A hammer can be found in every house. it hand tool converting kinetic energy into mechanical work... The efficiency of the process is 70-90% and depends on the design of the hammer, as well as the material of its manufacture.
The hammer consists of a handle and a head. All the force on impact is transmitted from the human hand to the head. It must be firmly connected to the handle. This is a prerequisite for safe work.
The head construction consists of:
The toe is the back of the head, which has a wedge-shaped shape. She has no large area, which accounts for the entire force of the blow. The hammer tip is used for crushing and embossing work. Some instrument models are equipped with a swallow tail toe.
Expert opinion
Torsunov Pavel Maksimovich
The main striking part of the tool is the striker. It has the shape of a relatively large area. An important characteristic of the striker is strength. In the process of work, he has to withstand a large number of blows of various strengths.
There is a hole on the head of the hammer called "vzad". A handle is inserted into it. To ensure the strength of the connection of structural elements, an expansion of the seat is made from the center upwards. Some models of the instrument are equipped with a metal collar. Place it around the hole. The non-working, flat part of the milk is called the cheeks.
The classic version of the hammer is a cast metal head, a wooden handle. High strength steel is used for the manufacture of the head.
It is produced in several ways:
Heads made of black steel are coated with a protective zinc layer or polymer paint to prevent corrosion processes. For the manufacture of the handle, hard woods are used: beech, hornbeam or oak. Some hammer models are available in full metal, with plastic or rubberized grips.
The size and weight of the tool are related to the main specifications. They depend on the type of activity for which the hammer is intended. The weight of the tool is the determining factor for the length of the handle. For a heavy tool, it is 380-450 mm, for a light one - 200-260 mm. The cross-section of the striker is determined by the mass of the hammer.
The standard section is considered:
Expert opinion
Torsunov Pavel Maksimovich
The heaviest hammer is called a sledgehammer. They are available in weights from 1 kg to 16 kg.
What material is the handle of your hammer made of?
WoodMetal / Plastic
The main classification of the instrument is considered to be its subdivision by field of activity. By purpose, hammers are subdivided into:
Each type of hammer has products that can be called the best. When evaluating a tool, technical characteristics, cost and performance are taken into account.
KAPRIOL 12301
Easy-to-use steel sledgehammer with fiberglass handle. Product weight 3 kg. The length of the handle is 90 cm. The connection between the head and the handle is epoxy. The KAPRIOL firing pin has a square shape for precise impact. Manufacturer's warranty - 6 months.
Advantages:
To the disadvantages attribute the high price of the instrument.
Leonid S. review:
Reliable sledgehammer. Very comfortable grip. It fits well in your hand.
FIT 45232
The Canadian brand has a distinctive yellow and black handle. Manufactured in China. Refers to a professional tool. The length of the fiberglass handle is 800 cm. The striker is made of high strength steel. Has a square shape. Product weight 4 kg.
Advantages:
The main disadvantage- high price.
Dmitry G. review:
A beautiful, reliable sledgehammer. Used it for more than 2 years in the country for driving pipes into the ground. I have never failed.
Inforce 59035
The tool has a very well thought-out design. Product weight - 500 gr. The handle is equipped with a fiberglass cover. Has finger grooves. your coverage. The hardness of the striker is 10% higher than the requirements of the DIN standard. The method of fastening the elements is injection bonding with epoxy resin.
Advantages:
The main disadvantage- insufficient weight for some types of work.
Andrey F. review:
Reliable tool. When working, cushioning is felt in the hand.
Case Technics 315100 DT / 24/6
Weighted hammer with which you can hammer nails very quickly. For the manufacture of the striker, steel 45 is used. The handle has a rubberized construction. This ensures safe operation.
Advantages:
disadvantages not identified.
Yuri M. reviews:
The hammer is not very attractive appearance... This disadvantage does not affect performance.
BISON MASTER 2015-05_z01
The hammer cannot be called a full-fledged pickaxe due to its low weight. Product weight 500 gr. The striker has increased strength. Made of steel 55. The handle is made of wood, which is considered a disadvantage of the product.
Advantages:
Disadvantage- handle material.
Sergey H. review:
Good steel striker. Perfectly cleaves any kind of brick.
Sturm 1010-05-600
The hammer is equipped with a striker made of high strength steel. Pickaxe weight 600 gr. The handle is two-component. The surface of the steel base is covered with a fiberglass plate. There are three notches for the fingers. This improves safety and makes the handle more comfortable.
Advantages:
Disadvantage- high price.
Michael H. review:
A durable tool. The head does not deform under heavy loads.
Stanley FMHT1-51276
The hammer head is shaped like a straight nail. It is equipped with a surface hardened striker and a protective coating. Tool vibration during work is mitigated by a special pad on the handle.
Advantages:
Disadvantage the tool is considered its high cost.
Dmitry I. review:
A very reliable and easy-to-use tool. I have never failed in my work.
NEO 25-000
The hammer is made of a monolithic steel billet. This provides the structure with increased strength. Product weight 450 gr. The handle is two-component. The sliding of the hand is prevented by a special covering.
Advantages:
Disadvantage poorly adjusted instrument balancing is considered.
Vasily U. review:
The hammer has an excellent firing pin and a comfortable handle. I use the tool regularly. No deformation.
ONNESWAY M10110
The hammer is very popular with car mechanics. The tool head has a rounded striker. The second side is in the form of a lance. The handle is elongated. The design allows you to perform a wide range of works.
Advantages:
The main disadvantage- high price.
Nikolay N. review:
I have been using the hammer for over 10 years. Great tool.
KING TONY 7842-28
Multifunctional model. The hammer is used not only by bodyworkers, but also by installers, locksmiths and carpenters. For the manufacture of the handle, a walnut tree is used. The tool is lightweight.
The safest are hammers with solid construction and a handle equipped with a fiberglass plate. It prevents the hand from slipping while working. You need to choose a tool for your anthropometric data.
The choice of hammers depends on the intended use. The tool can be used in everyday life and professional activities. Its cost depends on the material of execution, size and brand.
Rare construction and renovation work dispense with the use of a simple percussion tool - a hammer. But in order to do the job efficiently and quickly, you need to choose the right tool - it is about the choice of hammers, their existing types, characteristics and applicability that will be the story in this article.
Hammer - manual percussion instrument a wide range of applications, made in the form of a massive head of one form or another, rigidly mounted on the handle.
Hammers existing today can be divided into several groups according to their areas of application:
Hammers of different groups have their own characteristics and characteristics, which should be discussed in more detail.
Most hammers (with the exception of the reverse ones) have fundamentally the same device. The tool is assembled from two parts - a massive head and a handle. The head is the working body of the hammer, it, depending on the purpose of the tool, can be made of steel, wood, rubber, impact-resistant plastics and other materials. The head can be mounted on the handle, or performed in one piece with it. A hole for the handle is made in the head - the so-called suction, which can have an oval, round or other profile. For secure fixation, the handle is wedged in the head bore using conventional (flat, grooved) or ring steel wedges.
Several zones can be distinguished in the hammer head:
Hammer handles can be made of wood, steel and fiberglass (fiberglass); non-slip rubber or plastic pads can be placed in the grip areas. In the simplest case, the handle acts as a lever and does not have additional elements; in some modern hammers, holes for carabiners and hinges are made in the handles, as well as devices for performing various auxiliary works.
Locksmith hammers are the most versatile tool with which a wide range of work is performed. Hammers of this type are equipped with heads weighing from 50 to 1000 grams of various configurations:
Hammers are equipped with handles with a length of 200 mm (with a round striker - from 250 mm) to 400 mm, the length of the handle directly depends on the mass of the head (the heavier the head, the larger the handle).
Locksmith hammers are used to perform various fitting and assembly work - driving nails and other fasteners, bending and straightening metal, installing machine parts and mechanisms, crushing, etc.
In Russia, the characteristics and dimensions of bench hammers are regulated by the GOST 2310-77 standard.
This group includes hammers designed to perform various construction works and operations. There are ten main types of construction hammers:
Joiner's hammers are similar in shape to locksmiths with a square firing pin, but they are wider, and the firing pin is brought out into a large radius.
Carpentry hammers are equipped with round hammer heads and nail pullers, and are available in four versions with different head configurations and weights. One design assumes the presence on the front and rear parts of the striker of the head recesses in the form of nails with magnets - such a constructive solution makes it easier to work in hard-to-reach places.
Hammers-picks have a head with a round or square striker, on the back of which a pick with a width of 36-50 mm is formed.
Plastering hammers are similar to carpentry hammers, they have a head with a round or square striker and a nail puller, one of the versions of this hammer provides for the presence of magnetized grooves for nails.
The parquet hammer has a head with a square striker and the back of a complex prismatic shape with a diagonal arrangement of a blunt toe. The mass of such hammers is not more than 700 g.
Roofing hammers have a head square, the back side of which is made in the form of a sock bent backward or to the left (MKR-3 version). Unlike other hammers, the head has not only a drive, but also a bushing with two holes for screws or nails for a more secure fixation on the handle.
Slate hammers generally repeat the configuration of carpentry hammers, however, their left nail puller is made elongated and pointed - with the help of this tooth, holes are punched in the sheets.
Tile hammers are equipped with square heads, on the back of which pointed toes or lances are formed. The weight of this type of hammer does not exceed 90-100 g, depending on the version.
Trench hammers are equipped with heavy heads with two strikers, brought out to a large radius. The mass of the heads reaches 2.2-2.5 kg, but, unlike sledge hammers, such hammers have a short handle.
Hammers-cams in terms of weight and dimensions are similar to trench hammers, but their strikers are brought out into a smaller square.
The characteristics and dimensions of construction hammers in Russia are regulated by the GOST 11042-90 standard.
- a large number of tools designed for straightening sheet steel elements of car bodies and various devices, as well as performing artwork with sheet metal of various profiles (flat, curved).
Hammers of this type are lightweight and have an extended handle. Hammers are single-sided and double-sided, strikers and backs can have the following shapes:
Also straightening hammers include mallets with rubber, plastic and combined (two-component) strikers of a small area. Trowels stand out in a separate category - flat tools with a smooth working part or with a notch, used in conjunction with ordinary locksmith's hammers.
Mallets - special hammers with heads made of soft materials, designed for molding work, woodworking operations, straightening and other work.
Mallets can have heads made of various materials:
Typically, mallet heads have two identical strikers of round, rectangular or square cross-section. The tool can weigh up to 1.6 kg.
The design and characteristics of mallets in our country are regulated by the standards GOST 11775-74, GOST 19645-74 and some others.
Sledgehammers are heavy-weight hammers designed for blacksmithing, stone crushing and other operations where high shock loads are required. Sledge hammers are equipped with blunt-nosed (two spherical strikers) and sharp-nosed (one spherical striker and a toe) heads, and the sharp-nosed heads are of two types - with a transverse and longitudinal position of the toe.
The weight of sledgehammers lies in the range of 2-16 kg (sharp-nosed ones - no more than 8 kg), they are equipped with handles up to a meter or more.
The characteristics and dimensions of sledgehammers in our country are regulated by the standards GOST 11401-75, GOST 11402-75.
Specialized hammers are used in narrow areas, most often they are designed to perform a limited range of operations, or to work with specific materials and mechanisms. These hammers include:
In a special category, spinning hammers are allocated, which, when striking, do not create recoil (do not bounce off the surface). These hammers use hollow heads partially filled with heavy metal balls. When the hammer strikes, the entire mass of the balls, due to inertial forces, dampens the back impulse of the head (which arises due to the elasticity of the materials interacting at the moment of impact), preventing the hammer from rebounding. Such a tool increases work efficiency and reduces the likelihood of injury.
Reverse hammers (inertial hammers, strippers) are devices for straightening metal products in situations where access to their back side is difficult or completely impossible. In the simplest case, such a hammer consists of a rod with an upper fixed handle (stop), on which a heavy movable handle (sliding weight) is located. At the bottom of the rod, a clamp or chuck is mounted for a working tool - a straightening hook, a puller, etc.
This hammer works simply: the working part of the tool is attached to the sheet or part that needs to be straightened, and the movable handle rhythmically strikes the fixed stop - the upward impulses arising from this force the metal to deform.
Today there is a wide variety of impact hammers that are used for straightening car bodies and in auto repair shops.
Such a variety of hammers is no coincidence - not all work can be performed using standard locksmith or carpentry hammers. Yes, you can hammer in a nail with almost any hammer, and if there is no tool, then with a stone. But you can only take out old nails with a nail puller, quickly and efficiently punch a hole in asbestos cement sheet- with a slate hammer, cut off a tile or beat off ¾ of a brick - only with picks from the hammer of a bricklayer and a tiler, and straighten a body part or make an artistic composition from sheet material - only with a set of straightening hammers. For each operation, you need to select your hammers with certain shapes of strikers, as well as a certain range of weights and lengths of the handles - only in this case the work will be done quickly, with the best quality and with minimal fatigue.
Surely no one doubts that even in ancient times a person needed a device for - hammering, breaking, crushing, carving. Perhaps at first there was just a stone or a stick.
Garrettswerve, GNU 1.2But soon man united them, creating an instrument that, in essence, has not changed for many centuries. The materials from which the hammer is made have changed and the list of applications has expanded.
The main part of the hammer is a compact mass of solid material, usually metal, that can be used to hit something without deforming. For the convenience of executing blows and for greater swing, the striking part of the hammer is mounted on the handle, which can also be made of metal, or of wood or plastic.
Malene Thyssen, GNU 1.2 The handle varies in length, thickness and material of which it is made. It depends on the purpose of the hammer itself and on the weight of the head. The heavier the head, the longer the handle should be. In modern hammers, the handles are often reinforced with non-slip rubber or plastic.
This is the most important part. There are strikers along the edges of the hammer head. As a rule, strikers at opposite ends are made different in function, which allows you to combine two tools in one.
Monoklon, GNU 1.2 So a bench hammer has two different strikers - one flat, the other tapering. The carpenter's hammer has a bifurcated protrusion-tooth, which is convenient for pulling out nails. In masonry work, when lining corners and edges with a chisel, it is beaten with a tool similar to a hammer - a mallet made of wood and having strikers on both sides.
Sometimes, in order not to damage the part, hammers are used, in which the striking part is made of soft material(rubber, copper, lead).
Andreas Praefcke, CC BY-SA 3.0 A wedge connects the head to the handle. This is an important part of the hammer, since the quality of work, and sometimes safety, depends on the quality of the attachment of the head. For locksmith hammers, for example, the hole in the head through which the wedge is driven is additionally closed with a steel plate, which is also screwed to the handle with a long screw, which gives additional strength to the entire structure.
Andreas Praefcke, CC BY-SA 3.0 There are a great many varieties of hammers, as well as professions where this tool is required.
And also - a tiler, a jeweler, a railway worker, a blockhead and even a mashka.
Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0 It can take a long time to list all the professions where the hammer tool is used. Let's mention some and, first of all, crafts.
Construction, carpentry, stonecutting, shoemaking, chaser, bone carver. Of course, that's not all.
We can say that representatives of one of the most ancient crafts - blacksmiths - contributed most to the development of the variety of hammers, because a master blacksmith needs a whole arsenal of hammers, hammers and sledgehammers to work.
A hammer
The hammer is one of the oldest tools used by man. Then it was necessary as a weapon of defense against enemies and attacks on prey, but today it is used for a creative purpose.
Over the centuries, it has only slightly improved and modified. But many varieties have appeared, due to the wide variety of uses of the hammer in various professions.
It is simple and was invented to increase the force of a person's blow by an order of magnitude and to apply this force to one point.
The hammer (s) are one of the oldest emblems of the craft. For the first time, the image of the hammer is found as an emblem on the territory of the Roman Empire in the tombstone of a blacksmith (441).
The hammer has long been associated with working professions. No wonder he was chosen along with the sickle on the coat of arms of the Soviet state. Crossed hammers are depicted on the railroad sign.
In ancient times, the Hammer is the main attribute of many gods of craft, thunderstorms and war.
For the Japanese god of prosperity, Daikoku, the hammer, as a tool associated with gold mining, is a symbol of wealth.
The hammer is also a symbol of justice.
In connection with the development of large machine industry, the emblem of the hammer from the second half of the XIX century has become a universal symbol of the industrial proletariat. Already in 1864, the Hanoverian section of the First International chose the emblem in the form of two crossed hammers.
In 1940, the British, fearing a possible land invasion of the Germans and their multiple superiority in tanks, were looking for everything possible ways confront them.
In one of the instructions, the militias were advised to use a hammer or ax to fight tanks.
The fighter had to choose an elevation, for example, a tree or the second floor of a building, and wait for the enemy car there, and then jump onto it and start hitting the tower with a hammer. And when the head of the surprised German appears from there, throw a grenade inside the tank.
It turns out that now they have invented a hammer even for work in zero gravity, which does not bounce when struck. Its hollow firing pin is filled with heavy metal shot.
A huge and very heavy hammer is called a sledgehammer. It sometimes weighs more than 10 kg. Such a sledgehammer was nicknamed "Mashka". This is due to the fact that the force of the blow depends not so much on the strength of the muscles as on well-coordinated work.
When working with such a heavy tool, it is important to swing smoothly. So they called her - Mashka.
The hammer, indispensable on the construction site, when working on personal plot... It performs the same functions as a mallet or sledgehammer. With the help of a bulldozer, stones and small piles can be driven into the ground. The tool can also be used to trim massive stone masonry.
The handle of the canopy is long and made of durable wood.
The head, or striking part of the instrument is massive, wide, made of metal and may have caps made of rubber or soft plastic.
It is necessary to hold the hammer by the end of the handle firmly, but not squeezing too much, otherwise the hand will quickly get tired. After, the hand rises up, the handle takes a horizontal position and quickly lowers. Thus, the firing pin must hit exactly on the head of the nail, and not on the fingers. And remember, the nail is hammered in two stages: first, you need to lightly bait it, and only then hit. The main thing is to remove your fingers in time.
The hammer is an indispensable tool in the household. The ideal option would be if the set contains a set of several of its varieties at once, which will greatly facilitate the implementation of many highly specialized works. But for solving many everyday tasks, the most ordinary tool is quite enough - it is called a locksmith.
A locksmith's hammer is a reliable and functional percussion tool used to hammer or break a variety of objects, in the first case it is most often a nail, and in the second it is difficult to separate fasteners. In addition, hammers have found application for impact work, for example, when manipulating a screwdriver equipped with a thrust bearing or with a chisel. The weight and dimensions of the hammer are determined by the current standard - GOST 23-10-77. Here the definition of the term "locksmith" is also given - that is, intended for the needs National economy... The weight of locksmith tools varies from 50 to 1000 g.
The hammer consists of the following parts:
The hammer head has its own structural characteristics. She has a pair of endings - a striker and a sock, which are responsible for various manipulations. The striker can be square or round, a thin toe in most cases has a triangular or cylindrical section, at the very end it is slightly rounded. The head is made of steel grades U7 or 50, it is possible to use other alloys if they are in no way inferior to the above in terms of their physical and technical characteristics. An indispensable condition - the head must have a special protective coating, most often it is galvanized, in addition, the metal can be covered with phosphate or oxide compounds, then the head is dried and painted with special enamels. The wedge is also made of steel.
For better grip with the handle, it contains grooves, also called ruffs.
The handles can be of three types: oval, oval with a narrowing, or having a rectangular cross-section. Depending on the dimensions of the heads, the width of the handle varies from 20 to 40 cm. Household models are usually made with dimensions of 25–35 cm, in which case the head usually weighs 10–40 g. Handles of a metal hammer are certainly smooth, without surface defects and burrs.
They should be massive, but elastic, in order to reduce the load on a person during manipulations. Maple, mountain ash, as well as dogwood, ash or oak wood are distinguished by similar properties. No cracks are allowed on the handle of such a tool, as well as in the places of its connection with the head.
Locksmith hammers are available in different weights. For a locksmith's home workshop, tools weighing 300-500 g are suitable, because their capabilities are quite enough for most household work. However, experts recommend not to be limited to one hammer, but to have several models with different weights, since the purpose of the device depends on this.
For example, hammers with a weight of 50-300 g are optimal for tool work, and products weighing 400-600 g are indispensable for carpentry.
Depending on the shape, hammers of several varieties are also distinguished. So, one of the popular options has a rectangular shape and a square striker, the second is slightly convex, the striker is rounded. The first ones have a rather low cost, they are much easier to use, so they got wide use both among amateurs and among experienced craftsmen... However, for hammers with a rounded firing pin, the striking side has a slight advantage, which increases the accuracy and power of the blow. According to the current GOSTs, tools with a round striker and versions with a spherical toe are also produced, but these models are quite rare on sale.
The closest thing to a bench hammer is a joiner's hammer. A locksmith hammer with a square hammer is indispensable for manipulating wood, and with a round hammer it is designed for sheet metal. The carpentry hammer has a difference in the shape of the sock - it is bifurcated, therefore it is often used as a nailer.
Its weight is 650-700 g, while a locksmith's tool can weigh from 250 to 800 g.
In addition to locksmith and carpentry, there are also such hammer options:
A locksmith's hammer is a rather dangerous tool, so you should be very careful when choosing it.
Nowadays, on the shelves of any hardware store, you can find a wide selection of locksmith hammers from a variety of manufacturers.
Important! In addition to this model, the manufacturer offers big choice hammers of different weights with wooden and plastic handles.
In general, marketplaces offer a large number of instruments from a wide variety of manufacturers.
All of them differ in weight, dimensions and purpose, you can make any choice. The main thing is that the hammer is made of quality materials, has an ergonomic structure and is durable.
Unfortunately, the "Soviet" labor lessons are deeply past and in a rare school boys are taught to handle construction tools. It is not surprising that many start work incorrectly, which often leads to injury. First, remember the following rules:
Now let's take a look at the basic rules of work.
Some people think they are well versed in carpentry and carpentry... Especially when it comes to tools. One has only to look at the photo of the hammer and everything is immediately clear. In fact, more often than not, the picture looks completely different. Many outwardly similar tools suggest different purposes. Even a tool that is simple in its name, such as a hammer, is divided into several varieties, and each has its own specific function.
Hammers are used in different areas. Such a concept is familiar, for example, for medicine, for shoemaking. In a specific case, those varieties that are used in construction are interesting.
The instrument got its name from a specific profession. Its practicality gives it the right to be considered the most common species. The shape of the hammer head is the presence of a flat striker on one side and sharp points on the other. The wedge-shaped side is called the spout. The weight of the tool, taking into account a wooden or plastic handle, can range from 200 grams to 1 kilogram.
To choose the right tool, you can look through the catalog of locksmith hammers. It is easier to hammer in small nails with small, light tools. To do this, use the narrow part of the striker. When installing glazing beads or securing the lining, this side of the hammer works best for the job.
A different range of construction processes is provided for heavy types of locksmith hammers. They are used when hammering large-sized nails, when bending metal sheets and other more time-consuming work. Over time, the metal head can fly off the butt (handle).
In such cases, it is a good idea to know how to make the hammer work again. Craftsmen do not always throw out rejected tools. Whenever possible, they try to get him back into work.
Roof work involves the use of several types of hammers, united by a single name for roofing. But this does not mean at all that they are all intended solely for securing the upper roofing elements (metal sheets). They have a wider range of uses. Roofers generally use hammer sets.
This variety is considered universal. On average, nail hammers weigh up to six hundred grams. This hammer can be used by carpenters and roofers. The uniqueness of the variety is given by a nailer located on one edge of the hammer. On the other side there is a round convex striker.
The hammer copes with its main purpose perfectly. It is most convenient for them to pull out previously hammered nails. His help is invaluable when dismantling wooden plinths, bars, boards, logs, and other wood products connected with nails. Convenience and practicality when using a nailer are manifested during the construction of the lathing and installation of bituminous tiles.
The nailer can be a solid metal hammer with a rubber handle or a plastic surface at the grip. There are also wooden or plastic handles, but they wear out faster. Integrity allows the tool to work for a long time.
Mallets are lightweight hammers. They are made of wood or rubber and are used in cases where you need to check the quality of the work performed in order to eliminate defects in time. For example, determine the adhesion strength of the tile layer to the base with a rubber hammer, identify and eliminate voids, trim the row. He gained great popularity when working with paving slabs.
Understandably, rubber hammers are used when brittle materials are involved. Mainly to prevent the formation of defects on the surface of the base material, the product.
The wooden variety is used for molding work, leveling the formed dents and bumps on the surface of metal sheets. Interest in this type of tool increases when it becomes obvious that making a hammer with your own hands is not particularly difficult.
There are some simple tips for those wishing to work with different hammers. You should always choose the tool that is best suited for the job. Good choice will contribute to good speed during the work and, of course, guarantees high-quality performance.
The hammer is not a toy. It can become dangerous in the hands of an amateur. When working with it, you need to take into account and follow the safety rules:
