1. Analytical overview of the basics of pumping theory, injection
Equipment and technology solving problems of creating and enhancing
Head in water supply and distribution systems (SPRV) 10
1.1. Pumps. Classification, basic parameters and concepts.
Technical level of modern pumping equipment 10
Main parameters and classification of pumps 10
Pumping equipment to increase pressure in water supply .... 12
Overview of innovations and enhancements of pumps in terms of practice of their application 16
1.2. Technology application of blowers in SPRV 23
Pumping stations of water supply systems. Classification 23.
General schemes and methods for regulating the operation of pumps with an increase in pressure 25
Optimization of superchargers: speed control and collaboration 30
Problems of assurance of heads in outdoor and internal water supply networks 37
Conclusions but chapter 40
2. Ensuring a need for pressure in outdoor and internal
plumbing networks. Rising components of SPMV at the level
District, Quarter and Internal Networks 41
2.1. General directions of development in the practice of application of the pump
equipment to increase pressure in water supply networks 41
l.2.2 ". Tasks for ensuring the heads of the plumbing set
a brief description of SPRV (on the example of St. Petersburg)
Experience in solving problems of improving pressure at the level of district and quarterly networks 48
2.2.3. Features of the tasks of improving the pressure in the internal networks 55
2.3. Setting the problem of optimizing the increase in components
SPRV at the level of district, quarterly and internal networks 69
2.4. Conclusions on the chapter ".._. 76
3. Mathematical model of pumping equipment optimization
on the peripheral level SPRV 78
3.1. Static optimization of pump equipment parameters
at the level of district, quarter and internal networks 78
general description Structures of the district water supply network when solving optimal synthesis tasks. ". 78
Minimization of energy costs for one water consumption mode "83
3.2. Optimization of pumping equipment parameters on the periphery
Mr. SPRV level when changing the water consumption mode 88
Polishery modeling in the task of minimizing energy costs (general approaches) 88
Minimizing energy costs with speed control (wheel speed) supercharger 89
2.3. Minimization of energy costs in case
cascade-frequency regulation (control) 92
Simulation model to optimize pump parameters
Equipment on the peripheral level SPRV 95
3.4. Conclusions on chapter
4". Numerical methods solutions to parameter optimization tasks
pumping equipment 101
4.1. Source data for solving optimal synthesis problems, 101
Study of the water consumption mode of time series analysis methods _ 101
Determination of regularity of the time series of water consumption 102
Frequency distribution of expenses and coefficients
Uneven water consumption 106.
4.2. Analytical representation of the working characteristics of the pump
Equipment, 109.
Modeling the performance characteristics of individual superchargers Tyat 109
Identification of the operating characteristics of the superchargers in the composition of pumping stations 110
4.3. Search Optimum Target Function 113
Optimal search using gradient methods 113
Modified Hollaid plan. 116.
4.3.3. Implementation of the optimization algorithm on computer 119
4.4. Conclusions on chapter 124
5. Comparative efficiency of rising components
SPMV based on estimating the cost of life cycle
(using MIC for parameter measurement) 125
5.1. Methodology for assessing comparative efficiency
increased components on peripheral sections of SPRV 125
5.1.1. The cost of the life cycle of pumping equipment., 125
Criteria for minimizing total discounted costs to assess the effectiveness of the efficiency of the SPRV 129
Target feature of the express model to optimize the parameters of the pumping equipment on the peripheral level C1IPB 133
5.2. Optimization of rising components on peripherals
Sections of SPRV during reconstruction and modernization 135
Water supply control system using Mobile Measuring Complex Mick 136
Expert evaluation of the results of measuring parameters of pump equipment PNS using MIC 142
Simulation model of the cost of the life cycle of PNS pumping equipment based on parametric audit data 147
5.3. Organizational issues of the implementation of optimization
solutions (final provisions) 152
5.4. Conclusions on chapter 1 54
Generalconclusions. "155
List of Lee Geratura 157
Appendix 1. Some concepts, functional dependencies and
Characteristics, essential when choosing pumps 166
Appendix 2. Description of the program for research
optimization models SPRV microdistrict 174
Appendix 3. Solving optimization and construction tasks
simulation models LCCD.Ns using a table processor 182
Introduction to work
The water supply and distribution system (SPRV) is the main responsible complex of water supply facilities, providing water transportation to the territory of the objects supplied, distribution through the territory and delivery to selection sites by consumers. Inspection (increased) pumping stations (NA, PNS), as one of the main structural elements of the SPRV, largely set the operating capabilities and the technical level of the water supply system as a whole, and also significantly determine the economic indicators of its work.
Significant contribution to the development of topics hung domestic scientists: N.N.Abramov, M.M. Variashev, A.G.Evokimov, Yu.a.Ilin, S.N.Karambirov, V.Y. Parelin, A.M. Kurganov , A.P.Menenkov, L.F.Moshnin, E.A.Preger, S.V.Sumarokov, A.D. TEVYASHEV, V.Ya. Khasilev, P.D. Chorunzhi, F. Alievlev, etc.
Problems in providing headups in plumbing networks facing Russian communal enterprises are usually homogeneous. The state of the trunk networks led to the need to reduce pressure, as a result of which the task arose to compensate for the appropriate drop in the level of district and quarterly networks. The selection of pumps in the composition of PNS was often made taking into account the development prospects, the parameters of productivity and pressure were inunder. The conversion of pumps for the required characteristics of throttling with the help of valves, leading to electricity overruns. The replacement of pumps is not produced on time, most of them work with low efficiency. Wear equipment exacerbated the need to reconstruct PNS to increase the efficiency and reliability of work.
On the other hand, the development of cities and an increase in household houses, especially when sealing, requires the need for new consumers for new consumers, including by equipping superchargers of houses of high floors (DPE). The creation of the pressure required for the time-їicity consumers, in the terminal areas of the plumbing network, may be one of the most real ways to increase the efficiency of the SPRV.
The combination of these factors is the basis for the formulation of the problem of determining the optimal parameters of the PSAS in the existing restrictions of input heads, in conditions of uncertainty and unevenness of actual expenses. When solving the problem, questions arise the combination of consistent operation of pumps and parallel operation of pumps, combined within the same group, as well as the optimal alignment of the operation parallel to the connected frequency control pump (LDG) and, ultimately, selection of equipment that ensures the required parameters of a particular system water supply. The significant changes in recent years should be taken into account in the approaches to the selection of pumping equipment - both in terms of excess redundancy and in technical level Available equipment.
The relevance of questions considered in the dissertation is determined by the increased value that modern conditions Domestic business entities and society as a whole give the problem of eergo efficient. The urgent need to solve this problem is enshrined in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 23.11.2009 No. 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation".
The operating costs of the SPRV constitute the determining part of the cost of water supply, which continues to increase due to the growth of electricity tariffs. In order to reduce the energy intensity, the optimization of SPRV is likely to optimize. On authoritative estimates from 30% to 50 % energy consumption of pumping systems can be reduced by changing pumping equipment and management methods.
Therefore, it seems to be relevant to the improvement of methodological approaches, the development of models and integrated support of decision-making, allowing you to optimize the parameters of the discharge equipment of the peripheral sections of the network, including in the preparation of projects. The distribution of the instrument between pumping nodes, as well as the definition within the nodes, the optimal number and type of pumping units, taking into account the
8 even feed, will provide an analysis of the peripheral network options. The results obtained can be integrated into the task of optimizing the SPRV as a whole.
The purpose of the work is the study and development of optimal solutions in the selection of the increased pumping equipment of the peripheral sections of SPRV in the process of preparing reconstruction and construction, including methodological, mathematical and technical (diagnostic) provision.
To achieve a goal, the following tasks were solved:
analysis of the practice in the field of rising pumping systems, taking into account the possibilities of modern pumps and methods of regulation, combinations of consistent and parallel working with LDG;
determination of the methodological approach (concept) of optimization of rising pumping equipment SPRV in conditions of limited resources;
development of mathematical models formalizing the problem of selecting pumping equipment of peripheral sections of the water supply network;
analysis and development of algorithms for numerical methods for the study of mathematical models proposed in the dissertations;
development and practical implementation of the mechanism for collecting source data to solve the problems of reconstruction and design of new PNSs;
implementation of the simulation model for the formation of the value of the life cycle on the version of the Equipment of the PNS equipment.
Scientific novelty. The concept of peripheral modeling of water supply in the context of reducing the energy intensity of the SPPV and reducing the cost of the life cycle of the "peripheral" pumping equipment is presented.
Mathematical models have been developed for the rational selection of parameters of pumping stations, taking into account the structural relationship and the polishemal nature of the operation of the peripheral elements of the SPRV.
Theoretically substantiated approach to the choice of the number of superchargers in the PNS (pumping plants); A study of the function of the cost of the PNS life cycle is carried out depending on the number of superchargers.
Special algorithms for finding extremum functions of many variables based on gradient and random methods have been developed, for. Investigation of optimal NA configurations on peripheral sections.
Created, mobile measuring complex (MIC) for the diagnosis of active rising pumping systems, patented in utility model No. 81817 "Water Control System".
The method is defined optimal option PNS pumping equipment based on imitation modeling of the value of the life cycle.
Practical significance and implementation of work results.Recommendations are given on the choice of type of pumps for rising installations and W 1C based on the updated classification of modern pumping equipment to increase the pressure in water supply systems, taking into account the taxonometric division, operational, constructive and technological signs.
Mathematical models PNS peripheral sections of the SPRV make it possible to reduce the cost of the life cycle by identifying the "reserves", first of all in terms of energy intensity. Numerical algorithms are proposed that allow you to bring the solution of optimization tasks to specific values.
1. Analytical overview of the basics of pumping theory, injection equipment and technology solving problems of creating and improving pressure in water supply and distribution systems (SPRV).
1.1. Pumps. Classification, basic parameters and concepts. Technical level of modern pumping equipment.
1.1.1. The main parameters and classification of pumps.
1.1.2. Pumping equipment to increase pressure in water supply.,
1.1.3. Overview of innovations and improvements of pumps from the point of view of the practice of their application.
1.2. Technology application of blowers in SPRV.
1.2.1. Pumping stations of water supply systems. Classification.
1.2.2. General schemes and methods for regulating the operation of pumps with a rise in pressure.
1.2.3. Optimization of superchargers: speed control and collaboration.
1.3. Problems of assurance of heads in outdoor and internal water supply networks.
1.4. Conclusions but chapter.
2. Ensuring a need for pressure in outdoor and internal water supply networks. Raising components of SPRV at the level of district, quarterly and internal networks.
2.1. General directions of development in the practice of using pumping equipment to increase pressure in plumbing networks.
2.2. Tasks to ensure the necessary heads in plumbing networks.
2.2.1. A brief description of the SPRV (on the example of SPB).
2.2.2. The experience of solving problems of increasing pressure at the level of district and quarterly networks.
2.2.3. Features of the tasks of improving the pressure in the internal networks.
2.3. Setting the problem of optimizing the increase in components
SPRV at the level of district, quarterly and internal networks.
2.4. Conclusions on the chapter.
3. Mathematical model for optimizing pumping equipment on the peripheral level of SPRV.
3.1. Static optimization of pumping equipment parameters at the level of district, quarterly and internal networks.
3.1.1. General description of the structure of the district water supply network when solving optimal synthesis problems.
3.1.2. Minimizing energy costs for one water consumption mode.
3.2. Optimization of pumping parameters on the peripheral level of SPRV when changing the water consumption mode.
3.2.1. Polishing modeling in the problem of minimizing energy costs (general approaches).
3.2.2. Minimizing energy costs with the possibility of adjusting the speed (wheel speed) of the supercharger.
3.2.3. Minimizing energy costs in case of cascade-frequency control (control).
3.3. Simulation model to optimize the parameters of pumping equipment on the peripheral level of SPRV.
3.4. Conclusions on the chapter.
4 ". Numerical methods for solving problems optimizing pump equipment parameters.
4.1. Source data for solving optimal synthesis problems.
4.1.1. Studying the water consumption mode of temporary series analysis methods.
4.1.2. Determination of regularity of the time series of water consumption.
4.1.3. Frequency distribution of expenses and non-uniformity coefficients.
4.2. Analytical representation of the performance of pumping equipment.
4.2.1. Modeling the performance characteristics of individual superchargers
4.2.2. Identification of the operating characteristics of the superchargers in the composition of pumping stations.
4.3. Search Optimum target function.
4.3.1. Optimal search using gradient methods.
4.3.2. Modified Holland Plan.
4.3.3. The implementation of the optimization algorithm on the computer.
4.4. Conclusions on the chapter.
5. Comparative efficiency of the promotion components of the SPMV based on an estimate of the value of the life cycle using MIC to measure parameters).
5.1. Methodology for estimating the comparative efficiency of the increase in components on the peripheral sections of the SPRV.
5.1.1. The cost of the life cycle of pumping equipment.
5.1.2. Criteria for minimizing total discounted costs to assess the effectiveness of the increase in the components of the SPRV.
5.1.3. Target feature of the express model to optimize the parameters of the pumping equipment on the peripheral level of the SPRV.
5.2. Optimization of the increased components on the peripheral areas of the SPRV during reconstruction and upgrades.
5.2.1. Water Control System using Mobile Mix Mixing Complex.
5.2.2. Expert evaluation of the results of measuring the parameters of pump equipment PNS using MIC.
5.2.3. Simulation model of the value of the life cycle of PNS pumping equipment based on parametric audit data.
5.3. Organizational issues of the implementation of optimization solutions (final provisions).
5.4. Conclusions on the chapter.
The water supply and distribution system (SPRV) is the main responsible complex of water supply facilities, providing water transportation to the territory of the objects supplied, distribution through the territory and delivery to selection sites by consumers. Inspection (increased) pumping stations (NA, PNS), as one of the main structural elements of the SPRV, largely set the operating capabilities and the technical level of the water supply system as a whole, and also significantly determine the economic indicators of its work.
Significant contribution to the development of the subject was made by domestic scientists: N.N. Abramov, M.M. Viriyashev, A.G. Evdokimov, Yu.a.Ilin, S.N. Karambirov, Vl. Parelin, A.M. Kurganov, and . P.Menovenkov, L.F. Moshnin, E.A.Preger, S.V. Sumarokov, A.D. TEVYASHEV, VL Khasilev, P.D. Chorudzhiy, F.A. Stevevev, etc.
Problems in providing headups in plumbing networks facing Russian communal enterprises are usually homogeneous. The state of the trunk networks led to the need to reduce pressure, as a result of which the task arose to compensate for the appropriate drop in the level of district and quarterly networks. The selection of pumps in the composition of PNS was often made taking into account the development prospects, the parameters of productivity and pressure were inunder. The conversion of pumps for the required characteristics of throttling with the help of valves, leading to electricity overruns. The replacement of pumps is not produced on time, most of them work with low efficiency. Wear equipment exacerbated the need to reconstruct PNS to increase the efficiency and reliability of work.
On the other hand, the development of cities and an increase in household houses, especially when sealing, requires the need for new consumers for new consumers, including by equipping superchargers of houses of high floors (DPE). The creation of a pressure required for various consumers in the terminal areas of the water supply network may be one of the most real ways to increase the efficiency of the SPRV.
The combination of these factors is the basis for the formulation of the problem of determining the optimal parameters of the PNS under the existing restrictions of input heads, in conditions of uncertainty and unevenness of actual expenses. When solving the problem, questions arise the combination of consistent operation of pumps and parallel operation of pumps, combined within the same group, as well as the optimal alignment of the operation parallel to the connected frequency control pump (LDG) and, ultimately, selection of equipment that ensures the required parameters of a particular system water supply. Significant changes in recent years should be taken into account in approaches to the selection of pumping equipment - both in terms of excess redundancy and in the technical level of available equipment.
The relevance of the issues considered in the dissertation is determined by the increased value, which in modern conditions domestic business entities and society generally attach energy efficiency. The urgent need to solve this problem is enshrined in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 23.11.2009 No. 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation".
The operating costs of the SPRV constitute the determining part of the cost of water supply, which continues to increase due to the growth of electricity tariffs. In order to reduce the energy intensity, the optimization of SPRV is likely to optimize. By authoritative estimates from 30% to 50%, energy consumption of pumping systems can be reduced by changing the pumping equipment and management methods.
Therefore, it seems to be relevant to the improvement of methodological approaches, the development of models and integrated support of decision-making, allowing you to optimize the parameters of the discharge equipment of the peripheral sections of the network, including in the preparation of projects. The distribution of the instrument between the pump nodes, as well as the definition within the nodes, the optimal number and the type of pumping units, taking into account the calculated feed, will provide an analysis of the peripheral network options. The results obtained can be integrated into the task of optimizing the SPRV as a whole.
The purpose of the work is the study and development of optimal solutions in the selection of the increased pumping equipment of the peripheral sections of SPRV in the process of preparing reconstruction and construction, including methodological, mathematical and technical (diagnostic) provision. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: an analysis of the practice in the field of rising pumping systems, taking into account the possibilities of modern pumps and methods of regulation, combinations of consistent and parallel working with LDG; Determination of the methodological approach (concept) of optimization of rising pumping equipment SPRV in conditions of limited resources; development of mathematical models formalizing the problem of selecting pumping equipment of peripheral sections of the water supply network; Analysis and development of algorithms for numerical methods for the study of mathematical models proposed in the dissertations; development and practical implementation of the mechanism for collecting source data to solve the problems of reconstruction and design of new PNSs; Implementation of the simulation model for the formation of the value of the life cycle on the version of the Equipment of the PNS equipment.
Scientific novelty. The concept of peripheral modeling of water supply in the context of reducing the energy intensity of the SPPV and reducing the cost of the life cycle of the "peripheral" pumping equipment is presented.
Mathematical models have been developed for the rational selection of parameters of pumping stations, taking into account the structural relationship and the polishemal nature of the operation of the peripheral elements of the SPRV.
Theoretically substantiated approach to the choice of the number of superchargers in the PNS (pumping plants); A study of the function of the cost of the PNS life cycle is carried out depending on the number of superchargers.
Special algorithms for finding extremum functions of many variables based on gradient and random methods have been developed, for the study of optimal NA configurations on peripheral sections.
Created, mobile measuring complex (MIC) for the diagnosis of existing rising pumping systems, patented in utility model No. 81817 "Water Control System".
The method of selecting the optimal variant of PNS pumping equipment on the basis of imitation modeling of the value of the life cycle is determined.
Practical significance and implementation of work results. Recommendations are given on the selection of type of pumps for rising installations and PNS based on the updated classification of modern pumping equipment to increase the pressure in water supply systems, taking into account taxonometric division, operational, structural and technological signs.
Mathematical models of PNS peripheral sections of the SPRV make it possible to reduce the cost of the life cycle by identifying the "reserves", first of all in terms of energy intensity. Numerical algorithms are proposed that allow you to bring the solution of optimization tasks to specific values.
A special operational tool for collecting and evaluating the source data (MIC) used to examine the current water supply systems in the preparation of their reconstruction was developed.
Recommendations for the survey of current increase in water supply systems using MIC and the selection of equipment for the PNS (selection of a project solution) based on small-sized automatic pumping stations (mans) are prepared.
R & D results are implemented on a number of communal water supply facilities, including PNS and MANS in high-storey houses.
1: Analytical overview of the basics of pumping theory, injection equipment and technology solving problems of creating and increasing pressure in water supply and distribution systems (SPRV)
The most difficult and expensive part modern Systems Water supply - SPRV, which consists of a plurality of elements in hydraulic interaction. Therefore, it is natural that over the past quarter of century, significant developments are made in this area and important changes occurred as in< плане конструктивного совершенствования насосной техники, так и в плане развития технологии создания и повышения напора.
General conclusions
1. Technical innovations in the area of \u200b\u200bpumping equipment have created conditions for changes affecting operational practices in terms of reliability and energy savings. On the other hand, a combination of a number of factors (the state of networks and equipment, territorial and high-altitude development of cities) led to the need for a new approach to the reconstruction and development of water supply systems. The analysis of publications and the accumulated practical experience became the basis of the formulation of the problem of determining the optimal parameters of the rising pumping equipment.
2. The concept of peripheral modeling is proposed as the development of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe redistribution of the load between the main and distribution parts of the system in order to minimize non-production losses and energy consumption. Stabilization of excessive heads on the terminal areas of the water supply network will reduce the energy intensity of SPPV.
3. Optimization models are proposed for rational selection of increased pumping equipment of the peripheral sections of the network with the involvement of THC. The developed methodology takes into account the polishemal nature of the functioning, methods for regulating the operation of the superchargers and their layout in the composition of the NA, the interaction of individual elements of the system taking into account the feedback, as well as the diversity of target functions reflecting the energy efficiency or its investment attractiveness.
4. The study of optimization models and verifying the results of the simulation of existing rising pumping systems made it possible to theoretically substantiate the approach to the choice of the number and parameters of the superchargers in the PNS (pumping plants) based on the principle of minimizing the discounted value of the life cycle (1sso) of the pumping equipment. A study was carried out by the dependence of the function of the pump settings from the number of superchargers.
5. Special algorithms for finding extremums of functions of many variables have been developed to solve real optimization problems of pumping stations on peripheral sites, combining the features of gradient and stochastic approaches to search spaces. The algorithm based on the modification of the reproductive Holland Plan allows to solve the tasks under consideration without the introduction of simplifying assumptions and replacing the discrete nature of the space possible solutions on continuous.
6. Created MIC for the diagnosis of existing rising pumping systems, patented in utility model (No. 81817), ensuring the necessary completeness and reliability of the source data to solve the problem of optimal synthesis of the EDRV elements. Recommendations were developed for surveying existing increase in water supply systems using MIC.
7. A methodology for choosing an optimal version of PNS pumping equipment based on imitation modeling of the BPSB has been developed. A combination of methodological, mathematical and technical approaches of work allows you to search for solutions and fulfill a comparative assessment of existing and new blowers from the point of view of their effectiveness, calculate the payback period of investments.
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The implementation of this problem is based on the conducting test of pumping units, which are carried out on the basis of the developed methodology for the diagnostics of pumping stations shown in Fig. fourteen.
To optimize the operation of pumping units, it is necessary to determine their efficiency and the efficiency of pumping units specific consumption electricity, which will allow you to evaluate economic efficiency The operation of the pumping station.
After determining the efficiency of pump units, the efficiency of the pumping station is determined, where it is easy to go to the selection of the most economical modes the operation of pumping units, taking into account the dis-
the harness of the station supply, sizes of installed pumps and the permissible number of their inclusions and shutdowns.
IN perfect version To determine the PDA of the pumping station, you can use the following
direct measurements in full-scale testing of pumping units, for which it will be necessary to perform internally tests of 10-20 feed points in the operating range of the pump at different values \u200b\u200bof the opening of the valve (from 0 to 100%).
When conducting natural tests of pumps, the frequency of rotation of the impeller should be measured, especially in the presence of frequency regulators, since the current frequency is directly proportional to the motor speed.
According to the test results, the actual characteristics are built. 
for these specific pumps.
After determining the efficiency of individual pumping units, the efficiency of the pumping station as a whole is calculated, as well as the most economical combinations of pumping units or their modes.
To evaluate the characteristics of the network, you can use the data of automated accounting of expenses and heads for the main water duty at the outlet of the station.
An example of filling out the forms of field testing of the pump unit is presented in ad. 4, graphs of the actual performance of the pump - in ad. five.
The geometrical meaning of the optimization of the pump station is to choose the working pumps that most precisely meet the needs of the distribution network (consumption, pressure) in the time intervals under consideration (Fig. 15).
As a result of this work, the electricity consumption is reduced by 5-15% depending on the size of the station, the number and sizes of the installed pumps, as well as the nature of water consumption.
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A source: Zakharevich, M. B. Improving the reliability of water supply systems based on the introduction of secure forms of organization of their operation and construction: studies. benefit. 2011. (Original)
