Unofficial edition
RESOLUTION
Council of Ministers -
dated 06.02.93 No. 105
ABOUT NEW STANDARDS EXTREMELY
PERMISSIBLE LOADS
MANUALLY
In order to ensure health and safe working conditions for women working in enterprises, institutions and organizations of any organizational and legal forms and types of property, the Council of Ministers - the Government Russian Federation post about:
1 Approve the norms of maximum permissible loads for women when lifting and moving weights manually according to the application.
These norms are mandatory for application from the moment of their approval in the development of project documentation by design, design and technological organizations.
Control over the implementation of these standards shall be entrusted to the State Expertise of Working Conditions of the Russian Federation.
Ministries, state committees and departments, heads of enterprises, institutions and organizations of any organizational and legal forms and types of property to develop and implement during 1993-1998 measures for the mechanization of work in which women are engaged in lifting and moving weights manually, with a view to the phased introduction into force of the new norms of maximum permissible loads approved by this Resolution, as well as to provide in the branch tariff agreements and collective agreements for the obligations of the parties to carry out these measures, excluding the dismissal of women due to the introduction of new norms.
2. The Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification, together with the interested ministries, state committees and departments to revise, taking into account the new norms of maximum permissible loads for women when lifting and moving heavy weights manually, the existing standards and technical conditions, including by types of containers for packaging goods, and, if necessary, amend them accordingly.
3. To recognize as invalid the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of December 15, 1981 No. 670 (SP RSFSR 1982, No. 2, article 7).
Decide that on the territory of the Russian Federation since the introduction of new norms approved by this Resolution, the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of December 5, 1981 No. 1149 (SP USSR (section 1), 1982, No. 2, article 8).
Norms
maximum permissible loads for women
when lifting and moving weights manually
APPLICATION
to the Resolution of the Council of Ministers -
Government of the Russian Federation
dated 06.02.93 No. 105
Notes:
1. The mass of the cargo being lifted and moved includes the mass of tare and packaging.
When moving loads on trolleys or in containers, the applied force should not exceed 10 kg.
ON THE APPROVAL OF THE STANDARDS OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LOADS FOR PERSONS
YOUNGER EIGHTEEN YEARS WHEN LIFTING AND HANDLING WEIGHT
MANUALLY
Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor and social development Of the Russian Federation of April 7, 1999 No. 7
The Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation DECIDES: To approve the Norms of maximum permissible loads for persons under eighteen years of age when lifting and moving heavy loads manually according to the appendix.
APPLICATION
to the resolution of the Ministry of Labor
and social development of the Russian Federation
STANDARDS OF THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LOADS FOR PERSONS YOUNGER
EIGHTEEN YEARS WHEN LIFTING AND HANDLING WEIGHT
MANUALLY
| The nature of work, indicators of the severity of work | Maximum permissible load weight in kg | |||||||
| Young men | Girls | |||||||
| 14 years old | 15 years | 16 years | 17 years | 14 years old | 15 years | 16 years | 17 years | |
| Lifting and manually moving the load constantly during the work shift | ||||||||
| Lifting and moving the load manually within no more than 1/3 of a work shift: constantly (more than 2 times per hour) | ||||||||
| when alternating with other work (up to 2 times per hour) | ||||||||
| The total mass of the cargo moved during the shift: | ||||||||
| lifting from the working surface | 400 | 500 | 1000 | 1500 | 180 | 200 | 400 | 500 |
| lifting from the floor | 200 | 250 | 500 | 700 | 90 | 100 | 200 | 250 |
| Notes:
1. Lifting and moving weights within the specified norms is allowed if it is directly related to the ongoing professional work being performed. 2. The mass of the cargo to be lifted and transported includes the mass of tare and packaging. 3. When moving goods on trolleys or in containers, the applied force should not exceed: for boys 14 years old - 12 kg, 15 years old - 15 kg, 16 years old - 20 kg, 17 years old - 24 kg; for girls 14 years old - 4 kg, 15 years old - 5 kg, 16 years old - 7 kg, 17 years old - 8 kg. |
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2.1. Heating surfaces.
The most typical damage to the heating surface pipes are: cracks in the surface of the wall and heating pipes, corrosive corrosion of the external and internal surfaces of the pipes, ruptures, thinning of the pipe walls, cracks and destruction of bells.
Reasons for the appearance of cracks, ruptures and holes: deposits in the pipes of boilers of salts, corrosion products, welding burrs, slowing down circulation and causing overheating of the metal, external mechanical damage, violation of the water-chemical regime.
Corrosion of the outer surface of pipes is divided into low-temperature and high-temperature corrosion. Low-temperature corrosion occurs in areas where blowers are installed, when, as a result of improper operation, condensation is allowed to form on heating surfaces covered with soot. High-temperature corrosion can occur in the second stage of the superheater during the combustion of sulfurous fuel oil.
The most common corrosion of the inner surface of pipes occurs when corrosive gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) or salts (chlorides and sulfates) contained in boiler water interact with the metal of the pipes. Corrosion of the inner surface of pipes manifests itself in the formation of pockmarks, ulcers, shells and cracks.
Corrosion of the inner surface of pipes also includes: oxygen parking corrosion, sub-slurry alkaline corrosion of boiler and wall tubes, corrosion fatigue, manifested in the form of cracks in boiler and wall tubes.
Creep damage to pipes is characterized by an increase in diameter and the formation of longitudinal cracks. Deformations in the places of pipe bends and welded joints can have different directions.
Burnouts and scale formation in pipes occur due to their overheating to temperatures exceeding the design one.
The main types of damage to welded seams made by manual arc welding are fistulas arising from lack of penetration, slag inclusions, gas pores, lack of fusion along the edges of pipes.
The main defects and damage to the surface of the superheater are: corrosion and scale formation on the outer and inner surfaces of pipes, cracks, risks and delamination of pipe metal, pipe holes and ruptures, defects in pipe welded joints, residual deformation as a result of creep.
Damage to the fillet welds of the welding of coils and fittings to the collectors, causing a violation of the welding technology, have the form of annular cracks along the fusion line from the side of the coil or fittings.
Typical malfunctions arising during the operation of the surface desuperheater of the DE-25-24-380GM boiler are: internal and external corrosion pipes, cracks and holes in welded
seams and on pipe bends, sinks that may arise during repairs, risks on the flange mirror, leaks of flange connections due to skewed flanges. During the hydraulic test of the boiler, you can
determine only the presence of leaks in the desuperheater. To identify hidden defects, an individual hydraulic test of the desuperheater should be performed.
2.2. Boiler drums.
Typical damage to the boiler drums are: cracks-tears on the inner and outer surfaces of shells and bottoms, cracks-tears around pipe holes on the inner surface of drums and on the cylindrical surface of pipe holes, intergranular corrosion of shells and bottoms, corrosion separation of shells and bottoms surfaces, drum ovality Oddulins (bulges) on the surfaces of the drums facing the furnace, caused by the thermal effect of the torch in cases of destruction (or loss) of individual parts of the lining.
2.3. Steel structures and boiler lining.
Depending on the quality of preventive work, as well as on the modes and terms of operation of the boiler, its metal structures may have the following defects and damage: breaks and bends of struts and ties, cracks, corrosion damage to the metal surface.
As a result of prolonged exposure to temperatures, cracking and violation of the integrity of the shaped brick, fixed on pins to the upper drum from the side of the firebox, as well as cracks in brickwork along the lower drum and the bottom of the furnace.
Destruction of the brick embrasure of the burner and violation of the geometric dimensions due to the melting of the brick are especially common.
3. Checking the condition of the boiler elements.
Checking the condition of the elements of the boiler, taken out for repair, is carried out according to the results of hydraulic tests, external and internal inspection, as well as other types of control carried out in the volume and in accordance with the program of expert examination of the boiler (section "Program of expert examination of boilers").
3.1. Checking heating surfaces.
Inspection of the outer surfaces of tubular elements must be especially carefully carried out in the places where pipes pass through the lining, sheathing, in the zones of maximum thermal stress - in the area of burners, hatches, manholes, as well as in places where screen pipes are bent and at welds.
To prevent accidents associated with the thinning of the pipe walls due to sulfur and parking corrosion, it is necessary, during the annual technical inspections carried out by the administration of the enterprise, to control the pipes of the heating surfaces of boilers that have been in operation for more than two years.
The control is carried out by external examination by tapping the previously cleaned outer surfaces of the pipes with a hammer weighing no more than 0.5 kg and measuring the thickness of the pipe walls. In this case, you should select the pipe sections that have undergone the greatest wear and corrosion (horizontal sections, areas in soot deposits and covered with coke deposits).
The measurement of pipe wall thickness is carried out with ultrasonic thickness gauges. It is possible to cut pipe sections on two or three pipes of the furnace walls and pipes of the convective bundle located at the gas inlet and outlet. The remaining pipe wall thickness must be at least calculated according to the strength calculation (attached to the boiler passport), taking into account the increase in corrosion for the period of further operation until the next survey and an increase in the margin of 0.5 mm.
The design wall thickness of the wall and boiler tubes for a working pressure of 1.3 MPa (13 kgf / cm 2) is 0.8 mm, for 2.3 MPa (23 kgf / cm 2) - 1.1 mm. Corrosion allowance is taken according to the obtained measurement results and taking into account the duration of operation between surveys.
At enterprises where, as a result of long-term operation, there was no intense wear of the pipes of the heating surfaces, the pipe wall thickness control can be carried out at major overhauls, but at least once every 4 years.
The collector, superheater and rear screen are subject to internal inspection. The hatches of the upper collector of the rear screen must be opened and inspected.
The outer diameter of the pipes should be measured in the zone of maximum temperatures. For measurements, use special templates (staples) or a vernier caliper. Dents with smooth transitions with a depth of not more than 4 mm are allowed on the surface of the pipes, if they do not bring the wall thickness beyond the minus deviations.
The permissible wall thickness difference is 10%.
The results of the inspection and measurements are recorded in the repair form.
3.2. Drum check.
On the day of identifying areas of the drum damaged by corrosion, it is necessary to inspect the surface before internal cleaning in order to determine the intensity of corrosion, measure the depth of metal corrosion.
Measure the uniform corrosion along the wall thickness, in which a hole with a diameter of 8 mm is drilled for this purpose. After measuring, install a plug in the hole and weld it on both sides or, in extreme cases, only from the inside of the drum. The measurement can also be done with an ultrasonic thickness gauge.
Measure the main corrosion and pits by impressions. For this purpose, clean the damaged area of the metal surface from deposits and lightly grease with technical petroleum jelly. The most accurate impression is obtained if the damaged area is located on a horizontal surface and in this case it is possible to fill it with molten metal with a low melting point. The hardened metal forms an accurate impression of the damaged surface.
To obtain prints, use a treater, babbitt, tin, if possible, use plaster.
Imprints of damage located on vertical ceiling surfaces should be obtained using wax and plasticine.
Inspection of pipe holes, drums is carried out in the following order.
After removing the flared pipes, check the hole diameter using a template. If the template enters the hole up to the stop protrusion, this means that the hole diameter is oversized. The exact size of the diameter is measured with a vernier caliper and noted in the repair form.
When inspecting the welded seams of drums, it is necessary to inspect the adjacent base metal for a width of 20-25 mm on both sides of the seam.
Drum ovality is measured at least every 500 mm along the drum length, in doubtful cases and more often.
Drum deflection is measured by stretching the string along the surface of the drum and measuring the gaps along the length of the string.
Inspection of the drum surface, pipe holes and welded joints is carried out by external inspection, methods, magnetic particle, color and ultrasonic flaw detection.
Allowed (do not require straightening) bumps and dents outside the zone of seams and holes, provided that their height (deflection), as a percentage of the smallest size of their base, is not more than:
to the side atmospheric pressure(lugs) - 2%;
towards steam pressure (dents) - 5%.
The permissible reduction in the thickness of the bottom wall is 15%.
The permissible increase in the diameter of the holes for pipes (for welding) is 10%.
