Modern stadiums make high demands on fire protection systems. This is due to the specificity of the object: a large number of spectators, the need to ensure evacuation at the same time several thousand people, the presence of underground parking, a large number of office space, server, electrical panel, etc.
The prevention system under consideration consists of the following elements:
1. System fire alarm On the basis of the Integral IP MX station made by Schrack Seconet AG, Austria.
2. System alert and control system 4 type, including musical and speech sounding of premises based on the Praesideo digital system produced by Bosch, Germany.
3. Gas fire extinguishing system based on MPA-NVC1230 modules manufactured by GC "FIRTOKHNIKA", Russia, with safe gas composition FC-5-1-12.
4. Automatic water fire extinguishing system and internal fireproof water supply.
The fire alarm system is designed for round-the-clock control of the furnishings in the premises to prevent fire, early detection of sunbathing and smoke in the protected areas, transferring a fire notice to the room with a 24-hour stay of duty personnel, fire management, alerts and other engineering systems.
The system includes Integral IP MX stations, multisensory smoke with thermal channel MTD 533X detectors, MCP 535X manual Fire detectors, BX-OI3, BX-IM4, BX-REL4 control modules.
The highest reliability of the system is ensured by the following characteristics:
■ Full hot reservation of all station components (two controllers for each board, double system bus, two guard schemes);
■ Switching to the backup side is automatically carried out, without the operator intervention;
■ Station reboots are not required - the system is always in working condition;
The site portal offers those who could not take this opportunity in the journal, based on the same technical tasks.
For 2019, the development of a new national standard "Fire alarm system is planned. Design Guide, Installation, maintenance and repair. Test methods for performance. " The article discusses maintenance and repair issues. It is important that servicing organizations did not end up due to incomplete or incorrect wording and would not be forced to eliminate flaws made by them at the design stage. It is necessarily necessary at objects when planned, then test all systems in the complex to check their operation according to the specified project algorithms.
Improving the requirements of modern regulatory base puts the task of applying new technical tools and original solutions. Typical design solutions developed for years, despite its popularity, cease to meet the high requirements from the supervisory authorities. The design practice puts new tasks that need to be urgently, including taking into account the price-quality indicators. GUFEST Group of Companies has developed a block-modular fire control unit "Hephaest". This is a flexible system that allows you to solve the tasks due to the selection of the necessary functional devices. There is a successful experience in the use of elements of the elements of the GEFEST block-modular PPU, even as part of systems built on the basis of industrial controllers with appropriate certificates.
The impact of nonstationarity of the heat transfer process on the efficiency of fire extinguishing A1 powder fire extinguishing module / technological tests of Robotic complexes ELROB-2018 / Unmanned aerial vehicles in the firefighter service / justification of the need to develop requirements for the data bank interface of the Foundation of algorithms and programs in the field of security fire safety
WEB-interface in Skud Today: the vision of the editor of the industry portal / for special conditions. Overview of complex access logic in a SCORT / risk-oriented approach when creating a fire protection system on an electricity facility / selection of fire detectors for warehouses
Fire protection system - This is a combination of organizational events and technical means aimed at preventing the impact on people of dangerous factors of fire and limit the material damage from it. According to GOST 12.1.004-91, fire protection is achieved by the following requirements:
- the use of fire extinguishing equipment and the corresponding types of fire equipment. These include: primary fire extinguishing means (chemical foam, air-foam, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers; carbonic acid-bromoethyl, powder fire extinguishers and fireproof water supply, see Fig. 1) and mobile means (fire trucks, autoatsos, motor-pumps, fire trains, boats, tanks, airplanes, etc., see Fig. 2). Chemical and air-foam fire extinguishers cannot be used to extinguish electrical installations under stress, as well as alkali metal and their carbides, since water is included in the foam. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers cannot be used to extinguish hydrophilic LVZ (alcohol, acetone, etc., in which it is preserved soluble, driving substances, as well as substances that can burn without air access (celluloid, magnesium, etc.). For all listed means and species Technicians must be defined by regulatory (calculated) reserves.
- application automatic installations Fire alarm and fire extinguishing. Automatic installations are powered by sensors (detectors, see Fig. 3), which, depending on the acting fire factors, are divided into: thermal, smoke and light. Fire connection and alarm system by telephone special or general purpose, radio communications, electrical fire alarm (EPS) and sirens;
- application of building materials with normalized indicators fire danger ;
- application of impregnation of objects of objects with antipirens and applying them on the surface of flame retardant paints. For example, liquid glass.;
devices that ensure restriction of fire distribution.
These include: fire barriers in buildings and individual devices; devices for emergency shutdown of installations and communications; Funds preventing (limiting) spill and spreading fluids during fire, etc. ;
- using technical means of warning and evacuation of people. The evacuation of people should be completed before the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof dangerous fire factors, and during the inexpediency of evacuation, people should be protected in the object. To do this, the required amount, sizes and constructive design of evacuation paths and outputs should be installed. If necessary - light pointers, sound and speech alerts ;
- the use of collective funds (protective structures and other fireproof zones) and individual protection of people from dangerous fire factors;
- Application of copper protection . They should ensure uninfection, decrease in temperature and removal of combustion products and thermal decomposition on people's evacuation paths. These include powerful ventilation plants, air ducts, refrigeration machines, air conditioners and other devices. Typically, these devices have a double purpose: under normal conditions provide a normal course of the technological process, and during the fire they are switched to the supply of pure and cooled air in evacuation paths.
but -fireman b -fire extinguisher in -fire extinguisher
shields inventors
g -box d -firefighter E -fire fire
with Pescomcranflower (Shot)
Figure 1 - Primary Fire Extinguishing Means
but -fire engine b -fire tank in -mobile
motor POMPA
g -fire train d -fireman E -fireman ship
Figure 2 - Mobile fire extinguishing
but -thermal DTL. b -smoke IP 212-189 in -light IP-329-CI-1
Figure 3 - Detectors
4.9 Organizational and Technical Events:
According to the current legislation, the responsibility for the maintenance of an industrial enterprise in the appropriate fire fighting is imposed directly on the head (owner). The owners of enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as tenants, are required to carry out organizational and technical measures. The main activities include:
- passportization of substances, materials, products, technological processes, buildings and facilities facilities in terms of fire safety. Passportization includes information about their quantitative composition, timing and storage location (location);
- organization of training working fire safety rules;
- propaganda fire safety measures, including the manufacture and use of visual agitation;
- development and implementation of the norms and rules of fire safety, instructions on the procedure for circulation of fire hazardous substances and materials, on compliance with the fire regime in the actions of people in the event of a fire;
- Development of measures for the actions of the administration, workers and employees in case of fire and the organization of the evacuation of people;
- carrying out a service investigation of cases of fires;
- ensuring the availability and efficiency of the necessary fire equipment. The used fire technician should ensure effective fire extinguishing (sunbathing), be safe for nature and people.
Evacuation of people from buildings and structures
To protect people from afflicting fire factors, it is necessary to make their evacuation as soon as possible.
Evacuation of people in the fire – this is forced organized
the process of moving people from the zone where it is possible to affect them dangerous factors of fire , outward or other safe zone.
Evacuation is also considered to be the inapplying movement of people relating to low-friendly groups of the population, carried out with the help of the service personnel, the personnel of the fire fighter and so on.
Evacuation is carried out in terms of evacuation paths to evacuation outputs, see Figure 4. An important indicator of its effectiveness, according to GOST 12.1.004-91 "Fire safety", is evacuation timeDuring which people may leave the room or the building as a whole until the critical phase of the fire (the occurrence of critical temperature values, oxygen concentrations, combustion products, etc.). The evacuation time is calculated as the sum of the time intervals when moving in separate areas of the route and is assessed with regard to:
The volume of the room.
So, for example, for explosion hazardous premises (Categories A and B) of up to 15,000 m 
buildingsI.,
II.,
III The degrees of fire resistance, the permissible evacuation time is 0.5 min., And for fire hazardous premises (category B) - 1, 25 min.
To ensure safe evacuation to production buildings and premises, a number of requirements are made, according to DBN B.1.1.7-2002 "Flashlessness of the onset of the ones". An important normalized indicator is the maximum permissible distance from the most remote working meta to the nearest output from the room. This distance is determined depending on:
The degree of fire resistance of the building;
Floors of the building.
So, for example, for fire hazardous premises (category B) in buildingsI. andII. The degree of fire resistance having at least three floors, the maximum allowable distance is 75 m.
The number of evacuation outputs must be at least two. They should be dispersed. Minimum distance 
Between the most remote evacuation outputs from the room is determined by the formula
,
(1)
where P - Perimeter of the room, m.
In some cases, it is allowed to provide one evacuation output from the room, for example, when there are no more than 50 people in it, if the distance from the most distant floor point before the specified output does not exceed 25 m. Height and width of evacuation paths is calculated according to regulatory documentation in accordance With the appointment of the building. But at the same time, the height should be at least 2m, and the width is not less than 0.8 m. Along the path of evacuation, there should be no thresholds above 0.05 m. The stairs must be equipped with railings. Doors should open out. Evacuation exits, the paths of evacuation should have designations using fire safety signs according to GOST 12.4.026-76 "CBST. Colors signal and safety signs ", see fig. five.
Outputs are considered evacuation if they are conducted from the premises:
The first floor outside directly or through the corridor, the staircase, the lobby;
Any floor In addition to the first leading to the staircase. In this case, the staircases must have a way out directly or through the lobby;
In the nearby room on the same floor, provided by the above outputs.
In each production room there should be an evacuation plan with a detailed indication of the route, fire safety signs and persons responsible for fire condition, see Fig. 6. The plan is necessary for a preliminary careful study by all employees of the production unit, which, if necessary, will allow evacuation organized and efficiently.
Figure 4 - Evacuation examples for fire
a B C D E
a - fire extinguisher; b - point notice of fire; in - O.rgana control smoke and Heat Supply Systems; Mr. M.eato autopsy design; D - exit here.
Figure 5 - Fire safety signs used in evacuation
Figure 6 - Evacuation plan from the administrative building of the enterprise
Lightning protection
Lightning protection is a set of events and means aimed at protecting objects from lightning.
Statistical data indicate that on average, about 44,000 thunderstorms occur on the globe per day. Losses only from fires and explosions caused by this phenomenon, colossal. The cost of carrying out massive lightning protection measures over the past 5 years is approximately 1.5 times less than the value of burnt buildings and structures.
The main regulatory document determining the necessary measures and facilities for objects up to 150 m is RD 34.21.122-87 "Instructions for the lightning protection of buildings and structures". According to this document, the impact of lightning on objects is customary to divide into two main groups: primary and secondary.
Primary impacts caused by a straight blow of lightning, are divided into:
- electric (lesions of people and animals by electric shock) ;
- thermal.The sharp separation of heat in the current zone may result in ignition;
- Mechanicalkeeping a shock wave capable of deforming and destroying technological equipment and bearing structures.
Secondary exposuresmanifest in the form:
- Intensive electromagnetic field (EMF)caused by moving charges and changing current to the current. This leads to the appearance of high electric potentials on metal constructions, which are also able to affect people and animals;
- skid on the high voltage objecton wires and communications, if they found themselves in the zone of the current specimen.
These impacts should be taken into account in each particular case when developing protective events.
The severity of the effects of the lightning strike largely depends on the explosion or fire hazard of the building (facilities, premises), as well as on other concomitant effects. Therefore, the RD 34.21.122-87 applies a differentiated approach to the implementation of lightning protection, according to which objects are divided into three categories.
To categoryI. Objects include, in normal technological modes, explosive concentrations of gases, vapors, dust, fibers may be formed and form. Any damage to lightning creates increased risk not only for the objects themselves, but also for others, closely located.
To categoryII.believe objects in which the appearance of explosive concentrations is possible with an accident. The probability of a combination of lightning with an accident at the facility is quite small.
To categoryIIIobjects include, the consequences of which are characterized by smaller material damage than with an explosive environment. These are high residential and public buildings, chimneys, towers and towers, minor structures from relatively cheap building materials.
Lightning conductors are divided into separately standing and installed on the object itself.
For category objectsI., characterized by high risk of lesions of people in case of lightning and significant material losses , it is necessary to use separate lightning lighters. They are performed using vertical rods (see Fig. 7 a) or using a horizontal cable (see Fig. 7 b), and the lightning current is spreading, bypassing the object. With a single rod lightningness, the protection zone has a cone shape.
When using a metal roof, lightning equipment is the roof itself (see fig. 7 V). Clakes connected to it should be arranged at least than 25 m. As currents, steel structures of the building should be used (columns, farms, fire stairs, etc.), connected to the earthing.
On buildings and structures with non-metallic roofing, a lightning grid can be used, made by welding from steel wire with a diameter of at least 6 mm with a cell size of not more than 6 m and laid on the roof from above or below waterproofing (see Fig. 7 g).
Figure 7 - Lightning protection devices for buildings
If the lightning protection is made by directly the installation of rod or cable lightning games on the object, then at least two recesses should be from each rod or rack.
It should use typical (normalized) constructs of reinforced concrete foundations, according to RD 34.21.122-87. If the existing foundation of the building does not meet these requirements, artificial earthing is performed.
Constructive-geometric dimensions of various lightning protection devices and their protective zones are calculated according to the method described in the RD 34.21.122-87, taking into account the average annual duration of the thunderstorm for the specified area.
Fire alarm is a whole complex. technical devices of different types, Created to process signals and timely alert on the occurrence of fire in a specified scheme of form, usually this is the issuance of information in a specialized or (s) in the signal supply to the inclusion of automatic fire extinguishing installations and other technical circuits and instruments.
The main meaning and purpose of the placement of this kind of complex lies in the implementation of a set of activities designed to save human lives and preservation of property. Timely detection of fire allows you to reveal, respond and localize the focus of fire, retaining, thus, a lot of human lives and minimizing the damage.
Fire signaling systems are established with the aim of early detection of ignition and signal supply, so that the necessary measures are taken to include:
Development and location of such complexes in non-residential and administrative buildings Regulated at the legislative level.
But the installation in the case not described in the law is provided to choose from the owner of the room or a whole building.
The detector is a specialized technical device that is necessary for identifying and preventing the occurrence of fire. Often, the detectors are called sensors, but the sensor is only one of the elements of the device.
On the principle of a digital signal issued by the detector, they can be divided into:
Such devices are used to detect fire in structures and buildings of different types, which is accompanied by the release of caustic and dangerous smoke.
When smoke in the zone controlled by the device, it forms an appropriate electronic impulse and transmits it in the heart of the complex to the control panel. Instruments of this type do not reflect such changes in the external environment as:
The principle of implementing the functioning of the device is the analysis of an electrical impulse proportional to the density indicators by the accountable device of the medium. The sensor circuit is endowed with a threshold value, a pulse from the device is supplied according to it.
LED included in sensor device, Submits minimum pulses to the receiver. If there is no smoke in the environment, the light is returned to the receiver much lower than the specified level, which supports the input key in the closed position.
If the smoke is present in the medium, then a stream enriched from smoke particles is directed to the receiver, and the value exceeds the device threshold. If the device threshold is exceeded more than 5 times, the key opens and the signal supplied from the sensor indicates a fire. Return the sensor to normal operation mode, only feeding the "Reset" signal from the console.
In view of the fact that smoke can be different and different parameters can characterize it, there are several types of devices that determine the sluffiness:
Despite the fact that the combined types of devices are not the most common, due to their complex design and high price, but they are recognized as the most reliable and versatile.
No one is able to predict, what will be the cause of ignition, and what character will have smoke, so combination devices are able to give a signal on the occurrence of fire on time.
This type of device is intended for signaling to the remote control by closing the wires if the ambient temperature has reached a threshold level.
The device measures the air temperature, feeding short measuring pulses every few seconds. Each measurement impulse is accompanied by an outbreak of the LED. Upon reaching the threshold value, the system key is translated into a closed position, which leads to a continuous luminescence of the LED and feeding the "Fire" signal to the remote control.
Such devices are two types:
The device that allows you to detect fire, which is accompanied by an open flame. As part of such a device, there is a built-in element of high sensitivity with a window located in the upper part of the device housing.
The work of the device occurs when the infrared signal is inserted into the sensitive window, which is converted by a flame, to the photodetector. Returning the sensor to normal operation mode by turning off its power supply at least 2 seconds.
A device intended for manually translating such alarm to alarm state. Such a sensor is small device, the use of which signals a fire, i.e., when you click on the button. In this case, the alarm can be produced in three main ways:
After one of the sensors or immediately detect a little fire, the fire alarm must implement an actions algorithm that allows you to save people and localize fire. If a schematic scheme Devices are assembled and drawn up correctly, it should work as follows.
In order for all the indoors to find out that the fire warning should be enabled. This type of signaling can be light, speech or high-sounded. The type of alert system is laid at the stage of developing a fire alarm project. Moreover, such a choice directly depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe structure, the height of its ceilings, etc.
The warning system in case of fire must necessarily include "output" signs that will allow people to find a yield even with a strong smoke room.
In order to free all the bullets for the unimpeded evacuation of people, such alarm must be equipped with a system for monitoring and controlling access. In case of fire, the alarm console submits a signal to this system to open all turnstiles and other restrictive means located in the building.
In this area of \u200b\u200bfire alarm, it is possible to use three types of fire extinguishing systems:
The type of this system is determined by fire safety standards for buildings and structures, as well as property that is located on a protected facility.
The operation of the smoke removal system is very important in order to during the fire, people are not poisoned by harmful substances that can be a product of combustion and contain in smoke.
During the fire in the ventilation system, air circulation from the outside, so on. It will contribute to the inflating and spread of fire. Command on valve shutters ventilation system The fire alarm system is also supplied.
The smoke removal system must implement the following:
If in the building in which there are elevators, then at the beginning of the fire they should fall on the lower level and the door of the cabin should be opened and no longer closed.
The remaining life-supporting systems are transferred to emergency work mode, and the fire circuit itself is translated into power from batteries included in its composition.
To the work algorithm fire System It was worked out correctly and without errors it is necessary to properly compile and implement a fundamental scheme of such alarm. The schematic diagram is the guarantor of the efficiency and safety of the system.
The fire system scheme must contain two main points:
Often, the connection scheme is attached to the device set for its creation. In the paper, it is necessary to pay special attention to the observance of each aspect in it described.
A competently compiled scheme and its exact execution allows you to create a system that can instantly respond to the focus of ignition and take all actions necessary and aimed at saving human lives.
According to the fact that the principle of operation is implemented in fire alarm, they can be divided into the following types:
The algorithm for the functioning of such systems is quite simple and understood. It is important that the principle and algorithm embedded in it in it have been fulfilled in due time, because it does not just be about repaying the fire, but also about the salvation of people. It also becomes the main reason that it is necessary to correctly and in time to establish a fire alarm, which is designed to serve for the benefit.
Fire alarm is a complex system that helps to detect the source of the fire. In addition, it provides for a system of speech notification, smoke removal and other important functions. Many represent the general moments of the work of such equipment, but not all of them understand how the violations are notified. Because of this, there may be doubts about whether it is worth installing this system at all, as it may seem that it is not very reliable. To do this, we will consider in more detail the principle for which fire alarm works.
First we will remind, from which the fire alarm is consisting of:
Peripherals (possess independent constructive design and connect to the control panel):
IN general principle There is nothing difficult work: through special sensors information is amenable to a processing program, and then displayed in the monitoring center responsible for safety. Here, a particular attention should be paid to the sensors themselves who are divided into two types.
In addition, the sensors may differ by the mechanism of action:
After the sensors have discovered the fire source, the fire alarm starts to perform an algorithm of action. If the schematic diagram is done correctly, the entire algorithm will work correctly.
So that all these moments have been performed qualitatively, it is important to correctly compile a fundamental alarm connection scheme. Using it, the operation of the system will be efficient and safe.
Recall that the schematic diagram is characterized by two important moments:
Typically, the connection scheme is given along with alarm kit. It is necessary to monitor compliance with all aspects of the equipment installation. The correct scheme and accurate following will help her quickly respond to the focus of fire and take all the necessary actions that are aimed at saving people.
As can be seen, the principle of which the work of the fire alarm is carried out is quite simple. The main thing is that all the actions laid in it have been completed on time, as it is about life. It is also the main reason for which the fire alarm system must be and carefully and carefully, which serves for the benefit of all people.
