Electricity is not the area where you need to save. It is advisable to do everything carefully, the materials to select high-quality, to choose the sizes / diameters / denominations we suspend. Let's start with the fact that even to connect the conductors is necessary correctly. And choose the wire connection methods - it's not as easy as it seems.
Wire connection methods have about a dozen. In general, they can be divided into two groups: those that require special equipment or specific skills and those who successfully use anyone house master - They do not require any special skills.
The first group includes:
All these wire connection methods are performed mainly by specialists. If you have handling skills with a soldering iron or a welding machine, having trained on unnecessary trimming, you can do them yourself.
Some wire connection methods are more popular, others - less
Wire connection methods that do not require any specific skills are becoming increasingly popular. Their advantage - quick installation, reliable connection. Disadvantage - Need "Connectors" - terminal blocks, clips, bolts. Some of them are fairly decent money (WAGO terminals, for example), although there are inexpensive options - screw terminal blocks.
So, there are ways to connect wires that differ simplicity:
Among the professionals there are two opposite opinions. Some believe that new ways of connecting wires are the best way, as they accelerate the installation without compromising the quality of the connection. Others say that the springs someday can weaken and the contact will worsen. In this question, the choice is yours.
All the types described above are used when laying wiring, but the specific type is selected based on several characteristics:
Consider each connection method, the technology of its implementation and the feasibility of use in various situations.
One of the oldest and widespread types of compounds. To work it will take rosin, solder and soldering iron. The soldering process is:
Actually, on this soldering of electrical wires is completed. Not the most difficult process but requires certain skills. The main thing is to warm up the connection location is enough to solder the chapel between all the wires. At the same time it is impossible to overheat, otherwise the isolation is melted. This is the art - not to burn isolation, but ensure reliable contact.
When can I use a soldering? This method of wire connecting perfectly manifests itself in a minor electrician. When connecting wires in the junction box, it is no longer very convenient. Especially if there are a lot of wires and / or they are large diameter. Lead such a twist - the task is not for newcomers. In addition, when trying to lay a connection in the junction box, the soldering starts to collapse. Up to the point that some wires fall off. In general, the method is good when connecting the conductors of small diameters.
One of the most reliable ways of connecting wires - welding. During this process, the metal of individual conductors is brought to the melting point, stirred, after cooling is a monolith. Very good, this method works on large diameters or with a large number of connected conductors. It differs not just an excellent contact, which over time does not weaken and does not change its characteristics. It is also mechanically very durable - the fused part does not allow the connection to be collapsed even at high loads.
Drop at the end of the twist - melted aluminum
Disadvantages are also present. The first - just that the conductors are melted, that is, the connection is absolutely delicate. If you need to rebel to it, you have to delete the fused part and all start to start. To have the opportunity to do it, you should always leave a small ground along the length of the wires. The second drawback is a welding machine, the skills of handling it, special electrodes for aluminum or copper welding. the main task In this case, do not burn isolation, but to melt the conductors. So that it can be carried out, they are cleaned of the insulation of about 10 cm, tightly twisted into the harness, after which they weld at the very end.
Another lack of wire welding is a time-consuming process, which also requires jewelry accuracy in handling the welding machine. For the combination of these qualities, many professionals do not like this method. If you pull the wiring "for yourself" and know how to handle equipment, you can spend some time. Only pre-work on trimming, pick up the current and welding time. Only after you get everything you perfectly, you can start welding the wires "in real life".
Another method requiring special equipment - crimping wires by sleeves. The sleeves are copper and aluminum, different diameters. The material is chosen depending on the material of the conductor, and the size is selected by diameter and the number of wires in a particular connection. They should be filled almost all the space inside the sleeve, but it should be free space. The quality of the contact is depeted from the correctness of the size of the size of the sleeve. This is the main complexity of this method of connecting the wires: the sleeve should not be too big or too small.
Technology of work Such:
It seems simple, but it is in the selection of a sleeve and the presence of ticks all the complexity. You can, of course, try to blame passatias or pliers. But it is impossible to guarantee normal contact in this case.
In the first section of the article, we deliberately lowered the twist of the wires. According to the current standard, it cannot be used, as it does not provide proper contact and reliability of the connection. This method can replace any other wire connection methods.
Yes, on twists they made a wiring 20-30 years ago and everything worked fine. But what then were the loads on the network, and what now ... Today, the number of equipment in a regular apartment or a private house has increased at times and most of the equipment demanding power supply. Some species simply will not work under reduced voltage.
What is so bad twist? The wires twisted in the harness do not give a fairly good contact. At first, everything is fine, but over time, the metal is covered with an oxide film that significantly worsens contact. With insufficient contact, the connection place begins to warm up, the temperature rise causes more active formation of an oxide film, which further worsens contact. At some point, the twist heats up very strongly, which can lead to a fire. It is for this reason that it is better to choose any other way. There are which are even faster and easier, but which are more reliable.
All Wiring Connections described above - welding, soldering, crimping the sleeve - provide for their insulation, as the bare conductive conductors must be protected. For these purposes, the tape or heat shrink tube is used.
How to use the tape, probably everyone knows, but we will tell about the heat shrinking tubes. This is a polymer hollow tube, which, with an increase in temperature, significantly reduces its diameter (2-6 times, depending on the species). The size is selected so that the propulsion volume is larger than the diameter of insulated wires, and the post-witted one. In this case, a dense adjacent of the polymer is ensured, which guarantees a good degree of isolation.
Heat shrink tubes for insulation of conductors can be different diameters and colors
In addition to the size of the heat shrinking tubes, they are selected by special characteristics. They are:
The cost of heat shrink tubes is not very high - from $ 0.5 to $ 0.75 per 1 meter. Their length should be slightly larger than the length of the bare conductors - so that one edge of the tube was pulled on the insulation of the conductors by about 0.5 cm, and the second is 0.5-1 cm braided. After the tube is stretched, they take the heat source (you can use a lighter) and heated the tube. The heating temperature can be different - from 60 ° C to + 120 ° C. After the connection is covered, the heating is stopped, after which the polymer coolers quickly.
The time isolation of wires with a shrink tube takes a little - the account goes for seconds - and the insulation quality is high. Sometimes, for greater reliability, two tubes can use - slightly smaller and slightly larger diameter. In this case, first put on and warm one tube, then the second. Such compounds can be operated even in water.
This method also prefer to use electricians, but it can easily use a person who can hold a typical screwdriver in his hands. This is one of the first ways to connect electrical wires without soldering. Today, almost on each electrical appliance you can see the option of this connection - this is an output block to which the power cord is connected.
Terminal pads are a contact plate, which is posted in a plastic (polymer) or carbolite case. They stand very little, eat in almost any store selling electrical goods.
Terminal blocks are convenient, inexpensive, allow combined copper and aluminum wires, conductors of different diameters, one- and multi-
The connection occurs literally in seconds. The insulation is removed from the conductor (approximately 0.5-0.7 cm), the oxide film is removed. Two conductors are inserted into the nest - one opposite the other - and fixed with bolts. These bolts pressed the metal to the contact plate, providing a connection.
The advantage of this method of compound: can be connected wires of various sections, single-core with stranded. Disadvantage - only a pair of wires is connected. To connect three and more must be installed jumpers.
Another way of connecting wires that does not require special skills - installation of CAP caps. They are a plastic cone-shaped case, inside of which the spring is robbed. They are of different sizes - from 0 to 5. You can connect the wires of different diameters - on each package the minimum and maximum and minimum total cross-section of the connected wires is written. In addition, there are housings simply in the form of a cone, there are "ears" with the stops that make them easier. When choosing, pay attention to the quality of plastic - it should not be fed.
Connect the wires using PPE is very simple: clean the insulation, collect the wires into the bundle, insert the cap inside and start twist. The spring inside the cap captures the conductors, helping them twist. As a result, a twist is obtained, which is wrapped in the outside of the springs on the outside. That is, contact is obtained very high quality and good. This method of connecting wires with caps of PPE has long been in Europe and America, it came to us about 10 years ago.
If we need ways to connect wires without welding - consider PP
There is another way: first the wires are twisted, then the caps are put on them. This is a way of constructed by the Russian campaign, which produces these connectors for wires - KZT. But this technique requires more time, and the quality of the connection does not differ.
There is one more point: what length to clean the wire insulation. Manufacturers on this score give clear instructions - for each size of its length of the bare conductors. It is designed so that all conductors without insulation are inside the hull. If you do this, the connection does not require additional isolation, which is much accelerating the process. The coma of that extended lower part does not prevent the heat assignment and the compound is heated less.
Practicing electricians advise to clean the wires by 5-10 cm, and the leaving without insulation the twist to exhibit. It is argued by the fact that the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with this version is obtained more. It is so, but this option is heated stronger. And the standard solution with reliability. Contact problems E sometimes (with normal CAP).
The hottest disputes broke out exactly about Vago. One product is unconditionally liked, others do not like. And no less categorically. The opponents of using WAGO do not like the fact that the contamination is based on the spring. They say that she can relax. This will lead to a deterioration in contact and overheating. And give photos with molten clamps. Supporters of this method are testing tests and comparisons, they suggest that the correctly selected corporate clamp serves many years without signs of the deterioration of contact. Yes, and manufacturers suggest that, subject to technology, WAGO terminals can be operated for 25-35 years. It is important to choose the right type and parameters and not to buy a fake (there are a lot of them).
There are two types of Wago clamps. The first series is slightly less expensive, called WAGO. These clamps are suitable for connecting single-core and stranded wires with a cross section of 0.5-4 mm2. For the conductors of smaller or large sections there is another series - Cage Clamp. It has a very wide range of use - 0.08-35 mm2, but also a large value. In any case, contact is provided with a contact plate of good copper. The special form of the plate allows you to achieve reliable contact.
In addition, the spring-loaded wage clamps are detachable (222 series) and inepent (773 and 273 series). Connectors are convenient to put in those places where network configuration changes are possible. For example, in junction boxes. They have levers that are clamping or released. WAGO detachable terminals can be connected from 2 to 5 conductors. Moreover, they can be of different sections, such as (single-core and stranded). The order of connecting the wires is:
We repeat the same operation with another (other) wires. All this takes a few seconds. Very quick and convenient. It is not surprising that many professional electricians have forgotten other ways to connect wires.
Local series are distinguished by the structure: there is a clamping case and cap. The cap can be made of transparent polymer (773 series) or from opaque plastic (223). In the case there are holes in which the wires stripped from insulation are inserted.
To ensure normal contact, it is only necessary to correctly remove the insulation - exactly 12-13 mm. Such a requirement places the manufacturer. After the conductor is inserted, its bare part should be in the terminal bar, and the insulation should be restarted into the body. Under such conditions, contact will be reliable.
Another type of electrical wires with solid experience is bolted. It is called because it uses a bolt, nut and several washers to connect the wires. Contact due to the use of the washer is not bad, but the entire design takes a lot of space and uncomfortable in laying. It is used mainly if you need to connect conductors from different metal - aluminum and copper.
The procedure for assembling the connection is such:
So you can connect not only two, but also three, and more wires. Please note that it is necessary to delay the nut not only with your hands. It is necessary to use wrench, attach solid efforts.
Since different wires can connect, they can be operated in different conditions, The optimal way to choose considering all these nuances. We give the most common situations:
These are the most common options for non-standard connections.
With a sequential connection of the wires of different diameters, the maximum load current will be determined by the wire cross section with a smaller diameter. For example, a compound of wires made of copper with a diameter of 1.6 mm and 2 mm. In this case, the maximum current of the load on the electrical wiring, which is determined by the table, will be 10 A, and not 16 A, as for the wire with a diameter of 2 mm.
Until recently, the twist was the most common way to connect wires when performing wiring, due to the availability, it was enough to have a knife and pliers from the tool. But, according to statistics, the twist is an unreliable way to connect the conductors.
According to the rules of the electrical installation device (Pue), the connection of the type of twist when installing the wiring is prohibited. But, despite the noted disadvantages, currently the needker is widely used. Connecting the twist of low-flow chain conductors when complying with some rules is quite justified.
On the photo on the left shown how, it is unacceptable to perform a clench. If one conductor appeal around the other, then the mechanical strength of such a compound will be insufficient. When the wires are cleaned, it is necessary to perform at least three turns of the wires around each other. On the middle photo, the twist is made correctly, but the copper conductor with aluminum is twisted, which is not permissible, since with aluminum contact with aluminum, an emf occurs more than 0.6 mV.
In the photo on the right of the twist of copper and aluminum wires is correct, as the copper wire is listed before the twist. You can connect several wires together to connect together, in the junction box, it happens to 6 conductors, wires of different diameters and from different metal, stranded wire with a single-core wire. Only the multicore wire must be made single-core, previously releasing the solder.
Compound copper wires With high-quality soldering, it is most reliable and practically not inferior to a solid wire. All of the above examples of wires of wires, except aluminum and tinsel, when serving conductors before twist and subsequent soldering, the solder will be reliable along with solid wires. The only drawback is an additional complexity of work, but it is worth it.
If you need to connect a pair of wires and the conductors from the twist should be directed in different directions, then a slightly different type of twist is used.
Captive two pairs of double wires described below in the way, it is possible to obtain a compact and more beautiful connection of the twist of both single-core and strain pairs of conductors. This method of twist can be successfully applied, for example, when combing the wires of the wires in the wall, the wire extension when transferring the outlet or switch from one place of the wall to another, when repairing or increasing the length of the carrying cable.
To obtain a reliable and beautiful compound, it is necessary to adjust the lengths of the ends of the conductors with a shift by 2-3 cm.
Follow the steam cleaner of the conductors. With this form, the twist is enough for the single-core wire of two turns, for the stranded - five.
If you plan to hide a twist under the plaster or in another inaccessible place, then the twist must be rehabilted. After soldering, you need to go through the shift paper to remove the possible sharp solder icicles, which can pierce isolation and hang out of it. You can do without soldering in the case of accessibility to the connection and not large current-flowing currents, but the durability of the connection without soldering will be much lower.
Thanks to the shift of the seats, it is not necessary to isolate each of the connections. Attach from both sides along the conductors along the insulating ribbon strip. In conclusion, you need to put three more layers of insulating tape. According to the requirements of the rules of electrical safety should be at least three layers.
Wires, scrambled and positioned by the method described above, you can safely lay in the wall and top to plaster. Before stacking, it is desirable to protect the compound with a chlorvinyl tube, dressed in advance on one of the pairs of wires. I did repeatedly, and reliability was confirmed by time.
When I entered the apartment of 1958 built and began to repair, it immediately encountered a flashing light bulbs in the tact of the hammer strikes on the walls. There was a primary repair task, audit distribution boxes. Opening them showed the presence of poor contact in the twists of copper wires. To restore contact, it was necessary to discontend twists, clean the ends of the wires by sandpaper and twist again.
When trying to disconnect, it would seem an irresistible obstacle. The ends of the wires were rushed even without applying. Over time, copper lost elasticity and became fragile. When cleaning the wire, the insulation, obviously, cut the knife with a blade in a circle and made notches. In these places the wire and rushed. Copper from temperature fluctuations hardened.
Return copper elasticity, in contrast to ferrous metals, it is possible to heat it up to red and quickly choking. But for this case, such a reception is unacceptable. There remained the ends of the wires with a length of no more than 4 cm. The selection for the connection did not remain. Only solder.
Soldering the wires by a soldering iron, spreading isolation, healled them by the solder, linked by the leapped copper wire and poured the solder with a 60 watt soldering iron. Immediately the question arises, and how to suck the wires in the junction box, if the wiring is de-energized? The answer is simple, with a soldering iron driven from the battery.
So updated the connections in all connecting boxes, spending no more than 1 hour per each. In the reliability of the compounds made, I am completely confident, and this was confirmed by the 18 years since then. Here is a photo of one of my boxes.
When aligning the walls of the Rotband in the hallway and the installation of the stretch ceiling, the camshafts were hindered. I had to open them all, and the reliability of the soldering joint was confirmed, they were in perfect condition. Therefore, I boldly hid all the boxes in the wall.
Currently practiced compounds and using the terminal pad with a flat spring clamp of WAGO on a lot of time spending on mounting workBut strongly inferior in reliability units soldering. And in the absence of spring contacts in the block, there are connections in high current circuits in unreliable.
Soldering is the most reliable view of the connection of wires and contacts. But there has deficiencies - the incontestion of the compounds obtained and the greater complexity of work. Therefore, the most common view of the connection of wires with electrical contacts of instruments is threaded, screws or nuts. To reliably, this type of connections requires them to correctly perform.
Linear expansion from the temperature change in metals is different. Especially strongly changes the linear dimensions of aluminum, then on the downward, brass, copper, iron. Therefore, over time, a gap is formed between the contact of the connected metals, which increases the contact resistance. As a result, to ensure the reliability of the connections, it is necessary to periodically twist screws.
In order to forget about the maintenance of the screws, additional washers are installed with a cut, which are called split or rot. Grover chooses the emerging gaps and thereby ensures high reliability of contact.
Often electricians are tapered, and the end of the wire is not twisted into the ring. In this embodiment, the suspension area of \u200b\u200bthe wire with the electrical appliance contact site will be at how much less times less, which reduces the reliability of contact.
If the formed ring of the wires are a bit shut up a hammer on anvil, then the contact area will increase several times. This is especially true when forming a rings of a stranded wire, which is propaned by the solder. Instead of the hammer, it is possible to give a supfil to a supfil, straining a little ring in the places of contact to contacts.
This is how it must be done the perfect threaded connection of wires with contact pads of electrical appliances.
Sometimes it is required to connect conductors from copper and aluminum among themselves, or a diameter of more than 3 mm. In this case, the most affordable is a threaded connection.
The insulation is removed from the wires to a length equal to four diameters of the screw. If the veins are covered with oxides, then it is removed using sandpaper and rings are formed. A spring washer is put on the screw, a simple washer, a ring of one conductor, a simple washer, a ring of another conductor, a puck and to top off the nut, screwing the screw into which the entire package is tightened before straightening the spring washer.
For conductors with a diameter, it lived to 2 mm sufficient screw M4. Connection is ready. If the conductors from one metal or when connecting an aluminum wire with copper, the end of which is listed, it is not necessary to lay the puck between the rings of conductors. If the copper wire is multiple, then it first needs to be accepted.
The connection of wires with a low current load can be performed using terminal blocks. Structurally all terminal blocks are arranged equally. In the comb of plastic or carbolite housing, thick-walled brass tubes with two threaded holes on the sides each are inserted. In opposite ends of the tube, connected wires are inserted and secured.
The tubes are different diameters and they are selected depending on the diameters of the connected conductors. In one tube you can insert so many wires as its inner diameter will allow.
Although the reliability of the wire connection in the terminal pads is lower than when connecting the soldering, but the time for the completion of the electromotion is spent much less. The indisputable advantage of terminal pads is the possibility of connecting in electrical wiring copper and aluminum wiresSince brass tubes are covered with chrome or nickel.
When choosing a terminal block, you need to take into account the current that will pass through the switching wires of the electrical wiring and the required number of terminals in the ridge. Long combs can be cut into several short.
Terminal blocks with a flat spring clip WAGO (Vago) of the German manufacturer received widespread. Wago Terminmbles are two constructive performances. Disposable when the wire is inserted without the possibility of seizure, and with a lever that allows you to easily both insert wires and remove.
In the photo of a disposable terminal bar of Wago. It is designed to connect any species of single-core wires, including copper with an aluminum section of 1.5 to 2.5 mm 2. According to the manufacturer's application, the block is designed to connect electrical wiring in connecting and junction boxes with current up to 24 A, but I doubt it. I think the current is more than 10 and loaded the WAGO terminals.
Wago Spring Terminals are very convenient for connecting chandeliers, connecting wires in junction boxes. It is enough simply with the effort to insert the wire into the hole of the block, and it will be securely fixed. In order to remove the wire from the shoe, a significant effort will be required. After removal of wires, deformations of the spring contact can occur and a reliable wire connection during re-connection is not guaranteed. This is a great disadvantage of a disposable terminal bar.
A more convenient wago terminal reusable, having an orange lever. Such terminal jackets allow them to be connected and, if necessary, disconnect any wires of electrical wiring, single-core, stranded, aluminum in any combination with a cross section from 0.08 to 4.0 mm 2. Currents are designed to 34 A.
It is enough to remove insulation with a 10 mm insulation, raise up an orange lever, insert the wire into the terminal and return the lever to its original position. The wire is securely fixed in the terminal block.
WAGO terminal block is a modern means of connecting wires without a tool quickly and reliably, but costs more than traditional connection methods.
In some cases, when it is not supposed to switch the wires in the future, you can connect them with an in-point method. This kind of compound is highly reliable, and is advisable in hard to reach places, for example, the connection of the ends of the spiral of the nichrome with copper current-acting conductor in the soldering iron.
Simple and reliable way of connecting wires of wires is crimping. In a segment of copper or aluminum, depending on the metal of the wires connected, the tubes are inserted by wires of the wires, and the tube is added in the middle tool called the press ticks.
Covering can be connected both single-core and stranded wires in any combination. The diameter of the tube must be selected depending on the total cross section of the conductors. It is desirable that the conductors entered tightly. Then the reliability of the connection will be high. If in the stranded wire conductors between themselves, it is necessary to develop and straighten them. You do not need to twist the veins of the wires. Prepared conductors are inserted into the tube and crimp the press tick. Connection is ready. It remains only to insulate the connection.
There are tips for crimping, already equipped with an insulating cap. Pressing is performed compressed by the tube along with the cap. The connection is immediately isolated. Since the cap is made of polyethylene, with crimping it is deformed and maintained securely, providing reliable insulation of the compound.
The disadvantage of the compound by the method of crimping should be related to the presence of special press ticks. Ticks can be made independently of pliers having boasses. You need to round the blades and make them in the middle of them. After such a finalization of the pliers, the edges of the windows will become stupid and can no longer be able to snack, but only squeeze.
For the connection of larger conductors, for example, in power panels of houses, special tips are used, which are crimped using universal press clamps, such as PCs, PKG, PMC and PKG.
For the crimping of each tip or sleeve size or sleeve, its matrix is \u200b\u200brequired and the punch, the set of which is usually present in the tick set.
For crimping the tip on the wire, the insulation is first removed from the wire, the wire is refilled into the hole hole and start between the matrix and the punch. For long handles, press ticks are compressed. The tip is deformed by crimping the wire.
In order to properly choose the matrix and punch for the wire, they are usually labeled and the branded press ticks on the matrix there is engraving for crimping what the matrix matrix is \u200b\u200bdesigned. The number 95, extruded on the tip, means that this matrix is \u200b\u200bdesigned for crimping in the lug of the wire with a cross section of 95 mm 2.
It is performed using the screw connection technology, only the rivet is used instead of the screw. The disadvantages include the impossibility of disassembling and the need for a special tool.
On the photo example for connecting copper and aluminum conductors. More details about the combination of copper and aluminum conductors are set out in the article "Connection of Aluminum Wires". In order to connect the conductors with a rivet, you need to dress on the rivet first aluminum conductor, then the spring washer, then a copper and flat washer. Insert the steel rod into the riveter and squeeze his handles before clicking (this is trimming the surplus steel rod).
When connecting conductors from one metal, a split washer (Grover) is not necessary between them, and it is not necessary to wear a rivet for a rivet first or penultimate, the latter must be an ordinary washer.
Repair should be started with very accurate removal of plaster in the area damage zone. Such work is performed by chisel and hammer. As a chisel when laying electrical wiring in the wall, I usually use a rod from a broken screwdriver with an acute sharpened end of the blade.
A segment of copper wire is taken, a cross section of at least the cross section of the stubble wire. This piece of wire is also covered by a layer of solder. The length of this insert should provide a filament on the connected ends of the wires at least 10 mm.
Insert is soldered with connected ends. Solder should not save. Next, the insulating tube shifts in such a way as to completely close the connection location. If a sealed moisture-resistant compound is required, then before dressing the tube, you need a paved connection to coat with silicone.
A prerequisite for obtaining a reliable mechanical connection of aluminum wires is the use of raster washers. The compound assembly is performed as follows. Rover is put on the screw M4, then an ordinary flat washer, rings of connected wires, then a simple washer and nut.
Step-by-step instructions for connecting the interbounded wires in the wall is set forth in the article "Connecting the Conducted Wires in the Wall"
Widely used in household appliances and cars, the detachable connection of the conductors with the help of precipitated terminals, which are put on the contacts with a thickness of 0.8 and 6.5 mm width. The reliability of the terminal fixation is provided by the presence of a hole in the center of the contact center, and in the protrusion terminal.
Sometimes the conductors are laid out, and more often the terminal itself flashes due to poor contact and then it becomes necessary to replace it. Usually terminals are painted on the ends of the conductors using special ticks. Cooking can be made and pliers, but not always there is a new terminal for replacement at hand. You can successfully use the former in use by mounting the terminal on the following technology.
First you need to prepare an old terminal for re-editing. To do this, keeping the pliers to the pliers for the place of pressing, you need to dilute on the sides of a selection or a screwdriver with a thin stress crimping isolation of the mustache. Next, the wire is repeatedly driven, to the bug of it at the place of exit from pressing. For acceleration, you can cut this place with a knife.
When the wire is separated from the terminal, the place is prepared for its soldering place. It is possible to completely run to the liberation of the remaining wire, but this is not necessary. It turns out a flat platform.
The resulting platform breaks through the solder. The conductor is also cleaning and affecting the solder with the soldering iron.
It remains to apply the conductor to the prepared place of the terminal and heat the soldering iron. A mustache that locks the wire is bent after the wire switch to the terminal, since if they are cut to the soldering, then the mustaches are insulated.
It remains to pull the insulating cap, put on the terminal to the desired contact and check the reliability of the fixation, twitching for the wire. If the terminal jumped up, then it is necessary to help its contacts. Homelessly dressed on the wire soldering terminal on a lot more reliable than the resulting crimping. Sometimes the cap is dressed so tightly that it is not removed. Then it needs to be cut and after mounting the terminal it is covered with an insulating tape. You can pull the segment of the chlorvinyl or thermal tube.
By the way, if the chlorvinyl tube hold five minutes in acetone, then it increases in size again and is plastic, like rubber. After evaporation from her pores of acetone, the tube returns to its original size. I, in this way, 30 years ago, isolated the base of the bulbs in the Christmas tree garland. Until now isolation in excellent condition. This garland of 120 light bulbs by 6.3 V hang out annually on the Christmas tree so far.
Splicing stranded wires can also be as single-core. But there is a way more perfect, in which the connection is obtained more accurate. First you need to adjust the lengths of the wires with a shift to a couple of centimeters and clean the ends for a length of 5-8 mm.
Flush the slightly stripped sections of the couples connected and the resulting "belties" insert each other. In order for the conductors to take a neat form, before soldering you need to pull them with a thin wire. Then lubricate the solder varnish and suck the solder.
All conductors are registered. We clean the place of soldering with sandpaper and isolate. We attach from both sides along the conductors on one strip of the tape and hook a couple of layers.
This looks like a connection after coating insulating tape. You can still improve appearanceIf you supfil to apply the places of the packs from the side of the adjacent conductors.
The strength of the connected stranded wires without twist soldering is very high, which clearly demonstrates the video. As you can see, the weight of the monitor of 15 kg compound withstands without deformation.
Clap thin conductors Consider on the example of splicing cable twisted pairs for computer networks. For twist, thin conductors are released from insulation to the length of thirty diameters with a shift of relatively adjacent conductors and then twisted the same as thick. Conductors must submit each other at least 5 times. Then twists bended tweezers in half. This technique increases the mechanical strength and reduces the physical size of the twist.
As you can see, all eight conductors are connected by a twist with a shift, which allows you to do without isolating each of them separately.
It remains to fill wrappers into the cable shell. Before refueling, it is more convenient for, you can pull the conductors with a turn of an insulating ribbon.
It remains to secure the cable shell with an insulating ribbon and the jig connection is completed.
When connecting and repairing electrical appliances, it is necessary to lengthen and connect wires with different cross-section in almost any combination. Consider the case of connecting two stranded conductors with a different cross section and the amount of lived. Single wire has 6 conductors with a diameter of 0.1 mm, and the second 12 conductors with a diameter of 0.3 mm. Such thin wires are reliably a simple twist.
With a shift you need to remove isolation from conductors. The wires are climbing, and then the wire of a smaller cross section is hung around the wire with a large cross section. Just put several turns. Pauses the seat of the twist. If you want to get a direct wire connection, then the thinner wire is bent and then the connection location is insulated.
By the same technology, the connection of a thin stranded wire with a single-core larger cross section is performed.
As apparently by the above-described technology, you can connect any copper wires of any electrical circuits. At the same time, it is not necessary to forget that the permissible strength of the current will be determined by the cross section of the finest wire.
To lengthen or split a coaxial television cable in three ways:
- TV extension, commercially from 2 to 20 meters
- using the TV F adapter socket - f socket;
- soldering soldering iron.
If necessary, give the cord very high flexibility and at the same time there are greater durability of the wires on special technology. Its essence lies in the unscrewing of very thin copper ribbons on the cotton thread. Such a wire is called tinsel.
The name is borrowed at the tailors. Mishur from gold is expanding the main forms of the military large ranks, the emblems and much more. Wires of Mishur from copper are currently used in the production of high-quality products - headphones, stationary phones, that is, when the cord during the use of the product is subjected to intensive bending.
In the cord of Mishur conductors, as a rule, several and they are suits among themselves. It is almost impossible to solder such a conductor. To attach Mishura to the contacts of products, the carts are crimped in terminals with a special tool. To perform a reliable and mechanically durable twist connection without a tool, you can use the following technology.
It is released from insulation Warners of Mishur 10-15 mm and conductor with which it is required to connect tinsel to a length of 20-25 mm with a shift using a knife in the manner described in the article "Preparation of wires to installation". Mishura's thread is not deleted.
Then the wires and the cord are applied to each other, tinsel will bend along the conductor and lives the wires tightly put on the tight to the insulation of tinsel. Enough to do three - five revolutions. Next, a twist of the second conductor is performed. It turns out a pretty durable twist with a shift. There are several turns with insulating tape and a mushura connection with a single cleaner wire is ready. Thanks to the screw on technology with a shift, the connections separately are not necessary. If there is a heat-shrinking or polychlorvinyl tube of a suitable diameter, it is possible to wear it a piece instead of an insulating tape.
If you need to get a straight connection, then you need to deploy a single-core wire 180 °. The mechanical strength of the twist will be greater. The connection of two cords with medystem-type conductors is carried out by the above technology, only for the plot takes a segment of the copper wire with a diameter of about 0.3-0.5 mm and the turns need to be made at least 8.
Wire connection methods
Contact connections of conductors are a very important element of the electrical circuit, so when performing electrical installation work, it is always necessary to always remember that the reliability of any electrical system is largely determined by the quality of electrical connections.
All contact compounds are presented certain technical requirements. But first of all, these compounds should be resistant to mechanical factors, be reliable and safe.
With a small area of \u200b\u200bcontact in the contact zone, quite significant resistance can occur for current passage. Resistance at the location of the current from one contact surface to another is called transitional contact resistance, which is always greater than the resistance of a solid conductor of the same size and shape. During operation, the properties of the contact compound under the action of various factors of external and internal character can so worsen that the increase in its transition resistance can cause overheating of the wires and create an emergency. The transient contact resistance is largely depends on the temperature, with an increase in which (as a result of current flow), an increase in the transition resistance of the contact occurs. Contact heating is of particular importance and due to its influence on the process of oxidation of contact surfaces. At the same time, the oxidation of the surface of the contact is intensively, the higher the contact temperature. The appearance of an oxide film, in turn, causes a very strong increase in transitional resistance.
This is an element of an electrical circuit where the electrical and mechanical connection of two or more individual conductors is carried out. In the place of contact of the conductors, electrical contact is formed - a conductive compound, through which the current flows from one part to another.
A simple imposition or easy twisting of the contact surfaces of the connected conductors does not provide good contact, since due to the micron, the actual contact does not occur along the entire surface of the conductors, but only in a few points, which leads to a significant increase in transition resistance.
In the place of contact of two conductors, the transitional resistance of the electrical contact always occurs, the value of which depends on physical properties Contacting materials, their states, the compression force at the point of contact, temperature and the actual area of \u200b\u200bcontact.
In terms of reliability of electrical contact aluminum wire does not withstand competition with copper. The pre-purified aluminum surface after a few seconds of staying in the air is covered with a thin solid and refractory oxide film with high electrical resistance, which leads to an increased transition resistance and a strong heating of the contact zone, resulting in an electrical resistance. Another feature of aluminum is its low yield strength. A strongly prolonged connection of aluminum wires weakens over time, which leads to a decrease in the reliability of contact. In addition, aluminum has the worst conductivity. That is why application in domestic electrical systems Aluminum wires are not only uncomfortable, but also dangerous.
Copper is oxidized in air at ordinary temperatures of residential premises (about 20 ° C). The oxidic film formed does not have great strength and is easily destroyed in compression. Especially intensive copper oxidation begins at temperatures above 70 ° C. The oxide film on the copper surface itself has a minor resistance and little affects the value of transitional resistance.
The condition of contact surfaces has a decisive effect on the increase in the transitional resistance of the contact. To obtain a stable and durable contact compound, high-quality stripping and surface treatment of the connected conductors must be performed. Isolation with lived is removed on the desired length by a specialized tool or knife. Then the bare parts of the veins are cleaned with sandpaper and treated with acetone or white spirit. The length of the cutting depends on the characteristics of a particular method of compound, branch or termination.
Transient contact resistance is largely reduced by increasing the compression force of two conductors, since the actual survey of contact depends on it. Thus, to reduce the transitional resistance in the combination of two conductors, it is necessary to ensure sufficient compression, but without destructive plastic deformations.
There are several ways to install an electrical connection. The most qualitative of them will always be that which provides in specific conditions the lowest value of transient contact resistance as long as possible.
According to the "rules of electrical installations" (clause 2.1.21), the connection, branch and termination of the wires and cables should be made using welding, soldering, crimping or shimps (screw, bolted, etc.) in accordance with the applicable instructions. In such compounds, you can always achieve a stable low transient contact resistance. In this case, it is necessary to connect the wires in compliance with the technology and using the appropriate materials and tools.
This is an important and responsible operation. It can be performed in various ways: with the help of terminal, method of soldering and welding, crimping, and often an ordinary twist. All these methods have certain advantages and disadvantages. Select the connection method is necessary before installation, as this involves the selection of appropriate materials, tools and equipment.
For connection of wires The same color of zero, phase and ground wires should be observed. Usually phase wire - brown or red, zero working - blue, protective ground wire - yellow-green.
Very often, electricians have to connect the wire to the already existing line. In other words, you need to create a branch of the wires. Such compounds are performed using special branch slots, terminal blocks and piercing clamps.
With direct copper with aluminum form a galvanic pair, and an electrochemical process occurs at the point of contact, as a result of which aluminum is destroyed. Therefore, to connect copper and aluminum wires to use special terminal or bolted connections.
Wires connected to various devices, often need special tips that contribute to ensuring reliable contact and reduce transitional resistance. Such tips can be attached to a wire with soldering or crimping.
There are a variety of species. For example, for copper multi-way veins, tips are produced copper pipe, flattened and drilled under the bolt on one side.
It gives monolithic and reliable contact, so it is widely used in electrical work.
The welding is performed by the ends of the pre-smoking and twisted conductors with a coal electrode using welding machines with a capacity of about 500 W (for a segment of twists up to 25 mm2). The current on the welding machine is set from 60 to 120 A, depending on the cross section and the number of welded wires.
Because of the relatively small currents and low (compared to steel), the process of melting the process occurs without a large dazzling arc, without deep warm-up and spraying the metal, which allows you to use safety glasses instead of a mask. At the same time, other security measures can be simplified. At the end of welding and cooled the wire, the bare end is isolated with a tape or a shrink tube. After a small workout, using welding, you can quickly quickly and efficiently perform connections to electrical wires and cables in the power supply system.
When welding, the electrode is brought to the welded wire before the touch, then it is assigned to a small distance (OD-1 mm). The welding arc obtained at the same time places the wire twist before the formation of a characteristic ball. The electrode touch must be short-lived to create the desired reflow zone without damaging the wire isolation. It is impossible to do a big length of the arc, since the welding place is obtained by porous due to oxidation in the air.
Currently, welding work on the connection of electrical wires is convenient to perform inverter welding machine, as it has a small amount and weight, which allows the electrical installation to work on a ladder, for example, under the ceiling, hanging the welding inverter apparatus on his shoulder. For welding electrical wires, a graphite electrode is used, covered with copper.
In the compound obtained by welding, the electric current flows through the monolithic monotype metal. Of course, the resistance of such compounds turns out to be recordedly low. In addition, such a connection has excellent mechanical strength.
Of all the known methods of connecting wires, none of them on durability and conductivity contacts can be compared with welding. Even the soldering is destroyed with time, since the connection is present a third, more loss and loose metal (solder), and on the border different materials There is always additional transitional resistance and destroying chemical reactions are possible.
Soldering is a method of compounding metals With the help of another, more elbow metal. Compared with welding soldering is simpler and accessible. It does not require expensive equipment, less fires, and skills for execution good quality soldering will be required more modest than when carrying out a welded connection. It should be noted that the surface of the metal in air is usually quickly covered with an oxide film, so it is required to be cleaned before soldering. But the stripped surface can quickly oxidize. In order to avoid this, chemicals are applied to the processed places - fluxes that increase the fluidity of the molten solder. Thanks to this, the soldering turns stronger.
Soldering is also the best way. elimination of copper multi-breed lived In the ring - the proplayer ring is evenly covered by the solder. In this case, all the wires must fully enter the monolithic part of the ring, and its diameter must correspond to the diameter of the screw clamp.
The process of the soldering of the wires and the cable cable is to cover the heated ends of the combined veins of the molten tin-lead soldier, which provides after hardening mechanical strength and high electrical conductivity of an in-nozzle connection. The soldering should be smooth, without pores, pollution, influx, sharp spindles, foreign inclusions.
For the brass soldering, the solder tubes filled with rosin, or a solution of rosin in alcohol, which is applied to the place before soldering to the connection before soldering.
To create a high-quality proplayer contact connection of wires of wires (cables), it is necessary to carefully lose and then twist and enable. The quality of the completed contact is largely dependent on the correct twist.
After soldering, the contact compound is protected by several layers of insulating tape or a heat shrink tube. Instead of insulating tape, the proplayer contact compound can be protected with an insulating cap (PPE). Before this, it is advisable to cover with moisture-resistant varnish.
Heating parts and solder is made by a special tool called a soldering iron. The prerequisite for creating a reliable connection by the soldering method is the same temperature of the soldered surfaces. Much for the quality of the soldering has the ratio of the temperature of the soldering iron and melting temperature. Naturally, it is possible to achieve this only with a properly selected tool.
Soldiers differ in design and power. To perform household electrical work, there is a sufficiently conventional electric rod soldier with a capacity of 20-40 W. It is desirable that it is equipped with a temperature regulator (with a thermal sensor) or at least a power regulator.
Experienced electrical installations are often used for soldering the original way. In the working rod of a powerful soldering iron (not less than 100 W), a hole with a diameter of 6-7 mm and a depth of 25-30 mm is dried and filled with a solder. In a preheated state, such a soldering iron is a small lublial bath, which allows you to quickly and efficiently suck several stranded compounds. A small amount of rosin is thrown before soldering in the bath, which prevents the appearance of an oxide film on the surface of the conductor. The further process of the soldering is to lower the twisted compound into such an improvised bath.
One of the common ways to create contact is to use screw terminal shoes. In them, reliable contact is provided by tightening the screw or bolt. In this case, no more than two conductors are recommended to each screw or bolt. When used in such compounds of multi-boosters, the ends of the wires require preliminary irradiation or the use of special tips. The advantage of such compounds are their reliability and collapse.
For the purpose of the terminal articles can be passing and connected.
Designed to connect wires with each other. They are usually used to switch wires in junction boxes and switchboards.
Bus terminals are used, as a rule, to connect to a network of various devices (chandeliers, lamps, etc.), as well as in the splicing of wires.
When connecting with screw terminals of wires with multi-breeding cores, their ends need pre-proper or crimping with special tips.
When working with aluminum wires, the use of screw terminal workers is not recommended, since aluminum veins during their tightening screws are prone to plastic deformation, which leads to a decrease in the reliability of the compound.
Recently, a very popular device for connecting the wires and cable cables self-Custom Terminals type WAGO. They are designed to connect wires to a cross section to 2.5 mm2 and are designed for working current up to 24 A, which allows you to connect to 5 kW connected to the connected wire. In such terminals, you can connect up to eight wires, which significantly speeds up the installation of the wiring as a whole. True, compared to a twist, they occupy in the heated boxes more space, which is not always convenient.
The eventless terminal bar is fundamentally different in that its installation does not require any tools and skills. The wire stripped on a certain length with a slight force is inserted into its place and the spring is reliably pressed. The design of the eventless terminal compound was developed in the German company WAGO in 1951 there are other manufacturers of this type of electrical product.
In spring-loaded self-arc terminals, as a rule, the area of \u200b\u200beffectively contacting surface is too small. For high currents, this leads to heating and springs leave, resulting in a loss of their elasticity. Therefore, such devices should be used only on liners that are not exposed to large loads.
WAGO manufactures terminals and for installation on a DIN rail, and for attaching screws to a flat surface, but construction terminals are used as part of the domestic wiring. These terminals are produced three types: for junction boxes, for fittings and universal fittings.
Terminals Wago. For distribution boxes allow you to connect from one to eight conductor with a cross section 1.0-2.5 mm2 or three conductor with a cross section of 2.5-4.0 mm2. And terminals for lamps connect 2-3 conductors with a cross section of 0.5-2.5 mm2.
The wire connection technology using self-arc terminal ships is very simple and does not require special tools and special skills.
There are also terminal workers in which the conductor fixation is carried out using a lever. Such devices allow you to achieve a good clamping, reliable contact and easily disassemble.
One of the popular connecting products among electrical installations is. Such a clamp is a plastic case, inside which an anodized conical spring is located. To connect the wires, they are cleaned up for a length of about 10-15 mm and are folded into a common beam after which it is screwed to it, rotating clockwise until it stops. At the same time, the spring crimps the wires, creating the necessary contact. Of course, all this is happening only when the cap pepper is selected correctly in its face value. With the help of such a clip it is possible to connect several single wires with a total area of \u200b\u200b2.5-20 mm2. Naturally, the caps in these cases of different sizes.
Depending on the size of SIZE, certain numbers have specific numbers and are selected by the total cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe curved liveli, which is always indicated on the package. When choosing a SIZ caps, you should navigate not only to their number, but also on the total cross-section of the wires to which they are calculated. The product color has no practical value, but can be used to marking phase and zero lives and grounding wires.
SIZ clamps largely accelerate installation, and due to the insulated housing they do not require additional insulation. True, the quality of the connection is somewhat lower than that of screw terminals. Therefore, with other things being equal, the preference should still be given to the latter.
Scrucia of bare wires as a connection method In the "rules of the electrical installation device" (PUE) is not included. But despite this, many experienced electrical installations consider a properly performed twist as a completely reliable and high-quality compound, arguing that the transitional resistance in it is practically no different from resistance as a whole conductor. Be that as it may, a good twist can be considered one of the steps of connecting wires with soldering, welding or caps. Therefore, a qualitatively performed twist is the key to the reliability of all electrical wiring.
If the wires are connected according to the principle "as it turned out", in the place of their contact there may be a large transitional resistance with all negative consequences.
Depending on the type of twist connection, it can be performed in several ways, which with a small transition resistance are able to provide a completely reliable connection.
Initially, insulation is neatly removed without damaging the wires of the wire. Called for a length of at least 3-4 cm The vein sections are processed with acetone or white spirit, are cleaned with sandpaper to metal glitter and tightly twisted by the passage.
Pressure method It is widely used to perform reliable connections in junction boxes. In this case, the ends of the wires are cleaned, combined into the corresponding bundles and are included. The connection after crimping is protected by a tape or shrink tube. It is indeplicated and does not need service.
Pressing It is considered one of the most reliable ways of wire connections. Such compounds are performed using a sleeve by solid compression or local pressure by special tools (press clamps) in which replaceable matrices and punches are inserted. In this case, there is an indulge (or compression) of the wall of the sleeve in the cable veins to form a reliable electrical contact. Pressing can be made by local indulgence or solid compression. Solid compression is usually performed in the shape of a hexagon.
Copper wires in front of crimping is recommended to handle thick lubricant containing technical vaseline. Such lubrication reduces friction and reduces the risk of damage to the veins. The non-conductive current lubricant does not increase the transitional resistance of the compound, since, while observing the technology, the lubricant is completely supplemented from the contact location, remaining only in voids.
For crimping, manual press clamps most often apply. In the most common case, the working bodies of these tools are matrices and punches. In the general case, Puinson is a movable element that produces local pressure on the sleeve, and the matrix is \u200b\u200ba figured fixed bracket, which perceives the pressure of the sleeve. Matrices and punches can be interchangeable or adjustable (designed for different cross-section).
When installing ordinary home wiring are used, as a rule, small crimping pliers with curly sponges.
As a sleeve for crimping, you can, of course, use any copper tube, but it is better to use special electrical copper sleeves, the length of which corresponds to the conditions for the reliability of the compound.
When crimping the wires can start in the sleeve both from opposite sides to mutual contact strictly in the middle and on the one hand. But in any case, the total conduction of the wires must correspond to the inner diameter of the sleeve.
In the article, we will tell about the ways of connecting wires in junction boxes, let's talk about the preparation of conductors for connecting household appliances and installation products.
The wiring of residential premises consists of a plurality of elements, these are various tobound conductors (cables), protective devices, wiringring products, separate current consumers. To collect all the components of the system into a single chain and at the same time make power supply functional and safe, it is necessary to connect to them with a functional and safe, or, as they say, to be compressed (commutations are called processes occurring during closure or opening of electrical circuits).
An unprepared person at first glance may seem that nothing complicated here should be. But, working with an electrician "By Natima", it does not matter, we carry some single outlet, connect the lamp or collect a complex control system, we are seriously risking. Experienced electricians know that the electrical installation is first of all the "fight for contact", since it is precisely a chain rupture, and not a short circuit, is the most common problem with which you have to face. Obviously, the places of compounds in the chain (terminals, twists) are the most vulnerable, since the mechanical density of the contact can weaken at these points (the contact area decreases), on the conductors, an oxide film with very high resistance is formed over time. Bad contact becomes the cause of heating of current-carrying livers, sparking in commutation fields is the consequences of transient contact resistance. Full warming of the wire and de-energize the site, when household appliances do not work, or lost light, it is unpleasant, but the problem is solved. Worse, if the insulation of the wires is heated and destroyed, which threatens human lesion by electric shock or fire.
Recently, the load on the wiring has seriously increased, so the switching is now there are now even more hard requirements of fire and electrical safety. However, if there were not many previously options for the connection, then the reliable modern devices that facilitate wiring switching appeared. In addition to welding and soldering with subsequent tape insulation of a twist, in the household network you can use Caps of PPE, various terminal screw and spring pads, all sorts of isolated and open tips, branch complications. These products will help qualitatively connect the wires in the dispensing boxes, collect the switchboard, connect household appliances and lighting devices, sockets and switches.
There are several key objective factors affecting the choice of a switching method, or to apply specific fixtures. Let's just list the main:
According to the PUE provisions, the branching of the wires of the household network can only be carried out in the distribution (dispense) box. The dispensers allow you to quickly get to the ends of any separate branch during operation, if necessary, detect which one is cut or has a short circuit. You can also invoice the status of contacts inside the box, make their maintenance. Modern PVC boxes are used for open and hidden wiring, they have sufficient reliability and extended functionality: easily installed on different surfaces, Convenient for electrical manipulations.
To always have access to the connected wires, all junction boxes are located on the free sections of the walls, the most rationally install them from the corridors, for example, above the door of the sweat room. Naturally, the boxes cannot be tightly attached, or sew inside the construction frames, the allowable decorative maximum is a thin layer finish over the lid (paint, wallpaper, decorative plaster).
To improve lighting and power chains (conclusions and sockets), it is recommended to use individual junction boxes for each room. Such separated nutrition allows you to make the housing electrical wiring more balanced and safe, since "light" and "sockets" differ in workloads and operating conditions, and various requirements are presented to them. Moreover, much easier then, then make upgrading or repairing wiring, and not always all the wires of the rooms can be fine in one case.
Switching wires in any junction box can be carried out according to the same principle. In most cases, the "twist" is initially used, but the simply winding of conductors is not enough - it must be strengthened by additional operations, which are designed to increase the contact area of \u200b\u200bthe connected current-carrying livers and reduce the oxidation of materials. Paragraph 2.1.21 Pue offers the following options:
The essence of this method is that the twisted wires are harvested in a special tip of the metal, which is compressed by the manual tongs, mechanical or hydraulic press. Pressing can be made by either local indentation or solid compression. Such a connection of wires is considered one of the most reliable. Pressing allows you to very tightly compress the veins, increasing the area of \u200b\u200bcontact, the mechanical strength of such switching is the highest. This method is used for both copper wires and aluminum.
The process of crimping consists of several operations, each of which has its own nuances:
Conductor crimping can be made using terminal blocks, caps of PPE or WAGO clamps.
The body of the terminal block is performed from the plastic, the sockets with threads and clamping screws are located inside it. Wires can start under the unit terminals screws towards each other, or one conductor passes through the entire block and is fixed with two screws. Some junction boxes are combined with standard pads.
An explicit advantage of switching on the terminal block is considered to connect copper and aluminum wires, which in this case do not have direct contact. The disadvantage is the need to tighten the bolt clamp if aluminum veins are used.
Caps SIZ (connecting insulating clamps) are also made of durable non-combustible polymer, which, being an insulator, provides mechanical and fire protection. They with an effort screwed to the twist of the conductors, then the conic metal spring, located inside the cap, is moving forward and compressed the current-carrying veins. As a rule, the inner cavity of the SIZ is processed by pasta preventing oxidation.
WAGO clamps for junction boxes - insidious, here compression is performed by the spring, you only need to insert the stripped wire into the terminal. These terminals are calculated on the compound up to eight wires with a cross section of 1-2.5 mm 2 or three veins with a cross section of 2.5 to 6 mm 2, while the spring affects the conductor with a suitable force suitable for each wire. The clamps function normally at operating currents up to 41 and for 6 squares, 32 A for 4 squares and 25 A for 2.5 squares. Interestingly, WAGO universal clamps allow the wires of various sections in one case (from 0.75 to 4 mm 2) in one case.
These fixtures can be designed for a hard conductor, or for soft stranded. Due to the fact that there is no direct contact of the connected lived, you can switch copper wires and aluminum, and there is no need to perform a regular revision of compression of aluminum need. Inside, WAGO terminals also have a paste that destroys the oxide film and improves contact, but the clips for copper conductors of contact paste are not filled. Working with such connecting products is very easy, they are quickly installed, without applying additional tools, they are compact and reliable. It must be said that WAGO, not the only firm producing eventless spring-loaded terminals.
Whatever the type of crimping device is not used, it is necessary to accurately select it in a section of a separate conductor or twist, since too large terminal may not provide normal contact. Not always in this case, you can trust the marking - it is better to check the fittings and conductors on the spot. We recommend during installation to have an assortment of crimping terminal shots by sizes. Please note that the contact gel, copper and aluminum conductor cannot be used to work with aluminum, it is not formed in one twist. After crimping, it is always necessary to check the strength of fixation lived in the terminal.
Due to the technological complexity, this connection method is used quite rarely, mainly when for some reason it is impossible to use crimping, crimping or welding. You can solder aluminum veins and from copper, you should only find the right solder. For the branching of wires by cross section to 6-10 mm 2 suits the usual soldering iron, but more massive wires will have to warm up portable gas burner (propane + oxygen). For soldering, it is necessary to use flux in the form of rosin or its alcohol solution.
The advantages of the soldering consider high reliability of the connection, compared to crimping (in particular, we have an enlarged area of \u200b\u200bcontact). Also this method is quite inexpensive. The disadvantages of the construction of construction wires by soldering should include the duration of work, the technical complexity of the process.
Soldering of conductors looks like this:
Most often for reliable switching of wires in the electrician junction box, use welding with contact heating. You can weld twist with a total cross section to 25 mm 2. Under the action of an electric arc on the end of the twist, the routing of a metal of several lived in a single drop is formed, and then the current during operation of the electrical circuit is not even by the body of the twist, but through the formed monolith. If you do everything correctly, the connection is not less reliable than the solid wire. This method does not have technological and operational deficiencies, the only thing - it is necessary to purchase a suitable welding machine.
Welding copper veins produce a constant or alternating current with a voltage from 12 to 36 V. If we talk about factory welding units, then it is better to use inverter devices with sensitive welding current adjustment, which differ in low weight and dimensions (during operation they are sometimes worn on the shoulder) can be powered from the household network. In addition, the inverters provide good arc stability at low welding currents. Due to the high cost of the inverters, very often electricians use self-made welding machines made from transformer with a power of more than 500 W, with a secondary winding voltage of 12-36 volts. The weight and electrode holder connects to the secondary winding. The electrode itself for welding copper veins should be unlauded - coal, this is a factory outlined "pencil" or a homemade element from a similar material.
If a factory inverter is applied for welding wires, then for lived sections, it is recommended to set the following indicators The operating current: 70-90 amps is suitable for connecting two or three wires with a cross section of 1.5 square, the wires with a cross section of 2.5 mm 2 are welded at 80-120 amperes. These indicators are indicative, since the accurate composition of the core can vary from different manufacturers - it is recommended to test the device and a certain current strength on the trimming of the conductors. Properly selected indicators are when the arc is stable, and the electrode on the twist does not stick.
The process of welding wires includes the following operations:
Performing the connection of the wires, the safety technique should be observed and take fire prevention measures, as for any welding work. It is recommended to use a welding mask or special glasses with a light filter, will not be superflaked with welding crags or mittens.
Connecting household appliances and various electrical installation products are also an important step of switching of wiring. The efficiency of consumers, as well as user protection and fire safety depends on the reliability of electrical connections in these nodes.
Technology of accession of current-carrying livers to the equipment is regulated by PUE, operating downgrades, as well as "instructions for termination, compound and branch aluminum and copper lives insulated wires and cables and connecting them with contact conclusions electrical devices" Just like the branching of the conductors in the junction boxes, a soldering, welding, crimping, helical or spring crimping is applied to the termination and connection. This or that method is selected primarily depending on the design of the equipment, as well as from the properties of the current-carrying conductor.
Screw crimping is used in most types of modern equipment. Terminals under the screw are in sockets and switches, chandeliers and lamps, in various household appliances (Built-in fan, air conditioning, cooking surface). Crimp sockets are supplied with the elements of the distribution shield: protection machines, an RCO, a power grid, the switching tires with screw clamps are used here.
It should be noted that convenient spring-loaded terminal workers can also be used to connect equipment. For example, switches are configured very often, WAGO is equipped with a special series of clamps for connecting chandeliers and lamps, as well as for switching in SERV (terminals installed on the Dean Rake).
Please note that for connecting the crimping method, soft multi-boosters must be ended with insulated tips (connector). For hard monolithic lived connectors are not needed. If you do not use tips, then the soft core before connecting should be tightly twisted and irradiated. The size of the tip is selected depending on the section of the conductor, and the geometry of the contact part - depending on the type of terminal on the connected device and the features of operation. For example, a connector in the form of a pin is used for the clamping tunnel jack, for fixing the nut on the bolt - ring or fork. In turn, the fork tip is not recommended for use if the device is moving or possible vibration in the switching zone.
If under the bolt it is necessary to clamp a hard one-running conductor (copper or aluminum) with a cross section of up to 10 mm 2, then it can be used to bend it in the form of a suitable radius. The ring with a glass skin or sandpaper is cleaned with an oxide film, lubricates a quartzelazelin gel and puts on a bolt (the ring should wrap the bolt clockwise), after which it is covered with a glass of stars (prevents extruding the conductor), Grew, (Springs the connection does not allow to unwind Vibrations), and the combined clip is tightly tightened with nut. If under the bolt should be hosted by the living room (from 10 mm 2), then the metal sleeve with a ring is embraced by crimping on the conductor.
Switching the wires is very responsible, while the process of assembling the chain has a lot of nuances, which are worth merging into one list for convenience:
In conclusion, I would like to once again note the importance of qualitative fulfillment of commutation work. In fact, the technologies used are quite simple, it is necessary to simply make them a habit, and then the "culture of installation" will appear by itself, and the wiring will be reliable and durable.
When installing wiring in a house or apartment, wire connection - the highest moment . For trouble-free and safe power supply, reliable and high-quality wire connection will be required.
A carefree attitude to the connection of wires and cables can lead to very bad consequences. It would seem that in the connection of the wires there is nothing complicated, twisted them, wrapped the tape and everything is ready, but everything is not so simple ... as folk wisdom says "Electrician is a science of contacts", and the connection of wires and cables must be fully accomplished, since the percentage of accidents and damage in power supply systems due to poor quality wire connections are very high. No matter how high-quality electrical contact between wires, connections of wires have greater resistanceSo he is heated stronger. And the worse contact, the stronger it heats up, which will eventually lead to plating isolation, short circuit, and then a fire.
In practice, there are several ways to connect wires, I will tell you about the most common.
Disconnecting wires twist, distributed Everywhere, but if we turn to the main book of electricians Pue, then according to:
clause 2.1.21 "Connection, branch and termination of cables and lived wires should be made using soldering, welding, crimping or shifts (screw, bolted, etc.)"
As we can see, there are no twisting wires in this clause, which means that the twists are prohibited. But the twists have always been, there will be used to connect wires when installing wiring. Yes, and a competent-made twist, it is capable of listening not to one decade, but the connection of wires with a twist must be performed qualitatively. The technology of connecting wires and cables of the twist is quite simple:
One "But", problems may arise when passing the electrical installation of the fire inspection, because Connecting wires with a twist on PUE is prohibited. However, this applies mainly to industrial consumers, commercial premises, etc., in your apartment or a private house The fire inspector will not come with a check.
Connection of wires twist - this is necessary measureWhen nothing remains anything, and it is better to use the wires of the wires that are described below.
If a twisted wires sup, I get the connection of the wires solderingWhat guarantees reliable and high-quality contact that has a fairly low transition resistance, high conductivity and mechanical strength. But it is important to drain the connection of the wires correctly, for this it is necessary:
But such a connection of wires soldering is quite time consuming and requires certain skills. TO negative sides of the soldering Connections of wires, I would take:
Wire connection welding It gives even better electrical contact of the wires. But here everything is even more confused than with soldering wires, since it is necessary:
Connection of wire welding, you can perform only of homogeneous metals. Such a wire connection can be found infrequently, the people do not love difficulties very much, and many electricians do not like such a way of connecting wires due to high time spending, but it is worth noting, connect the wires welding faster than to solder.
Connection of wires crimping
Wire connection pressingThis is a compression with special press ticks of the connecting sleeve (aluminum or copper tube) in which the wires are inserted. The wires are preliminarily cleaned with insulation to the length of the sleeve, then put the wires inside the sleeve and crimp it for reliability in two or three places. If the sleeve is much larger than the wires that you need to make, you can fill with the sleeve with additional wires. Insulating the resulting connection of wires with crimping tape, but better than a shrink tube + hairdryer.
Sleeves To connect the wires of crimping, there are copper, aluminum and copper aluminum. Covering can be compounded with copper and aluminum wires.
Connecting wires with crimping is quite reliably, if everything is done correctly. The skills when performing the connection of wires with crimping will also use you when, For crimping bush lugs.
By cons: the costs of press clamp can be attributed to the compression of crimping and sleeve wires, the deprofity of the compound of therapy wires, i.e. Pressed the wire in the sleeve and "forgot" about it.
Bolt connection Wires, as a rule, are used when connecting wires from different metals, that is, if we have one wire from copper, and the second of aluminum, while between them it is necessary to pave a steel washer.
Such a connection of wires is extremely bulky, it is inconvenient to be located in the connecting boxes and isolate. Periodic broach is required.
Wire connection screw terminal glasses, as well as bolted, can be used to connect wires from different metals. This wire connection satisfies the requirements of PUE, but requires periodic feeding screws In terminals, which weaken over time, which means that the contact itself is weakening, which can be closed over time.
Periodic roll connection of wires implies, what access to the connection in the box always should be openThat not very beautiful will look in an apartment or a private house. Also when screwing the screw, it is possible to damage the wire itself, especially softer aluminum. And if you need to connect a multi-boing wire, then you need to either suck the stripped ends of the wire, or frame tubular tips.
Wire connection caps Siz. (Connecting insulating clamps). SIZIs are plastic caps with a conical spring inside, which, when twisting, compresses and fixes the wires, and the plastic cap of the siza isolates the connection of the wires, and is fire and mechanical protection.
This wire connection is fast and simple, it is necessary for its correct execution:
Advantages of such a compound Wires and cables are obvious (special tools are not required, there is no need for additional isolation, speed and simplicity), but there are disadvantages:
Caps Sizes They are divided by a common cross section of curly wires and are denoted by numbers from 1 to 5, which indicate the number of twisted wires and their cross section.
Well, in conclusion, consider the simplest, quite effective, convenient, and the main connection of the wires - self-slip (spring) terminals. Spring terminals of the company of the company WAGO received great distribution that allow you to connect wires:
WAGO terminals are released for connecting wires and cables from 0.75 to 4 square meters., The number of wires connected from 2 to 8. WAGO terminals
Invented Wago Terminals in Germany. Perhaps the most significant minus is their price, the average value of the WAGO terminal bar for 3 wires, will be about 11-12 rubles, so if the junction boxes are a lot, then the total value of the Wago terminals will come out. You should not use WAGO terminals with wiring terminals with loads of more than 16 A. They are generally better to apply maximum lighting line for wiring in a private house or apartment, and choose WAGO terminals with a margin at least one step above.
