Typical cases of malfunctioning systems reverse osmosis Atoll and their removal methods. If you do not find the answer and solving the problem in this selection, see instructions for use For your model or contact service Center "Rus Filter Service" .
Water in drainage flows constantly
For this:
Leaks
From the tap water does not flow or dripping, i.e. Small productivity
In the tank is not a sufficient amount of water
Dairy water water
Water has nasty smell or taste
Water is not served from the tank to the crane
Water does not go to drainage
Increased noise
The pump is not turned off
Thank you for help in the preparation of this material K.T.N. Barasyev Sergey Vladimirovich, Academician of the Belarusian Engineering Academy.
What is this impurities and how do they get in the water?
Water, as is known, not only the most common substance in nature, but also a universal solvent. More than 2000 natural substances and elements were found in water, of which only 750 are identified, mainly organic compounds. However, water contains not only natural substances, but also toxic technogenic substances. They fall into water pools as a result of industrial emissions, agricultural effluents, household waste. Every year thousands of chemicals are falling into water sources with an unpredictable environmental action, hundreds of which are new chemical compounds. In water, increased concentrations of toxic heavy metals ions (for example, cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium), pesticides, nitrates and phosphates, petroleum products, surfactants can be detected. Every year in the sea and the oceans fall to 12 million. Ton oil.
A certain contribution to the increase in the concentration of heavy metals in water is also made and acid rains in industrialized countries. Such rains are able to dissolve minerals in the soil and increase the content of the toxic heavy metal ions in the water. Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants is involved in the cycle of water in nature. Reset to the aqueous sources of crude sewage leads to microbiological pollution of water. According to the World Health Organization, 80% of diseases in the world are caused by low quality and unsanitary state of water. Especially acute the problem of water quality is in rural areas - about 90% of all rural residents in the world are constantly used for drinking and bathing with polluted water.
Are there standards for drinking water?
Regulatory recommendations are consisted as a result of an expert assessment based on several factors - analysis of data on the prevalence and concentration of substances usually detected in drinking water; the possibilities of cleaning from these substances; Scientific substantiated conclusions about the effect of pollutants on a living organism. As for the last factor, it has some uncertainty, since experimental data is transferred from small animals per person, then linearly (and this conditional assumption) is extrapolated from large doses of harmful substances to small, then the "stock coefficient" is then injected - the resulting result on the concentration of harmful Substances are usually divided by 100.
In addition, there is uncertainty associated with uncontrolled admission to technogenic impurities and the lack of data on the admission of additional amounts of harmful substances from air and food. Regarding the influence of carcinogenic and mutagenic substances, most scientists consider their impact on the body with unheard, that is, a sufficient one molecule of such a substance to get to the corresponding receptor to cause a disease. The actually recommended values \u200b\u200bof such substances admit one case of the disease due to water per 100,000 population. Further, in the standards for drinking water, a very limited list of substances to be controlled and a viral infection is not taken into account. And finally, the features of the organism of various people are completely not taken into account (which is fundamentally impossible). Thus, the standards for drinking water reflect essentially the economic possibilities of states
If drinking water meets the adopted standards, why do you need to fill it?
For several reasons. First, the formation of drinking water standards comes from an expert assessment based on several factors, which often do not take into account technogenic pollution of water and have some uncertainty in justifying the conclusions about the concentrations of pollutants affecting a living organism. As a result, the recommendations of the World Health Organization are allowed, for example, a single cancer disease per one hundred thousand population due to water. Therefore, WHO specialists are already on the first pages of the Quality Control Guide drinking water"(Geneva, WHO) declare that" despite the fact that the recommended values \u200b\u200bprovide for the quality of water acceptable to consumption throughout life, this does not mean that the quality of drinking water can be reduced to the recommended level. In reality, constant efforts are needed to maintain the quality of drinking water at the highest possible level ... and the level of exposure to toxic substances should be as low as possible. ". Secondly, the possibilities of states in this regard (the cost of cleaning, distribution and water monitoring) is limited, and common sense suggests that it is unreasonable to bring all the water supplied to the houses for economic and drinking needs, especially since the drinking goals is spent approximately One percent of all the water used. Thirdly, it happens that efforts on water purification on water treatment facilities are neutralized due to technical disorders, accidents, feeding of polluted water, secondary tubular contamination. So the principle "Protect itself itself" is very relevant.
How to deal with the presence of chlorine in water?
Chlorine performs the useful feature of the guard against bacteria and has a prolonged action, but plays a negative role - in the presence of certain organic substances, carcinogenic and mutagenic chloroorganic compounds are formed. It is important to choose the smallest of evil. In critical situations and under technical failures, the chlorine (hyperchlorination) is possible, and then chlorine, as a toxic substance, and its compounds become dangerous. In the United States, studies were conducted on the effect of chlorinated drinking water into generic defects. It was found that the high level of tetrachloromethane caused the low weight, fetal death or the defects of the central nervous system, and benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane - heart defects.
On the other hand, it is interesting and indicative of such a fact - the construction of unborn (based on the bound chlorine) of sewage systems in Japan has led to a decrease in medicine costs three times, and for ten years to an increase in life expectancy. Since it is not possible to completely abandon the use of chlorine, the yield is seen in the use of the associated chlorine (hypochlorites, dioxides), which allows for an order to reduce adverse harmful compounds of chlorine. Considering the low chlorine efficiency in relation to viral infection of water, it is advisable to apply ultraviolet disinfection of water (of course, where it is economically and technically justified, because ultraviolet does not have a prolonged action).
In everyday life, coal filters can be used to remove chlorine and its connections.
How serious is the problem of the presence of heavy metals in drinking water?
As for heavy metals (TM), most of them have high biological activity. In the process of water treatment, new impurities may appear in the treated water (for example, a toxic aluminum may appear at the coagulation stage). The authors of the monograph "Heavy metals in the external environment" note that "according to forecasts and estimates in the future, they (heavy metals) can become more dangerous pollutants than waste of nuclear power plants and organic matter." Metal Pressing can be a serious problem due to the total influence of heavy metals on the human body. Chronic TM intoxication has a pronounced neurotoxic effect, and also significantly affect the endocrine system, blood, heart, vessels, kidneys, liver, and exchange processes. They affect the reproductive function of a person. Some metals have an allergenic effect (chromium, nickel, cobalt), can lead to mutagenic and carcinogenic consequences (chromium, nickel, iron compounds). It facilitates the position until, in most cases, the low concentration of heavy metals in underground water. The presence of heavy metals in water from surface sources, as well as the appearance of them in water as a result of secondary pollution. The most effective way to remove TM is the use of filtering systems based on reverse osmosis.
Using silver as a disinfection agent did not receive widespread for several reasons. First of all, according to Sanpin 10-124 RB99, based on WHO recommendations, silver as heavy metal, along with lead, cadmium, cobalt and arsenic refers to the class of danger 2 (high-hazardous substance), causing with prolonged use of argirosis. According to WHO, the natural total consumption of silver with water and food is about 7 μg / day, the maximum permissible concentration in drinking water is 50 μg / l, the bacteriostatic effect (the increase in the growth and reproduction of bacteria) is achieved at the concentration of silver ions about 100 μg / l, And bactericidal (destruction of bacteria) - over 150 μg / l. At the same time, there are no reliable data on a vital for the human body of silver. Moreover, silver is not effective enough for sporing-forming microorganisms, viruses and protozoa and requires long-term contact with water. Therefore, WHO experts believe, for example, that the use of filters based on activated carbon impregnated with silver, "is allowed exclusively for drinking water, which is known that it is safe in microbiological terms."
The most often silvering water is used in cases of long-term storage of disinfixed drinking water in a hermetic container without light access (in some airlines, on marine ships, etc.), and to disinfect water in the pools (in combination with copper), allowing you to reduce the degree chlorination (but not completely refuse from it).
Is it true that drinking water softened water purification filters is harmful to health?
The rigidity of water is due to the presence of dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium in it. The bicarbonates of these metals are unstable and over time are converted into water insoluble carbonate compounds falling into the precipitate. This process is accelerating when heated, forming a solid white flare on the surfaces of heating devices (a well-known scale in teapots), and boiled water becomes softer. In this case, calcium and magnesium are removed from the water - the elements necessary for the human body.
On the other hand, a person receives various substances and elements and food products, and with food to a greater extent. The need of a person's body in calcium - 0.8? 1.0 g, in magnesium - 0.35? 0.5 g per day, and the content of these elements in the average rigidity is 0.06? 0.08 g and 0.036? 0.048 g, respectively, i.e. Approximately 8? 10 percent of daily need and less for softer or boiled water. At the same time, the salt of rigidity causes high turbidity and sore throat from tea, coffee and other beverages due to the content of floating on the surface and in the volume of the beverage of the sediment, it makes it difficult for cooking food.
Thus, the question is to determine priorities - which is better: drink water from under the tap or high-qualityly purified after the filter (especially since some filters are practically not affected by the original calcium and magnesium concentration).
From the point of view of sanitary doctors, water should be safe for use, tasty and stable. Since the domestic water purification filters almost do not change the water stability index, have the ability to connect mineralizers and devices of UV disinfecting water, then they provide clean and delicious cold and softened (by 50/90%) for cooking and hot drinks water.
What gives magnetic water treatment?
Water is an amazing substance in nature, changing its properties not only depending on the chemical composition, but also when exposed to various physical factors. In particular, it was experimentally found that even short-term effects of the magnetic field increases the rate of crystallization of substances dissolved in it, coagulation of impurities and precipitate them.
The essence of these phenomena is not fully clarified, and in the theoretical description of the processes of the magnetic field of the magnetic field on water and the impurities dissolved in it coexist, mainly three groups of hypotheses (by class): - "colloidal", in which it is assumed that the magnetic field destroys the contained In water, colloidal particles, the remains of which form centers of crystallization of impurities, accelerating their precipitate; - "ion", according to which the effect of the magnetic field leads to an increase in the hydrate shells of the ions of impurities, impede the rapprochement of ions and their conglomeration; - Water, supporters of which believe that the magnetic field causes the deformation of the structure associated with hydrogen bonds of water molecules, thus affecting the rate of physical and chemical processes in the water. Whatever it was, water treatment with a magnetic field has found wide practical application.
It is used to suppress scale-forming in boilers, on oil fields to eliminate the deposition of mineral salts in pipelines and paraffins in oil pipelines, to reduce the turbidity of natural water at water stations and wastewater treatment as a result of the rapid deposition of fine pollution. In agriculture, magnetic water increases the crop significantly, the medicine finds use when removing kidney stones.
What methods of water disinfection are applied in practice now?
All known technological methods of disinfection of water can be divided into two groups - physical and chemical. The first group includes such disinfection methods such as cavitation, electric current transmission, radiation (gamma quanta or x-rays) and ultraviolet (UV) water irradiation. The second group of disinfection methods is based on the processing of water by chemicals (for example, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, silver and copper ions, bromine, iodine, chlorine, ozone), with certain doses of the bactericidal effect. By virtue of a number of circumstances (lack of practical development, the high cost of introducing and (or) operation, side effects, selectivity of the active agent) is actually in practice, mainly chlorination, ozonation and UV irradiation. When choosing a specific technology, hygienic, operational and technical and economic aspects are taken into account.
In general, if we concern the deficiencies of one or another method, it can be noted that: - chlorination is least effectively against viruses, it causes the formation of carcinogenic and mutagenic chloroorganic compounds, special measures are required to the materials of the equipment and working conditions of the service personnel, there is a danger of overdose, there is a dependence on temperature, pH and chemical composition of water; - ozonation is characterized by the formation of toxic by-products (bromates, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, etc.), the danger of overdose, the possibility of re-growth of bacteria, the need to remove residual ozone, complex equipment complex (including high-voltage), the use of stainless materials, high construction and operational expenses ; - The use of UV irradiation requires high-quality preliminary preparation of water, there is no effect of prolongation of disinfective action.
What parameters are the installations of UV-disinfection of water?
In recent years, practical interest in the method of UV irradiation in order to disinfect drinking and wastewater has increased significantly. This is due to a number of undoubted advantages of the method, such as the high efficiency of inactivation of bacteria and viruses, simplicity of technology, the absence of side effects and influence on the chemical composition of water, low operating costs. Development and use of low-pressure Mercury lamps as emitters made up efficiency to 40% compared with high pressure lamps (8% efficiency), reduce the unit power of radiation, at the same time increased several times the service life of UV emitters and prevents how much significant Ozone formation.
An important parameter The installations of UV irradiation is the dose of irradiation and an inextricably linked coefficient of absorption with water UV radiation. The dose of irradiation is the density of UV energy in MJ / cm2, obtained by water during its flow through the installation. The absorption coefficient takes into account the weakening of UV radiation during the passage of the thickness of the water due to the effects of absorption and scattering and is defined as the ratio of the proportion of the absorbed radiation stream during the passage of the water layer with a thickness of 1 cm to its initial value in percent.
The magnitude of the absorption coefficient depends on the turbidity, the chromaticity of water, the content of iron, manganese and for the appropriate adopted water standards is in the range of 5-30% / cm. The choice of the installation of the UV radiation must take into account the type of inactivable bacteria, dispute, viruses, since their resistance to irradiation varies greatly. For example, for inactivation (with an effectiveness of 99.9%) bacteria of the intestinal stick group requires 7 MJ / cm2, polio virus - 21, nematode eggs - 92, cholera vibrio - 9. In world practice, the minimum effective dose of irradiation varies from 16 to 40 mJ / cm2.
Is the copper and galvanized health water supply harmful?
Copper and zinc on SanPine 10-124 RB 99 belong to heavy metals with a class of danger 3 - dangerous. On the other hand, copper and zinc are necessary for the metabolism of the human body and are considered non-toxic concentrations in us. It is obvious that both excess and microelements deficiency (and copper and zinc include various violations in human activities.
Copper is included part of In a number of enzymes that utilize proteins, carbohydrates, increases insulin activity, and is simply necessary for hemoglobin synthesis. Zinc is part of a number of enzymes that provide redox processes and respiration, and also necessary to generate insulin. Copper accumulation occurs mainly in the liver and partially in the kidneys. The excess of its natural content in these organs is about two orders of magnitude leads to necrosis of the liver cells and kidney channels.
The lack of copper in the diet can cause congenital deformities. The daily dose for an adult is at least 2mg. The lack of zinc leads to a decrease in the function of the genital glands and the pituitary of the brain, to the slowdown in the growth of children and anemia, a decrease in immunity. Daily dose of zinc - 10-15mg. Excess zinc causes mutagenic changes in body tissue cells, cell membranes damage. Copper in pure form practically does not interact with water, but in practice, its concentration is somewhat increasing in water pipes from copper pipes (the zinc concentration in galvanized water supply increases in similarly).
The presence of copper in the water supply system is not considered dangerous to health, but can negatively affect the use of water for domestic purposes - to increase the corrosion of galvanized and steel reinforcement, to give coloring water and bitter taste (in concentrations above 5mg / l), cause tissue staining (in concentrations Above 1 mg / l). It is from the consumer point of view that the magnitude of the PDC copper is set to 1.0 mg / l. For zinc, the magnitude of the MPC in drinking water is 5.0 mg / l is determined from aesthetic positions, taking into account the representations of the taste, since with higher concentrations water has an astringent flavor and can be disconed.
Isn't it harmful to drink mineral water with high fluorine
Fluorine refers to substances with a sanitary-toxicological indicator of harm with a hazard class 2. This element is naturally contained in water in various, as a rule, low concentrations, as well as in a number of food products (for example, in rice, tea) also in small concentrations. Fluorine is one of the necessary trace elements for the human body, since participates in biochemical processes that affect the entire body. Entering the bones, teeth, nails fluorine has a beneficial effect on their structure. It is known that the lack of fluorine leads to the caries of the teeth, from which more than half of the world's population suffers.
Unlike heavy metals, fluorine is effectively excreted from the body, so it is important to have a source of its regular resumption. Fluorine content in drinking waters less than 0.3 mg / l suggests a deficit. However, already at concentrations of 1.5 mg / l, cases of brutality of the teeth are noted; At 3.0? 6.0 mg / l, the fluorosis of the skeleton may be observed, and when concentrations above 10 mg / l, disabling fluorosis can develop. The recommended WHO based on this data the level of fluorine content in drinking water is taken equal to 1.5 mg / l. For countries with a hot climate or for greater drinking water consumption, this level is reduced to 1.2 and even up to 0.7 mg / l. Thus, the fluorine is hygienically useful in a narrow range of concentrations from about 1.0 to 1.5 mg / l.
Since the fluorinating water of centralized water supply is inappropriate, containers of bottled water resort to the most rational improvement in its quality, by artificial fluorination in hygienically permissible limits. The fluorine content in bottled water at a concentration above 1.5 mg / l should talk about its natural origin, but such water can be attributed to therapeutic and is not intended for constant use.
Side chlorination effects. Why isn't there any alternatives?
Recently, in scientific and practical circles in the field of water treatment at conferences, the symposia is quite actively discussed by the issue of the effectiveness of this or that method of water disinfection. There are three most common methods of inactivation of water - chlorination, ozonation and ultraviolet (UV) - pervasion. Each of these methods has certain disadvantages that do not allow to completely abandon other methods of disinfection of water in favor of any selected. Most preferred from technical and operational, economic and medical positions could be the method of UV irradiation, if not for the lack of extended disinfective action. On the other hand, the improvement of the chlorination method based on the bound chlorine (in the form of dioxide, sodium hypochlorite or calcium) makes it possible to significantly reduce one of the negative side effects of chlorination, namely, five to ten times to reduce the concentration of carcinogenic and mutagenic chloroorganic compounds.
Nevertheless, the problem of viral pollution of water remains an unresolved problem - the effectiveness of chlorine against viruses, as is known, low, and even hyperchlorination (with all its minuses) is not able to cope with the task of complete disinfection of the treated water, especially, with a high concentration of organic impurities in the processed water. The conclusion suggests itself - to use the principle of the combination of methods, when the methods mutually complement each other, in the complex solving the task. In the case under consideration, the sequential use of UV irradiation methods and the dosage input into the processed water of the associated chlorine most effectively meet the main purpose of the disinfection system - the complete inactivation of the disinfection processing object with a prolonged follow-up. An additional bonus in a tandem Ufa-knitted chlorine is the possibility of reducing the power of UV irradiation and doses of chlorination compared to those used when used by the above-mentioned methods, which gives an additional economic effect. The proposed combination of disinfection methods is not the only possible today and work in this direction is encouraging.
How dangerous to use water for drinking with an unpleasant taste, smell and mutted on appearance?
According to the accepted terminology, the above properties of water belong to organoleptic indicators and include the smell, taste, chromaticity and turbidity of water. The smell of water is mainly associated with the presence of organic substances (natural or industrial origin), chlorine and chlororganic compounds, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia or bacteria activities (optional pathogenic). An unpleasant taste causes the greatest number of consumer complaints. The substances affecting this indicator include magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron, zinc, bicarbonates (for example, water rigidity), chlorides and sulfates. The color of water is due to the presence of painted organic substances, such as humic substances, algae, iron, manganese, copper, aluminum (in combination with iron), or painted industrial polluting waste. The turbidity is caused by the presence of finely suspended particles in water (clay, or other components, colloidal iron, etc.).
Turbidity leads to a decrease in disinfection efficiency and stimulates the growth of bacteria. Although substances affecting the aesthetic and organoleptic indicators are rarely present in toxically hazardous concentrations, the cause of unpleasant sensations should be determined (more often the danger is substances that are not determined by the human senses) and ensure the concentration of substances that cause discomfortably significantly below the threshold level. As a permissible concentration of substances that affect the aesthetic and organoleptic indicators, a concentration of 10 (for organic substances) is adopted and more than a threshold.
According to WHO specialists, about 5% of people can feel the taste or smell of some substances at concentrations 100 times lower than the threshold. However, excessive efforts to complete the elimination of substances affecting organoleptic indicators, in the scale of settlements may be unreasonably expensive and even impossible. In this situation, it is advisable to use correctly selected filters and cooking systems for drinking water.
What is the harm of nitrates and how to get rid of them in drinking water?
Nitrogen compounds are present in water, mainly surface sources, in the form of nitrates and nitrites and belong to substances with a sanitary and toxicological indicator of harm. According to SanPiN 10-124 RB99 PDC nitrates on NO3 is 45mg / l (hazard class 3), and nitrites for NO2 - 3mg / l (danger class 2). The excessive content of these substances in water may cause oxygen fasting due to the formation of methemoglobin (the hemoglobin form in which iron hem is oxidized to Fe (III), which is not able to carry oxygen), as well as diseases of some cancer forms. Methemoglobinemia is most susceptible to chest children and newborns. The purification of drinking water from nitrates is most acute for rural residents, since the wide use of nitrate fertilizers leads to their accumulation in the soil, and then, as a result, in rivers, lakes, wells and shallow wells. Remove nitrates and nitrites from drinking water today by two methods - based on reverse osmosis and based on ion exchange. Unfortunately, the sorption method (using activated carges) as the most accessible is characterized by low efficiency.
The method of reverse osmosis has extremely high efficiency, but its high cost and total water desalination should be taken into account. To prepare water for drinking needs in small quantities, it is still necessary to consider it the most suitable way to clean the water from nitrates, especially since the possibility of connecting an additional step with a mineralizer. The method of ion exchange in practice is implemented in installations with highly binding anion in CL-form. The process of removing dissolved nitrogen compounds consists in replacing the Ions of the CL-on anion exchange resin on the NO3 ions from water. However, at the same time an anions of SO4-, HCO3-, CL- are also involved in the exchange reaction, and the sulfate anions with greater efficiency than the nitrate anions and the nitrate-ion nitrate containers are low. When implementing this method, it is additionally necessary to take into account the limitation of the total concentration of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates and bicarbonates of the magnitude of the MPC in chloride ions. To overcome these drawbacks, special selective anion exchange resins are developed and proposed, the affinity of which in relation to nitrate ions is the highest.
Are there radionuclides in drinking water and how seriously they should be perceived?
Radionuclides may be in the source of water used by the person, due to the natural presence of radionuclides in the earth's crust, as well as due to man-made human activity - in the testing of nuclear weapons, insufficient wastewater treatment of nuclear energy and industry or accidents in these enterprises, loss or the embezzlement of radioactive Materials, mining and processing of oil, gas, ore, etc. Given the reality of this kind of water pollution in the standards for drinking water, requires requirements for its radiation safety, namely, the total? -Doactivity (the flow of helium nuclei) should not exceed 0.1 BC / l, and the total? -Dioactivity (electron flow) is not higher than 1.0 Bq / l (1bk corresponds to one decay per second). The main contribution to the radiation exposure of the person today makes a natural radiation - up to 65-70%, ionizing sources in medicine - more than 30%, the rest of the radiation dose accounts for by man sources of radioactivity - up to 1.5% (according to A.G. Zelenkova). In turn, a significant proportion in the background of natural external radiation falls on? -Doactive radon RN-222. Radon is an inert radioactive gas, 7.5 times heavier than air, colorless, not having taste and smell contained in the earth's crust and having high solubility in water. On the habitat of man, Radon falls with construction materials, in the form of an emerged from the depths of the Earth on its surface of the gas, when burning natural gas, as well as with water (especially if it is served from the artesian wells).
In case of insufficient air exchange in houses and individual premises in the house (usually in the basements and lower floors), radon scattering is hampered in the atmosphere and its concentration may exceed the maximum permissible to dozens. For example, in cottages with water supply from its own well, radon may be released from water when using a shower or kitchen faucet, and its concentration in the kitchen or bathroom can be 30-40 times higher than the concentration in residential premises. The greatest damage to irradiation is applied from radionuclides entering the human body when inhalation, as well as with water (at least 5% in the total dose of radon radiation). With long-term arrival of radon and its products in the human body, the risk of lung cancer and the likelihood of this disease Radon stands in second place in a number of causality after smoking (according to US Public Health). In this situation, we can recommend the upset of water, aeration, boiling or use of coal filters (efficiency\u003e 99%), as well as softeners on ion exchange resins.
Recently, they are increasingly talking about the benefits of Selena and even produce drinking water with selenium; At the same time, it is known that selenium is poisonous. I would like to know how to determine the rate of its consumption?
Indeed, selenium and all its connections are toxic for a person above certain concentrations. According to Sanpin 10-124, RB99 is selenged to substances with a sanitary and toxicological indicator of harm with a class of danger 2. At the same time, selenium plays a key role in the human body. This is a biologically active trace element, which is part of the majority (more than 30) hormones and enzymes and ensures the normal functioning of the body and its protective and reproductive functions. Selenium is the only one of the trace elements, the embedding of which in the enzymes is encoded into DNA. The biological role of Selena is associated with its antioxidant properties (along with vitamins A, C and E) due to the participation of Selena in constructing, in particular, one of the most important antioxidant enzymes - glutathione-peroxidase (from 30 to 60% of all selenium in the body).
Selena deficiency (below the average daily need of the human body 160mkg) leads to a decrease in the protective function of the body from free-radical oxidants, irreversibly damaging cell membranes and, as a result, to diseases (heart, pulmonary, thyroid gland, etc.), weakening the immune system, Premature aging and reduce life expectancy. Given all the above, you should adhere to the optimal amount of selenium consumption. Total with food (mainly) and water. The maximum daily consumption of selenium with drinking water, recommended by WHO specialists, should not exceed 10% of the recommended maximum daily consumption of selenium with food 200 μg. Thus, when consumed per day, 2 liters of drinking water, the selenium concentration should not exceed 10 μg / l, and this value is adopted as a PDC. In reality, many countries refer to seleneldification (Canada, USA, Australia, Germany, France, China, Finland, Russia, etc.), and intensive farming, soil erosion and acid rains aggravate the situation, reducing the selenium content in the soil. As a result, people consume that needed element With natural protein and vegetable food, and the greater need arises in food additives or special bottled water (especially after 45-50 years). In conclusion, we can note the leaders in the content of selenium among the products: coconut (0.81 μg), pistachios (0.45 μg), pork fat (0.2-0.4 μg), garlic (0.2-0.4 μg ), Sea fish (0.02-0.2mkg), wheat bran (0.11mkg), white mushrooms (0.1 μg), eggs (0.07-0.1 μg).
There is a cheap "folk" way to improve the quality of water by insistenceing it on silica. Is this way this way is so effective?
To begin with, clarify terminology. Flint is mineral formation based on silicon oxide, consisting of quartz and chalcedone with staining metals impurities. In therapeutic purposes, seems to be prompted by the type of silica - diatomitis, organogenic origin. Silicon is a chemical element in nature, in nature, after oxygen, a prevalence place (29.5%) and forming its main mineral substances - silica and silicates. The main source of silicon compounds in natural waters are the processes of chemical dissolution of silver minerals, intake water intake water and microorganisms, as well as increments with wastewater enterprises using silicon-containing substances in the production. In weakly alkaline and neutral waters, it is usually in the form of unfinished silica acids. Due to low solubility, its average content in groundwater is 10 - 30 mg / l, in surface - from 1 to 20 mg / l. Only in strong waters of the siliceslota migrates in ionic uniform, and therefore its concentration in alkaline waters can reach hundreds of mg / l. If you do not concern the assurances of some yarn supporters of this method of cooking drinking water about giving water contacting with silicon, some supernatural healing propertiesThe question is reduced to clarify the fact of sorption of silicon "harmful" impurities and the allocation of "useful" impurities in dynamic equilibrium with the water surrounding the flint. Such research was actually conducted or more, scientific conferences were devoted to this issue.
In general, if you distracted from the incomprehension of the results of studies of different authors related to the differences in samples (still need to consider non-refused properties of natural minerals) and experimental conditions, silica's sorption qualities were confirmed against radionuclides and heavy metal ions, the binding of mycobacterium on silicon colloids ( For example, according to M.G. Voronkov, the Irkutsk Institute of Organic Chemistry), as well as the fact of excretion in silicon contact water in the form of silicon acids. As for the latter, this fact attracted researchers to a more close study of the role of silicon as a trace element in the activities of human bodies, since it was the opinion on the biological use of silicon compounds. It turned out that silicon stimulates hair growth and nails, it is part of collagen fibers, neutralizes toxic aluminum, plays an important role in the blows of bones during fractures, it is necessary to maintain the elasticity of the arteries and plays an important role in the prevention of atherosclerosis. At the same time, it is known that with respect to trace elements (in contrast to macroelements), meager deviations from biologically justified doses of consumption are allowed and should not be carried away by constant excessive consumption of silicon from drinking water in concentrations above the maximum permissible - 10mg / l.
Do I need oxygen in drinking water?
The action of oxygen dissolved in water in the form of O2 molecules is mainly reduced to the effect on oxidative-reducing reactions involving metal cations (for example, iron, copper, manganese), nitrogen and sulfur-containing anions, organic compounds. Therefore, in determining the stability of water and its organoleptic qualities, along with measuring the concentration of organic and inorganic substances, the pH hydrogen indicator, it is important to know the oxygen concentration (in mg / l) in this water. The water of underground sources, as a rule, is extremely depleted with oxygen, and the absorption of air oxygen in the process of its production and transportation in water distribution networks is accompanied by a violation of the initial anion-cationic balance, which leads, for example, to falling into the sediment of iron, changing the pH of water, the formation of complex ions. With such phenomena, it often has to face producers of mineral and drinking bottled water produced from large depths. In water surface sources, the oxygen content varies greatly depending on the concentration of various organic and inorganic substances, as well as the presence of microorganisms. The balance of oxygen is determined by the equilibrium of the processes leading to the flow of oxygen into water, and its consumption. An increase in oxygen content in water contributes to the absorption processes of oxygen from the atmosphere, the separation of oxygen by aqueous vegetation in the process of photosynthesis, feeding surface sources with saturated oxygen rain and thawed waters. The speed of this process increases with a decrease in temperature, with an increase in pressure and a decrease in mineralization. In underground sources, a small oxygen content may be caused by vertical thermal convection. Reduce the same concentration of oxygen in water surface sources. Chemical oxidation processes (nitrites, methane, ammonium, hummous substances, organic and inorganic waste in wastewater of anthropogenic origin), biological (body breathing) and biochemical consumption (bacteria breathing, oxygen consumption during organic decomposition substances).
The rate of oxygen consumption increases with the increase in temperature and the number of bacteria. The quantitative characteristic of the chemical consumption of oxygen is based on the concept of oxidizing - the amount of oxygen in mg, spent on the oxidation of organic and inorganic substances contained in 1 liter of water (so-called permanganate oxidability for weakly-discharged waters, and bichromate oxidation (or CCD-chemical oxygen consumption). The biochemical consumption of oxygen (BOD, mg / l) is considered as a measure of water pollution and are determined as the difference in oxygen content in water before and after it is kept in the dark for 5 days at 20 ° C. Practically considered water with BPK not higher than 30mg / l. Although WHO experts do not result in the quantitative characteristic of oxygen in drinking water, nevertheless, they recommend "... Maintains as close as possible to the level of saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen, which in turn requires that the concentrations of biologically oxidizing substances ... were lower than possible." With technical oxygen-saturated Water exhibits corrosionactive properties to metal and concrete, which is undesirable. A compromise is considered the degree of saturation (the relative oxygen content in percentage of its equilibrium content) is 75% (or in the equivalent of 7 in the summer to 11 in the winter of mg o2 / l).
In drinking water, the hydrogen indicator for sanitary standards should be from 6 to 9, and in some non-alcoholic beverages there are 3-4. What is the role of this indicator and is not harmful to drink drinks with such a low value of the hydrogen indicator?
In the WHO recommendations, the value of the hydrogen indicator is in an even narrower limits of 6.5-8.5, but this is due to certain considerations. The hydrogen indicator is a value that characterizes the concentration of hydrogen ions H + (H3O + hydroxonium) in water or in aqueous solutions. Since this value, expressed in M-ions per liter of aqueous solution, is extremely small, it is customary to determine it as a negative decimal logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions and denote by the pH symbol. In pure water (or neutral) at 250c, the hydrogen indicator is 7 and reflects the equality of H + and OH- (hydroxyl group) as components of the water molecule. In aqueous solutions, depending on the ratio of the H + / OH - hydrogen indicator, it may vary in the range from 1 to 14. With a magnitude of pH, less than 7, the concentration of hydrogen ions exceeds the concentration of hydroxyl ions and water has a sour reaction; With a pH of more than 7, the reverse ratio between H + and OH- and water has an alkaline reaction. The presence of various impurities in water affects the pH value, determining the velocities and directions of chemical reactions. In natural waters, the value of the hydrogen indicator is significantly affected by the ratio of CO2 carbon dioxide, carbonate and hydrocarbonate ions. The presence in water humus (soil) acids, coalic acid, fulvocuslot (and other organic acids as a result of the decomposition of organic substances) lowers the hydrogen indicator to the values \u200b\u200bof 3.0 - 6.5. Containing calcium and magnesium bicarbonates are characterized by a pH closer to neutral. A noticeable presence in water carbonates and sodium bicarbonates increases the hydrogen indicator to the values \u200b\u200bof 8.5-9.5. The pH of the water of rivers, lakes, groundwater is usually within 6.5-8.5, atmospheric precipitation 4.6-6.1, the swamp 5.5-6.0, sea waters of 7.9-8.3, And gastric juice - 1.6-1.8! Technological requirements for water for the production of vodka include the pH value< 7,8, для производства пива – 6,0-6,5, безалкогольных напитков – 3,0-6,0. Поэтому в рекомендациях ВОЗ фактором ограничения pH служит не влияние этого показателя на здоровье человека, а технические аспекты использования воды с кислой или щелочной реакцией. При pH < 7 вода может вызывать коррозию metal pipes and concrete, and the stronger than the lower pH. At pH\u003e 8, the efficiency of the chlorine disinfection process is reduced and the conditions for falling into the precipitate of stiffery salts are created. As a result, WHO specialists come to the conclusion that "in the absence of a water distribution system, the permissible range of pH values \u200b\u200bmay be wider" than the recommended 6.5-8.5. It should be noted that when determining the pH range, the diseases of the gastrointestinal human tract were not taken into account.
What does the concept of "stable water" mean?
In the general case, stable is called water that does not cause corrosion of metallic and concrete surfaces and not emitting calcium carbonate precipitation on these surfaces. Stability is determined as the difference between the hydrogen indicator of the pH of the solution and its equilibrium pH value (inline index): if the hydrogen indicator turns out to be less than equilibrium, water becomes corrosion-active, if there is more equilibrium - calcium and magnesium carbonates fall into the precipitate. In natural waters, water stability is determined by the ratio between carbon dioxide, alkalinity and carbonate rigidity of water, temperature, carbon dioxide pressure in the surrounding air. At the same time, the processes of establishing equilibrium proceed spontaneously and accompanied by either falling into the precipitate of carbonates or dissolving them. The ratio between carbon dioxide, hydrocarbonate and carbonate ions (coal-acid derivatives) is largely determined by the size of the pH. At a pH below 4.5 of all components of carbonate equilibrium, only carbon dioxide CO2 is present in water, at pH \u003d 8.3, almost all coalic acid is present in the form of hydrocarbonate ions, and at pH 12 in water there are only carbonate ions. When using water in communal services, the industry is extremely important to take into account the stability factor. To maintain water stability, the hydrogen indicator is adjusted, alkalinity or carbonate rigidity. If the water turns out to be corrosive (for example, when desalting, softening), it should be enriched with calcium carbonates before feeding to the consumption line it should be enriched; If, on the contrary, water is inclined to isolating carbonate precipitation, their removal or acidification of water is required. For stabilization water treatment, physical methods such as magnetic and radio frequency water treatment, which prevents the loss of stiffery salts on the surfaces of heat exchangers, internal surfaces of pipelines. Chemical treatment is to be introduced using special reagent reagents based on phosphate compounds that prevent precipitation on the heated surfaces of stiffness salts due to their binding, pH correction pH dose or water transmission through granulated dolomite type materials (Corosex, Calcite, Lugged Dolomite), dosing various Complexes based on derivatives of phosphonic acid, inhibiting the crystallization processes of carbonates of stiffness salts and corrosion of carbon steels. To obtain specified parameters and concentrations of water impurities, water conditioning is used. Air conditioning is carried out by a complex of water purification equipment, stabilization and dosing of necessary substances, for example, acids to reduce alkalinity, fluorine, iodine, mineral salts (for example, calcium correction in the production of beer).
Is it harmful to use aluminum dishes, if the content of aluminum in drinking water is limited by sanitary standards?
Aluminum is one of the most common elements in the earth's crust - its content is 8.8% of the mass of the earth's crust. Pure aluminum is easily oxidized, covering the protective oxide film and forms hundreds of minerals (aluminosilicates, bauxites, alunites, etc.) and aluminumorganic compounds, the partial dissolution of which natural water And causes the presence of aluminum in underground and surface waters in ionic, colloidal form and in the form of suspension. This metal has found an application in aviation, electrical engineering, food and light industry, metallurgy, etc. Stocks and atmospheric emissions industrial enterprisesThe use of aluminum compounds as coagulants in municipal water treatment increases its natural content in water. Aluminum concentration in surface waters is 0.001 - 0.1 mg / dm3, and at low pH values \u200b\u200bcan reach several grams per DM3. From the technical side, the concentration of 0.1 mg / dm3 can cause a change in water color, in particular, in the presence of iron, and at levels of content above 0.2 mg / dm3, flakes of aluminum hydrochloride can fall. Therefore, as a PDC, WHO specialists recommend a value of 0.2 mg / dm3. Aluminum compounds during admission to a healthy person's body, there is practically no toxic effect due to low suction, although the use of aluminum compounds of water for renal dialysis causes neurological disorders in the treatment of patients. Some experts as a result of studies come to the conclusion about the toxicity of aluminum ions for a person manifested in the effect on the metabolism, the functioning of the nervous system, reproduction and the growth of cells, the derivation of calcium from the body. On the other hand, aluminum increases the activity of enzymes, contributes to the acceleration of skin healing. The human body aluminum falls, mainly with vegetable food; Water accounts for less than 10% of the total number of aluminum received. Several percent of the total aluminum income provide other sources - atmospheric air, drugs, aluminum dishes and packaging, etc. Academician Vernadsky believed that all natural elements that are part of the earth's crust should be present in a person in the human body. Since aluminum belongs to trace elements, its daily consumption should be small and being in the narrow limits of permissible. According to experts from WHO experts, daily consumption can reach 60 - 90 mg, although the real usually does not exceed 30 -50 mg. SanPine 10-124 RB99 refers aluminum to substances with a sanitary-toxicological indicator of harm with a hazard class 2 and limits the maximum permissible concentration of 0.5 mg / dm3.
Sometimes the water is felt or suffocating. What is it connected and how to get rid of it?
When using some surface or underground water sources in water, an unpleasant smell may be present, causing refusal of consumers from using such water and complaints to sanitary-indidenemadzor. The appearance of the shaft smell in water can have different causes and nature of the occurrence. The decomposing dead plants and protein compounds can give water to the surface source is rotten, herbal and even fish smell. Waste waters of industrial enterprises - oil refineries, production plants mineral fertilizer, food factory, chemical and metallurgical plants, city sewage can determine the appearance of odors of chemical compounds (phenols, amines), hydrogen sulfide. Sometimes the smell occurs in the water distribution system itself, which is in the design of dead-end branches, storage tanks (which creates the possibility of stiring), and caused by the activities of mold fungi or sulfur bacteria. Most often, the smell is associated with the presence of hydrogen sulfide H2S (characteristic smell of rotten eggs) or (s) of ammonium NH4. In groundwater, hydrogen sulfide in noticeable concentrations is obliged to deficiency of oxygen, and in surface waters, as a rule, is found in the bottom layers, where aeration and stirring of the aqueous mass is difficult. The reduction processes of the bacterial decomposition and biochemical oxidation of organic substances cause an increase in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide in natural waters is in the form of molecular H2S, HS- hydrosulfide ions and less frequently - sulfide ions S2- not having odor. The ratio between the concentrations of these forms is determined by the pH values \u200b\u200bof the water: sulphide - ion in a noticeable concentration can be detected at pH\u003e 10; at rn<7 содержание H2S преобладает, а при рН=4 сероводород почти полностью находится в виде H2S. Аэрация в сочетании с коррекцией рН позволяет полностью избавиться от сероводорода при промышленном производстве бутилированной воды из подземных источников; в быту можно использовать угольные фильтры. Хотя специалисты ВОЗ не устанавливают рекомендуемой величины по причине легкого обнаружения даже следовых концентраций, следует считать ПДК сероводорода равной нулю. Основными источниками поступления ионов аммония в водные объекты являются животноводческие фермы, хозяйственно-бытовые сточные воды (до 2-7 мг/ дм3), поверхностный сток с сельскохозяйственных полей при использовании аммонийных удобрений, а также сточные воды предприятий пищевой, коксохимической, лесохимической и химической промышленности (до 1 мг/дм3). В незагрязненных поверхностных водах образование ионов аммония связано с процессами биохимического разложения белковых веществ. ПДК (с санитарно-токсикологическим показателем вредности) в воде водоемов хозяйственно - питьевого и культурно-бытового водопользования не должна превышать 2 мг/дм3 по азоту.
Is cobalt really have an anticarceregenic effect and which amounts are permissible for use without harm, but with benefit?
Cobalt is a chemical element, a heavy metal silver-white color with a reddish tint. Cobalt is a biologically active element, which is part of vitamin B12, constantly present in all living organisms - plants and animals. Like any microelement, cobalt is useful and safe in a narrow range of daily doses of 0.1 - 0.2 mg with a constant admission to the human body with a total of food and water. In elevated concentrations of cobalt toxic. Therefore, it is important to know and control its content in drinking water. The lack of cobalt causes anemia, violation of the functions of the central nervous system, a decrease in appetite. The inhibitory effect of cobalt on the breathing of cells of malignant tumors suppresses their reproduction. In addition, this element contributes to an increase in antimicrobial properties of penicillin 2-4 times.
The natural water of the cobalt compounds fall as a result of the leaching processes from their medical-grated and other ores, from soils in the decomposition of organisms and plants, as well as with wastewater of metallurgical, metalworking and chemical plants. Cobalt compounds in natural waters are in a dissolved and weighted state, the quantitative ratio between which is determined by the chemical composition of water, temperature and pH values. The dissolved forms are represented mainly by complex compounds, including with organic substances of natural waters. Compounds of bivalent cobalt are most characteristic of surface water. In the presence of oxidants, there is an existence in noticeable concentrations of trivalent cobalt. In river unpressive and weakly polluted waters, its content ranges from tenths to thousandths of a milligram in 1 dm3, the average content in sea water is 0.5 μg / dm3. The largest concentration of cobalt is found in products such as beef and calf liver, grapes, radishes, salad, spinach, fresh cucumber, black currant, cranberries, onions. According to Sanpin 10-124, RB99 cobalt refers to toxic heavy metals with a sanitary and toxicological indicator of harm with a hazard class 2 and an extremely permissible concentration of 0.1 mg / dm3.
When using water from its own well, black and gray small grains appear. Is it harmful to drink such water?
For an accurate "diagnosis", a chemical analysis of water is necessary, but from experience it can be assumed that the "culprit" of such troubles is a manganese, often accompanying gland in the underground waters. Even at concentrations of 0.05 mg / dm3, which is two times lower than the maximum permissible, the manganese can be delayed in the form of plaque on the inner surfaces of pipes, followed by peeling and forming a black sediment with a weighted sediment. In surface waters, the natural manganese comes as a result of leaching of minerals containing manganese (pyrojit, manganit, etc.), as well as in the process of decomposition of aquatic organisms and plants. The compounds of manganese fall into water bodies with the wastewater of metallurgical plants, enterprises of the chemical industry. In river waters, manganese contents usually range from 1 to 160 μg / dm3, the average content in marine waters is 2 μg / dm3, in the underground - hundreds and thousands of MKG / DM3. In natural waters, the manganese migrates in various forms - ionic (in surface waters there is a transition to high-grade oxides falling into a precipitate), colloidal, complex compounds with bicarbonates and sulfates, complex compounds with organic substances (amines, organic acids, amino acids and humus substances) , sorbed compounds, in the form of mangnets-containing suspensions of washed with water minerals. Molds and balance of manganese content in water is determined by temperature, pH, oxygen content, absorption and release by its aqueous organisms, underground drains. From a physiological point of view, the manganese refers to the useful and even vital micronomelement, actively affecting the processes of the exchange of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the human body. In the presence of manganese, there is a complete absorption of fats. This element is necessary for a large number of enzymes, maintains a certain level of cholesterol in the blood, and also contributes to the increase in insulin. After entering the blood, the manganese penetrates into the red blood cells, enters into complex compounds with proteins and is actively adsorbed by various tissues and organs, such as liver, kidneys, pancreas, intestinal walls, hair, inland secretion. The most important in biological systems have manganese cations in a state of oxidation 2+ and 3+. Despite the fact that the brain tissues are absorbed by the manganese in smaller quantities, the main toxic effect in its excessive consumption is manifested in damage to the central nervous system. Manganese promotes the transition of the active Fe (II) in Fe (III), which protects the cell from poisoning, accelerates the growth of organisms, contributes to the utilization of CO2 by plants than increases the intensity of photosynthesis, etc. The daily human need in this element is from 5 to 10mg - is provided mainly by food products, among which various cereals are dominated (especially oatmeal, buckwheat, wheat, corn, etc.), legumes, beef liver. At concentrations of 0.15 mg / dm3 and above, the manganese can paint underwear and attach an unpleasant taste of drinks. The maximum permissible concentration of 0.1 mg / dm3 is set from the positions of its coloring properties. Marganese, depending on the ion form, can be removed by aeration methods, followed by filtration (at pH\u003e 8.5), catalytic oxidation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis or distillation.
The processes of dissolution of various rocks (minerals Galite, Miracycite, magmatic and sedimentary breeds, etc.) are the main source of sodium intake into natural water. In addition, sodium enters surface water as a result of natural biological processes in open water bodies and rivers, as well as industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewater. On the sodium concentration in the water of a particular region, in addition to hydrogeological conditions, the type of industry, also affects the time of year. Its concentration in drinking water usually does not exceed 50 mg / dm3; In river waters range from 0.6 to 300 mg / dm3 and even more than 1000 mg / dm3 in areas with saline soils (no more than 20 mg / dm3 for potassium), in the underground - can reach several grams and tens of grams in 1 dm3 on large depths (for potassium - similarly). Sodium levels are above 50 mg / dm3 up to 200 mg / dm3 can also be obtained as a result of water treatment, especially in the process of sodium - cationic softening. High-consumption of sodium, according to numerous data, really plays a prominent role in the development of hypertension in genetically sensitive people. However, the daily intake of sodium with drinking water even at elevated concentrations turns out to be a simple calculation, 15 to 30 times lower than with food, and cannot cause a significant additional effect. Nevertheless, persons suffering from hypertension or heart failure, when it is required to limit sodium consumption with a total with water and food, but those who want to use soft water, can be recommended potassium - cationic softening. Potassium is essential in maintaining the automatic reduction of the heart muscle, the potassium-sodium "pump" supports the optimal liquid content in the body. For a day, a person needs 3.5 g of potassium and its main source - food (dried apricots, figs, citruses, potatoes, nuts, etc.). SanPine 10-124 99 limits sodium content in drinking water MP3 magnitude 200 mg / dm3; According to potassium, the restrictions are not given.
What is dioxins?
Dioxins - generalized name of a large group of polychlorinated artificial organic compounds (Polychlorodibenzoparadioxins (PCDC), polychlorodibenzodifuran (PCDF) and polychlorodibiphenyls (PCDF). Dioxins are solid colorless crystalline substances with a melting point of 320-325 ° C, chemically inert and thermostable (decomposition temperature above 750 ° C). Appear as by-products in the synthesis of some herbicides, in the production of paper using chlorine, the production of plastics, in the chemical industry, are formed during the burning of waste in the incineration factories. When entering the environment is absorbed by plants, soil and various materials, Find through the supply chains in animal organisms and in, features, fish. Atmospheric phenomena (winds, rains) contribute to the spread of dioxins and the formation of new pollution foci. In nature, they break up extremely slow (more than 10 years), which causes their accumulation and long-term Impact on living organisms. If you get into the body of a person with food or water, dioxins are affected by the immune system, the liver, lungs, cause cancer, genetic mutations of sex cells and embryo cells, and the period of manifestation of their actions can be months and even years. Signs of damage to dioxins are the reduction of weight, the loss of appetite, the appearance of sulfur-shaped rashes on the face and neck, non-treating, oroging and disruption of the pigmentation (darkening) of the skin. The defeat of the age develops. There are extreme depression and drowsiness. In the future, the damage to dioxins leads to violations of the function of the nervous system, metabolism, change in blood composition. Most dioxins are contained in meat (0.5 - 0.6pg / g), fish (0.26 - 0.31 pg / g) and dairy products (0.1 - 0.29 pg / g), and in fat These dioxin products accumulate several times more (according to Z.K. Amirova and N.A. Klyuev), and in vegetables, fruits and croups are practically not detected. Dioxins are one of the most toxic synthetic compounds. The permissible daily dose (DSD) is no more than 10 pg / kg of human weight per day (in the US - 6fg / kg), and this suggests that dioxins a million times toxic than such heavy metals as arsenic and cadmium. The PDC adopted in our water in water 20PG / DM3 suggests that with proper control of sanitary services and daily water consumption of no more than 2,5l to obtain the poisoning of dioxins contained in water, we do not threaten.
What dangerous organic compounds can be in drinking water?
Among the natural natural organic substances found in surface sources of water supply - rivers, lakes, especially in swampy areas, - humic and fulvocyuslots, organic acids (forming, acetic, propionic, benzoic, oil, dairy), methane, phenols, nitrogen-containing substances (amines, urea, nitrobenzenes, etc.), sulfur-containing substances (dimethyl sulfide, dimethyldisulfide, methylmercaptan, etc.), carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones, etc.), fats, carbohydrates, resinous substances (highlighted by coniferous species of trees), tannins (or tannides - phenol-containing substances), lignins (high molecular weight substances produced by plants). These substances are formed as the products of the vital activity and decay of plant and animal organisms, some fall into water as a result of its contact with the deposits of hydrocarbons (petroleum products). The economic activity of humanity causes pollution of aquatic basins with substances similar to natural, as well as thousands of artificially created chemicals, repeatedly increasing the concentration of unwanted organic impurities in water. In addition, additional pollution into drinking water makes materials of water distribution networks, as well as water chlorination in order to disinfect (chlorine refers to the number of active oxidizing agents and willingly enters the reaction with various organic compounds) and coagulants at the primary water purification stage. These impurities include different groups of substances capable of supplying health: - polluting water source humic substances, petroleum products, phenols, synthetic detergents (spawn), pesticides, carbon-chloride CCL4, phthalic acid esters, benzene, polychlorinated polychlorinated Bifenils (PCB), chlorobenzenes, chlorinated phenols, chlorinated alkanes and alkenes - carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane) of CCl4, trigalometans (chloroform (trichloromethane) CHCl3, bromdihloromethane, dibromhloromethane, tribromomethane (bromocorm)), acrylamide, - incoming in Water distribution process of vinyl chloride monomers, PAU. If the concentration of natural organic substances in unpolluted and weakly aggregate natural waters does not exceed tens and hundreds of μg / dm3, then in the waters of contaminated by drains, their concentration (as well as the spectrum) is significantly increased and can reach tens and hundreds of thousand μg / dm3.
A certain part of organic substances is unsafe for the human body and their content in drinking water is rigidly normalized. The particularly dangerous (hazard class 2 and 1) includes substances with a sanitary and toxicological sign of harmfulness, causing a pronounced negative impact on various organs and human systems, as well as having carcinogenic and (or) mutagenic actions. The latter includes hydrocarbons of type 3,4-benzapyrine (MPC 0.005 μg / dm3), benzene (MPC 10 μg / dm3), formaldehyde (MPC 50 μg / dm3), 1,2-dichloroethane (MPC 10 μg / dm3), Trichloromethane (MPK 30 μg / dm3), tetrachloromethane (MPC 6 μg / dm3), 1,1-dichloroethylene (MPC 0.3 μg / dm3), trichloroethylene (MDC 30 μg / dm3), tetrachloroethylene (MPC 10 μg / dm3) , DDT (the sum of isomers) (MPK 2 μg / dm3), aldry and dildrin (MPK 0.03 μg / dm3),? -Hhtsg (Lidan) (MPC 2 μg / dm3), 2,4 - d (dichlorophenoxaceous acid) (MP3 30 μg / dm3), hexachlorobenzene (MPC 0.01 μg / dm3), heptahlor (MPC 0.1 μg / dm3) and a number of other organic substances. Effective removal of these substances is achieved with coal filters or reverse osmosis systems. At municipal water treatment stations it is necessary to ensure the removal of organic substances from the water before chlorination, or choose alternative use of free chlorine how to disinfect water. In SanPiN 10-124 RB99, the number of organic substances for which MPC is introduced, reaches 1471.
Is it harmful to use water treated with polyphosphates for drinking water?
Phosphorus and its compounds are extremely widely used in industry, in communal and agriculture, medicine, etc. It is mainly produced by phosphoric acid and on its basis phosphoric fertilizers and technical salts - phosphates. In the food industry, for example, phosphoric acid is used to regulate the acidity of jelly-like products and non-alcoholic beverages, in the form of calcium phosphate additives in bakery products, for high retention of water in some foods, in medicine - for the production of drugs, in metallurgy - as a deoxidizer and Alloying additives in alloys, in the chemical industry - for the production of degreasing and synthetic detergents Based on sodium tripolyphosphate, in utilities - to prevent scale formation by additives of polyphosphates into the cultivated water. The general phosphorus p, an environment existing in the surrounding person, consists of mineral and organic phosphorus. The average mass content in the earth's crust is 9.3x10-2%, mainly in mountain and sedimentary rocks. Due to the intensive exchange between mineral and organic forms, as well as alive organisms, phosphorus forms large deposits of apatite and phosphorites. The processes of weathering and dissolving phosphorus-containing rocks, natural bioprocesses determine the content in the water of the total phosphorus (as mineral H2PO4-< 6,5 и HPO42- pH> 6.5 and organic) and phosphates at a concentration of units to hundreds of μg / dm3 (in a dissolved form or in the form of particles) for unpolluted natural waters. As a result of pollution of water pools in agricultural (with fields 0.4-0.6kg P from 1G, with farms - 0.01-0.05 kg / day. Per animal), industrial and household (0.003-0.006 kg / day. Per resident) Flocks The concentration of common phosphorus can be significantly increased - up to 10 mg / dm3, which often leads to the processes of the eutrophication of water bodies. Phosphorus is one of the most important biogenic elements necessary for the vital activity of all organisms. The cells are contained in the form of ortho- and pyrophosphoric acids and their derivatives, is included in phospholipids, nucleic acids, adenazinthrifosphoric acid (ATP) acid, etc. organic compounds affecting the metabolic processes, storage of genetic information, energy accumulation. Phosphorus in the human body is mainly in bone tissue (up to 80%) at a concentration of 5G% (per 100g dry matter), and the exchange of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium is closely connected. The lack of phosphorus leads to a resolution of bone tissue, increasing its fragility. In the tissues of the phosphorus brain, about 4g%, and in the muscles - 0.25 g%. The daily need of the human body in phosphorus is 1.0 -1.5g (great need for children). The most rich in phosphorus products are milk, cottage cheese, cheese, egg yolk, walnuts, peas, beans, rice, dried, meat. The greatest danger for a person is elementary phosphorus - white and red (main allotropic modifications), causing severe systemic poisoning and neurotoxic disorders. Regulatory documents, in particular, SanPine 10-124 RB 99 Install the MPC of the elementary phosphorus 0.0001 mg / dm3 on a sanitary and toxicological basis with 1 hazard class (extremely dangerous). As for polyphosphates Men (PO3) N, MEN + 2PNO3N + 1, MENH2PNO3N + 1, MENH2PNO3N + 1, then they are low toxic, especially hexamethosphate used for quasi-softening drinking water. The permissible concentration established for them is 3.5 mg / dm3 (according to PO43-) with a limiting indicator of harm on organoleptic attribute.
Valves contaminated in this way are sometimes returned as "faulty". The situation occurs when the valves return without visible signs of malfunction; However, if the second valve in the same place again "loses hermeticity", you can be sure that this is caused by the presence of the bypass channel in the system, i.e. The occurrence of an undesirable hydraulic channel between the high-pressure pipeline and the part of the system, where the pressure is low.
The most often, the bypass canal occurs between the uncontrolled cold water supply system and the supply system hot water reduced pressurewhere the pressure decrease valve is installed on the intake in the hot water tank.
Somewhere in the system, cold and hot water pipelines turn out to be closed alone with another. It can be a central thermostat mixer, but more often it is an exhaust fittings, such as mixers with single release of shell mixers, bath thermostat mixers or shower, etc. To prevent the bypass channel between the cold and hot water pipelines, for example, in thermostat mixers, check valves are installed on the intake of cold and hot water.
If the check valve installed at the hot water attachment site does not work on the cutoff, then the pressure from the cold water system can be easily transmitted to the hot water pipeline. If the pressure of cold water exceeds the working or above the pressure on which the water-heateled safety valve is calculated, it will lead to a constant leakage of the safety valve.
In some cases, this situation may occur only overnight when low water consumption from the water supply leads to an increase in static pressure. However, in most cases, the pressure gauge on the pipeline immediately in front of the pressure decrease valve shows the increased pressure due to the fact that the check valve behind the pressure decrease is rarely closed completely.
Be that as it may, the pressure decrease valve remains closed until the output pressure is stored above the installed one. Thus, the valve operates as a completely cut-off check valve. Moreover, the valves with a decrease in the pressure of the D06F series are designed in such a way that all parts of the exhaust portion withstand the pressure equal to the maximum permissible inlet pressure, and the performance of the valve is not violated.
In the case where the pressure decrease valve is located at a central point directly behind the water meter, the described problem does not occur, since the systems of cold and hot water pipelines are under the same pressure. However, one single branch before the valve with a decrease in pressure, for example, in a garage or to the garden, can cause such a malfunction in a system with a centrally located valve with a decrease in pressure.
For completeness, it should also be noted that there is a separate pressure decrease valve installed to control hot water tank, the expansion of water during heating can cause an increase in pressure over the installed level, and up to the pressure of the safety valve. This can also occur in the case of centrally installed valves with a decrease in pressure, which will lead to the occurrence of the zoomed channel described above in the direction, reverse flow of water.
2.Sign it in the connector until it stops.
The tube is fixed by a mechanical clip. To seal the connection, attach additional effort. In this case, the tube is drowned by another 3 mm and will be tightly crimped with a rubber ring of the connector.
The tube is fixed. Slightly pull the tubes to check the connection.
Before disconnection, make sure that the system does not have pressure.
Disconnect no less simple.
1. Click on the ring at the base, - the mechanical clamp releases the tube.
2. Hold the tube.
Do not even open
Photos of the parcel, pupyr, tracks and other Labuda will not. Mail works! All sending to me to Moscow reach the maximum for a month and a half.
.And a few more points from the experience of the operation of such systems:
1) Be sure to spend a thorough check of the entire system for the presence of microcracks, the integrity of gaskets and TPs.
2) After 3-4, I recommend replacing all three lower plastic flasks (I had two times when I broke the flask along with the thread, the upper part bursts). The electromagnetic valve, if installed before logging in, will save your apartment from the Flood!
3) I recommend installing an electromagnetic valve to the input of the first mud filter (in most crab systems installed on the cut-off between the first and second filter) seep2!
4) UPD! Very common mistake: "Inflate" cumulative tank! Many believe that Pakakov, raise pressure in the filter. Yes, raise, but not in the filter, but in the tank itself. As a result, less water will be filtered into the tank.
A rubber pear is built into the cumulative tank, which separates the air (lower part) and clean water (upper part). Lifting pressure at the bottom, you reduce the useful space at the top. A label is pasted on a cumulative tank, where the operating pressure is indicated (100psi \u003d 6.9atm). That's what you need to leave!
5) UPD! Another common mistake: Replacing the "crab" in the hope that it will raise pressure. Any new "crab" (so it is arranged) with a gradual filling of the accumulative tank gradually reduces the input pressure to the filter. The option proposed by me solves this problem!
You can check the filter as follows:
Remove from the "crab" system (accordingly you need to restore all connections, you will need spare tubes)
Discharge storage tank
Turn on the water. Look like water leaks from the crane on the washing. There must be a continuous trickle with a thickness of 1-2 mm.
At the same time, it can be filled with this clean water with some container, and the tube that goes into the sewer, shove into another container. So you can estimate the approximate consumption of water.
If the trickle is very thin or dripping, then the oo membrane possibly clogged.
And perhaps indeed pressure in the plumbing is very low. But here you will not cure any settings, just put. But such an upgrade is sufficient (approximately 4000 rubles: the pump itself + high pressure relay + low pressure relay + fittings and tube).
Alternatively, refuse osmosis and put an ultrafiltration membrane. She needs much less pressure. Filters slightly worse. It is placed in the same case as the oo membrane. And the accumulative tank is removed and all the binding of the OO (check valve, crab, stream limiter).
Did not plan to do the review, wrote on the rapid hand
If there are questions - I'm glad to tell.
I plan to buy +52. Add to favourites I liked the review +38 +78Osmosis - is an integral part of the vital activity of living organisms and plants. Which provides metabolism at the cellular level. In this article, we will look at the reverse osmosis system: the principle of operation, its use, as well as the dignity and disadvantages.
There are two types of osmosis:
1) System of Direct Osmosis
2) reverse osmosis system
Direct osmosis is one-sided diffusion of solvent molecules using a special membrane towards the smallest concentration. If the membrane was absent, then in the vessel would simply align the concentration. Transfer caused by osmotic pressure. Pressure, as a rule, depends on the type of solvent, composition and concentration of dissolved impurities.
Reverse osmosis is necessary for the effects of external pressure on the solvent, as a rule, this is water. Water passes through the membrane towards a smaller concentration of the solution and thereby clears. The solutes are settled in the solution, increasing its concentration. With the help of pressure in this case, two tasks are solved at once:
1) Pressure stops direct Osmos, and in absence it is inevitably starting to function the process of direct osmosis.
2) Using the pressure, the installation performance increases.
The magnitude of the external pressure directly depends on the conditions and objectives of the application. The greater the external pressure, the greater the filtration rate. In order to clean the water in watering systemThe pressure should be 3 - 3.5 atm. In the event that you need to resort to desalting sea water, the pressure will be within 70 - 80 atm. In practice, to get the necessary pressure use a special pump (POMPU).
Reverse Osmosis System - Application :
1) Reverse osmosis system for water desalination.
2) The reverse osmosis system of water purification from all sorts of impurities in industry and everyday life.
3) The reverse osmosis system of water purification makes it possible to get super-free water for medicine.
4) The reverse osmosis system of water purification is used in the food industry.
5) The desalination device of reverse osmosis is used on large ships and submarines.
6) The reverse osmosis system is necessary in thermal power for water treatment systems.
The reverse osmosis system found its application in 1970 and was most common in water purification by reverse osmosis. This system is divided into two types: for household appliances and industrial systems. These two groups have a lot of total (OSMOS and water purification are inextricably). All systems are performed as several modules, each of which performs certain functions.
This is explained by the following :
A) All modules have a different service life, in connection with this, the replacement occurs at different times.
b) Mechanical impurities are much more often littered with a membrane, so this filter is subject to replacement first.
The reverse osmosis system removes not all impurities, especially unpleasant and dangerous is chlorine, which destroys the membrane. Chlorine is removed using the installation of 1-2 coal filters, which is placed after the mechanical water purification filter. Also in this filter, all organic compounds and iron are removed (it is dangerous for membranes).
After the filter purification of the reverse osmosis, they usually put a mineralizer that allows you to add the required minerals and salts remote by filter. Further purified water is treated with ultraviolet, which makes it possible to save it 100% of microorganisms.
The inverse osmosis installation circuit looks as follows: a mechanical water purification filter - a coal filter of water purification №1 - coal filter No. 2 --- Water purification filter ---sterilizer (UV). The number of cleaning steps can reach up to 6-7. As a result of cleaning, the water is divided into two channels:
A) Purified water enters household systems and to consumers, or in water storage tank.
b) Water (brine) with increased salts is reset into the sewer system.
Reverse osmosis water purification filter is a reverse osmosis membrane. Modern membranes are manufactured from a synthetic polymer composite material.
The surface membrane creates a special layer of water that does not dissolve the salt, which in it exist, and also prevents them in passing through it. Depending on what the membrane is intended, the method of its execution (plate or rolled material) depends.
According to its design, the membrane filter purification of the water inverse osmosis is a porous structure of composite material. The main requirement is that the membrane should pass through itself only water, while delaying dissolved impurities. For water, the diameter of pores should be 0.0001 μm, but for such substances as chlorine, oxygen and fluorine is not an obstacle.
The reverse osmotic membrane possesses two main parameters, such as the degree of purification (99% almost for all substances) and performance (depends on pressure).
The purification filter of the reverse osmosis water purifies the first water according to the composition close to distilled, and the second purifies 96-98% (from solutes) and 100% of microorganisms. Third water, despite the fact that it has high efficiency, there is also no deficiencies.
Reverse Osmosis Water Cleaning Filter Benefits :
1) has a high degree of cleaning
2) has a large range of applications
3) High Performance
4) In the heat energy, there is a low flow rate during operation, if compared with ion exchange devices. Does not require regeneration and reagent reserves.
Filter Water Purification Reverse Osmosis Disadvantages :
1) It has a very high degree of purification, which in some cases requires mineralization of purified water, especially drinking.
2) very sensitive to some impurities that destroy the membrane of the reverse osmosis (chlorine, fluorine, iron, manganese, rigidity salts).
3) a preservation of the initial solution is necessary.
Principle of operation and filtering scheme of reverse osmosis
The reverse osmosis system constantly drains water into the sewer.
Check if it really is. Discharge water supply to the tank. In order to overlap the water tank, climb under the sink and overcoat the lever on the tap (blue) at a right angle (90 degrees), to the flow of water (hose). If after 30 minutes. Water is still merged into drainage, it is either in the pressure, or in the reverse osmosis membrane, or in the valve after the reverse osmosis membrane, or in the four-way valve.
Dischaise tank and open the crane that is installed on the washing. Reverse osmosis should purify water bypassing the tank. If the flow of purified water is small, approximately like a stream of thick in the handle rod, the membrane is working normally.
Check the water pressure at the outlet directly before the reverse osmosis membrane. If the pressure is more than 6 atm. Wait until the water supply pressure of your home is leveled or install the pressure reducer. The cost of the gearbox that levels the pressure from 250 UAH. up to 350 UAH Depending on the country of the manufacturer. For the operation of the reverse osmosis system, pressure is needed 3 - 4 atm. If water pressure is less than 3 atm, install the pump, the cost of the pump set from 1500 to 2000 UAH.
Check the four-step valve, it must overload the water supply to the system in a few minutes, with a crane closed on a storage tank. If it does not block replace the four-way valve (cost 69 UAH).
With a faulty reverse valve, the tank with purified water is complete, but the discharge of water into drainage does not stop. Replace the check valve (cost 45 UAH).
Bad taste of water After the reverse osmosis system. If the water after cleaning the reverse osmosis filter has a taste, then it is most likely in the wasting water. Complaints on a bad taste of water after additional top cartridges of a mineralizer or biochemal cartridge, are not associated with what these filters are introduced into water, but with improper operation of the water filter. In the water treatment cartridges there are up to three glasses of water. This water, as well as water which is stored in the tank, can not be stated. To eliminate foreign taste and smell, it is necessary to either use a mineralizer (biocheramic cartridge) every day, or merge the first few glasses of water.
If all the whole water after the filter has unusual smell or taste (With both drums of the crane, or in cases where the mineralizer is not installed), water is stored not in the filter cartridges, but in the water tank. There is the most common cause of the problem - missed the replacement period of the post-warning cartridge (once a year), or the incomplete use of the resource of the tank (hydroacumuulator). If you can't use its volume completely during the operation of the filter, the tanks are 15 liters. - 12l., 11l.-8l. And 8l.-6l.) There is a need to artificially update water in the tank once a month. You can overlap the faucet before the filter and gradually use excess purified water, you can dial a large container or simply drain all the water from the tank into the sewer. If you use the filter, there will be 1-2 people, when installing, recommended the smallest tank (8l.)
Low pressure from the crane in the reverse osmosis system. Low pressure from the water filter crane is likely to be associated with improper work of the tank. The water purification speed of the reverse osmosis filter is small. It can be imagined as a trickle thick in the handle rod. In order to immediately be able to dial a large ass or at least a glass, in the reverse osmosis systems there is a storage tank (hydroacomulator). If the water does not arrive in the tank, the filter works in a cool. When the crane is opened, water jumps and immediately flows the trickle. If nothing interferes with the flow of water into the tank (the tubes are not shifted and the tank is open), then the case is in the wrong work of the tank.
The tank is empty, and the water does not come to it. Open the tap on the tank turning the lever on the tap (blue) parallel, to the flow of water (hose). Check the water pressure at the entrance immediately before the reverse osmosis membrane. If the pressure is less than 3 atm. Wait while the pressure of the water supply of your home is aligned, or set the pump. The cost of the pumping kit of an increase in pressure for water purification filter from 1500 UAH. up to 2000 UAH Depending on the country of the manufacturer.
Full tank, and water does not come from it. Open the crane on the tank by turning the lever on the tap (blue) parallel to the flow of water (hose). If the tank on the tank is open and no mechanical blocking of the water flow, which should be closed and extinguished from the tank, is the internal pressure of the water tank. If the tank was initially worked, and it was not subject to any external influence, it is necessary to increase the internal pressure of the water tank. Unscrew the cap on the side of the tank. Under the cap is the usual Nipel for air swap, the same as on the car tires, or bicycle. Pump the pump to a level of 0.5 - 1.0 atm. If the water tank is still not gaining or displays water, replace the tank. The cost of an iron tank for water 8 liters 570 UAH.
Reverse Osmosis system slowly gaining water. Open the crane that is installed on the sink. If the flow of water is small, approximately like a trickle thick in the handle rod, reverse osmosis is working normally. Check out the degree of contamination of pre-cleaning water cartridges in appearance, if you have transparent flasks, or unscrew the flasks and check the degree of contamination directly. If because of the service life, or deterioration of the quality of the water coming to the reverse osmosis, pre-cleaning cartridges failed, replace them. Check the water pressure at the entrance immediately before the reverse osmosis membrane. If the pressure is less than 3 atm., Wait while the pressure of the water supply of your home is leveled, or set the pump. Pump cost increases pressure 1500-2000 UAH. Press the ring to fitting before the cardridge and pull the hose. If the flow of purified water is thick in the rod of the handle - then there is a mechanical clogging on the way from the reverse osmosis membrane to the crane. Phasepno check all the filter connections for water after the membrane. If the flow of purified water occurs dropleted, then the reverse osmosis membrane, due to the service life, or deterioration of the quality of the water incoming on it, failed. The cost of the reverse osmosis membrane from 350 UAH. up to 700 UAH. Depending on the velocity of purification of the reverse osmosis membrane.
The correct operation of the reverse osmosis system as well as its performance depends on several variables:
For example, with a deterioration in the quality of incoming water (high general mineralization of more than 500 ppm) and reducing its temperature (in winter, water in water pipe is less than 15 ° C) for the efficient operation of the reverse osmosis system, the input pressure at at least 4 atm is needed. At a lower pressure, it is necessary to establish a pump kit boosting.
Mineralization 500 ppm, temperature 15 ° C, pressure 3 atm - The system works efficiently.
General Mineralization\u003e 500 PPM, Temperature<15 °C, давление 3 атм - The system is not effective.
General Mineralization\u003e 500 PPM, Temperature<15 °C, давление >4 atm - The system works efficiently.
