So, articles are not used:
Example:
Jane IS A GIRL I MET IN THE CAMP THIS YEAR. "Jane is a girl with whom I met this summer in the camp."
Example:
I DON'T LIKE. sweets.. - I do not like candy.
My Brother Sells. cars.. - My brother sells cars.
Example:
I Like. i.frome-cream. - I love ice cream (Fig. 2).
There is. chocolate. in my bag. - There is chocolate in my bag.
Fig. 2. Ice cream ()
Example:
Boys, WE DON'T HAVE BREAD. Go and BUY SOME! - Boys, we do not have bread. Go and buy!
Example:
Heathrow. IS The Busiest Airport In Europe. - Heathrow - the most downloaded airport in Europe.
Tverskaya.street. IS IN THE CENTER OF Moscow.. - Tverskaya Street is located in the center of Moscow.
Example:
Niagara. IS The Most Famous Waterfall in the World. - Niagara is the most famous waterfall in the world.
THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IS Everest.. - The highest mountain peak - Everest.
Example:
Every Evening My Family and I Play chess. - Every evening we are playing chess every evening.
Biology. IS My Favourite Subject at School. - Biology is my favorite school subject.
There IS Much Snow in winter. - There is a lot of snow in the winter.
Example:
MY.sister IS A DENTIST. - My sister is a dentist.
Example:
MY.sister's.dress IS Very Beautiful. - My sister's dress is very beautiful.
Example:
Last.year. We Went to Turkey. - Last year we went to Turkey.
Every Day I Eat Porridge for breakfast.. - Every day for breakfast, I eat porridge.
Example:
THISyear. I'm Going to Have A Lot of Exams. - This year I have many exams.
Example:
I'Ve Got. three.kittens. at home. - I have three kitten at home.
Open Your Books ON page15 . - Open books on page 15.
Fig. 5. Numerical ()
Example:
THERE ARE someapples. IN THE BASKET. - In a basket, some apples.
There is. no.water in the teapot. - There is no water in the kettle.
Is there any.ice-cream IN THE FRINGE? - Is there ice cream in the refrigerator?
Pay attention to the use of articles with namesplacesstay People without specific instructions on them.
Compare two situation:
Nina Goes To. school Every Day. - Nina goes to school every day. (How schoolgirl)
My Mother Went To theirschool To Talk to the Teacher. - My mother went to school to talk to the teacher. (In school building(Fig. 6) )
To better understand and assimilate the features of consumption uncertain Articles, you must perform the following the exercise.
I.Insert the article where you need
Answers to the exercise:
Nouns in English are divided into calculated and innumerable.
TO calculatednouns These objects / objects are subject to counting. Such nouns can be used both in the only and plural, consumed both with certain and indefinite articles (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7. Bob - the calculated noun ()
Calculated nouns can be like subject, so I. collective.
Substantive nouns:
a Pupil - Five Pupils
a table - Many Tables
an Engineer - Engineers
Collective nouns:
a Family - Families
an Army - Armies
TO innumerable nouns Believe words that denote substances or concepts that cannot be calculated. Such nouns are not used with uncertain article and are used only in the singular. Incomplete nouns are used with such pronouns as much. - Many (Much Milk), little. - Little, little (Little Water), some- a few, some and any.- Someone, anyone.
Fig. 8. Milk - inclined noun ()
Innumerable nouns can be real (materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; food) or abstract(actions, conditions, natural phenomena, feelings).
Real nouns:
Abstract nouns:
Incompresented nouns, denoting substance, can sometimes be used with articles when they denote portions.
Example:
CAN I Have. coffee. Please?
Speaking about the names of countries, we usually do not use articles, but there are exceptions here.
If a namecountries Used in pluralthen the article is used their(Fig. 9).
Example:
Their Philippine. s.
their United States. s.
Also, a certain article will be used if namecountries There are words like kingdom., rEPUBLIC.
Example:
Their United Kingdom.
their Czech. REPUBLIC
Fig. 9. Certain article ()
Nouns in english have twopaid: common and genitive (possessive ). Nouns B. generalpade have no endings and answer the question who?/what? For education picturepaid need at the end of the noun add suffix -’ s. With the apostrophe in front of him.
Example:
Boy ’ s., Girl ’ s.
The same applies to the noun multiplenumbersthat are formed not according to the rules(Fig. 10).
Example:
MEN. 'S., Children 'S.
Fig. 10. Pressing case ()
If the noun forms multiplenumberbyrules, for the formation of a drawing case at the end of the noun, it is necessary to put only an apostrophe ( ’ ).
Example:
Workers. ’ , Soldiers. ’
Compare:
This Is The Boy 'S. Book. - this is a boy's book but.
These Are The Boys ’ Books. - This is a boy's books oV.
Nouns in the assistant case usually act as definition to other noucent and express belonging in the broad sense of the word.
Example:
Their children 's. Toys - Toys ( whose?) Children
Their girl 's. Story - story ( whose?) Girls
Sheep 's. Eyes - Eyes ( whose?) sheeps
Nouns denoting inanimateitems, as a rule, in this case notare used.
Bibliography
Homework
a) Where is your brother now? - He is at home.
b) our children are now at school.
c) she has three sisters. Two student sisters, and one is a schoolgirl.
d) When Olya smiles, everything is visible all 32 teeth.
e) their apartment is located on the 5th floor.
g) who is preparing dinner in your family?
h) India is a very colorful state.
It is believed that in English two articles - a certain and indefinite. But from a grammatical point of view, there are three of them - there is also a zero article in English. It is expressed in the absence of articles before the word. It is highlighted in a separate type of artity and give a name for the reason that it matters, as a certain or indefinite type. This is not just the absence of article, but significant absence. In English zero articles called zero.article .
Zero Article is used in some cases that you need to know the same way as the rules for the use of a certain or indefinite article. Some cases can be explained from a grammatical point of view, in other articles, it is not raised simply because it has developed in the course of the development of the language.
Article is not placed before the calculated nouns in the plural, which would require an indefinite article if they were in the singular.
My Parents Are Teachers. - My parents are teachers.
Compare:
My Father Is a Teacher.
- My father is a teacher. 
Zero Article is used before the innumerable nouns, which are used in the general sense, without specification, without reference to certain situations.
Do You Like Tea? - Do you like tea?
Compare:
TheirtEA.wAS.really.good. - Tea was really good.
Article is not required before abstract nouns, which express general concepts.
Don 't.give.himadvice. - Do not advise him anything.
In the presence of other determinants in front of the noun - for example, assignment pronouns, uncertain pronouns or numeral, use zero artity.
I.likehER.coat.
- I like her coat. 
Some situations and expressions with zero articles need to be just remembered because they are built not on logic, but thus have developed historically. For example, the article is not put before the names of its own, with the exception of the surname when it means the whole family: Stephen.Brown.boutTheirBrowns. Article is not used with nouns, denoting: food intake (breakfast., dinner, lunch), Sports and other games (football., basketball., poker.), of the year ( in 1998.), names of languages (English., Spanish), holidays, certain institutions and institutions with pretexts ( to.school, iN.college. ).
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The use of articles in English is a great indicator of the literacy of speech speaking, therefore it is not necessary to neglect such a seemingly insignificant part of learning a language. Often, the arrangement of articles (or their absence) is determined using simple rules, but there are also exceptions that are just remembered.
To begin with, it is necessary to determine which articles in English are generally. Most people to the question of how many of them will answer you without thinking, that only two, indefinite (a or an) and a certain (The). However, it is incorrect. Extraly also the third appearance, zero article. In English, the absence of this word plays the role of hardly the same important as its presence.
So, in simple language, this is the lack of articles in front of the noun. It is used in some cases, some of them are explained by the simplest grammar and are easily remembered in the form of an uncomplicated rule, others have been formed during the development of the language, and they need to just memorize, as, for example, incorrect verbs.
When is the zero article?
There are situations when zero article is used in English without obvious reasons. Such exceptions should simply memorize. This is not so difficult, because most of the nouns, in front of which no article is placed in the proposal, it is possible to take thematually to the "Family and School" section. Zero Article is used with the following words: School (School), Home (House), Church (Church), College (College). Also, the article is not placed in front of the words denoting family members, eating or a holiday.
There is a list of sustainable English expressions in which the zero article is consumed. Here are just some of them:
By remembering these words and expressions, you can start easily navigate the use of zero articles.
In English. However, in each rule there are exceptions, and in some situations we omit the article, despite the fact that it should stand there.
In this article, we consider cases of lack of articles in English.
Article is a small label that is attached to each object. But in English there is a concept as zero artity.
Zero Artict - Lack of articles before the subject. According to the rules, we must put Articles, but do not put.
Let's look at what situations it happens.
So, we do not need to put Article if:
1. We are talking about several things that we are not familiar.According to the rules when we talk about the subject, with which our interlocutor is not familiar, we must put "a", but we also know that we can only put it when we talk about one subject ("a" means "one") So, when we are talking about such (unfamiliar) objects and there are many of them, then we simply do not set "a".
We Bought. a. CAR.
We bought the car. (We do not know what kind of car, but we know that it is alone, so we put the article "a".)
We Bought_cars.
We bought cars. (As it is about multiple machines, we can no longer put artikl "A", Therefore, omit it)
Give Me. a. Pen, Please.
Give me a handle, please. (We are talking about any one handle, so we put the article "a".)
Give me_pens, Please.
Give me a handle, please. (We are talking about several unknown handles, so I do not put artictile)
2. When the word is worth the words:
I TOOK. Mary.’
s. Phone.
I took the phone Mary.
You Broke. mY. CUP.
You broke my cup.
I have some Questions.
I have a few questions.
I CANNOT GIVE YOU any. Fruits.
I can't give you any fruit.
She Has. two. sisters.
She has two sisters.
Two. DOGS PLAYS AT THE STREET.
Two dogs play on the street.
3. When generalizing, that is, when we talk about something in the general sense. For example: My sister loves milk. That is, she likes to drink milk in the general sense, and not some particular milk.
I Prefer. green. tEA. to. black. tEA..
I prefer green tea black tea. (General tea, and not some particular variety)
SHE DOESN "T EAT sugar..
She does not eat sugar. (She does not eat sugar in general, and not some kind of concrete)
Also in English there are groups of words that are not used at all with articles:
1. Before the names of people, animal nicknames:
I SPOKE WITH TOM. Yesterday.
I talked yesterday with Tom.
She Was Playing WITH Matilda. All Morning.
She played with Matilda all morning.
2. Before the names of games, sports
He Played football. AT SCHOOL.
He played football at school.
THEY MEET EVERY MONTH AND PLAY poker..
They gather every month and play poker.
3. Food Receptions: Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner
She Had Light breakfast.today.
She had a light breakfast today.
HE INVITED HER TO dinner.
He invited her for dinner.
4. Before the names of countries, cities, languages
HE CAN SPEAK. English..
She can speak English.
THEY HAD A FLIGHT TO New-york..
They flew to New York.
So, we disassemble the rules, but, of course, remember all this a little difficult. Let's try to bring conclusion from all of them. We do not set Artict if:
1. Do not know what the interlocutor says and it is in the plural.
2. There are indicating words (mine, yours, Mary, sisters). In fact, if you do not know which article to put, you can always take advantage of these substitute words so as not to make a mistake.
3. What we say to everyone know (New York, Moscow, English, French).
And now let's fix it in practice.
Translate the following offers into English:
1. She bought several dresses.
2. Can I take two chocolates?
3. She put books on the table.
4. We are going to go for lunch.
5. Children play football.
6. Stich loves to play with the ball.
7. Her favorite coffee drink.
8. Two people entered the room.
Leave your answers in the comments under the article.
Usually articles are not translated into Russian. However, in rare cases, the context requires the transfer of an indefinite article with the words some kind of, one of), but defined - that (most) or this (most):
She Murmured. a Name. And. the Name. Was Not John. - She whispered some name, I. name is It was not John.
Consider three cases: when an indefinite or definite article is used before nouns, and when it is not used.
Indefinite article a (AN) originated from numeral one (one), so it is used only with nouns in the singular.
When a single number changes, the multiple article is lowered, and if a certain amount is meant, then instead of the article, pronoun some:
Give Me a Book. - Give Me Books.
Give Me An Apple. - Give Me Some Apples.
Uncertain article has an option butIf it stands in front of a noun, starting with the consonant: a S.tudent; and option aN. - In front of the noun, starting with the vowels: aN A.pPLE.
The noun with an uncertain article is the name of the subject in general, and not the name of the specific subject. for example a Student. Causes an idea of \u200b\u200bthe student in general, that is, about a student of the highest educational institution, but not about a certain person.
The value of an uncertain article can be expressed in Russian with these words as one, one of some kind of, any, any, anyone, any.
When in front of the noun by meaning can be substituted some kind, any, one of:
There is a pen on the table. - On the table lies (some uncertain) handle (one of the class of the handles).
A CHILD CAN Understand IT. - (any) the child can understand it;
When the value is saved one:
Wait a minute! - Wait one minute!
Uncertain article is used with calculated nouns in the singular. In the plural, it is not used, sometimes replaced by uncertainly pronoun SOME (several) any (any, any).
If there is a definition in front of the noun, the article is put before this definition: a Story. (story) aN. Interesting story. (interesting story).
Certain articles has a single form their and originated from the index pronoun that. (TOT). It is consumed with nouns, both in the only and plural.
Article their Pronounced Dvofo:
Certain article is used:
When in front of the noun by meaning you can put this (most) or tOT (most):
That Is The House That Jack Built. - Here is (that) the house that Jack built.
In front of noun, the only one of its kind:
the Sun is the sun;
the Moon - Moon.
Before adjective in excellent degree:
the Cleverest Boy is the smartest boy;
the Most Difficult Question is the most difficult question.
Uncertain article is not used: in front of noun in plural: an Article - Articles.
Noun real, innumerable: water (Water), Salt, TEA (Tea) - Nouns that cannot be considered, for example, it is impossible to say: three waters.
Article is not put in front of the noun when it is used in abstract meaning:
MAN Is The Head But Woman Is The Neck. - Man - Head, Woman - Neck.
Therefore, the names of nouns abstract and real are most often used without articles. But if these nouns are used in some specific meaning (as part of the substance, the shade of feeling, some phenomenon quality), then they are used with a certain or uncertain article in accordance with the above rules:
Light Was COMING INTO THE ROOM From Somewhere. - The light penetrated from somewhere in the room.
Soon He Saw. a. Light In the Distance. - Soon he saw in the distance some kind shine.
Their Light Was Faint and UNCERTAIN. - This The light was weak and uncertain.
You May Buy Butter and Bread In A Shop. - You can buy oil and bread in anyone shop.
Their Butter Was Bought in the Nearest Shop. - it The oil was bought in the nearest store.
A. Coffee without Bread Can Never Serve As Breakfast. - Any Coffee without bread can not serve breakfast.
Even the names are subordinate to these rules:
Is That. their John I Knew Many Years Ago? - Is it really that that is John, whom I knew many years ago?
Florence Will Never, Never, Never Be a. Dombey. - Florence will never be one of Dombey.
Uncertain article is used after words such - such rather - pretty, quite. - at all as - as, as well as after what (in exclamation deals) and half. - Half:
What a nice day! - What a wonderful day!
IT's Rather A Long Way to the Village. - To the village is quite far away.
Certain article is used:
After
All The Stories Were Interesting. - All stories were interesting.
Most of the Gentlemen Looked Angry. - Most gentlemen looked angry.
Before Words: sAME. - the same, wrong. - not the right - that very. - exactly that, oNLY - the only one next - Next, last. - last:
You are thely person person I Wanted. - You are the same person I need.
If a word next Used in meaning future, A. last - lastthen they are used without articles and prepositions.
Compare:
What Is the Next Question? - What will the next question be?
I "LL Come Here Next Year. - I will come here next year.
Note!
With other determinants - such as mattering and index pronounsas well as denial no. Articles are not used:
There Is No Book On The Table. - There is no book on the table.
She Puts on Her Hat and Coat. - She puts on a hat and coat.
Names are used either with a specific article, or without article. Examine the following table:
|
Semantic field |
With Article their |
Without article |
|
Water spaces |
Rivers, Sea, Oceans, Straits, Bulips - The Thames, The Atlantic Ocean, The Black Sea, The English Channel |
Lakes - Lake Ontario |
|
Mountain Systems - The Urals |
Separate vertices - Everest |
|
|
Islands Groups - The Bermudas |
Separate Islands - Sumatra |
|
|
The names of the continents, parts of the world, Capes - Eurasia, Europe, Cape Horn |
||
|
States |
Names of states with the composition of the words denoting the State Device - Union, State, Republic, Kingdom: The United States of America, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE |
Names of states without the designation of the State Device - America, Great Britain, France |
|
Printed publications |
Publishing in English-speaking countries - |
MOSCOW NEWS published in all other countries |
|
Whole family - The Smiths - Smiths. The Petrovs - Petrov |
One person - Smith, Petrov |
|
|
Names |
Hotels, ships, aircraft - The Metropol, |
Names of streets, squares, cities - Trafalgar Square, |
Exceptions: The Hague - Hague, The Netherlands - Netherlands, The Crimea - Crimea, The Ukraine - Ukraine, The Caucasus - Caucasus, The Congo - Congo, The Strand - Strend (Street in London).
Let's still consider examples and consolidate the rules for the use of articles in English.
The indefinite article is used before the noun when it only calls the subject, classifies it as a representative of a certain kind of objects, but does not allocate it specifically.
a Table is a table (it is the table, not a chair) a chair - a chair.
When mentioning the subject or face for the first time
That "S a Pretty Girl. - Beautiful girl.
In a generalizing meaning: Nouns with an uncertain article in this meaning means: Anyone, any.
A COW GIVES MILK. - Cow (all) gives milk.
With professions:
My dad is a doctor. - My dad is a doctor.
She "S An Architect. - She is an architect.
With some expressions of quantity:
a pair - pair, a littletle - a little, a FEW is a few.
In exclamation proposals: before the calculated nouns in the only number standing after the word What (which).
What a beautiful day! - What a wonderful day!
What a. PITY! - What a pity!
A certain article is placed in the event that the subject or person is being discussed, known and speaking, and listening (from the context of the environment or as previously mentioned in this speech).
IT IS A Chair is a chair
The Chair Is At The Table - Chair stands near the table
Try to substitute the word one or this in front of the noun. If the meaning of the exposed will not change then, before the noun it is necessary to put a certain article, and if it changes, in front of the nouns in the singular (if it is calculated) an indefinite article is set, and in front of the noun in the plural not set at all.
Repeatedly mentionedWhen from the previous text it is clear what it is about:
The Girl Was Beautiful. - (this) girl was beautiful.
Clear down situationWhen it is clear that / who mean:
The Lesson Is Over. - The lesson is over.
Having an indicator definition, that is, the definition that distinguishes this person or subject from a number of similar.
This Is The House That Jack Built. - Here is the house that Jack built
This Is The Shortest Way To The River is the shortest way to the river.
He Missed The First Lecture. - He missed the first lecture
the Bristol Road - Road to Bristol.
The NEXT Stop Is Ours. - Our next stop.
In front of noun Just a kind:
the Sun - Sun
the Moon - Moon
the Earth - Earth
the Floor - Paul (one in the room)
the Sea - Sea (the only thing in this area)
Before adjective and communions that turned into nouns with the meaning of the plural:
the Strong - Strong, The Old - Old men, The Young - Youth,
If a before nouns there is a pronoun or nouns in a possessive case.
My Room is Large - My room is big.
The noun is used without article in the plural in those cases: When in the singular in front of him would stand uncertain article:
I Saw a Letter on the table. - I saw a letter on the table.
I Saw Letters On The Table. - I saw letters on the table.
Incomplete material nouns.
water Water, Milk Milk, Chalk Chalk, Sugar Sugar, Tea Tea, Snow Snow, Grass Grass, Wool Wool, Meat Meat and Others.
Incomplended abstract nouns (distracted concepts).
weather Weather, Music Music, Power Power, Knowledge Knowledge, Art Art, History History, Mathematics Mathematics, Light Light, Love Love, Life Life, Time Time
I Like Music - I love music.
But with an uncertain article, some abstract nouns can be used, expressing a variety of quality, condition.
HE GOT A GOOD EDUCATION. He got a good education.
In English in front of noun in the plural, a certain article can be standing, the pronoun som (any) or the determinant may be absent.
If in front of the Russian nouns, you can put one of the words in the sense: a few, some, some, some Before the relevant nouns in the English offer is a pronoun Some (Any).
If you can't put one of these words before the Russian nouns, then there is no determinant in the English proposal.
I Bought. some Apples Yesterday - I bought apples yesterday ( some, some apples)
