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Manifestation of envy in interpersonal relationships. Envy personality as an interpersonal conflict factor

The article presents the results of an empirical study obtained on the basis of an associative experiment and data from the author's estimated questionnaire. There are three approaches to the understanding of the phenomenon envy: a positive, negative, neutral (ambivalent). Interpersonal (psychological) and external (social) determinants of envious behavior in cadet groups were identified, the positive and negative sides of the envy were analyzed. The article analyzes theoretical approaches to the problem of the envy on the part of domestic and foreign social psychologists. For the first time, the idea of \u200b\u200benvy is considered by the example of the training group of the military university comprehensively and in the context of interpersonal relations. The main objects of the envy within the military team are considered, on the results of the experiment, 4 categories of Associations envy were allocated: "Associations associated with illness", "Associations with Deviant Behavior", "Associations with Status", "Association-Feelings".

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12. Vecchio, R.P.: Negative Emotion in The Workplace: Employee Jealousy and Envy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRESS MANAGEMENT 7, 161-179 (2000)

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In recent decades, the number of studies and publications on the topic of envy both from foreign social psychologists and domestic scientists has increased significantly. The envy is investigated in the working groups and at the enterprises of R. Smith (R.H. Smith) and Kimom (S.H. Kim), in intra-family relations: E.A. survival is considered among Siblinigov Silina, L.L. Balance, D. Siboni (D.SIBONY), D. Kleger (J. Kluger), between spouses and marriage partners is studied in detail S.K. Flying, in the student medium analyzed by T.V. Benkov, N.V. Gorgenery. Meanwhile, works devoted to the study of envy in the military environment and cadet groups are practically no. This may be due to several reasons: first, the closeness of the military system; Secondly, difficulty in the diagnosis of military personnel in connection with the specifics of the training and official activity of cadets, which manifests itself in an abnormal training schedule (departure to military polygons, training centers I.T.D.). In our work, we communicate with the study of ideas about the envy in the context of interpersonal relations on the example of the training group of the military university. It should be noted that the cadet groups have a number of features due to the profession and a special nature of activity:

there is an inhomogeneous age-ranking group (young men at the age of 18-26), isolated from active social contacts, staying for a long time on the equalization principle;
in the cadet groups there is a complete regulation of the norms of behavior, rights and obligations, which is manifested in the following charter and strict discipline in the unit;
cadet collectives are inherent in close cooperation, stability among members of the group, the duration of joint residence in military barracks.

Thus, the pronounced specificity of the educational activities of cadets of military educational institutions creates favorable conditions To form a feeling of envy.

The word "envy" comes from the Latin Invidere, which means "look at the other with anger." The envy is related to the devastating trends, for example, by the accretion of the merit of other people (Zizzo, 2008), the need to destroy the material things of other people (Ven N. Van De. Zeelenberg M., Pieters R., 2011), a feeling of malicious joy when the envy object suffers ( Vecchio, RP, 2000) or when a group that is jealous, fails, even if it is unexpected suffering (Mackie DM, Silver La, Smith ER, 2004).

Purpose of the study.Study reporters on envy in the context of interpersonal relations in the cadet groups.

Methods. The study was used: "Free Associative Experiment", "Approximate Questionnaire" (developed by the author).

The study was attended by 216 cadets (young men) of one of the military universities of St. Petersburg aged 18 to 26, students studying at the 1st, 2nd and 4th courses.

Results and discussion

At the beginning of the study, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of words - respondents' responses in an associative experiment, then differentiated all words reactions into separate groups on different bases. As a result of the analysis of associations, we divided data into three groups: first, associations with the word "envy", having a negative importance, amounted to a majority - 78% of the total sample; secondly, associations with the word "envy" having a positive value (13%); Thirdly, associations with the word "envy" having a neutral value (9%). To negative associations, we assigned words that have a pronounced negative semantic load: rage (6%), murder, death (7%); irritability (8%); resentment (8%); hatred (23%); Negative (9%); hypocrisy (5%); anger, gloating (29%), greed (8%); Attention to someone else's life (5%), helplessness (7%). We attributed words to neutral associations that do not have a pronounced positive or negative semantic load: man (6%), conscience (5%), machine (1%). To positive associations: Success (2%), good life (1%), Glory (3%), wealth, money (8%), white (2%).

In the future, by analyzing all the Associations obtained as a result of the study, we divided them into categories.

Associations with a disease: "Alcohol", "pain", "disease", "discomfort", "drugs", "drunkenness", "weakness", "sociopath", etc.
Associations with asocial behavior: ("war", "theft", "theft", "bloody revenge", "violence", "damage", "broken nose", "prison", "murder", "death", "humiliation " and etc.).
Associations with status (social status): "Poverty", "Outsider", "dependency", "Little person", "failure", "lowness", "need", "need", "rivalry", "success", " Failure "," good life. "
Associations with feelings: "Anxiety", "helplessness", "Anger", "aggression", "pride", "sadness", "anger", "laziness", "flattery", "hypocrisy", "hatred", " ", Despair," disgust "," jealousy "," irritability "," vanity "," humiliation ".

Next, we looked at the internal and external determinants envy. Among the external reasons were most often referred to as: "Education" (14%), "Personal failure" (18%), "No close relationship" (6%), "Material insecurity" (6%), "Dysfoliage" ( 7%), "dislike to another" (7%), "low social status" (18%), "Decrease, need" (32%), "Poor childhood, family disadvantage" (9%), "Complex financial situation "(8%)," The success of others, luck, luck "(18%) and others. Among the internal reasons were called such as:" Selflessness, weakness "(9%), deposit (5%)," helplessness "(7 %), "Inadequate self-esteem" (10%), egoism (5%), "laziness" (7%), "insecurity" (13%), "conflict" (6%), "bad character" (6 %), "Aggressiveness" (5%), "fear" (5%), "anger" (5%), "timidity" (5%), "pride" (6%), "disappointment" (7%) , "Pessimism" (8%).

Thus, we see that envy in the ordinary consciousness is interpreted widely and can be caused by the most diverse reasons. Based on the data obtained, we tried to combine external and internal determinants of envy in separate groups. The main groups of external and internal determinants provoking the emergence of the envy in the educational group are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

The main groups of external (social) and internal (individual) determinants provoking the emergence of envy on the male sample (216 young men)

External (Social) Determinants

Domestic (individual) determinants

1. Family disadvantage (specificity of education, the only child in the family, bad childhood, etc.)

2. Poor position in society (personal power failure, thirst for power, social inequality, uneducation, lack of personal growth, low level of development)

3. Bad interpersonal relationships (bad environment, no close relationship, friends, personal life)

4. Complex financial situation (material insecurity, disadvantage, deprivation, need)

5. The superiority of a significant other (the boasting of others, social inequality, success, luck, luck among others).

1. Negative features (aggressiveness, helplessness, irritability, anger, timidity, pride, egoism)

3. Negative emotional states and feelings (laziness, fear, disappointment)

4. Negative view of life (pessimism, conflict, spice, etc.).

The next step of the study was to identify the objects of envy. We asked the respondents to answer the question: "How do you think, to a greater extent, people envy?" The results obtained allowed to allocate the most significant environments, which are presented in Table 2.

We asked to evaluate cadets our own envy to these subjects on a 5-point scale: 1- I do not envy at all; 2 - rather I do not envy; 3 - I envy half; 4 - rather envy; 5 - I envy greatly.

table 2

Average values \u200b\u200band ranks of major items envy on male sample (216 young men)

		environments Sign
	family well-being
	successes in school
	position in society, status
	success at the opposite sex
	personal life

	a good life



	appearance, physical beauty

	independence
	security
	success, luck
	machine, motorcycle, bike
	respect
	material things
	luck of others

	health
	popularity in peers

As can be seen from Table 2, young men, students in the Military Institute (and in public security,) more than all envy "family well-being" (3, 18), "study" (3, 14), "Regulations in society", "Status "(3.13)," Success at the opposite sex "(3.01)," personal life "(2.95). Men have envy to people who have successfully studied who have implemented themselves in a family that have recognized merits in a significant area. Probably, such a hierarchy of experiences envy is connected with the specifics of a closed educational institution, age and psychological features of respondents, isolation from active social contacts, restriction in meeting the needs (physiological, social, spiritual), long stay in numerous composition of same-sex groups on equalized principles Real differences.

The final step of the study was to consider the positive and negative sides of the envy. It was determined that such positive sides of loneliness are most often referred to as: "Motivation" (33%), "The desire for self-development, self-improvement" (37%), "rivalry, competition" (20%), "The desire for something "(8%)," Reflection, work on yourself "(18%)," Statution of new goals, purposefulness "(14%)," New Life for Life "(6%), desire for achievement (5%)," persistence, mobilization of internal resources "(7%).

Among the negative parties, the relevant respondents laid the following: "Aggression" (9%), sin (6%), "degradation" (5%), "anger" (18%), "Negative" (6%), "hatred" ( 7%), "nervous exhaustion" (8%), "loneliness" (6%), "despair" (7%), "irritability" (5%), "destruction" (5%), "Stagnation" (5 %), "Detergence of relations with others" (13%), "Emotional tension" (13%), "rage" (5%).

conclusions

First, three types of relations to envy are revealed: a positive (envy as an ability to competition, which is achieved in the ability to defend its position and achieve his goals); Negative (heavily source of destruction, deadaption, which manifests itself in "irritability", "offended", "hatred"); Neutral (envy as an ambivalent feeling, which is difficult to differentiate and designate).

Secondly, four groups of associations are highlighted with the word "envy": associations with illness, association with asocial behavior, association with status, associations with feelings.

Thirdly, it is advisable to share the determinants of envy on external (social): ("Family disadvantage", "bad situation in society", "bad interpersonal relationship", "complex financial situation", "superiority of a meaningful other") and internal (individual) Determinants provoking the emergence of the envy in the cadet training group ("negative features of personality", "inadequate self-esteem", "negative emotional states and feelings").

Fourth, respondents celebrate positive and negative sides envy. Most of the respondents consider envy as a destructive feeling, leading to "degradation", "loneliness", "worsening relationships with other" and "emotional tensions".

Reviewers:

Kulikov O.V., D.PSh.n., Professor of the Department "Social Psychology" FGBOU VPO St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg;

Guriyev S.D., D.PSh.n., Professor, I.O. The head of the "Social Psychology" FGBOU VPO St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg.

Bibliographic reference

Pilisha A.V. Representations of envy in the context of interpersonal relations (on the example of cadet groups) // Modern problems of science and education. - 2015. - № 1-1.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/Article/View?id\u003d18975 (date of handling: 09/17/2019). We bring to your attention the magazines publishing in the publishing house "Academy of Natural Science"

The problem of envy in socio-psychological literature is not new. Mention of envy meets even in antique philosophy in the texts of such thinkers as Gesiod, Democritus, Aristotle, Xenophon. As the philosophical and psychological science develop, reflections on the envy can be found in F. Bekon, R. Descarte, B. Spinoza, V. Frankl, I. Ilina, V. Bibikhina, I.T.D.

At the same time, the problems of the recently included in the subject field of science psychology recently included in the subject field. Thus, the first attempt to study it in domestic psychology is both in the theoretical and empirical plans in 1997. K.Mubdybayev. Recently, it is possible to note a clear increase in interest in envy as a socio-psychological phenomenon.

Indirectly, the problem of envy is considered in the works of a huge number of scientists - both domestic and foreign, - in the focus of the studies of which are interpersonal relationships. The most significant for the establishment of the essence of the envy as a psychological phenomenon, its characteristics, the factors of the formation and development of the situation were formulated by L.S. Arkhangelskaya, O.R. Bondarenko, N.V. Dmitrieva, I.B. Kotova, V.A. Labunskaya, I.T.D.

However, it should be noted that the dominant approach in the study of envy currently differs in crime, fragmentary, "mosaic." There is a lack of comprehensive empirical research.

The logical of the study of such a complex socio-psychological phenomenon as envy is dictated by the need to move to a more global theoretical level of its development. At the same time, the greatest productivity can be achieved with the help of a systematic approach that promotes the transformation of fragmented facts into knowledge in the strict value of this concept, characterized by the systemity and the presence of the necessary signs of conceptual completion.

Despite the fact that there are certain problems in the methodological worker of this concept, it is necessary to recognize that in recent years, the efforts of social psychologists in the study of this phenomenon have intensified, which is confirmed by V.A. Labunskaya, K. Murdybayeva, E. Sokolova, L. S. Arkhangelsk, W. Luban, O. R. Bondarenko. The focus when studying envy is detected by the identification of its external determinants, less often - internal. At the same time, the study of the socio-demographic structure of envy was carried out by only one researcher - K. Murovybayev.

T.V. Beskov, indicating the difficulties associated with the psychological diagnosis of envy as a person's features, explains this by the lack of a single approach to understanding the envy as a socio-psychological phenomenon, connecting it with various approaches of the authors to this phenomenon. So, by the authors (Yu.D. Bogdanov, S.L. Bocharov), recognizing the destructive nature of the envy, there is a presence in it and a constructive link, others (I. Pleshko, Z. Zyzin, A.L. Emelyanov ) The stimulating nature of the envy is denied. At the same time, the indicated authors emphasize, its destructive impact on both its own and someone else's life.

In addition, the envy in the public consciousness has a negative connotation and is perceived as a socially unwanted human feeling, which leads to its suppression, denial, disguise, significantly complicating the diagnosis.

In the works of K. Murdesbayev, devoted to the analysis of interpersonal relations, the factors affecting the formation of envy are considered.

K. Murovybayev, analyzing the determinants envy, comes to the conclusion that the emergence of this psychological phenomenon is largely conjugate with some features of the personality character.

Research conducted by K. Murdesbayev, suggests that in a large degree of envy - its emergence, features - determined by floors. The author also indicates the presence of gender specifics of the internal determinant envy.

New socio-economic conditions largely aggravated the problem of interpersonal relations of subjects. The changes that occurred in society over the past decades have led to significant social inequality and stratification, and the success of success, perceived normally in the form of material well-being or at least in close relationship with it, actively impose the media, making it part of the modern mass culture. The desire for compliance with the ideals of consumer society, as a result, creates envy.

An analysis of modern philosophical, sociological and psychological works on this issue has shown that so far in the scientific literature there is no unified approach to the definition of the concept of "envy". Depending on the positions of the researchers, it can be interpreted as a "feeling", "state", "hostile, hostile attitude", "vice", "manifestation of achieving motivation", "Personal characteristic", etc.

At the same time, with a clear advantage, the definitions of envy are leading, in which it is interpreted as an emotional state, emotion, feeling. So, as a universal definition, you can make the definition of envy as a feeling arising, a person who sees the subject (it can also be about success, achievements, quality), which he would wish to possess, in another person.

Envy is an integral element of interpersonal relationships, one of their strongest regulators. In socio-psychological literature there is a fairly large number of studies, both theoretical and empirical, dedicated envy on the study of external determinants. The internal determinants of this phenomenon are studied fragmentary and not enough, which does not allow any conclusions about the individual psychological properties of people inclined to envy.

The envy is the emotion of egoistic and malicious in its essence. It is aimed at another person who has what envious wishes, implying hostility to him and the desire to cause damage to him. The basis of the envy as a phenomenon is formed by egoistic greed and dislike. An important components of the envy are also awareness of their own inferiority in comparison with the object of envy and the feeling of irritation from this.

Enlightening perceives the object envy as possessing the advantage, rejoicing if the subject of envy does not bring him complete satisfaction. The feeling of even greater joy arises if the subject of envy leads its owner to dissatisfaction and pain, as it reduces its superiority in the eyes of envying, thus contributing to the increase in its self-esteem.

Because Envy aggravates the frustration in the envy, pointing to its insolvency and helplessness, in the sense that he has no feeling of power, which might give possession of the subject of envy, it is extremely painful emotion.

The envy is a great interpersonal regulator: the fear of calling it is contained and a huge number of actions are modified.

Since envy, generating a sense of dissatisfaction and in a certain sense, arranging priorities, determining the focus of the individual, is a peculiar incentive to self-improvement, self-realization, as indicated by E. Sokolov, can speak of the constructive effect of envy. In ... It is appropriate to talk about personal growth.

It should be noted that in understanding the envy of various psychologists there is no unity of opinion unambiguously. In understanding K.K. Platonova, the structure of the envy as feelings includes the components of the competition, suffering from the thought that the other has a desired subject, as well as caused by this hatred.

L.A. Dyachenko and M.I. Kandybovich Envy is considered as a socio-psychological feature, manifested as discontent, unfavorable in relation to another person who is accompanied by luck, who achieved well-being. Specified authors envy is considered as a manifestation of limited mind and petty character. That is, it is appropriate to talk here about envy as a psychological phenomenon, but about envious of an individual personality property.

E. Abolin considers envy as one of the manifestations of the achievement motivation, in which the real or imaginary advantages of someone in one sphere (social benefits of material values, success, status, personal qualities) are perceived by a person as a threat of value of their own "I", accompanied by affective experiences and actions. At the same time, as the author notes, the emotion envy can only be considered in the case of its situational appearances. In the same case when the envy becomes stable with respect to some object, it becomes an emotional installation, feeling.

According to a number of researchers, the formation of envy occurs under the influence of a number of psychological mechanisms acting together, interpenetrating and reinforcing each other in the presence of appropriate prerequisites, factors, conditions (favorable features of both external (macro and micro) and the inner media). These factors determine the specifics of its flow.

Genetically, the initial mechanism for the formation of envy - Interiorization. An important role in the formation of envy is a social comparison mechanism. This thought, which F. Bacon expressed for the first time, supports all researchers in this problem without exception. According to S.L. Rubinstein, analysis carried out by synthesis leads to a generalization and new synthesis. This means that the comparison that begins with a synthetic state of correlation of objects or phenomena leads to the exhaustion in common and different (analysis), and the allotted generally generalizes (synthesizes) objects and phenomena.

In social and psychological literature, analyzing the mechanism of social comparison in the formation of envy, first of all, there is a comparison in the "I - Other" Diage, carried out by a subject, both involuntarily and arbitrary. In the first case, the occurrence of social comparison is automatic, unconscious, representing an "almost inevitable element of social interaction. In the second case, it is understood by the subject of certain focused efforts.

Compared in the system "I - the other" belongs to the leading role in the formation of envy, but, at the same time, this role is not exceptional. A comparison can be carried out not only the subject itself, but also other people (parents, teachers, colleagues, etc.). In this case, the subject is an object of comparison. As a result of the comparison made in the system "I - Other" and an external comparison, the other in relation to the subject is estimated as more or less successful, superior or not exceeding it for any parameters.

Comparison of yourself with myself, carried out in the "I-Real - I-ideal" system, largely coincides with the comparison "I can - I want" (the relationship of its capabilities, the results of its activities with its own needs) and reveals the absence or existence of a break Between them. In case of inconsistency, "I can" with "I want" the case is initially conducted by "revision" of its internal and external resources necessary to achieve a balanced state between compared "I". The awareness of the lack of resources and disagreement of the subject to the role in accordance with its capabilities can lead to the formation of envy.

When analyzing a social comparison as a mechanism for the formation of an envious relationship, it is necessary to take into account that as a contradiction, which arose in the negative result of comparison in the I - I "system may be primary and intensified by comparison in the" I - Other "systems (" I do not satisfy the need And the other satisfies ") or" the other - the other "and on the contrary (a person can envy the other, who has a certain thing, although he had never experienced her needs and did not even think about it).

Negative for the subject The result of social comparison obtained in different systems The coordinates can lead to diverse, sometimes the opposite socio-psychological effects, one of which is envy.

The psychological mechanism of social comparison is closely associated with the mechanism of categorization playing in the formation of envy also a significant role, because "people compare themselves with no one hit, but only with certain individuals", which implies their primary ordering in terms of categories, that is, through the grouping people, objects and events as if they were similar or equivalent to one another in their attitude to the individual. Through the categorization mechanism, there are objects of social cooperation in various groups on the basis of a number of criteria:

a) similarity or disliked on the subject for a number of signs, the choice of which the subject produces independently;
b) the size of social and psychological distances between subject and objects. In addition to categorizing the social environment, the case of envy resorts to the categorization of objects (qualities, achievements) of another, the main criterion of which is the criterion of their significance or not significance for it.

In the formation of relationships, the mechanism of causal misconceptions, the psychological essence of which is that the superior person is perceived as the cause of his own failures and humiliated position. Achievements of another, objectively without changing the position of the subject on the axis of the coordinates, subjectively tolerate it into the negative zone relative to the superiority object.

K. Murdesbayev are distinguished by the following components of envy:

1. Social comparison is the primary manifestation of the envy arising from social motives. Since the achievements and failures of one or another person are discussed by others, in case of failure, the idea is "what people will say ...". It should be noted that as a subject of envy, most often acts material success, which can be demonstrated in society.
2. The perception of the superiority of another person arising in the case when the subject and the envy object is close (that is, for example, the initial possibilities are the same, the sphere of interest is the same). At the same time, the awareness of the internal superiority of one person is simultaneously perceived as the humiliation of the other.
3. The experience of the annoyance, chagrin and humiliation on this issue, which are an emotional reaction to the superiority of the opponent.
4. Dislike, hate to superior, acting as defensive mechanisms masking a sense of own inferiority to rationalization. At the same time, in the object envy, we see a huge number of disadvantages, which removes part of the emotional voltage due to emotional response and reducing the significance of the environment of envy than the voltage also decreases.
5. Desire or real causation of superior harm;
6. Desire or real deprivation of superior superiority.

In the envy, considered as a psychological phenomenon, a regulator of behavior and interpersonal relations, there are several distinctive properties. First of all, envy cannot be included in the explanation of the motives of his own behavior, even being the only motive.

As another distinguishing aspect, we can designate the formation and action of this feeling exclusively in social situations: envy consistently has its own object and the subject, that is, a person always envies someone or something. It can also be noted that it is most often noticeable to everyone except the enviable, since the appearance of envy is usually accompanied by the action of mental protection.

First of all, this is the mechanism of rationalization "it is not worthy of this ...", "It happened only only because of ..." or the projection mechanism "they are jealous ...", "the life of cruel and unfair, so everything is so ...", - the excuse is the mass And they all aim only to save their self-esteem.

Such a large amount of psychological protection mechanisms used is explained by the fact that recognition, awareness of envy, in essence, equals recognition in its own insolvency. At the same time, M.S. notes Mirimanova, envy carries not only brightly negative color, but can also be a beneficial impulse. Do not be envy, a person would not strive for superiority and did not perform discoveries.

The envy also includes the rivalry component, although the hidden, can be said, incorrectly directed: wanting to win, a person competes as if inside him, leads an invoice when his imaginary opponent does not suspect about it.

All familiar situations, when for a long time something very much wanted, and from the fact that someone has already possessed by something, the desire was even stronger. And many of the same familiar feeling of disappointment, when the desired is carried out, and the awareness comes with him that it is no longer necessary, and the desire was only inertia, which was supported by the inability and the fact that someone had this object.

Envy can act as an emotion, and - more deeply, long and intensively - as a feeling. "Envy", on the one hand, can manifest itself as an emotion, i.e. To be situational, manifested in a particular moment, as, for example, in the event of a loss, an envy arises to the winner ("he is just lucky ..."), soon already fading and without affecting the relationship.

If the envy, being a steady and painful experience of the success of another or sadness, suffering from the impossibility of achieving the desired, becomes an installation, deep feeling, affecting both the nature of interpersonal relationships and the person as a whole.

Envy manifests itself on three levels, affecting self-esteem and personality behavior:

At the level of consciousness, the awareness of its lower position in comparison with a more successful person can be perceived as a givenness, not causing strong discomfort.

At the level of emotional experience, a feeling of annoyance, irritation or malice due to such a situation may appear. It is possible to occur auto-aggression, the feelings of inferiority, disadvantaged pride, etc.;

At the level of real behavior, the envy may be accompanied by the desire to destroy, eliminate the object of envy. The aggression can be expressed both to the subject of envy and to its object, whom the enviable accuses to create problems. At this level, envy begins to act as a leading motive of behavior.

Envy at the same time is motivation, and the restriction for the person of enviable. On the one hand, the feeling of envy, causes a person to strive to the same, which has another person or even surpass it in anything. On the other hand, envy is a certain limiter to motivate the achievement of the goal already achieved by someone that, in turn, is the cause of scattering attention and distortion of the situation. This kind of motivation restriction is able to narrow thinking to the need for the success of another person, which, in turn, threatens the loss of identification and the appearance of the desire to achieve other people's goals, that is, a true personal failure.

Depending on the degree of emotional influence on the identity, depth and intensity of the experiences, several types of envy are distinguished, as well as types of influence of the envy on the vital activity of the individual. In envy there are several sides, although, most often, it is said only about the negative side of this phenomenon.

The psychological plan is distinguished by the following such forms of envy:

Black envy - this type of envy is characterized by the occurrence of the desire to destroy the object envy or, at least, to cause it to suffer, commensurate with those who feel enviable. As one of the reasons for this type, the jumper is the phenomenon of "causal delusion", i.e. Perceptions of a person who has superiority as the causes of their failures and a lower position. At the same time, the liability for what happens in his life is completely removed.

Black envy is extremely unproductive and has an impact on the envious: his suffering from envy is large, in comparison with the damage, a person who is an envy object.

In accordance with the results of the research carried out, envy is accompanied by a manifestation of somatic symptoms. A person who experiences a feeling of envy arises a number of physiological symptoms: Peter Kutter was noticed that a man was pale from the envy due to the narrowing of blood vessels, an increase in blood pressure; As a second type of somatic manifestation of envy, the yellowness of the cover is due to blood saturation bile. In addition, such people are negative, live in a permanent waiting for the failure of others instead of reaching their success.

In the white envy there are positive aspects both for envying and for the whole society, in general. The White Envy object acts as a role of a certain standard and the subject of admiration.

The envious in this case is a person admiring the abilities, qualities or achievements of another person. This kind of envious seeks to the whole imitation object envy, hoping to ever become the same.

What will be envy in a person or another, is determined by the nature of the comparison mechanisms and the structure of the "I-Concept".

So, a person who starts his business, full of hope, can with admiration to look at a person who has achieved high position, dreaming that at one time reach it.

If two people are in this kind of position with potentially the same capabilities, one of which has achieved a lot, and the other - no, the envy will be "black". This is a kind of protective mechanism, because besides its abilities, it is no longer to blame more, and the recognition of its insolvency turns out to be destructive for self-assessment. In this case, with the help of aggression and humiliation of a competitor, at least in their own eyes, the psyche is protected.

In addition, stand out:

The nude envy, manifested in the desire of a person, to have the same way, and the object of envy, and the desire for this, hostile feelings, however, does not arise.

An angry envy manifests itself in a man's desire not so much to get the same as in the desire to deprive the object of envy of superiority. The emergence of this kind of envy is a consequence of a sense of own inability to achieve the same level.

The cause of the depressive envy is also a sense of humiliated position, however, it is characterized by the presence of a sense of injustice and doom.

According to the author's concept T.V. Benkov, structural organization of envy as systemic education, whose metasystem is personality, can be considered as a combination of relationship subsystems to superior objects, subjects of their superiority, self and reflecting their inner design of components (cognitive, affective, consumer, behavioral and moral value) which are represented by the component composition.

Danish structure of relations envy allows you to consider all the faces of the studied phenomenon, to give its essential definition. Envy is an attitude to achievements (success) of another person, an educated attitude towards an object, the subject of superiority, as well as to itself, and accompanied by a complex of negative emotions (first of all, negative), awareness of its lower position and the desire to directly or indirectly neutralize this Superiority and restore subjectively perceived equality.

Thus, the formation of the envoy within the framework of the social life of the subject is due to a number of jointly existing psychological mechanisms, which, strengthen each other.

Thus, the analysis of modern philosophical, sociological and psychological works on this issue showed that so far in the scientific literature there is no single approach to the definition of the concept of "envy". Depending on the positions of the researchers, it can be interpreted as a "feeling", "state", "hostile, hostile attitude", "vice", "manifestation of achieving motivation", "Personal characteristic", etc.

At the same time, with a clear advantage, the definitions of envy are leading, in which it is interpreted as an emotional state, emotion, feeling. So, as a universal definition, you can make the definition of envy as a sense that occurs, a person who sees the subject (it can also be about success, achievements, quality), which he would wish to possess, in another person

Psychology of communication and interpersonal relations Ilyin Evgeny Pavlovich

14.6. Envy

Envy as a psychological and ethical phenomenon attracts attention as religious thinkers ("envy", 1996; 1998) and scientists of various specialties - philosophers, sociologists (S. P. Kolpakova, 1995; A. Yu. Sogomonov, 1989, 1990; D. T. Shupilo, 1996) and, of course, psychologists (M. Klein, 1997; E. E. Sokolova, E. P. Pakratov, 1991). In the future, the focus will be paid to psychological aspects of envy.

Essence envy.Envy is most often understood as a hostile, hostile attitude towards successes, popularity, moral superiority or the predominant position of another person ("Dictionary of Ethics", 1983). Such an understanding of envy as hostile, "black",it goes from philosophers. F. Bacon celebrated an aggressive character of envy: "Whoever does not hope to be equal to the neighbor in the virtues, trying to squirt with him, damaging his well-being" (1978, p. 369). R. Descartes wrote about the same: "There is not a single vice, which so would harm the well-being of people, as envy, for those who are infected with themselves, not only are upset themselves, but, as soon as they can, darken the joy of others." (1989 , p. 561). The envy is nothing but a person's desire to ensure that all: successes, merits, the location of other people, wealth - they believed only to him. A. Schopenhauer argued that although the envy is natural and characteristic of a person, nevertheless, she is a vice and at the same time - unhappiness: "Envy shows how people feel unhappy, and their attention to someone else's behavior - how much they miss" ( 2000, p. 571-572). Therefore, he writes, we must look at her as an enemy of our happiness and try to strangle it as an evil demon.

If B. Spinoza (1957) envy is hatred, then F. Larochefuche (1971) believed that envy is still irreconcilable than hate.

It should be noted that envy is understood by psychologists ambiguously. K. K. Platonov (1984) considers envy to be a feeling, the structure of which includes the competition, suffering from the idea that the other is even desirable, which does not have, and caused by this hatred for him. L. A. Dyachenko and M. I. Kandybovich (1998) consider envy as a socio-psychological trait of the person, manifested in discontent, ill-advocacy towards other people who are accompanied by luck who have achieved well-being. They consider envy as a vice, as a sign of limited mind and pettyness of character. However, such an understanding rather belongs to enlightenas a personality property.

In the "Psychology" dictionary (1990) envy is considered as a manifestation of the motivation of achievement, in which someone's real or imaginary advantages in the acquisition of social benefits (material values, success, status, personal qualities) are perceived by the subject as a threat to the value of their own, and accompanied by affective experiences and actions. "Black envy", from the point of view of the author of this article, is negative emotion. However, as emotion envy can only be considered in the case of a situational appearance. When envy is stable to some object, it becomes an emotional installation, i.e. feeling.

Along with understanding envy as hostile feeling, hostile relationshipto someone, there is a broader approach when the envy is considered as a phenomenon manifested at three levels: at the level of consciousness - awareness of a lower position, at the level of emotional experience - a sense of annoyance, irritation or malice due to such a situation and on The level of real behavior is the destruction, the elimination of the envy. In accordance with this, K. Madovbayev (1997) allocates the following components of envy, consistently manifested by each other:

1) social comparison; "... In envy, there is always a comparison, and where the comparison is impossible, there is no envy," wrote F. Bacon (1978, p. 370);

2) perception by the subject of someone superiority;

3) the experience of annals, chagrin, or even humiliation about this;

4) hostile attitude or even hatred for one who surpasses;

5) the desire or the real causation of harm;

6) desire or real deprivation of its subject of superiority.

It seems to me that the main component of the envy is missed here. After all, envy arises not just to the one who has what the enviable does not have. It occurs only about the fact that a person has a close interest. (Parrott,1991) that they are highly appreciated and what he has a need.It can be a envy of a woman who wants, but not having children, to those who have them; Envy a person with careeristic inclinations to another person who is successfully moving in service, etc. Most often envy is hidden from the one who is jealous (this is manifested in the silence of its achievements), therefore the object envy can not suspect anything. But there is an open manifestation of envy, and therefore the outstanding physiologist G. Helmholtz said that in the increasing rudeness of opponents, it is possible to judge the sizes of their own success to a certain extent.

It also happens that a person, afraid to cause the envy of others, reduces its labor energy and enthusiasm, hides its welfare and achievements, uses them secretly, not receiving from them, therefore, full satisfaction.

Envy can be stated as annoyance, angeron the one who seems to achieve undeserved success, received undeserved benefits, and on the other hand - as offenseon fate in connection with the seeming undeserved selfless failure. The envious suffers from the consciousness of his own inferiority: since I have of thisno - I mean it is worse. As noted by P. Titelman (Titellman,1982), a awareness of a lower person's person is the most fundamental prerequisite envy. Some people become literally emaciated by the chronic flow of envy. The deformation of the personality is: a person becomes secretive, anxious, splashing himself, he appears a sense of inferiority, constant discontent. Often envy motivates a person to master it with an object even criminal or spoil it (Klein, 1997).

When the malice is enthusiastic - this is called envy.

V.Gugo

To neutralize negative experiences, the enviable resorts either to self-disseminating fantasies, or to the manifestation of indifference, cynicism, to ridicule, allowing it to avoid traumatization associated with the feeling of the deficit and inferiority of its existence. Envy can be degenerated into self-vaccination. Intensive challenge with an acute attack of envy, as P. Kutter (1998) notes, can cause physiological symptoms: a man "pale from envy", since blood vessels are compressed and blood pressure is increased, or "yellowing from envy", since the blood is saturated with bile. In principle, according to this author, the envious - an unfortunate man, decent regret, suffering from doubt, from obsessive thoughts, on the absence of the so-called "feeling" of one's own dignity. Some people have a desire to eliminate any means of injustice with respect to their unequal position with another person: so that the other fails, the misfortune, discredited himself in front of others. This desire, stimulated by hatred, often pushes a person to commit immoral actions. Recall the fairy tale A. S. Pushkin "On Tsar Saltan", when two sisters wanted to lime their sister for the fact that the king was preferred as a wife, or the legend of Salieri, poisoned from the envy of Mozart. This legend gave a name to one of the types of aggression - Salieri Syndrome, associated with "black envy". The envy can be hindered to meaningless at first glance the increasingness of young people on the streets when it beats the glass from parked cars, thunderfold shop windows, etc.

Factors facilitating the emergence of envycan be divided into external and internal. Internal factors predisposing to envy are such features of personality as selfishness and self-love (Desqure, 1899), vanity and excessive ambition (Aristotle).

The external factors include proximity in the status position of enviable enviable. The envious, as a rule, compares its position and its achievements, advantages with the status of close on the social staircase. An Aristotle noted that "people envy those who are close to them in time, in place, by age and in glory ..." (1978, p. 94). Proximity creates better conditions For comparison, makes the life of another person more foreseeable. At the same time, the less distance between the envy and the envy object, the stronger envy (Mise,1981). Too big difference rarely causes envy, this author believes shoes. However, it is unlikely that this opinion is fair.

P. Kutter, for example, believes that you should not forget about socialipostasi envy. "Envy grows also on the soil real socialinjustice, "he writes. - How to avoid the envy to a child from a low-income family, who sees how much the difference between its limited capabilities and prospects that open before other children are? Can the unemployed young man look without envy on siblings of a solid bourgeois family visiting the gymnasium? Is it possible that the workers and artisans do not envy students and universities who wake up when they are pleased with the leisure of reading, for reflection, use the case to participate in the discussion and declare their political position?

Believe that envy dictated socialinjustice, you can interpret exclusively with psychologicalpoint of view, means to intentionally limit themselves by the framework of one research method. In an effort to give an envy of an exhaustive psychoanalytic interpretation, the researchers admit an error. In this case, more tangible benefits are able to bring. politicalevents aimed at providing all citizens more or less equal chances "(1998, p. 78).

From here there are such political doctrines as egalitarianism (the requirement of equality) and democracy, the desire for the overthrow of the "unfair structure", to the universal equalization, etc. Envy of one country to the wealth and well-being of another country leads to the conciliatory wars.

See the envy.I. Kant (1965) shared envy on a black envy (when there is an effort to deprive the benefits of another) and simply ill-gratefulness. Other types of envy are distinguished. They say, for example, about "Nezlobny"the envy when a person wants to have what has yet has, but at the same time does not have to another hostile feeling. Both in the "malicious" and in the "non-reliable" envy there is a desire to envy the inequality. But, as J. New (Neu,1980), in the first case, a person says: "I want you to not have what you have", and in the second: "I want to have what you have." Such a division is similar to what it is in K. Horney (normal and neurotic envy). The presence of evil envy indicates the inability of enviable to achieve the level on which another person is located; This is the manifestation of his powerlessness. Another reason for "black" envy - "Causal delusion" (Sohoeck,1969), i.e. the perception of a person who has superiority as the causes of their own failures and humiliated position.

Allocate I. delighted, "white"envy, when a person, jealous, does not feel hostile senses to a successful person. In this case, the "white envy" can even appear in an incentive for a competition with another person (Aristotle wrote about competitive envy). J. New writes in connection with this: "In the event of an evil envy, it wants to humiliate the other (to its own level or lower); In the case of admiring envy, a person wants to raise himself (become the same as another person) "(p. 434). However, with the "black" envy, one of the tasks of a psychologist is to turn it into a healthy competition. "Instead of setting up for someone else's property and spend all the forces on envy," writes P. Kutter, "we could, following the thoughts of Goethe, try to get on our own what we wish to own. It is necessary to critically analyze the current situation whenever the temptation arises to underestimate its own and overestimate other people's capabilities. The envious should pay attention to his own advantages, which he does not notice, enchanted by the perfections of a person who causes him envy "(p. 79). The formation of a sense of self-esteem and confidence in their abilities is, according to Cutter, ways to deal with envy. Then a person can tell himself: if I don't have what this person possesses, then I have something that he does not have. He will calmly relate to the originality of the other, without feeling the desire to become the same. A timely observed envy can be overcome.

Envy and age.In ontogenesis, envy appears rather late as the result of the moral egocentrism of the child, the competitive nature of the Games, dissatisfaction of the need for recognition. Often envy arises to brothers and sisters. Younger envy the superiority of the elders, and those, in turn, envy younger, because parents treat them with great attention, trepidation.

Elimination of envy in childhood contribute to the increase in the social status of the child, its identification with significant children for him, the presence of positive experiences in the process joint Games and communication.

Some scientists believe that in our time envy manifests itself not so intensively and openly, as at the time of Shakespeare (Spielman,1971). Maybe it is so. However, and now there are manifestations of meanness and even murders from envy.

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14.6. Envy envious as a psychological and ethical phenomenon draws attention as religious thinkers ("envy", 1996; 1998) and scientists of various specialties - philosophers, sociologists (S. P. Kolpakova, 1995; A. Yu. Sogomonov, 1989, 1990 ; D. T. Shupilo, 1996) and, of course, psychologists

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If B. Spinoza (1957) envy is hatred, then F. Larochefuche (1971) believed that envy is still irreconcilable than hate.

1) social comparison; "... In envy, there is always a comparison, and where the comparison is impossible, there is no envy," wrote F. Bacon (1978, p. 370);

2) perception by the subject of someone superiority;

3) the experience of annals, chagrin, or even humiliation about this;

4) hostile attitude or even hatred for one who surpasses;

5) the desire or the real causation of harm;

6) desire or real deprivation of its subject of superiority.

When the malice is enthusiastic - this is called envy.

V.Gugo

The external factors include proximity in the status position of enviable enviable. The envious, as a rule, compares its position and its achievements, advantages with the status of close on the social staircase. An Aristotle noted that "people envy those who are close to them in time, in place, by age and in glory ..." (1978, p. 94). Proximity creates the best conditions for comparison, makes the life of another person more foreseeable. At the same time, the less distance between the envy and the envy object, the stronger envy (Mise,1981). Too big difference rarely causes envy, this author believes shoes. However, it is unlikely that this opinion is fair.

Elimination of the envy in childhood contribute to the increase in the social status of the child, its identification with significant children for him, the presence of positive experiences in the process of joint games and communication.

Interpersonal relationships - objectively experienced relationships between people.

Relationships of people have a very large variety, reflecting multifaceted motives of people in various areas of production, science, education, politicians, government management, as well as family relations, with friends and comrades. At the same time, part of these relations depends on objective factors of activity, these relationships have a social basis, can largely be calculated, they do not depend on the will and consciousness of people included in these relationships (despite the fact that people are involved in them). Another part is more determined by sympathy and antipathy, has an emotional "color", the person has a different value in them. A person can be an excellent production specialist, but be a bad friend. On the contrary, personal charm, the ability to communicate often contributes to solving political, diplomatic, managerial problems. In connection with the above, in psychology it is customary to allocate objective, without personal relations and subjective, interpersonal relationships. The objective relationship (political, state, production) are the main defining, and interpersonal relationships are the nature of the background, they facilitate or complicate the flow without personal relationships, they rarely arise where there is no objective necessity. It can be said that interpersonal relations exist within public relations, implement these relationships in the activities of specific personalities (in their communication, interaction).

Interpersonal relationships are objectively experienced, in varying degrees aware of the relationships between people. They are based on a variety of emotional states of interacting people and their psychological features. In contrast to business (instrumental) relations, which can be both officially attacked and loosen, interpersonal links are sometimes called expressive, emphasizing their emotional content. The relationship between business and interpersonal relations in the scientific plan is not sufficiently developed.

Interpersonal relationships include three elements:

but) cognitive(Gnostic, informational), implies awareness of what I like or does not like in interpersonal relationship;

b) affective(Emotional), finds its expression in various experiences of people about the relationship between them. The emotional component is leading of them;

in) behavioral (practical, regulatory) is implemented in specific actions. In cases where one of the partners like the other, the behavior will be benevolent, aimed at assisting and productive cooperation. If the object is not sympathetic, then the interactive side of communication will be difficult. Between these behavioral poles there is a large number of forms of interaction, the implementation of which is due to the sociocultural norms of the groups to which they belong to the generals.

The emergence of one or another relationship is primarily due to the presence of a certain system of values. If the appearance, the words and actions of a person correspond to the values \u200b\u200bof the personality of his partner, then a general positive attitude will be formed to this person. If I. exterior appearanceAnd the behavior of a person contradict the values \u200b\u200bof the communication partner, then the latter arises a negative or indifferent attitude towards him. The ratio is thus the constant attribute of communication that has a significant impact not only on the process and the result of the interaction of partners, but also on the process of personality development.

Soviet philosopher A. I. Titarenko It rightly writes that there is nothing happily than the recognition of another person, although this joy is not always obvious. "Each person, without knowing it, happens in his life, Columbus is many times when he opens up the worlds unknown for himself - the souls of other people. Of course, this recognition is happening without the tension of the feeling and mind of" knowing ", not without his interest. It is possible that it is probably even metaphorically to say about the "work" of recognition of another person. And this work is not only joyful, but also dangerous - after all, learning, sometimes disappointed in people. "

As we see, the need for communication is the vital need for a person, whatever age he is. Therefore, dissatisfaction with the need for communication causes negative emotional experiences from a person of any age, the waiting for disadvantaged even when he seemed to be no longer threatened. With long-term preservation of unfavorablely established relations, significant changes may occur in the character of a person. It will constantly wait for other ill-witnesses, misunderstandings of its true motives of behavior, a negative assessment of his actions. We talked how hard she was experiencing such loneliness when a person is deprived of the rest possible to communicate with other people. It is no less seriously experienced and loneliness in humans when there is a real possibility of communication, but it is not implemented for any reason.

A constant comparison of herself with others, its success and failure can sooner or later lead to envy. And envy, as you know, a bad adviser in interpersonal relationships. Envy is generated by an insufficient desire to have everything that other people have. Well, if envy develops in the spiritual sphere, then it contributes to self-improvement, but more often it causes a person to act in harm to other people.

Interpersonal relationships are precisely the relationships that develop in real life between thinking and feeling people. Interpersonal relationships are the essence of communication, a peculiar result of it. Arriving in the process of communication, interpersonal relations, in turn, influence it, determining the content of communication.

Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the interpersonal relationship of a person is very diverse. All this emphasizes that the manifestation of manifestations of man and the wealth of the world around it requires the diversity of knowledge, combinations in different ways and forms of cognitive activity.

Problems of envy in interpersonal interaction of subjects are among those that relatively recently occupied the leading position in the research of domestic and foreign psychologists. It must be recognized that in recent years, the efforts of social psychologists in the study of this phenomenon have intensified. So V.A. Labunskaya and her students conducted studies on the study of envy in the structure of attitudes, experiencing difficulties to communicate; And also correlated phenomena envy, hopelessness and hope as methods of transformation of the subject. But, nevertheless, the knowledge of the phenomenon envy is still undoubtedly demanding deep analysis and understanding.

Envy always manifests itself in interpersonal relationships, i.e. It is not biologically determined, it is always socially educated, i.e. It is born when a constant comparison and evaluation of yourself and others occurs. In this comparison, entire industries are being built, and the person has numerous neurosis types. Many parents, and then teachers and friends or not, contribute to the fact that we form this feeling. The media is television, magazines, radio stations compare us, and then exploit, showing and proving us that there are such, we are imperfect, ugly, unsuccessful .... We have a non-ideal figure, an incompetent machine-computer-phone, unwitting clothes, we have caries, dandruff, lisin, cellulite, etc. We are not permanent than 100%. But we should not be perfect. We must be ourselves.

Before the envy is that it demasses the nature of human feelings, i.e. The nature of man itself. She does obvious what seems secret.

Envy points out a person on his own interest and unpolished desire, what he applies insufficient forces and efforts to what he puts the wrong way to implement his needs, dreams.

The complexity is that a person does not like to notice an unpleasant to himself, so rarely who can note and take its drawbacks and imperfections, pay attention to them, analyze and in the correct form and for itself and for others to fix the current situation - having achieved the subject of the ex-relevant envy (Earning enough money, having received the increase in the numerous awards and titles). After all, the envy is one of the poles of desire for justice and perfection, but only one, when a person sees the final result and does not appreciate the process that led to this result, i.e. Does not define the cost of the issue.

In the general form, the category "attitude" is defined as a meaningful communication of a person with an external world. In the concept of V.N. Meatsischev attitude is understood as a holistic system of individual, electoral, conscious personal relationships with different parties of objective reality, including three interrelated components: the attitude of a person to people to themselves, to the subjects of the outside world.

For social psychology, the principal of interest is of the relationship of a person to other people arising in the processes of interaction with them, the most important feature of which is their bilateral character, allowing them to consider them as a relationship in which several subjects are involved.

A special place in the identity relationship system belongs to its success and success of another. R.M. Shamions Considers this type of relationship as an integral, which can be connected with both activities and public phenomena and social behavior, and material supply, as well as high-subjective assessment. The author writes: "The attitude to its success and to the success of another can be represented quite ambiguous: there are different combinations thereof, depending on certain value-semantic orientations of the individual. And in Western, and in domestic psychology, researchers sought to find out the question of the relationship of the success of the personality in different types Activities and attitudes towards him. The attitude to the success of another is no less diverse in its meaningful characteristics - the adoption of it, joy and support in relation to the other and its success, the rejection of another, decreased or excess of the significance of success, finally the relation of envy. "

A person with a high level of envy is very wary of others, showing distrust and caution in relations, and sometimes the complete conviction that those surrounding intend to apply any significant harm to him. It is possible that in this case the protective mechanism of the projection works and attributes its states to another person: "I envy (but I can not confess yourself), and it seems to me that everyone and everyone envies me and wants to harm."

We also note that suspicion, according to A. Bassa and A. Darkaenters the component composition of a more general phenomenon - hostility, which is most frequently used in the description of an envious relationship: "Envy-linear, hostile attitude to successes, popularity, moral superiority or the preferential position of another person."

So, in the mass consciousness there is a steady stereotype of greater envious of women than men, but at the same time research results, obtained K. Murdybayev Show the lack of statistically significant differences in the intensity of envy of men and women.

In addition to suspicion, which is peculiar to both envious men, and envious women, envy manifests itself in other aspects of interpersonal relationships, but they already have gender specs. So envious men in relations with others exhibit aggressiveness, and the subordination of other women are peculiar. The envy of men is not manifested directly, but accompanied by evil jokes, the invaders aimed at the object of envy, non-directional and disordered scales of rage. If direct aggression is always directed against the victim itself, then with indirect aggression, the victim may not be present, and aggression in this case is sent to substitute objects, surrogates, sacrifices, representatives of its "circle". K. Murdybayev In this regard, it is: "Anger and aggression of annoyed alien superiority often are often addressed not only by the personalities of the opponent, but also approvers, supporting it with members of a group or a team, forcing them in this way to negative conformal behavior."

In women, their envy in interpersonal relations opposite does not have the manifestations of aggressiveness, but differs by manifestations of humility, a tendency to self-esteem, weakness, passivity, which are the characteristics of the subordinate style of the relationship. In this case, the decisive characteristic of the subordination manifested in the interpersonal relationship of a woman as a subject of envy, in our opinion, is its tendency to self-esteem, which is manifested as the suffering position "I" as a "object".

Speaking of invariant and variable characteristics of interpersonal relations of men and women who are peculiar to a high level of waiting for the envy of others, it is possible to note the following: Men and women assume that they certainly envy others, in interpersonal relationships are the authoritarian and selfish style characterized by authority, dominance, self-love, complacency, fertility and pride; Women who believe that many are jealous of them and in many respects, in addition to the described characteristics of interpersonal relations, there are also some aggressiveness expressing in cruelty, hostility, irritability and irreparality to others.

Thus, it can be seen that the envy destroys communication, contributes to the fixation of regressive forms of behavior, is the focus of deeply hidden, but ready to explode destructive trends of individual at any moment. It raises friction, failures, breaking relationships, contributes to the emergence of emotional, behavioral and psychosomatic deviationations.

Theoretical analysis of the research showed that one of the basic characteristics of the envy is that it is expressed, indirectly, through a complex of relations to another and experiences of these interpersonal relations, that it is not always aware of the subject as a relationship to other people. Envious attitude to another is experienced as a totality of states (annoyance, despair, sadness, powerlessness, malice, anger) and closely related to such relations as hatred, hostility, jealousy, contempt. Envious attitude update the verbal aggression (lie, slander), strengthens the desire to hypocrite, revenge, destroy the other both psychologically and physically.

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