was installed in the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd Region, it is located along Lenin Street, 6a - opposite the former administration building of the Kamyshin Cotton Mill named after V.I. A. N. Kosygin (now in this building is one of the buildings of the Kamyshin Technological Institute - a branch of the Volgograd State Technical University).

Awards

• Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1964, 1974),
• 6 Orders of Lenin,
• Order of the October Revolution,
• Order of the Red Banner,
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru
• six medals.

• He served as head of government for 16 years, the longest in the entire history of the Russian Empire, the USSR and Russia.
• Almost 42 years (January 2, 1939 - October 23, 1980) was a member of the Council of People's Commissars and the Council of Ministers of the USSR as Chairman, First Deputy Chairman, Deputy Chairman (4 times), head of 5 ministries of the USSR, Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and 2 times as First Deputy State Planning Committee of the USSR.