The State Defense Committee headed. Creating GKO

State Committee Defense (abbreviated GKO) - created for the time of the Great Patriotic War of the Emergency Department of the Office, who had the full power in the USSR. The need to create was obvious, because In wartime, it was necessary to focus all the power in the country and executive and legislative in the same authority. Stalin and Politburo actually headed the state and accepted all decisions. However, the decisions made formally proceeded from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the USSR SNK, etc. To eliminate a similar method of leadership, permissible in a peacetime, but not meeting the requirements of the country's military situation, and it was decided to create a GKO, which included some members of the Politburo, the Secretaries of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and Stalin himself, as chairman of the USSR SCA.

Education GKO

Composition of gko

Initially (on the basis of a joint decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Sovnarkom and Central Committee of the CPSU (b) dated June 30, see below) The composition of the GCO was as follows:

Most of the GKO resolutions was signed by his chairman, Stalin, some of the Also Al Also, the Deputy Molotov and Members of the GKO Mikoyan and Beria.

The HPO's own apparatus was not, its decisions were prepared in the respective drug addicts and departments, and the office work was carried out by the special sector of the Central Committee of the CPP (b).

The overwhelming part of the GCR resolutions had a vulture "secret", "completely secret" or "completely secret / special importance" (the designation "C", "SS" and "SS / O" after the number), but some decrees were open and published in print (An example of such a resolution is).

The absolute majority of GKO resolutions concerned about the associated with the war:

Structure of GK.

The GCO consisted of several structural divisions. During the period of existence, the structure of the Committee has repeatedly changed, in order to maximize the effectiveness of management and adaptation to current conditions.

The most important division was the operational bureau created on December 8. The Bureau included L.P. Beria, M. M. Malenkov, A. I. Mikoyan and V. M. Molotov. The actual head of the operational bureau was Beria. The tasks of this unit initially included control and monitoring of the current work of all the drug industry addicts, addicts of communication, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, power plants, oil, coal and chemical industries, as well as the work of the preparation and execution of production plans and supply these industries and Vehicles with everything necessary. On May 19, it was accepted, which the Bureau functions were significantly expanded - now in its tasks included observation and control over the work of national commissariators of the defense industry, transport, metallurgy, drug addicts of the most important areas of industry and power plants; Also, the operational bureau from this moment was responsible for the supply of the army, finally, they were charged with the duties abolished by the solution of the Transport Committee.

GKO functions

The State Defense Committee led by all military and economic issues during the war. Guide to combat actions was carried out through the bet.

Disbanding GKO

Additional information in Wikitite

see also

Notes

Links

Literature

Gorky Yu.A. "The State Defense Committee decides (1941-1945)", M.: Olma-Press, 2002. - 575 p.

Watch what is "State Defense Committee (USSR)" in other dictionaries:

Correct link to the article:

Kodan S.V. - State Defense Committee in the System of Party Guide and Public Administration in the Conditions of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Creation, Nature, Structure and Organization // Genesis: Historical Studies. - 2015. - № 3. - P. 616 - 636. DOI: 10.7256 / 2409-868x.2015.3.15198 URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_Read_article.php?id\u003d15198

State Defense Committee in the system of party leadership and public administration in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Creation, Nature, Structure and Organization of Activities

Kodan Sergey Vladimirovich

Doctor of Legal Sciences

Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Member of the Expert Council on the right of the highest attestation commission under the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation, Professor of the Department of State and Law of the Ural State Law University, Chief Editor of the Journal "Genesis: Historical Studies"

620137, Russia, Sverdlv region, Yekaterinburg, ul. Komsomolskaya, 21, of. 210.

Kodan Sergei vladimirovich

DOCTOR OF LAW.

Professor, The Department of Theory of State and Law, Merited Lawyer of the Russian Federation, Ural State Law Mecade; Editor-in-Chief of the Scientific Journal "Genesis: Historical Studies"

620137, Russia, Sverdlvskaya Oblast ", G. Ekaterinburg, Ul. Komsomol" Skaya, 21, of. 210.

10.7256 / 2409-868x.2015.3.15198

Date of article direction:

07-05-2015

Publication date:

09-05-2015

Annotation.

The creation and activities of the State Committee of Defense reflected the features of public administration in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, in which the concentration of all resources for victory in the war took place. In the pre-war years, the country's management system was finally developed in which the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) defined government policies and actually headed party-government. The creation of GKO on June 30, 1941 was fully reflected reflected this trend and in the conditions of war as an emergency party-state body focused all the completeness of the authorities in the state. Declassified Archive Documents on GKO's activities create new opportunities to study its activities. The article presents the characteristics of the creation, composition, activities and an overview of the materials of the official office workshop of the State Defense Committee. The article describes the State Defense Committee, and the representation of publications of documents on research activities in scientific research is indicated by the possibility of attracting new materials. The latter is due to the fact that almost the entire array of documents on activities is declassified and creates opportunities for further study of the history of GKO.

Keywords: History of the Soviet state, Great Patriotic War, Public Administration, Emergency Governments, Party - State Controls, Military Governance Bodies, State Committee of Defense, GKO Composition, Organization of GKO's activities, GKO Resolution

ABSTRACT.

The Creation and Activity of the State Defense Committee (SDC) Reflected The Peculiarities of the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945 During All the Resources Were Needed to Gain The Victory. BEFORE The War The Country's System of Administration Were Fully Formed, And The Political Bureau Of The All-Union Communist Party of the State Politics and Headed the State Administration. The Creation of the SDC in June, 30, 1941 Fully Reflected This Tendency and In The Conditions of the War Took All The State Power As An Emergency Party and State Authorities. Unclassified Archive Documents About The SDC Activity Give New OpportUnities for Studying Its Activity. The Article Tells ABOUT THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF CREATION, STRUCTURE, DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVITY AND A REVIEW OF MATERIALS ACOUT THE OUTFICIAL PAPERWORK OF THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE. The Article Characterizes The State Defense Committee, Shows The Documents About The Activity Of Scientific Research, Defines the Possibilities to Use New Materials. The Latter Comes Out of the Fact That All the Documents of the Are Unclassified and Gives Many OpportUnities for the Further Studying of the SDC History.

Keywords:

The History of the Soviet State, The Great Patriotic War, Public Administration, Emergency Management Agencies, Party - Government Authorities, The Military Authorities, State Defense Committee, Of The Its, Organization of Ict Activities, GKO ORDER

Publication was prepared as part of the implementation of the project RGHF No. 15-03-00624 "Sources of the history of the state and law of Russia (1917 - 1990s)

In the conditions of the Great Patriotic War in 1941 - 1945. A specially created management system operated, in which the dominant position from June 30, 1945 to September 4, 1945 was held by the State Defense Committee. History The activities of the GCO are very interested and indicative, since this body reflected the features and connected two principals in his organization - party and state-owned, characteristic of management mechanisms in the Soviet society. But, at the same time, this is a unique experience in creating, organizing and ensuring fairly effective management in wartime.

Within the framework of this article, we will discuss on the creation and place of GKO in the system of party and government in the period of the Great Patriotic War, the peculiarities of its activities and the acts published, as well as in the state of the study of the issues and accessibility of declassified in the early 2000s. PCO documents.

Creating a State Defense Committee It was due to the fact that the beginning of the Great Patriotic War showed with all the evidence - the pre-warning command-administrative management system Even under the conditions of the military-mobilization orientation of its orientation and activity was not able to withstand the large-scale military aggression of the fascist Germany. The restructuring of the entire system of political and state administration of the USSR was required, the creation of new emergencies in the country, capable of providing comprehensive and coordinated handling of the front and rear and "to the coolerlyst lines to turn the country into a single military camp." On the second day of the war, an organ of the highest collective strategic leadership of the current army was created - the headset rate. And although the rate "had all the authority in the strategic leadership by the troops and the forces of the fleet, but did not have the ability to carry out authority and administrative functions in the field of civilian management." The rate also "could not act as a coordinating start in the activities of civil authorities and managerial structures in the interests of the army, which, naturally, made it difficult for the strategic leadership of the troops and the forces of the fleet." The position at the front was rapidly deteriorating and it "pushed the Higher Party and State Guide to the USSR to form a power structure, which could be in the status above not only the rate of the chief command, but also of all governing party instances, government and management bodies." The decision to create a new emergency body reviewed and approved by its decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPP (b).

The creation of GKOs issued a joint decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the WCP (b) dated June 30, 1941. It established two fundamentally important provisions: "Focus all the completeness of the authorities in the state in the hands of the State Defense Committee" (p. 2) and "oblige all citizens and all party, Soviet, Komsomol and military bodies unquestionlessly to fulfill the decisions and orders of the State Defense Committee" (p. 2). The composition of the GCO presented the leadership of the party and the Member States and candidates for the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPP (b): I.V. Stalin (Chairman), V.M. Molotov, K.E. Voroshilov, G.M. Malenkov, L.P. Beria. Subsequent changes in the composition of the GCO occurred in the commercial veins: in 1942, N.A. was included in the Committee Voznesensky, L.M. Kaganovich, A.I. Mikoyan, and in 1944 N.A. Bulganin changed K.E. Voroshilova. GKO was abolished by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of September 4, 1945 with the wording - "in connection with the end of the war and the termination of the emergency in the country to recognize that the further existence of the State Defense Committee is not necessarily necessary, by virtue of which the State Defense Committee to abolish all it Affairs to transfer the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. "

It should be noted that the creation of GCO was not exceptional in the domestic history of the state and law. Its organization can be considered in the context of a certain continuity in creating such emergency and special bodies in the history of our country. They existed in the Russian Empire, and then at earliest stages of the existence of the RSFSR and the USSR. For example, in Russia, it was created on June 8, 1905. And until August 12, 1909, the Council of State Defense, and during the First World War they created a special meeting to discuss and unite the state defense activities (1915-1918). . After the October Revolution of 1917, among the political and managerial structures of the Soviet government existed: the Council of Working and Peasant Defense (1918-1920), the Council of Labor and Defense (1920-1937), the Defense Committee at the USSR SCA (1937 - June 1941).

Place of the State Committee for Defense in the System of Party and Public Administration of the USSRin the period of the Great Patriotic War, it was determined by its characteristics as complex in its political and managerial nature of the authority - the party leadership and the state management of the country were simultaneously combined in it. At the same time, the main thing is to conserve or refusing in the conditions of war from the previous one who established at the beginning of the 1940s. Administrative command system of party and Soviet management in the country. It actually presented one person - V.I. Stalin, which relied on the narrow circle of party functionaries and at the same time leaders of the highest bodies of state and management, which are part of the Politburo and the Central Committee of the WCP (b).

The research of the activities of GKOs is noted and emphasized on one important feature, which has previously existed Soviet emergencies, unlike GKO, in the conditions of war did not replace the activities of party bodies. On this occasion, N.Ya. Komarov emphasizes that "Emergency authorities in the years of civil and great domestic wars differ quite significantly, and above all by methods of activity. The main feature of the Council of Work and Peasant Defense was that he had not replaced the party, government and military bodies. The fundamental issues of the management of the armed struggle were considered at the time at the Politburo and the Plenums of the Central Committee, at the Congresses of the RCP (b), at meetings of the Council. During the Great Patriotic War, there were no plenums, and even more so the congresses of the party were not conducted, all the cardinal questions were solved by the state comi-aunt of defense. The countries of strengthening the overturns of the country were treated with all acute on the agenda of the country in the close unity of political, economic and military spheres, which made it possible, from the point of view of the GKO Chairman, to concentrate the political and military efforts of the country to solve urgent protection problems Our state, on improving the combat capability of the army and fleet. This, finally, was ensured by the reality of incarnation into the life of the single political, economic and military leadership by the entire system of social and serial public relations. "

The draft author of the newest study is more convincingly answering the question - "The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" (2015). Considering the place "Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) in the system of strategic leadership by the country and armed forces" in the 11 volume of the specified publication, who prepared his team of authors, notes: "Politburo transferred power functions to a new emergency authority - Gko ... I.V. Stalin and his closest colleagues, putting all the power on the GCO and entering its composition, thereby radically changed the power structure in the country, the system of state and military management. In fact, all the decisions of the GCO, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), SNK of the USSR, projects of decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were approved by a narrow circle of state leaders: V.M. Molotov, G.M. Malenkov, L.P. Beria, K.E. Voroshilov, L.M. Kaganovich, and then I. V. Stalin made a decision on behalf of which organ it is advisable to arrange one or another administrative document. " It is also emphasized that in the new conditions for managing the country, the "dominant role in GKO, and at the expense of the Supreme Command, belonged to members of the Politburo. Thus, all members of the Politburo were part of the GCO, with the exception of N.A. Voznesensky, and at the rate of the Politburo was presented by three members of the Higher Party Organ: I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov and K.E. Voroshilov. Accordingly, the RF resolutions were also actually also the decisions of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPP (b). ... Members of the Politburo, GKO and bets, presenting the Unified State-Political and Strategic Center for Guide to the country, owned all available information on the situation in the country and at the front, so they could quickly solve urgent questions. Due to this, the process of making important decisions has accelerated significantly, which has positively affected the overall situation at the front and in the rear. Despite the violation of the principles of internal registry democracy, such an approach was justified by the specifics of wartime, when the organization of the country's defense and mobilization of all forces on the enemy revealed. At the same time, "the decisive word both in the Politburo and GKO remained behind the head of the country."

The indicated allows us to talk about the party-state-state GKO, in the creation and activity of which it was reflected finally established in the 1930s. The Country Management System in which the Master's role was played by WCP (b) in the person of its Secretary General I.V. Stalin and Politburo members, and the Soviet state performed as a mechanism for the legislative design and implementation of party political solutions. GKO first wasc. resonant Authority Party Guide in the conditions of war and its activities, it was quite the principles of combining the common party leadership of the country and the use of the Soviet state apparatus for the implementation of the party decisions, it did not fundamentally change the former style of the country's leadership - GKO was primarily a body, albeit of the Emergency, Pivic, Party Guide, Committee Discussed and decided on the main issues of the country's management in military time at the level of a very limited number of persons clothed with the highest party power - "All officials of the newly formed authority were members and candidates for members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPP (b)." Gko as Emergency government It was characterized by the fact that in it at the level of leaders of the highest bodies of state and management, which held key posts in them, focused on the areas of organizational and management activities. It was also manifested in the organization of the activities of the GCO - for the implementation of the solutions adopted by him, the entire system of military and civilian management was involved. At the same time, the GCO was the "Center for Emergency and Management, endowed with special powers" and performed as "the main structure, including in the system of strategic leadership authorities by the country and its armed forces, decisions and orders of which gave the status of military time laws, mandatory for all" . At the same time, a fair note of military historians should be taken into account that "special emergency state bodies created due to the acute need for military time acted and modified in connection with the conscious need. Then they were drawn up with the relevant legislative order (Statement of GKO), but without changing the Constitution of the USSR. With them, new leadership positions, executive and technical apparatus were established, emergency management technology was developed in creative searches. With their help managed to quickly solve the most topical problems. "

Directions and organization of activities of GKO Comes were combined by the principles of collegiality when discussing issues and unites when making decisions, and the Committee himself performed "as a cerebral center and a mechanism for restructuring a country for military lodges." At the same time, the main focus of the activities of GKO was the work on the translation of the Soviet state with peaceful at wartime. " The activities of the Committee covered the most complicated complex of issues in almost all areas of political and state management of the country in military time.

In the organization and activities of GKO, the primary role was owned by his chairman - I.V. Stalin, who in the period of the war focused on all key party-state posts in his hands and at the same time was: Chairman of the GKO, the Supreme Commander, Chairman of the TGK bet, the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), a member of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee (b), a member of the CPSU Central Committee (b), Chairman of the USSR SCC, the People's Commissar of the Defense of the USSR, Chairman of the GKO Transport Committee. I.V. Stalin and his deputy V.M. Molotov "carried out not only the management of the activities of this emergency body, but also the strategic leadership of the country, an armed struggle and war as a whole. All decrees and orders of the State Defense Committee went beyond their signatures. At the same time V.M. Molotov also headed for the People's Foreign Affairs People's Foreign Affairs. Military historians pay attention to the advantages of uniquely in the conditions of war and emphasize that "having received unlimited powers, I. V. Stalin was able to rationally use them: he not only united, but also implemented A huge military-political, administrative and administrative potential of state power and management in the interests of achieving a strategic goal - victory over Nazi Germany and its allies. "

GKO members were assigned to the most responsible areas of work. At the first meeting of the GKO - July 3, 1941 - "Seven Resolutions of the State Committee for Defense about the responsibility for the commissioned section of each GKO member were approved. ... members of GKO G.M. Malenkov, K.E. Voroshilov and L.P. Beria along with its main responsibilities in the USSR SNK, drug addicts and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on the GKO line received new permanent or temporary orders. " Beria in the defense and industrial block oversees the addicts (mortar weapons, ammunition of the tank industry), and in accordance with the GKO Resolution of August 29, 1941, was appointed authorized GKO on weapons and was responsible for the implementation and over-fulfillment of the production plans for all species. Armament. " G.M. Malenkov led the production of all types of tanks. Marshal K.E. Voroshilov was engaged in military mobilization work. As the assignment must be redistributed between members of the Committee.

Working groups and structural units were created and accepted at GCO. Working groups were the first structural elements of the GKO apparatus and constituted the team of qualified specialists - 20-50. More sustainable structural departments of the GCO were the committees, commissions, tips, groups, bureaus as necessary as necessary. The Committee was acted: a group of authorized GKOs (July - December 1941), Evacuation Committee (July 16, 1941 - December 25, 1945), Evacuation Committee from theft Food and Protroteners (from September 25, 1941), Trophy Commission (December 1941 - April 5, 1943), Rail Offset Committee (December 25, 1941 - February 14, 1942), Transport Committee (February 14, 1942 - 19 May 1944), Operational Bureau of GKO (from 8 October 1942), Trophy Committee (from April 5, 1943), Radar Council (from July 4, 1943), Special Reparation Committee (from February 25, 1945), Special Committee on Atomic Energy (from August 20, 1945).

Of particular importance in the organizational structure of the GCO, the Institute of His Commissioners, which, as representatives of the Committee, were sent to enterprises, in front-line regions, etc. Military historians noted that "the establishment of the Institute of Commissioner GKOs has become a powerful lever of not only its regulations. In large enterprises, in addition to the authorized GKOs, parTors of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the CPSM (b), the Combat of the Central Committee of the W CLKSM, the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the NKVD authorized by the Central Bank institution. In other words, there was a whole army of controllers on performing discipline. It should be noted that the Commissioner PCOs most often, who have incomparable rights and capabilities than the leaders of enterprises, provided them with invaluable practical assistance. But they met, and those who, not pecked into the technological processes of production, acting intimidating and threats, contributed to confusion. In such cases, the substantiated report by the Chairman of the GKO quickly resolved a conflict situation. "

The territorial structures of the GCO were the city committees of defense - the local emergency authorities, the decision to create the Committee on October 22, 1941. The urban defense committees were created by the decision of the GCO, they were exclusively jurisded and their most important decisions were approved. The activities of GKOs note that "City Defense Committees had the right to declare the city on a siege position, to conduct the evacuation of residents, to give enterprises to special tasks for the production of weapons, ammunition, equipment, form a folk militia and fighter battalions, organize the construction of defensive structures, to mobilize the population and Transportation, create or abolish institutions and organizations. Police, the formation of NKVD troops and voluntary work units were transferred to their disposal. In terms of critical conditions, local emergency authorities provided unity of management, uniting civil and military power. They were guided by GKO Resolutions, solutions of local party and Soviet bodies, military councils of fronts and armies. With these, the Institute of Commissioners also existed, operational groups were created for the urgent solitation of military issues, a public asset was widely attracted. "

Giving the overall assessment of the organization of the activities of the GCO, military historians emphasize: "The most characteristic features of the GCO were: forced necessity and some spontaneity of creating its organizational and functional structures; lack of experience in the formation and structural development of such an authority; Guidance of the structural development of MTCs from the first person of the party and the state - I.V. Stalin; lack of direct subordination authorities; the leadership of the army, society and the national economy through the rulings who had the strength of military time laws, as well as through the constitutional authorities; the use of the structures of the highest bodies of the party, state and executive power of the USSR as executive and technical apparatus; The absence of in advance of officially approved tasks, functions and powers of the GKO and its apparatus. "

Decisions and disposal of GKO Documented its decisions. Their preparation was not specifically regulated: depending on the complexity of the issues under consideration, they decided as quickly as possible or the problem was studied and the written reports, information, suggestions, and other documents were requested and dealt with the necessary cases. Then there was a discussion of issues by members of the Committee and decisions were taken on them. In this case, a number of solutions that were predominantly referred to the competence of SNK, received alone and V.I. Stalin. Decisions taken by the end of 1942 decorated A.N. Prskurbyshev (Head of the Special Department of the Central Committee), and then - the Operational Bureau of GKO. GKO rulings signed I.V. Stalin, and operational policy documents (orders) had the right to sign other members of the Committee. It should be noted that the Politburo did not preliminarily considered and did not approve the decision of the State Civil Procedure, although the Political Bureau was preserved preliminary consideration and approval of the draft decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), joint decrees of the USSR SCP and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), as well as certain decisions of the secretariat and the Organization Central Committee.

Decisions and orders of GKO were not subject to publications - they had a vulture "completely secret," and individual acts were complemented by a vulture of "special importance." Only some GKO rulings have brought to the population - published in the opening of the press. Total for the period of activities of the State Officiality of GKO from June 30, 1941 to September 4, 1945 (1629 days of work) was followed by 9971 Decisions and an order of GKO. "They cover all parties to the state of the state during the war. The content of the documents, as a rule, depended on the folding military-political situation in the Soviet-German front, in the country and the world, the military-political and strategic goals of operations, campaigns and war as a whole, as well as from the state of their own economy. " GKO orders and orders after their signing were sent to the execution of the addicts, the first secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Union Republics, the Oryolov, Committee

Study of activities of GKO. before the beginning of the 2000s. It was limited to the availability of the source base - the settlement of documents of the Committee, which limited the possibilities of research. But at the same time, historians and historians of the right to one extent referred to the history of the GCO, covered the individual parties to the activities of the GCO. In this regard, the study of N.Ya. Komarova - In 1989, his article was published in the Military Historical Journal. "The State Defense Committee decides ... Some issues of organizational construction and strengthening of the combat Soviet Army during the Great Patriotic War", which marked the principal position and highlighted the main parties to the activities of the GCO. In 1990, his work of a documentary "The State Defense Committee decides: Documents. Memories. Comments. "

Work on declassifying documents in 1990 - early 2000. Provided the access of researchers to previously closed archive documents. The latter was reflected on the enhancement of research interest in learning GKOs - there were devoted operations of work, as well as publishing documents. Among them, interest is the work of Yu.A. Gorkyova - "The State Defense Committee decides ... (1941-1945). Figures, documents "(2002), based on closed materials of the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, the Central Archives of the Ministry of Defense, personal archives I.V. Stalin, G.K. Zhukova, A.M. Vasilevsky, A.I. Mikoyana and allows you to understand the range of directions and content of the activities of the GCO. In 2015, the work of the team of military historians - "The State Defense Committee in the System of Emergency Bodies of the Strategic Guide to the country and the Armed Forces", which included 11 Tom ("Politics and a strategy of victory: the strategic leadership of the country and the Armed Forces of the USSR during the war") twelveedition "Great Patriotic War 1941-1945" B (M., 2011-2015). Without stopping at the characteristic of this publication, we note that the activities of the GKO for the first time received a systematic scientific research in the context of the functioning of the entire mechanism of party, military, civilian management in the country.

The potential for studying documents on the activities of GKO is not exhausted. Currently, GKO materials are mainly open and are on the storage in the Russian state archive of socio-political history (the wound central party archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism at the Central Committee of the CPSU) - Fund 644. Only 98 decisions and orders of the GKO and partially 3 more documents are not decreed. . The site of the Federal Archival Agency of the Russian Federation presents lists available for the PCO documents researcher.

So, the State Defense Committee was formed as an emergency party and public authority, who led the USSR State Administration System in the Conditions of the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945. The study of its activities was reflected in the studies of historians and historians of the Right 1960-1990s., Dedicated to the organization of management in the country in the context of the Great Patriotic War, but they were extremely limited in source - Materials on the activities of GCO were predominantly classified. This limitation of research capabilities of working with documents on the activities of GKO was overcome in the 2000s. With the removal of the secrecy griff, which ensured the emergence of new works and created opportunities for recreation of both the activities of the GCO and the Pictures of the Office in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. generally.

Bibliography

.	Atomic project of the USSR. Documents and materials in 3 volumes M.-Sarov, 2000. T. 1-3.
.	Archkova T.G. State Authority of the RSFSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). M., 1981.
.	Bulletin of declassified documents of federal state archives. M., 2005. Issue 6. Electronic resource: http://www.rusarchives.ru/secret/bul6/pred.shtml
.	The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 At 12 tt. M., 2015. T. 11. Policy and strategy of Victory: Strategic leadership of the country and the Armed Forces of the USSR during the war years. Collective authors.
.	Popot S.I. Council of State Defense // Higher and Central State Institutions of Russia. 1801 - 1917. St. Petersburg., 1998. T. 2. Higher government agencies.
.	Gorky Yu.A. The State Defense Committee decides ... (1941-1945). Figures, documents. M., 2002.
.	Danilov V.N. Soviet state in the Great Patriotic War: The Phenomenon of Emergency Authorities 1941-1945. Saratov, 2002.
.	History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. 1941-1945. M., 1960-1965. T. 1-6.
.	The history of the Soviet state and the right. T. 3. Soviet state and law on the eve and years of the Great Patriotic War (1836-1945). M., 1985.
.	Komarov N. Ya. The State Defense Committee decides ... (Some issues of organizational construction and strengthening the combat Soviet Army during the Great Patriotic War) // Military-Historical Journal. 1989.№ 3.
.	Komarov N.Ya. The State Defense Committee decides: Documents. Memories. Comments M., 1990.
.	Kornva N.M., Tyutyunnik L.I., Sayet L.Ya., Witonberg B.M. Special meeting for discussion and association of state defense activities // Higher and central government agencies of Russia. 1801 - 1917. St. Petersburg., 1998. T. 2. Higher government agencies.

"The days of the war harsh come.
Before victory we will fight.
We are ready all, Comrade Stalin,
The edge of the breastfeed is to defend. "

Under the Constitution of the USSR, 1936, the Supreme Council (Sun) of the USSR, who was elected for 4 years, was the highest state authority in the USSR. The USSR Sun elected the Presidium of the USSR Sun - the highest body of the Soviet Union in the period between Sun sessions. Also, the USSR Supreme Council chose the USSR government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (SNK). The Supreme Court was elected by the USSR Supreme Council for a period of five years. The USSR Armed Forces appointed a prosecutor (general prosecutor) of the USSR. The Constitution of 1936, or the Stalinist Constitution, did not provide for the procedure for the implementation of state and military management of the country under war times. On the scheme, the heads of the USSR power structures are indicated in 1941. The Presidium of the USSR Sun was endowed with the right to announce the state of war, general or partial mobilization, military situation in the interests of the country's defense and state security. SCA USSR - the highest executive body of state power - took measures to ensure public order, the protection of the interests of the state and the protection of the population of the population, led the general construction of the USSR armed forces, determined the annual contingent of citizens to be called on the actual military service.

The Defense Committee (KO) at SCC of the USSR carried out guidance and coordination of military construction and direct preparation of the country to defense. Although before the war, it was envisaged that, with the start of hostilities, military administration was to implement the Chief Military Council headed by the People's Commissar of Defense, this did not happen. The general leadership of the armed struggle of the Soviet people against the German fascist troops assumed the WCP (b), and more precisely, its central committee (Central Committee), headed by the situation at the fronts, was very complex, the Soviet troops were receded everywhere. It was necessary to reorganize the highest bodies of state and military management.

On the second day of war, on June 23, 1941, the decision of the USSR SCC and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) was created a bet of the main command of the USSR armed forces. She was headed by the People's Commissar of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union, i.e. Reorganized military authorities. The reorganization of the state system occurred on June 30, 1941, when the decision of the Presidium of the USSR Sun, the Central Committee of the CCP (b) and SCA of the USSR was created by the State Defense Committee (GKO) - the Emergency Supreme State Body of the USSR, which focused the full power in the country. GKO led by all military and economic issues during the war, and the leadership of military actions was carried out through the BGK rate.

"And at the rate, and there was no bureaucratism in the State Bureaucracy. These were exclusively operational bodies. The leadership concentrated in the hands of Stalin ... Life in all the state and military apparatus was tense, the work hours was round the clock, everyone was on their official places. Nobody ordered What should be the same way, but it happened, "recalled the head of the rear, the general of the army chrulev A.V. In the first months of the Great Patriotic War there was a complete centralization of power in the country. Stalin I.V. Focused in his hands the immense power - remaining the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), he headed the SCS of the USSR, GKO, the bid of the Supreme Command and the People's Commissariat of Defense.

State Committee Defense

The State Committee of Defense, created at the time of the Great Patriotic War, was an emergency department of government who had the full power in the USSR. The Secretary General of the Central Committee of the State Committee, GKO, became the Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), his deputy - Chairman of the USSR SCC, the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, was entered (the People's Commissar of the USSR), (Chairman of the USSR SNK), Malenkov G.M. (Secretary, Head of Personnel Management CCP (b)). In February 1942, the GCO was introduced: Voznesensky N.A. (1st Deputy Chairman of the SNK) and Mikoyan A.I. (Chairman of the Committee of Food and Broad Logistics of the Republic of Redek), Kaganovich L.M. (Deputy Chairman of SNK). In November 1944, Bulganin N.A. became a new member of the GKO (Deputy Commissar of the Defense of the USSR), and Voroshilov K.E. It was removed from the GKO.

GKO was endowed with broad legislative, executive and administrative functions, he united the military, political and economic management of the country. The decisions and orders of the GCO had the strength of military time laws and were subject to unquestioning execution by all party, state, military, economic and trade union bodies. However, the USSR Armed Forces, the Presidium of the USSR Sun, SCS of the USSR, the drug addicts also continued to act, fulfilling the decision and decision of the GKO. During the Great Patriotic War, GKO adopted 9971 decree, of which about two thirds concerned the problems of the military economy and the organization of military production: the evacuation of the population and industry; industry mobilization, weapons and ammunition; handling trophy weapons and ammunition; combat organization, arms distribution; appointments of authorized GKOs; Structural changes in the GKO itself, etc. The remaining rulings of GKO concerned political, personnel, and other issues.

GKO functions:
1) the management of government departments and institutions, the direction of their efforts to the all-time use of the material, spiritual and military capabilities of the country to achieve victory over the enemy;
2) the mobilization of human resources of the country for the needs of the front and the national economy;
3) organization of the uninterrupted work of the defense industry of the USSR;
4) solving the issues of restructuring the economy for military failures;
5) evacuation of industrial facilities from threatened areas and translation of enterprises in liberated areas;
6) preparation of reserves and personnel for the armed forces and industry;
7) restoration of the destroyed war of the economy;
8) Determination of the volume and terms of supply by the industry of military products.

Before the military leadership, Military-political tasks put the military-political tasks, improved the structure of the armed forces, determined the general nature of their use in the war, arranged leadership personnel. The working bodies of the GCO for military issues, as well as direct organizers and performers of his decisions in this area, were the defense addicts (NKO USSR) and the Navy (NK NK Navy of the USSR).

MANAGEMENTS OF THE USSR MANAGE MANAGEMENT The defense industry was transferred from the MANCA, drug industry, drug addicts, drug addicts, drug addicts, drug addicts, drug addict, and others. An important role in the implementation of a number of GKO functions was given by the corps of its authorized, the main task of which was controlled on the implementation of Resolutions of GKO for the production of military products. The Commissioners had mandates, signed by the Chairman of the GKO - Stalin, which clearly defined the practical tasks that GKO put before their authorized. As a result of the efforts made by the release of military products in March 1942, only in the eastern regions of the country reached the pre-war level of its release throughout the Soviet Union.

During the war to achieve maximum management efficiency and adaptation to current conditions, the GKO structure has repeatedly changed. One of the important departments of GKO was the Operational Bureau, created on December 8, 1942, the operational bureau was part of Beria L.P., Malenkov G.M., Mikoyan A.I. and Molotov V.M. The tasks of this unit initially included coordination and combining actions of all other GKO units. But in 1944, the Bureau functions were significantly expanded. It began to control the current work of all defense industry addicts, as well as the preparation and execution of plans for the production and supply of industries and transport. The operational bureau began to be responsible for supplying the army, in addition, it was charged with the duties of the previously abolished transport committee. "All members of the GCO had certain areas of work. So, Molotov waded tanks, Mikoyan - the affairs of the intensity supply, the supply of flammable, issues of Land-Lisa, sometimes performed separate orders of Stalin on the delivery of shells to the front. Malenkov engaged in aviation, Beria - ammunition and weapons. Everyone came to Stalin with his questions and said: I ask for such a decision on such a matter ... ", - recalled the head of the rear, General Army Chrulev A.V.

For the evacuation of industrial enterprises and the population from the front-line regions to the East, the Council of Evacuation was created at the East at GKO. In addition, in October 1941, the Committee on Evacuation of Food Reserves, Industrial Goods and Industry Enterprises was formed. However, in October 1941, these bodies were reorganized into the Office for Evacuation Affairs at SCC of the USSR. Other important GKO units were: a trophy commission, established in December 1941, and in April 1943 transformed into a trophy committee; The Special Committee, who dealt with the development of nuclear weapons; The special committee was engaged in reparations and others.

The State Defense Committee has become the main link in the mechanism of centralized leadership by the mobilization of the human and material resources of the country for defense and armed anti-enemy. By fulfilling its functions, the State Defense Committee by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 4, 1945 was disbanded.

The bid of the Supreme Commands of the Armed Forces of the USSR

Initially, the highest body of the strategic leadership of military actions of the Soviet Armed Forces was called the headset rate. Its members included members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) Stalin I.V., Molotov V.M., Marshal of the Soviet Union Voroshilov K.E., Deputy People's Commissar of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union Budyeny S.M., People's Commissar Navy Admiral Fleet and Head of the General Staff General of the Army, led by the People's Commissar of Defense Marshal Tymoshenko S.K. At the rate, the Institute of Permanent Advisors was formed as part of: Marshals of the Soviet Union and Kulik G.. Generals, Zhigarev P.F., Vatutin N.F., Voronov N.N.; As well as Mikoyan A.I., Kaganovich L.M., Beria L.P., Voznesensky N.A., Zhdanov A.A., Malenkov G.M., Mehlis L.Z.

However, the dynamism of hostilities, quick and sharp changes in the situation on a huge front demanded high efficiency in the leadership of the troops. Meanwhile, Marshal Tymoshenko S.K. He could not independently, without coordination with taking any serious decisions on the leadership of the country. He did not even have the right to make decisions on the preparation and use of strategic reserves. In order to ensure centralized and more operational management of the actions of the troops by the decision of the USSR GKO of the USSR dated July 10, 1941, the main command rate was transformed into the supreme command bid. She was headed by the chairman of the GKO Stalin. The Deputy People's Commissar of Defense Marshal Shaposhnikov B.M. was introduced by the same resolution. August 8, 1941 Stalin I.V. He was appointed Supreme Commander. From this time, the Supreme Command rate was renamed at the Supreme Command Rate (VGK). It was included in it: Stalin I., Molotov V., Tymoshenko S., Budyonny S., Voroshilov K., Kuznetsov N., Shaposhnikov B. and Zhukov G.

At the final stage of the Great Patriotic War was the last time the composition of the BGK rate was changed. Resolution of the USSR GKO of February 17, 1945, the following composition of the BGK rate was determined: Marshals of the Soviet Union Stalin I.V. (Chairman - Supreme Commander-in-Chief), (Deputy Commissar of Defense) and (Deputy Prince Commissar of Defense), Army Generals Bulganin N.A. (Member of the GKO and deputy. The Commissar of Defense) and Antonov A.I. (Head of the General Staff), Admiral Kuznetsov N.G. (People's Commissar of the USSR).

The BGK rate carried out the strategic leadership of the Red Army, the Navy of the USSR, border and internal troops ,. The activity rate was to assess the military-political and military-strategic environment, the adoption of strategic and operational-strategic decisions, the organization of strategic rearrangements and the creation of grouping of troops, the organization of interaction and coordination of actions during operations between groups of fronts, fronts, individual armies, and between Active army and partisan detachments. In addition, the rate led the formation and preparation of strategic reserves, the material and technical support of the armed forces, led the study and generalization of the war experience, carried out control over the fulfillment of the tasks, solved issues related to hostilities.

The BGK rate led the fronts, fleets and aviation of a long-range action, set them the tasks, argued the operations of operations, provided them with the necessary forces and means, through the central headquarters of the partisan movement, led by partisans. An important role in the leadership of the fighting activities of fronts and fleets was played by directives, in which the goals and tasks of troops were usually indicated in operations, the main directions, where it was necessary to focus the main efforts, the necessary density of artillery and tanks in the breakthrough sites, etc.

In the first days of the war in the conditions of a rapidly changing situation, in the absence of sustainable communication with fronts and reliable information on the situation of the troops, military leadership systematically late with decision-making, therefore it was necessary to create between the IGC bid and fronts of the intermediate command instance. To this end, it was decided to refer to the front of the leading staff of the People's Commissariat of Defense, but these measures at the initial stage of the war did not give results.

Therefore, on July 10, 1941, three main commands of troops in strategic directions were created by the GCO decision: the North-West direction led by Marshal Voroshilov K.E. - coordination of the actions of the Northern and North-Western fronts, as well as fleets; Western direction led by Marshal Tymoshenko S.K. - coordination of the actions of the Western Front and Pin Military Flotilla, and later - the Western Front, the front of the reserve armies and the central front; South-West direction led by Marshal Budynny S.M. - coordination of the actions of the southwestern, southern, and later and the Bryansky fronts, with operational submission.

The task of the main commandments included the study and analysis of the operational and strategic situation in the direction of the direction, coordinating the actions of troops in the strategic direction, informing the rate on the position on the fronts, the management of the preparation of operations in accordance with the rates plan, the leadership of the partisan struggle in the rear of the enemy. In the initial period of war, the main commanders had the opportunity to quickly respond to the actions of the enemy, providing more reliable and clear control of troops, as well as the organization of interaction between the fronts. Unfortunately, the commander-in-chief of strategic directions not only did not have a fairly broad powers, but also did not have the necessary military reserves and material resources to actively affect the course of hostilities. The rate clearly did not identify the circle of their functions and tasks. Often, their activities have come down to the transfer of information from the fronts at the rate and, on the contrary, the orders of the rates to the fronts.

The commander-in-chief of the troops of strategic directions did not manage to improve the front guidelines. The main command of the troops of strategic directions began alternately. But finally, the BGK rate from them did not refuse. In February 1942, the bid placed on the commander of the Western Front of the General Army of Zhukov G.K. Responsibilities of the Commander-in-Chief of Western Troops, to coordinate the hostilities of the Western and Kalinin fronts during. Soon the main command of the south-western troops was restored. The commander-in-chief was appointed commander of the South-Western Front Marshal Tymoshenko S.K., to coordinate the actions of the South-Western and neighboring Bryansk fronts. And in April 1942, on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front, the main command of the north-caucasian director's troops led by Marshal Budenny S.M., who was subordinate to the Crimean Front, Sevastopol Defensive Area, the North Caucasus Military District, the Black Sea Fleet and Azov military flotilla. Soon, from such a control system, how little effectively had to refuse. In May 1942, the main command of the troops of Western and North-Caucasian, and in June - South-Western destinations were abolished.

The institute of representatives of the TGK rate appeared on the shift, which was widely distributed during the Great Patriotic War. Representatives of the rates were appointed the most prepared military leaders who were endowed with broad powers and were usually directed to where the main task was solved by the TGC rate plan. Representatives of the BGK bet on the fronts at different times were: weekly S.M., Zhukov G.K., Vasilevsky A.M., Voroshilov K.E., Antonov A.I., Tymoshenko S.K., Kuznetsov N.G ., Shtemenko S.M., and others. Supreme Commander - Stalin I.V. Required from representatives of the rate of permanent reports on the progress of the tasks set, often causing them at the rate during operations, especially when something was not laid.

Specific tasks to their representatives Stalin put in person personally, harshly asking for omission and miscalculations. The Institute of Representatives of the TGK rate has significantly increased the effectiveness of the strategic leadership, contributed to more rational use of forces in the operations on the fronts, it was easier to coordinate efforts and maintain close interaction between fronts, types of armed forces, childbirth and partisan formations. Representatives of the bet, having great powers, could affect the course of battles, in time to correct the mistakes of the front and army command. The Institute of Representatives of the Rate existed almost until the end of the war.

Campaign plans were made at joint meetings of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the GKO and the BGK rates, the same in the first months of the war, the principle of collegiality was practically not observed. In the future work on the preparation of operations, the most active participation was taken by the commander of the fronts, the species of the armed forces and childbirth of the troops. As the front stabilizes, the reorganization of the system of strategic leadership has been improved and the management of troops. Operation planning began to be characterized by more consistent efforts of the BGK rates, the General Staff and Front Staffs. The most appropriate methods of strategic leadership, the TGC rate produced gradually, as the combat experience and the growth of military art accumulates at the highest links of the command and headquarters. During the war, the methods of strategic leadership of the NGC rates were continuously developed and improved. The most important issues of strategic plans and plans of operations were discussed at its meetings, at some cases, commanders and members of the military councils of fronts were present, commander of the forces of the Armed Forces and Childbies of Troops. The final decision on the issues discussed by the Supreme Commander formulated personally.

Throughout the war, the TGK rate was in Moscow, which had a great moral value. Members of the TGC bet were going to Stalin I. Kremlin, but with the beginning of the bombing, it was translated from the Kremlin to a small mansion on Kirov Street with a reliable desktop and communication. The rate from Moscow was not evacuated, and during the bombing, the work was moved to the Kirovskaya metro station, where the underground center of the strategic management of the Sun was prepared. There were equipped with cabins Stalin I.V. And Shaposhnikova B.M., housed the operational group of the General Staff and the Office of the Defense People's Commissariat.

In the office of Stalin I.V. At the same time, members of the Politburo, GKO and the TGC rates, but the unifying body in the conditions of the war, was still the BGK rate, the sessions of which could be carried out at any time of the day. The reports of the Supreme Commander was made, as a rule, three times a day. At 10-11 in the morning, the head of the operational management was usually reported, at 16-17 hours - the head of the General Staff, and at night the warlords drove to Stalin with the final report for a day.

Priority in solving military issues belonged to certainly the general staff. Therefore, his chiefs during the war were almost daily at Stalin I.V., becoming the main experts, consultants and advisers. The frequent visitors of the NGC rates were the People's Commissar of the Navy Kuznetsov N.G. and head of the rear of the RKKA Khrulev A.V. Repeatedly the Supreme Commander met with the heads of the main administrations of the NGO, commander and heads of the childbirth of the troops. On issues relating to the admission of military equipment or supply to her troops, together with them came the addicts of aviation, tank industry, weapons, ammunition and others. Often, the leading constructors of weapons and military equipment were invited for these issues. After performing its functions, the rate of VGK in October 1945 was abolished.

General Headquarters of RKKA

General Headquarters is the main planning body and management of the armed forces in the Supreme Command Rate System. "Such a team - according to Shaposhnikova B.M., is required to streamline gigantic work on the preparation for war. Conditioning, to harmonize training ... Can only general headquarters - a meeting of persons who who who who who who who who who who who who who who who who who checked their military views in the same conditions, under the same leadership, selected with a thoroughly who have tied themselves with a circular liability, friendly performances that have reached fractures in the military construction. "

In the prewaging period, large-scale work was carried out on the preparation of the country to defense. In the General Staff, the "Plan of Strategic Deployment of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union in the West and the East for 1940 and 1941 was developed.", Approved on October 5, 1940. On May 15, 1941, a refined project of "Considerations according to Plan was presented to the political leadership of the country. Strategic deployment in case of war with Germany and its allies, "but it was not approved. Zhukov GK I wrote: "By the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government of March 8, 1941, the distribution of duties in the Narkom of Defense of the USSR was specified. The leadership of the Red Army was carried out by the Commissar of Defense through the General Staff, his deputies and the main and central control system ... General Staff Performed a hoping operational, organizational and mobilization work, being the main apparatus of the defense addict. "

However, according to the testimony of Marshal Zhukova G.K., former before the war, the head of the General Staff, "... I.V. Stalin on the eve and at the beginning of the war underestimated the role and importance of the General Staff ... It was very little interested in the activities of the General Staff. Neither my predecessors nor I did not have a case with an exhaustive fullness to report to I.V. Stalin on the state of the country's defense, about our military capabilities and the possibilities of our potential enemy. "

In other words, the country's political leadership did not allow the General Staff to fully and in a timely manner to realize the necessary measures on the eve of the war. For the USSR sun on the eve of the war, the only document prescribing the leading of the border districts in combat readiness was the Directive aimed at the troops in a matter of hours before the start of the war (June 21, 1941 at 21.45 Moscow time). In the initial period of the war in the conditions of an unfavorable folding situation on the fronts, the volume and content of the work of the General Staff is extremely increased. But only by the end of the first period of war, Stalin's relationship with the General Staff largely normalized. From the second half of 1942, Stalin I.V., as a rule, did not take a single decision without prior hearing the opinion of the General Staff.

The main bodies of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War were the rate of the AGC and the General Staff. This control system for troops operated throughout the war. In accordance with the requirements of Wartime, the General Staff worked around the clock. The mode of operation of the NGC bet was almost also round the clock. The tone asked the Supreme Commander himself, who worked 12-16 hours a day, and, as a rule, in the evening and night time. He focused on operational and strategic issues, weapons, human and material resources training.

The work of the General Staff during the war was complex and multifaceted. General Staff Functions:
1) the collection and processing of operational-strategic information on the situation, which folded on the fronts;
2) preparation of operational calculations, conclusions and proposals for the use of Sun, the direct development of plans for military campaigns and strategic operations on theaters of hostilities;
3) Development of directives and orders of the BGK rates on the operational use of aircraft and war plans in new possible theaters of hostilities;
4) organization and management of all types of intelligence;
5) data processing and information of lower headquarters and troops;
6) resolution of anti-air defense issues;
7) management of the construction of fortified areas;
8) leadership of the military topographic service and the supply of the army by topographic maps;
9) organization and device of the operational rear of the current army;
Development of provisions on army compounds;
10) Development of instructions and manuals for staff services;
11) generalizations of advanced combat experience of associations, compounds and parts;
12) Coordination of the fighting of partisan formations with the compounds of the Red Army and much more.

Head of the General Staff was not just a member of the bet, he was the deputy chairman. In accordance with the instructions and decisions of the TGK rate, the head of the General Staff, the head of all administrators of the Defense People's Commissariat, as well as the NCMP drug addict, was united. Moreover, the head of the General Staff ended with the authority to sign orders and directives of the AGC bet, as well as to give orders on behalf of the bet. In the course of the war, the head of the General Staff reported a military-strategic environment at the theaters of hostilities and the proposals of the General Staff personally by the Supreme Commander. He reported the Supreme on the situation at the fronts and the head of the General Staff Operational Department (Vasilevsky A.M., Shtemenko S.M.). During the Great Patriotic War, the General Staff was consistently headed four commander - Marshals of the Soviet Union Zhukov G.K., Shaposhnikov B.M., Vasilevsky A.M. and the general of the army of Antonov A.I.

Improving the organizational structure of the General Staff was carried out throughout the war, as a result of which the General Staff became an authority capable of promptly and adequately respond to changes in the situation at the fronts. During the Second World War occurred the necessary changes in management. In particular, directions were created for each acting front as part of the head of the direction, his deputy and 5-10 operators officers. In addition, the Corps of the General Staff Officers officers was created. It was intended to maintain a continuous connection with troops, checking the execution of directives, orders and orders of senior governing bodies, ensuring the General Staff of the operational and accurate setting information, as well as to provide timely assistance to the headquarters and troops.

GKO - created at the time of the Great Patriotic War Extraordinary Office of the country. The need to create was obvious, since in wartime it was necessary to focus all the power in the country, and executive and legislative, in one control body. Stalin and Politburo actually headed the state and accepted all decisions. However, the decisions made formally proceeded from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), SNK of the USSR. To eliminate such a leadership method, allowed in peacetime, but not meeting the requirements of the country's military situation, and it was decided to create a GCO, which included some members of the Politburo, the secretaries of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and Stalin himself, as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a GKO was nominated by L. P. Beria at a meeting in the office of the chairman of the USSR of the USSR Molotov in the Kremlin, which was also attended by Malenkov, Voroshilov, Mikoyan and Voznesensky. Thus, GKO was formed on June 30, 1941 by a joint decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the WCP (b). The need to create a GCO, as the highest authority of the leadership, was motivated by a difficult position at the front, demanding that the country's leadership be centrally to the maximum extent. The mentioned resolution states that all GCO orders should be unquestioned by citizens and any authorities.

At the head of GKO was decided to put Stalin, due to its undeniable authority in the country. Having accepted this decision, Beria, Molotov, Malenkov, Voroshilov, Mikoyan and Voznesensky in the afternoon on June 30, headed for the "near Dacha".

Stalin did not speak in the first days of the war with a speech on the radio, as he understood that his speech could even give rise to people alarm and panic. The fact is that he very rarely performed publicly, on the radio. In the prewar years, it was only a few times: in 1936 - 1 time, in 1937 - 2 times, in 1938 - 1, in 1939 - 1, in 1940 - not one, until July 3, 1941 - not one .

By June 28, inclusive Stalin worked in his Kremlin office intensively and took a large number of visitors daily; On the night of June 28-2, he had Beria and Mikoyan, who left the cabinet about 1 hour. After that, there are no records in the journal visits and for June 29-30 there are absolutely no, which shows that it has not accepted anyone in his office in the Kremlin these days.

Having received the first and more vague information about the day before the fall of Minsk, he visited the defense addict, where he had a heavy scene with G. K. Zhukov. After that, Stalin went to the "near dacha" and locked there, no one taking and not responding to phone calls. In such a state, he was until the evening on June 30, when the delegation (Molotov, Beria, Malenkov, Voroshilov, Mikoyan and Vozshensky) was to him.

These managers informed Stalin about the established state management body and invited him to become the Chairman of the State Committee on GKOs, to which Stalin gave his consent. In the same place, the powers were distributed among the members of the GCO.

The composition of the GCO was as follows: Chairman of the Gko - I. V. Stalin; Deputy Chairman of the GKO - V. M. Molotov. Members of the GKO: L. P. Beria (from May 16, 1944 - Deputy Chairman of the GCO); K. E. Voroshilov; G. M. Malenkov.

The composition of the GCO was subjected to change three times (the changes were legally executed by the decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Council):

- February 3, 1942 by members of the GKO became N. A. Voznesensky (at that time, the Chairman of the State University of the USSR) and A. I. Mikoyan;

- On November 22, 1944, N. A. Bulganin became a new member of GKO, and K. E. Voroshilov was derived from the composition of the GCO.

The absolute majority of GKO resolutions concerned about the associated with the war:

- evacuation of the population and industry (in the first period of the Great Patriotic War);

- study and export in the USSR captured samples of equipment, industrial equipment, reparations (at the final stage of war);

The overwhelming part of the GKO resolutions had a vulture "secret", "completely secret" or "completely secret / special importance."

Some decisions were open and published in the press - the Resolution of GKO No. 813 of 19.10.41 on the introduction of a siege situation in Moscow.

The State Defense Committee led by all military and economic issues during the war. Guide to combat actions was carried out through the bet.

On September 4, 1945, the State Committee of the Defense was abolished by the Defense of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Committee of Thomson On April 10, 1940, members of the Thomson Committee gathered in London in the old Victorian building of the Royal Society. This authority subsidized by the government was established to deal with the military use of atomic energy. - Gentlemen! -

"Committee of Assistance" "Free lawyers" first of all created the so-called "Committee of Assistance to the Prisoners of the Soviet Zone". In the spring of 1951, Erdman convened a meeting of the members of this committee. Speaking at the meeting, he stressed the "charity" character of the Committee. With help

The battalions of the territorial defense (BTO) before the start of events in the Donbas in the concept of the military doctrine of Ukraine did not have such a concept as the troops of territorial defense. It was originally assumed that these formations can be created in the case of natural or

Chechnya's independence committee is something like an underground group around Said-Hasan Abumuslimova (in 1974-81 - a student of the historical faculty of Moscow State University, in 1982-84 - graduate student of the legal or economic faculty) really existed - but rather in the 80s than in 70s.

The Executive Committee that was created on February 27 in the Tauride Palace called the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Deputies, there was essentially little in common with this name. Council of workers' deputies of 1905, the system of the system, rose from the general strike. It

The Military Revolutionary Committee Despite the fracture that began at the end of July, in an updated Petrograd garrison during August, the esters and Mensheviks still dominated. Some military units remained infected with the sharp distrust of the Bolsheviks. Proletariat ne.

The last line of defense faced randomly with a long-time acquaintance and began to remember when they were seen for the last time. Whether twenty years ago, or twenty five. Well, yes - on the birthday of Vitalka! I remembered - and the joy of the meeting evaporated. Because after that day

I. From defense to the onset of L. Trotsky. The position on the fronts (speech at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of September 30, 1918) The general situation on our fronts can be found quite satisfactory. If you consider it in some

Polygon No. 2 of the Ministry of Defense for Testing Atomic Bombs It was necessary to find in the territory of the USSR desertless and without agricultural land with a diameter of about 200 km. Moreover, this area was supposed to be located no further than 200 km from the railway line and

The executive committee and terror of my overall impression comes down to the fact that the Soviet government has already experienced the period of the internal struggle and pays all its strength to creative work, so far, since this is possible with war on all fronts. It also seems to me that

76. To the chief censorship committee on January 16, 1827, the chief censorship committee of the College Assistor of Baron DeliversoprochementProduction on the instructions of the retired Evgership of Yevgeny Abramovich Bratsynsky, assuming to publish the attached manuscript under the title

98. In the St. Petersburg Cancer Committee on December 10, 1829 PBB. December 10, 1829 in the St. Petersburg Censure Committee Coleculzia Assistor Baronamenton Antonovich Delvoymeymes I will have a desire from the beginning of the next 1830 year to publish here in S. Petersburg, literary newspaper

Consideration Consideration Committee Recently, the UN Child Rights Committee dedicated a whole report to the Catholic Church. The tone of this report reminded Europeans verdicts of the revolutionary Tribunal of the times of Robespierre, and we are political campaigns of the era of the "cult of personality". The committee

Committee of Memory October 3, Tuesday. Start at 12.00. Procession from the tram circle to ASC-3 (Ostankino). Laying colors and Orthodox memories at the point of execution. October 4, Wednesday. Start at 16.30. Rally on the square at the metro station "Street of 1905". Duration - 1 hour. Procession

The State Defense Committee-- Created at the time of the Great Patriotic War, the Emergency Department of the Department, who had all the full power in the USSR. The need to create was obvious, since in wartime it was necessary to focus all the executive and legislative power in the country in the same authority. Stalin and Politburo actually headed the state and accepted all decisions. However, the decisions made formally proceeded from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of WCP (b), SCC of the USSR, etc. To eliminate such a leadership method, permissible in a peacetime, but not meeting the requirements of the military situation, and it was decided to establish a GKO where some members of the Politburo include the Secretaries of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and Stalin himself, as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

GKO was formed on June 30, 1941 by a joint decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the WCP (b). The need to create a GCO, as the highest authority of the leadership, was motivated by a difficult position at the front, demanding that the country's leadership be centrally to the maximum extent. The mentioned resolution states that all GCO orders should be unquestioned by citizens and any authorities.

The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating GKO was nominated at a meeting in the Cabinet of Molotov in the Kremlin, which was also attended by Beria, Malenkov, Voroshilov, Mikoyan and Voznesensky. In the afternoon (after 4 hours), they all headed towards the nearby country, where the powers were distributed among the members of the GCO.

A joint decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Sovnarkom and Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of June 30, 1941, the State Defense Committee was formed in the composition:

Subsequently, the composition of the State Defense Committee has repeatedly changed.

The first statement of GKO ("On the organization of the production of average T-34 tanks at the Red Sormovo plant) was released on July 1, 1941, the last (No. 9971" On payment of the remnants of uncomplying elements of ammunition received from industry and the NKO bases of the USSR and NKVMF ") - September 4, 1945. The numbering of the resolutions was maintained through.

From the accepted GKO during their work 9971 decisions and the order currently remain classified 98 documents completely and three more (they concern mainly the production of chemical weapons and an atomic problem).

Most of the GKO resolutions was signed by his chairman, Stalin, some of the Also Al Also, the Deputy Molotov and Members of the GKO Mikoyan and Beria.

The absolute majority of GKO resolutions concerned about the associated with the war:

evacuation of the population and industry (in the first period of the Great Patriotic War);

study and export in the USSR captured samples of machinery, industrial equipment, reparations (at the final stage of war);

The most important division was the Operational Bureau, created on December 8, 1942 by Resolution of GKO No. 2615C. The Bureau included V. M. Molotov, L. P. Beria, M. M. Malenkov and A. I. Mikoyan. The tasks of this unit initially included control and monitoring of the current work of all the drug industry addicts, addicts of communication, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, power plants, oil, coal and chemical industries, as well as the work of the preparation and execution of production plans and supply these industries and Vehicles with everything necessary. On May 19, 1944, a resolution No. 5931 was adopted, which the Bureau functions were significantly expanded - now in its tasks included observation and control over the work of national commissariators of the defense industry, transport, metallurgy, drug addicts of the most important areas of industry and power plants; Also, the operational bureau from this moment was responsible for the supply of the army, finally, they were charged with the duties abolished by the solution of the Transport Committee.

On August 20, 1945, a special committee was established, which was engaged in the development of nuclear weapons. Within the framework of the Special Committee on the same day, on August 20, 1945, the first management of the USSR SCC was created, which was engaged in the creation of a new industry in a short time.

The system of three main controls at GCO was created with the calculation of the post-war development of fundamentally new industries and existed a lot longer than the Committee himself. This system sent a significant part of the resources of the Soviet economy on the development of the atomic sphere, the radar industry and the cosmic direction. At the same time, the main managers decided not only the goals of improving the country's defense capability, but also were a sign of the importance of their leaders. So, for considerations of secrecy, several years after the creation, PSU did not give any information about the composition and results of the work in any bodies, except for the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee.

The main function of GKO was the leadership of all military and economic issues during the war. Guide to combat actions was carried out through the bet.

House, design, repair, decor. Yard and garden. Do it yourself