Asphalt concrete is most often used as coating of sidewalks and garden lanes in cities. Asphalt concrete coatings on sidewalks and pedestrian walkways are suitable on various bases: from brick and limestone rubble; Metallurgical slag; soil treated with cement; From the usual cement concrete and skinny concrete.
In tab. 80 are given different types The bases for sidewalks with sandy coatings (3-5 cm thick) and cast (2.5-3 cm thick) asphalt concrete and their thickness.
The thickness of the sandy underlying layer for sidewalks with asphalt concrete coating is taken depending on the group of underlying soils in accordance with Table. 81.
The technological process of the device of sidewalks and pedestrian tracks includes the following operations: layout and depth of the earth canvas; sand cutting for the device of the underlying layer; Distribution and sealing sand; cutting of materials for the base device; distribution of base materials; Foundation seal; cutting and laying asphalt concrete mix In the upper coating layer.
The planning of the earthen canvas on the sidewalks usually produce by high-drivers of shuttle passages. Point the earth canvas with motor rollers with smooth rollers weighing 6 tons.
In the process of planning and the header, the evenness of the earth canvas is tested using wooden plates, and the necessary slopes - with the help of geodesic tools.
Sand and other materials will be brought to the finished earth, canvas by car dump trucks. Sand and other bulk materials are usually distributed by high-drivers, and in cramped conditions sometimes manually. Seal sandy underlying layer and bases from rubble, slag and other bulk materials with light motor rollers with smooth rollers.
Cement-concrete bases on sidewalks and tracks are suitable with small equipment. Machine a concrete mix with special equipment mounted on the Arret of Tractor "Belarus". Compacted concrete base Special vibrations or padded vibrators. Concrete care is carried out by general rules Concrete work.
The laying of the asphalt concrete coating is carried out on broad sidewalks using an Asphalt DS-1 (D-150B) or lightweight type D-464, and the seal is performed by rollers weighing 1.5-6 tons. On narrow sidewalks and tracks, as well as in the cramping conditions asphalt concrete coating (mostly from cast mixtures) are arranged with the layout of the mixture manually and the punch of its hand rollers.
For coatings of sidewalks and pedestrian tracks, 9 also use color plastoeton, which is prepared in mixing plants on asphalt concrete factories. It consists of rubble, sand, mineral powder, pigment and binder. The requirements for the quality of sand, rubble and mineral powder are the same as for asphalt concrete mixtures. Pigments apply iron oxides with sufficient light, atmospheric and heat resistance. Kumaronic-indenoic resins with a softening temperature of 80-90 ° C are used as a binder. In tab. 82 shows the approximate composition of the color plastoetone.
The color plasto coating is suitable for 3 cm thick on various bases using the ds-1 asphalt paver. The laying strip length during the coating device from the cold plastic is not limited. The mixture seal is produced by two motor rollers weighing up to 6 tons each. If there are longitudinal pairing bands, the punch starts along the conjugation line in such a way as the freshly stated strip on the width of 15-20 cm also ripened. For sealing the layer from the plasticeton, the number of rink passes one follows should be 20-25. The solidity of the coating is tested by a three-stranded rack, which should not exceed 3 mm. In Moscow, the sidewalks from the color plastleton blue were built at the choreographic school on the 2nd Frunzenskaya Street, Red - at the monument to Karl Marx, in Sverdlov Square and others.
For the coating device of sidewalks and pedestrian tracks, a monolithic cement concrete can be used, which is indispensable when the device of curvilinear sites and the tracks of the free outline, which received wide use Abroad in the garden-park architecture of recent years. Such coatings are arranged from concrete at least M300. The concrete mixture is prepared on cement-concrete plants. As a binder, a hydrophobic portland cement is not lower than M400 with the addition of a granular domain slag to 7%. When using nonhydroofooth cement to improve the main properties of concrete, surfactant additives are introduced into the mixture: plasticizing - concentrates of sulphite-yeast braza and its derivatives, hydrophobic - various technical soaps: abeteates (Wincel soaps), soylonaf, etc.
Sand use natural (mountain, river) in its pure form or with additives. Artificial sands, stone trifle and extinguishing are used as additives. The sand majority module should be no lower than 2. Crushed stone for concrete coatings apply only pure, obtained by crushing of durable frost-resistant rocks. The tensile strength in the water saturated state of the erupted rocks should be no lower than 1000 kgf / cm2 (100 MPa), sedimentary rocks - 800 kgf / cm2 (80 MPa). The mass loss during abrasion in the shelf drum of the erupted rocks is 25%, sediment - 30%. Crushed stone apply two fractions: 3-10 and 10-20 mm. The approximate composition of the concrete mix: Cement M400 - 430 kg, crushed stone - 1380; sand - 500 kg; Water - 160 liters. The mixture is delivered to the Oblast SIL-555, MAE-503 or concrete mixers.
For the construction of coatings of sidewalks and pedestrian walkways, a color concrete is becoming increasingly distributed. It is obtained as a result of use as a binder special color cement or the introduction of coloring pigments into a dry concrete mixture during the preparation of a concrete mixture. White and colored cements must be hydrophobic and correspond to GOST 10178-62. The cement brand should be no less than 400 in terms of compression indicators when testing in rubbed solutions, tensile strength is not lower than 55 kgf / cm2 (5.5 MPa). The beginning of the setting is not earlier than 2 hours.
Pigments manufactured by the domestic industry are two species: mineral, including synthetic and. Natural, obtained by fine grinding of paint ores, and organic. Pigments are finely dispersed powders, insoluble in water, oil and other solvents that can give coloring materials when mixed with them. The coloring ability of pigments is higher than above their dispersion.
For the manufacture of colored concrete, pigments are suitable, which have a specific mass close to the specific gravity of cement to provide high homogeneity of the mixture; big coloring ability; alkalis resistance; sunlight and atmospheric influences; the absence of harmful impurities soluble in water, which when the cement is shutdown, the water adversely affects the timing of the setting, the process of hardening and strength of cement stone; the absence of easily soluble salts capable of forming fades; pure bright color and low cost.
When the coatings of sidewalks and pedestrian paths, color concrete can be laid on the entire thickness or in the top layer of the coating 4-6 cm thick. The two-layer coating device with color concrete in the upper layer is produced in two ways: 1) the device of the lower (from ordinary concrete) and the top ( decorative) coating layers lead without breaking over time, which allows the seal of two layers at the same time; 2) The device of the lower and upper layers is produced separately and divided into two stages - laying concrete into the bottom layer, seal and care for it; Laying the color concrete into the top layer is not earlier than 7 days after the device of the bottom layer.
To ensure a good clutch of the layers, the surface of the bottom layer concrete is treated with a 30% hydrochloric acid solution with an immediate washing with water, and then apply a layer of 3-5 mm of activated cement-sand solution 1: 1, after which the upper layer of concrete is placed. Caring for color concrete, as well as common, is carried out by shelting with polyethylene film, pergamin, kraft paper, etc., with a subsequent snowing sand, which is periodically moistened.
Temperature seams are suitable for the same type and method as for conventional cement-concrete coatings. When laying concrete in two layers of the seams arranged in the lower layer, must also be in the upper.
A number of requirements are made to the finished concrete coating upon delivery. The coating must be performed in accordance with the project and the current regulatory documents. When accepting, the thickness of the base should be checked on the acts of hidden operations, the brand of laid concrete according to laboratory tests, the smooth surface of the coating of the two rack is at least 20 m. Allowed deviations from the thickness project - no more than ± 5 mm, There should be no more than 3 mm two racks, there should be no shells, cracks; in the width of the coating - no more than 5 cm; on transverse slope - no more than 5%; on the difference in the level of seams - no more than 3 mm; According to the strength of concrete at a 28-day age when testing for bending - no more than 5%, with compression - no more than 10%.
Covering sidewalks and pedestrian walkways are also suitable from fine stone checkers (mosaic), clinker bricks, asphalt concrete, silicate, ceramic, cement-concrete and stone slabs. The coatings of a wide variety of drawings are arranged from the stone checkers - transverse and diagonal rows, along the arcs of the circle, etc. Clinker bricks are placed by transverse and diagonal rows, as well as in the longitudinal and transverse christmas tree. Stone slabs produce mainly square shapes with side size up to 75 cm or rectangular shapes with the size of the main side up to 1 m with the aspect ratio of 1: 1.5. Such plates are placed without dressing or with a dressing of seams. Asphalt concrete plates are performed in size 20x20x3; 25x25x4; 30x30x4 cm.
Some of the promising types of coatings of sidewalks and pedestrian walkways are coatings of concrete fine-sized plates. The manufacture of plates by the industrial method allows you to make this type of coatings cheaper and mass. In turn, the mass of production will contribute to further cheaper and progress in the development of precast coatings. With this method of manufacturing, concrete slabs are more durable and hygienic and can replace the natural stone. The facial surface of the plates, besides its color, can be treated with various special matrices. Concrete slabs are extremely varied in shape: square, rectangular, hexagonal, round, and trapezoidal, triangular and all kinds of irregular shape. Plates of coatings of sidewalks and pedestrian walkways are placed on various bases whose thickness (in cm) is shown below.
Sand, the thickness of the layer of which is taken up to 25 cm are used as the underlying layer. The plates depending on the accepted width of the sidewalk, a garden or a park track laid with a dressing or without dressing of seams, as well as diagonally.
Plate laying should be performed by the way "on yourself". To comply with the slope and flattening the coating when laying the plates, it is recommended to start the work from the device of the vest row, stacked along the side stone or the edge of the lawn or across the sidewalk, laying on one or both sides from the verst row and lead to the slope.
For a 50x50 cm coating coatings, a round-shaped vacuum d \u003d 400 mm, weighing 7 kg, which can be raised to 100 kg. To ensure complete fit of the plates to the base, the final boarding of the plates to the project mark is made by a special vibrator weighing 44 kg.
The width of the seam between the plates should be at least 5 mm. The width control over the widths is carried out using templates. Exceeding the edges of adjacent plates should not be more than 2 mm. Seams between the plates fill various materials According to the project. The solidity of the coating is checked by a three-stranded rack of at least 20 m; The lumen under the rail should not exceed 3 mm.
For mechanization of work on the installation of small-sized pavement plates, it is possible to recommend a replaceable vacuum-gripping device mounted on a free-loader or E-153 excavator. Traverse is a frame on which vacuum grips are attached in quantity of 1-4. The distance between the centers of vacuum grippers on the traverse should vary depending on the size of the applied plates. Using such a device for shifting, you can lay up to 400 plates.
Placeing paving slabs with a side size of more than 75 cm produced by car cranes according to the technology used in the construction of coatings of the roadway of the streets from the precast hardware concrete slabs.
Nimosstroke has developed a machine for laying paving slabs. The stacker generates the basis of the base of the specified profile, its seal and simultaneously laying the plates. Thus, the combination of three operations is ensured, which significantly increases productivity. In fig. 114 shows a scheme for laying pavement plates. The equipment of the machine consists of an inclined guide 6 with calibrating ribs 15 and the support plate 5 and from the vibratinglitis 3 connected to the guide traction 4. In the upper part of the guide, the receiving device 9 is located, which serves to accommodate the container 10 with a package of plates 11. Feed plates from the receiving device The guide is carried out by a device consisting of a pushing 12 with a hydraulic cylinder 13, which is controlled automatically using a lever with a roller 8 and a hydrodistributor 7. On the vibrating plate 3, the vibrators of 1 of the working body of the stacker are installed. The drive of the vibrators is carried out from the hydraulic motor through the clinorem transmission 2. The equipment is installed on the base machine using a hinge coupling device 16, which provides adaptability of the support plate to the surface of the base base due to the longitudinal and transverse hinges of the coupling device. In the transport position, the guide is installed using a hydraulic cylinder 14 and screeds connecting the guide with the smoothing stove.
Transportation of vibrating plates is carried out in a trailer to the stacking with a cart. At the same time, the working organ of the stacker through the walls is suspended to the guide, which in turn relies on the vibrating plate. This reduces the cantilever load on the driving wheel of the tractor. The container is a welded structure consisting of beams with ribs and side panels. Shoes are attached to the ribs that ensure the inclined position of the plates in the container. In the center of the beam, they are welded with eyelashes for a hook of a lifting mechanism that produces a container feeding with plates into the receiving device.
The equipment works as follows. Moving, the stacker forms the base from the required material, such as cement-sand mixture. At the same time, the base with the guide continuous stream is received by plates, which move under the action of gravity and the mass of the overlying stoves. Vibrating plates produces precipitated plates. On the guide plate is fed from the receiving device with pushers controlled by an automatic device. This device affects the plates on the guide.
The equipment provides laying of paving slabs with a size of 25x25-50x50 cm, for which the calibrating ribs have the ability to move along the guide with their fixation in the specified position. The drive of the equipment of the equipment is carried out from the cabin cab of the base machine. The proposed machines and fixtures allow you to reduce labor costs when coating the sidewalks. However, for further improvement of productivity in the device of precast coatings, work should be carried out on the creation of light high-speed machines.
Own house is a complete composition in the event that it is not just a house and house territory with it, but a totality original ideas designer I. modern technologies. Such a union will help turn the garden plot with a house in a well-kept and cozy natural corner. Garden tracks are the main designer element, which, besides the aesthetic component, also bears the functional load.
From the correctness of the initial layout of the tracks will depend on the comfort of the site owners.
Garden tracks should be enough durable And there must be a decoration of the site. For an experienced designer, it is not a secret that short tracks divide the entire area into small fragments, thereby visually reducing the size of the garden. At the same time, long tracks create a feeling of a spacious area.
At the initial stage of planning, the homeowner needs to decide on the functional purpose of the tracks and their dimensions. For example, the track leading to the facade of the house must be at least 2 meters wide so that two people can freely dispense. For tracks technological purpose It is enough will be 90 cm. The tracks for which the car will move, must be at least the width of the car itself, made from durable materials And have roughhouse surfaceto prevent sliding in winter time.
The modern building materials market is ready to offer customers for paving tracks on a plot of a rather large list of materials. It can be a tile, natural or decorative stone, crushed stone, etc. One of these materials that have the optimal value for the price of the material and the quality of the tracks performed on the territory of the garden plot is concrete.
The sandstone mixture is one of the most sought-after materials for creating tracks. TO benefits This material and garden tracks can be attributed to the following:
TO disadvantages Sadden tracks from concrete include the following factors:
Actually, the whole process of independent montaja Garden paths made of concrete simple enough and consists of the following steps:
In order for the concrete garden track to please their owners for many years, it is necessary to carefully consider each stage separately.
In addition, it will be convenient for both people, and for use in the summer, lawn mowers if the garden track will be on one level With a soil.
Opal Mounted from boards and need it for filling concrete. In order to create any smooth bends of the track, it is quite possible to use plywood or any other rush materials for the manufacture of formwork. You can make a formwork at once along the entire length of the track, but since it is necessary to pour the solution with parts (it is necessary, because it is necessary to provide seams to compensate for the concrete compression expansion under the influence of temperature), then the formwork can also be made in parts, which will reduce the consumption of material on its manufacture .
Pillow There are two goals under the concrete track.
Pillow or base for a walkway from a labeling crushed stone layer and a sand layer. The sand does not hold water, and in winter, the soil under the path will not freeze and expand. However, the sand is a small-scale material for which it is typical with time to go into crushed stone or soil. If a sand It will be laid directly on crushed stone, then a few years later, he will go into the ground with water. To prevent this process, any materials for the land are laid directly waterproofing. It can be rubberoid, geotextile or agrofiber. The last two materials are most preferable, since they are not susceptible to rotting and skip water perfectly. After the crushed stone is laid and the sand is loose, it is necessary good ramp. If the sand is dry, you need to wet it, then it will be more densely and there will be no emptiness in it. In addition, the sand pillow must be dissolved that subsequently the thickness of the concrete layer was uniform.
For the manufacture of pillows instead of sand you can make a thin concrete screw Or take advantage of flat stones, but you need to deepen a trench for a path to a stone thickness or screed.
The next step is the laying reinforced Concrete elements and fill. Before laying the reinforcing mesh or fittings, it is necessary to put a polyethylene or any other film on the pillow from the sand. This must be done for the following reason: the concrete should not dry, but harden. Hardening is a chemical reaction with the direct participation of the so-called cement milk, which gives concrete, excellent strength characteristics. So that this component does not go into the sand and need a film. Next, you can lay reinforcing elements: standard reinforcement reinforcing grid, screed mesh or any other materials.
Now you can start kneading solo. It can be made of sand and cement (1: 3), you can buy ready-made dry mixtures that are bred by water. If only walking along the path, then the thickness of the pillow and the layer of concrete should not be less than 5 cm. If the coating is experiencing heavier loads, then the additional and concrete layers should not be less than 7.5 cm.
As the solution is pouring it rammer. After the entire finished portion of the solution is flooded, it must be further dissolved by the rule and can be sealingly compacted until cement milk. When the solution slightly grabbing, you can fir the spatula. At the same time, it is possible to plant decorating elements into the solution (if it was previously expected to do). In order for the concrete hardened, and did not breathe, the track can be either covered with a film or periodically make the surface of the track water. After a couple of days you can clean opal, After a few more days, pedestrians can use the track.
By making a decision on making tracks on garden plot From concrete, you can independently and with minimal financial costs to give its land tenure, a complete image and an elegant appearance.
Status: Suitable
Designation: Tr 158-04
Date of administration: 2005-03-09
Designed in: GUP "Nimosstroy" 119192, Moscow, Vinnitsa Ul, 8
Approved in: Office of Scientific and Technical Policy in the construction industry (12/27/2004)
Area and conditions of application: These recommendations apply to construction in summer and winter periods In Moscow, environmentally friendly sidewalks, pedestrian and garden and park tracks, pedestrian streets, parking lots, entrances to residential and public buildings, coatings in the territories of socialcultum (hospitals, clinics, schools, kindergartens, nursery), at gas stations and platforms various destination from precast coatings.
For the coat coating, plates and fine-sized brave patterns are used, made of heavy and sandy concrete elements, as well as concrete using various industrial waste products, from reinforced with metal and basalt fibirs.
Replaces:VNT 15-95 "Instructions for the device of sidewalks from concrete slabs"
Table of contents: General provisions
2. Preparation of the Earth Frame and Devraging Drainage
3. The device of a sandy underlying layer
4. Installation of onboard stone
5. Foundation device
6. Device of coatings from plates and small-sized elements
7. Quality control of work
8. Safety requirements
9. Environmental Protection
10. Operation of sidewalks
Appendix 1. Characteristics of fine-sized elements
Appendix 2. Characteristics of lattice plates made of fine-sized concrete
Appendix 3. Nomenclature of curvilinear side stones for sidewalks, pedestrian streets, tracks
Appendix 4. Schemes for rectangular plates
Appendix 5. Type of fragments of the coating of square plates with a decorative surface
Appendix 6. Type of fragments of coating from small-sized elements
Appendix 7. Type of fragments of coating and seams with filling holes by lawn grass
Appendix 8. Scheme of the location of the extension seams in the coating of the sidewalk from small-sized curly elements
Appendix 9. General form Optima plot machine
Appendix 10. Vibrating plates for sealing and planting precast coatings equipped with a frame on the rollers (a) and without it (b)
The improvement of large and small settlements is of great importance to the condition of the house tracks and sidewalks, public transport stops and platforms for the drying of linen, etc.
None in private, or in industrial construction, work can not be considered complete until the improvement is made. outdoor territory. Tracks and sidewalks play this main role. The construction of such "structures" does not represent much difficult, they do not need any special technologies, mechanisms and high qualifications.
In most cases, during such work, classic species are used. building materials Such as: paving slabs and paving slabs, asphalt concrete (asphalt), concrete mixes and sandbetone. Each of the options road coat There are pluses and cons. Today we would like to introduce you to the concreting technology tracks. The manufacture of concrete path is the fastest and cheapest way to create a high-quality and durable coating.
The device of concrete sites, tracks, sidewalks contains such work:
If the soil at the base of the sidewalk or the area is loose, inhomogeneous, or simply causes doubts, you need to reinforce the concrete coating of the road grid with a cell size of 100x100 or 150x150 mm. It is also necessary to rein the driveway pathway to the site.
It is very important to use high-quality materials - a commodity concrete, a curb stone, a tile, buying them from manufacturers who constantly control the quality of products and value the company's reputation.
When ordering the finished concrete mix, it is necessary to order it by about 10% more than the calculated one. First, if the solution is not enough, no company will bring you a solution less than the minimum possible norm. Secondly, in the unloading of the solution into the intermediate container, part of it will invariably stick to the walls.
If you cook concrete with your own hands, it is advisable to do it closer to the place of work to unload the mixture directly to the track or not lose a lot of time the road to the container with the solution and back. At the end of the work, you need to carefully wash all the tools.
To give the track of the high fortress, you can challenge it: for this you need to wash the sinking cement into another wet mixture until the glossy gloss on the surface appears.
