India is the state of South Asia, located on the Industan Peninsula. India as a state in his real borders was established in 1947, when it was divided into two independent Dominion India and Pakistan. However, it is impossible to forget that the historical and modern borders of India are different, many historical areas that have once belonged to India are now part of neighboring states.
The external borders had a great influence on the fate of India. On the one hand, India due to its borders is isolated from the outside world. On the northern, northwestern and northeastern borders of the country there are mountain ranges (Himalayas, Karakorum, Purvalok), and from other sides it is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea, Bengal Bay). This isolation naturally affected the history and culture of India. India's historical path is unique, and Indian culture is distinguished by identity.
Nevertheless, the territory of India since ancient times, the mining passes, which served as the gate to India for both trading caravans and the armies of conquerors. This is mainly about the northwestern border where such mountain passes are located as: Hibiber, Gomal, Bolan, through which almost all conquerors (arias, Persians, Alexander Macedonsky, Makhmud Gaznevid, Mohammed Guri, came from the territory of modern Afghanistan in India, Babur ). In addition, India, you can get from the north and northeast from China and Myanmar.
If we talk about the marine border of India, despite its greater length, India has never been considered a strong naval power. This is due to the fact that the coastline is weakly dissected, so natural harbors on the coast, where sailing vessels could hide from the winds, little. Basically, Indian ports are located either in the mouths of the rivers or artificially arranged. Difficulties for navigators also created shallow water and reefs off the coast of India. Nevertheless, an attempt to try themselves in the role of navigators Indians were still undertaken.
In history and ethnography, India is traditionally divided into three physico-geographical areas: 1) Indo-Gangskaya Plain, 2) Deansky plateore (dean), 3) Far South.
Indo-Gangskaya Plain is historically the most important part of India, since it was there that the great empires were always there. This northern plain is divided into two parts of the desert Tar and the mountains of Aravalli. The western part is irrigated by Indus's waters, and East - Gangom and his tributaries. Thanks to the soil rivers here fertile, which led to the prosperity of the local population. It was here that the great civilizations of antiquity and medieval states arose. It was the Indo-Ganga Valley that was most of all conquered, five decisive battles in Indian history occurred on its land.
India can be called a contrast country. There is a well-known phrase "India - the world in miniature." If we talk about climate, then in India it differs from dry frosts of Himalayas to the tropical heat of the Concan and the Koromandel coast. In India, you can find all three types of climate: arctic, moderate and tropical. The same applies to precipitation. In India, there are very arid places, such as the desert Tar, and on the other hand the wet point of the planet is Cherrypundy.
The English historian Smith calls India "Ethnographic Museum", and not without reason. India Museum of cults, customs, faith, cultures, religions, languages, racial types and differences. From time immemorial to India, peoples belonged to different races (Arias, Persians, Greeks, Turks, etc.) came to India. Many nationalities live in India, everyone has their own traditions, customs and languages. In India, there is a huge variety of religious directions. This includes world religions - Buddhism, Islam, Christianity; Local religions - Sikhism, Jainism and many others. Hinduism is the most common religion in India, most of the Indian population professes it.
Indian culture and history is one of the oldest on earth. According to certain historians, Indian history is not inferior in antiquity by the stories of Egypt and Sumer. Harappa civilization in the Indus valley arose at about 2500 BC. and existed for approximately millennium, t e up to 1500 BC. Most of the main cities of this civilization were located along the shores of Inde. The first large-scale studies began in 1921. The name of this civilization received the name of the first found major city by the name. The second most famous and large city of India civilization was Mahenjo Daro (the Hill of the Dead).
The ethnic composition of the population of the Valley of Indus and its roots still remain a mystery. Harappa culture was urban, all cities were built according to a single plan. Indians of that era led an active trade with other countries, they were engaged in craft, agriculture and cattle breeding. They had a writing, which, unfortunately, was not decrypted, so this culture is studied in archaeological finds. The reasons for the decline of this civilization are still clearly defined, but most likely it is associated with natural cataclysms. The last centers of the Harapp culture could have fallen from the hands of Arii, who came in India approximately 1500 BC.
Aria is nomadic tribes that invaded India from the North-West, through the Hibiber's passage. Almost the only source of our knowledge about this period are literary monuments (Vedas), the archaeological data is very scarce. Ancient Ariyev had no written writing, and the Vedic texts were transferred from mouth to mouth, later they were recorded on Sanskrit. The period of the first Aryan settlements, which is studied by the Vedas, is called the Vedian period. The characteristic feature of the Vedic Epo is the dominance in the life of society of religion and ritual cults. Many elements from the Vedic religion entered Hinduism. It was during this period that the separation of society on Brahmanov, Kshatriyev, Vaishiyev and Sudr. The Vedic era lasted to the VI century. BC, before the formation of the first states in the Ganges Valley.
Vi in. - Epoch of change. During this period, in addition to the emergence of the first states, new religions appeared, the main of which are Jainism and Buddhism. Buddhist and jine texts have not only sacred value, but also historical, since information about the states of that era we are mostly scored from them. In Buddhist sources, at that time there were 16 states that constantly fought among themselves. To iv c. BC. There was a tendency to unite, the number of states decreased, but the political fragmentation to overcome was not yet possible. The existing political instability in the country has made India easy prey for Alexander Macedonsky, who invaded its territory in 326 BC. Far into the depths of the country, the Great Conqueror did not go, he was forced to leave the country, without reaching the Ganges Valley. He left in India some garrisons, which later assimilated with the local population.
Magada-Mauri epoch (IV century BC - I century). After the departure of Alexander Macedonsky, the governments came to awareness of the need to unite, and the leader of the association was the ruler of the state of Magadha Chandraguput Maurya (317 BC) - founder of the Maury Dynasty. The capital of Magadhi was the city of Pataliputra. The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Ashoka (268 - 231 BC). He became famous as a distributor of Buddhism, the policy of his state in many aspects was also based on the religious and ethical norms of Buddhism. In 180 BC. Dynasty Maurev ovelave shungov dynasty. It was a weak dynasty, and the once great state of Maurev broke up.
Before IV. in. The power was divided among themselves clans and tribes. In 320, a new Gupta dynasty was founded (IV - VI centuries), an extensive empire was created under their authority. The era of Guptes is the heyday period, the "golden age" of the culture of ancient India. Literature and architecture enjoyed the greatest patronage. In the VI century The Gupta Empire was on the verge of decay and fell under the onslaught of the nomadic tribes who invaded the territory of India (Gunna).
After the fall of the state of Guptes, political fragmentation began in the country. The first who, after Gupta, tried to unite the country within the framework of a single state, was Harsha (Kharchavardkhan), he joined the throne in 606 and rules until 646. It is from him that it is considered to be the beginning of the medieval history of India. The capital of the Harshi state was Canava. He was a ruler-enlightenment. Patronized literature and science, favorably belonged to Buddhism. Harshi did not have strong receivers, immediately after his death, his state was contemplated, and a period of political decay was submitted. In the conditions of feudal fragmentation, the Indian rulers could not respond with a new threat - Muslim conquest.
The first of Muslims to the territory of India entered Arabs. Arabs went to their conquest companies after the death of Mohammed (632). By the viii of the age, the turn reached India. In his conquests, Arabs were limited to the territory of Sinda. Their main conquests were associated with the name of Mohammed-Ibn-Kasima (712). Their trips were robbing, and the Arabs have not made any fundamental changes to the Department of India, but they first organized Muslim settlements in India with a traditional Indian management system.
The next conqueror was Mahmoud Gaznevid. GOD is the principality in Afghanistan. He performed his first campaign in 1000, and took the tradition to go to India every year. He committed his last campaign in 1027. Gradually, the GA rank lost its political influence, and its rulers lost power to another Afghan principality of GUR. The rules of Gur also could not get around India, and headed by Mohammed Guri. He made the first campaign in 1175, and the last of 1205 Muhammed Guri as a governor in India left his military commander Kutb-Ud-Ding Aibek, who soon began to rule as an independent ruler, and it was from him that the Epoch of the Delia Sultanate begins with him ( 1206-1526).
In the Delia Sultanate there were four dynasties: Gulyama (1206-1287), Hilji (1290-1320), Tetraki (1320-1414), Sayids (1414-1451), Lodi (1451-1526. ). Sultans Delhi their military campaigns were no longer limited to the North-West of the country, and they conducted them throughout India. The main goal of their internal politics was reduced to conquests, the administrative system of Sultanov Delhi was scattered and poorly controlled. During the Delia Sultanate, India was attacked by Mongols and the invasion of Timur (1398-1399). In 1470, India visited the Russian merchant Athanasius Nikitin. But he visited not the Delia Sultanate, but one of the states on the dean - the state of Bachmanids. The history of the Delia Sultanate in the battle of Delia Sultanate ended in the Battle of 1826, when the victory over the ruler from the dynasty of Lodi won Babur. He became the founder of the Great Mughal Empire: Babur (1526-1530), Humayun (1530-1556), Akbar (1556-1605), Jahangir (1605-1627), Shah Jahan (1627-1658 .), Aurangzeb (1658-1707), Late Mogola (1707-1858). This era is saturated with events in both external and internal politics of India. Babur Military Strategy, Akbar reform, the great buildings of Shah Jakhan, the intransigence of Aurangseeb glorified the Muslim rulers of India far beyond.
The new history of India is the era of Europeans. The first who opened the way to India were Portuguese. Vasco da Gama reached the shores of India in 1498. They settled on the west coast of the country (Goa-Diou). Their power was always limited to the coastline, they did not go deep into the country. Gradually, they gave up their priorities to the Dutch, who began their activities since 1595. Another applicant for Indian trade owners were the French who came to India in 1664.
The history of the English East India Company originates since 1600, the starting point of the conquest of India is the British. It is customary to be the battle of Plesi 1757, when the English military leader Robert Clive won the ruler of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Double. The establishment of British rule in India was completed by 1856. India became the "pearl" of British colonial possessions. It was like a raw material base and sales market for the UK.
Indians were not ready to put up with their position, uprisings broke out in the country (the Great Sipayst Uprising (1857 - 1859), the Liberation Movement was organized. Leaders for independence such as: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Ball Gangadhar Tilak, Vinaka Damodar Savarkar adhered to different views on the path to liberation. The great thinker of the 20th century Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) believed that the way to freedom lies through Akhimsu (non-violence). He promoted that boycott and inaction are much more efficient to force and armed methods of struggle.
On February 20, 1947, British Prime Minister Cleplent Richard Ettley announced the readiness of the British government to provide India complete independence at the latest - by June 1948. After negotiations with all interested parties and a number of coordinates, the Governor-General India Louis Mountbethten presented the plan of the section of British India into two independent states: Muslim and Hindu. Based on this plan, the British Parliament has developed and adopted an act of independence of India, which received royal approval on July 18, 1947. At midnight, on April 14, 1947, India became an independent state.
August 15, 1947 - Independence Day of India. The first prime minister of India was Javaharlal Nehru. The section of India, carried out according to the religious principle, was accompanied by numerous victims. Those regions where most of the population were Muslims moved to Pakistan, and the rest to India. The disputed territory still remains Kashmir.
According to the Constitution adopted in 1950, India is a sovereign Federal secular democratic republic. Until the 1990s. Power in the country belonged to the party Indian National Congress (Inc.) and the Nehru-Gandhi clan. Since the 1990s India lived in a coalition government. At the parliamentary elections of 2014, the Indian People's Party (BDP) won the decisive victory, and Narendra Modo was elected to the post of Prime Minister.
Monographs and Papers.
Monographs and Papers.
Indian dancing
Indian dance - the concept of more multifaceted; This is a whole world that is inextricably linked with music, singing, theater, literature, religion and philosophy.
India's study centers in Russia
Where in Russia are studying India
India languages
India is a huge country, it itself is a whole world, striking a variety of everything, and languages \u200b\u200bare no exception.
Zogratov reading
International Conference "Synam Readings"
Studying ancient India
The teaching of Indian languages \u200b\u200band literature in St. Petersburg University began in 1836, when R. H. Lenz was invited to read lectures on Sanskrit and comparative linguistics. (1808-1836), but the systematic study of Indian philology began after the creation of the Faculty of Eastern languages \u200b\u200band the discovery of the Department of Indian Philology on it (1958).
Information Indic Center SPbSU
About the Indian Information Center, Contact Information, Areas of Activities, Objectives.
History of India, India Valley Civilization
Before the beginning of the twentieth century, it was believed that the history of the ancient India begins with the arrival from the north-west of militant nomads - Aryan tribes, carriers of the archaic Vedic culture, and the fact that there were only primitive primitive tribes, the history of which is covered with darkness
You can talk to this topic for a very long time, because civilization originated in the Indus valley has a rich history. But in this article we will look at the history of the ancient India briefly.
The birth of an organized society in the Indus valley should be dated with the emergence of a harappian civilization, which originates on the III thousand to n. e., and for this period it comes from her dawn.
India is the state of South Asia, located on the Industan Peninsula. India as a state in its real borders was established in 1947, when it was divided into two independent states by India and Pakistan. However, it is impossible to forget that the historical and modern borders of India are different, many historical areas that have once belonged to India are now part of neighboring states.
The external borders had a great influence on the fate of India. On the one hand, India due to its borders is isolated from the outside world. On the northern, northwestern and northeastern borders of the country there are mountain ranges (Himalayas, Karakorum, Purvalok), and from other sides it is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea, Bengal Bay). This isolation naturally affected the history and culture of India. India's historical path is unique, and Indian culture is distinguished by identity.
Nevertheless, the territory of India since ancient times, the mining passes, which served as the gate to India for both trading caravans and the armies of conquerors. This is mainly about the northwestern border where such mountain passes are located as: Hibiber, Gomal, Bolan, through which almost all conquerors (arias, Persians, Alexander Macedonsky, Makhmud Gaznevid, Mohammed Guri, came from the territory of modern Afghanistan in India, Babur ). In addition, India, you can get from the north and northeast from China and Myanmar.
If we talk about the marine border of India, despite its greater length, India has never been considered a strong naval power. This is due to the fact that the coastline is weakly dissected, so natural harbors on the coast, where sailing vessels could hide from the winds, little. Basically, Indian ports are located either in the mouths of the rivers or artificially arranged. Difficulties for navigators also created shallow water and reefs off the coast of India. Nevertheless, an attempt to try themselves in the role of navigators Indians were still undertaken.
In history and ethnography, India is traditionally divided into three physico-geographical areas: 1) Indo-Gangskaya Plain, 2) Deansky plateore (dean), 3) Far South.
Indo-Gangskaya Plain is historically the most important part of India, since it was there that the great empires were always there. This northern plain is divided into two parts of the desert Tar and the mountains of Aravalli. The western part is irrigated by Indus's waters, and East - Gangom and his tributaries. Thanks to the soil rivers here fertile, which led to the prosperity of the local population. It was here that the great civilizations of antiquity and medieval states arose. It was the Indo-Ganga Valley that was most of all conquered, five decisive battles in Indian history occurred on its land.
India can be called a contrast country. There is a well-known phrase "India - the world in miniature." If we talk about climate, then in India it differs from dry frosts of Himalayas to the tropical heat of the Concan and the Koromandel coast. In India, you can find all three types of climate: arctic, moderate and tropical. The same applies to precipitation. In India, there are very arid places, such as the desert Tar, and on the other hand the wet point of the planet is Cherrypundy.
The English historian Smith calls India "Ethnographic Museum", and not without reason. India Museum of cults, customs, faith, cultures, religions, languages, racial types and differences. From time immemorial to India, peoples belonged to different races (Arias, Persians, Greeks, Turks, etc.) came to India. Many nationalities live in India, everyone has their own traditions, customs and languages. In India, there is a huge variety of religious directions. This includes world religions - Buddhism, Islam, Christianity; Local religions - Sikhism, Jainism and many others. Hinduism is the most common religion in India, most of the Indian population professes it.
Harapp city civilization and Mahenjo Daro (2500 - 1500 g. BC)
Indian culture and history is one of the oldest on earth. According to certain historians, Indian history is not inferior in antiquity by the stories of Egypt and Sumer. Harappa civilization in the Indus valley arose at about 2500 BC. and existed for approximately millennium, t e up to 1500 BC. Most of the main cities of this civilization were located along the shores of Inde. The first large-scale studies began in 1921. The name of this civilization received the name of the first found major city by the name. The second most famous and large city of India civilization was Mahenjo Daro (the Hill of the Dead).
The ethnic composition of the population of the Valley of Indus and its roots still remain a mystery. Harappa culture was urban, all cities were built according to a single plan. Indians of that era led an active trade with other countries, they were engaged in craft, agriculture and cattle breeding. They had a writing, which, unfortunately, was not decrypted, so this culture is studied in archaeological finds. The reasons for the decline of this civilization are still clearly defined, but most likely it is associated with natural cataclysms. The last centers of the Harapp culture could have fallen from the hands of Arii, who came in India approximately 1500 BC.
Vedian period (1500 - 500 BC)
Aria is nomadic tribes that invaded India from the North-West, through the Hibiber's passage. Almost the only source of our knowledge about this period are literary monuments (Vedas), the archaeological data is very scarce. Ancient Ariyev had no written writing, and the Vedic texts were transferred from mouth to mouth, later they were recorded on Sanskrit. The period of the first Aryan settlements, which is studied by the Vedas, is called the Vedian period. The characteristic feature of the Vedic Epo is the dominance in the life of society of religion and ritual cults. Many elements from the Vedic religion entered Hinduism. It was during this period that the separation of society on Brahmanov, Kshatriyev, Vaishiyev and Sudr. The Vedic Religion itself also has undergone changes, converting into Vedic Brahmanism. The main difference of brahmanism was the recognition of Brahma by the Supreme God, while in the old Vedic religion the Supreme God recognized Indra.
The Vedic era lasted to the VI century. BC, before the formation of the first states in the Ganges Valley.
The appearance of the first states in the valley of Ganges
Vi in. - Epoch of change. During this period, in addition to the emergence of the first states, new religions appeared, the main of which are Jainism and Buddhism. Buddhist and jine texts have not only sacred value, but also historical, since information about the states of that era we are mostly scored from them. In Buddhist sources, at that time there were 16 states that constantly fought among themselves. To iv c. BC. There was a tendency to unite, the number of states decreased, but the political fragmentation to overcome was not yet possible.
The existing political instability in the country has made India easy prey for Alexander Macedonsky, who invaded its territory in 326 BC. Far into the depths of the country, the Great Conqueror did not go, he was forced to leave the country, without reaching the Ganges Valley. He left in India some garrisons, which later assimilated with the local population.
With the advent of new religions (the main of them, Jainism and Buddhism) Vedic brahmanism gave way to its position, but by 1 century BC. Brahmanism is reborn in the form of Hinduism, absorbing and assimilating many folk beliefs and cults.
Magada-Mauri Epoch (IV century BC - I century)
After the departure of Alexander Macedonsky, the governments came to awareness of the need to unite, and the leader of the association was the ruler of the state of Magadha Chandraguput Maurya (317 BC) - founder of the Maury Dynasty. The capital of Magadhi was the city of Pataliputra. The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Ashoka (268 - 231 BC). He became famous as a distributor of Buddhism, the policy of his state in many aspects was also based on the religious and ethical norms of Buddhism. In 180 BC. Dynasty Maurev ovelave shungov dynasty. It was a weak dynasty, and the once great state of Maurev broke up.
The era of Guptes (IV - VI centuries)
Before IV. The power was divided among themselves clans and tribes. In 320, a new Gupta dynasty was founded (IV - VI centuries), an extensive empire was created under their authority. The era of Guptes is the heyday period, the "golden age" of the culture of ancient India. Literature and architecture enjoyed the greatest patronage. In the VI century The Gupta Empire was on the verge of decay and fell under the onslaught of the nomadic tribes who invaded the territory of India (Gunna).
The beginning of the medieval history of India
After the fall of the state of Guptes, political fragmentation began in the country. The first who, after Gupta, tried to unite the country within the framework of a single state, was Harsha (Kharchavardkhan), he joined the throne in 606 and rules until 646. It is from him that it is considered to be the beginning of the medieval history of India. The capital of the Harshi state was Canava. He was a ruler-enlightenment. Patronized literature and science, favorably belonged to Buddhism. Harshi did not have strong receivers, immediately after his death, his state was contemplated, and a period of political decay was submitted. In the conditions of feudal fragmentation, the Indian rulers could not respond with a new threat - Muslim conquest.
Muslim invaders
The first of Muslims to the territory of India entered Arabs. Arabs went to their conquest companies after the death of Mohammed (632). By the viii of the age, the turn reached India. In his conquests, Arabs were limited to the territory of Sinda. Their main conquests were associated with the name of Mohammed-Ibn-Kasima (712). Their trips were robbing, and the Arabs have not made any fundamental changes to the Department of India, but they first organized Muslim settlements in India with a traditional Indian management system.
The next conqueror was Mahmoud Gaznevid. Gold is the principality in Afghanistan. He performed his first campaign in 1000, and took the tradition to go to India every year. He committed his last campaign in 1027. Gradually, the GA rank lost its political influence, and its rulers lost power to another Afghan principality of GUR. The rules of Gur also could not get around India, and headed by Mohammed Guri. He made the first campaign in 1175, and the last of 1205 Muhammed Guri as a governor in India left his warlord Kutb-Ud-Ding Aibek, who soon began to rule as an independent ruler, and it was from him that the Epoch of the Delia Sultanate begins.
Epoch of the Delia Sultanate (1206-1526)
In the Delia Sultanate there were four dynasties: Gulyama (1206-1287), Hilji (1290-1320), Tetraki (1320-1414), Sayids (1414-1451), Lodi (1451-1526. ). Sultans Delhi their military campaigns were no longer limited to the North-West of the country, and they conducted them throughout India. The main goal of their internal politics was reduced to conquests, the administrative system of Sultanov Delhi was scattered and poorly controlled. During the Delia Sultanate, India was attacked by Mongols and the invasion of Timur (1398-1399). In 1470, India visited the Russian merchant Athanasius Nikitin. But he visited not the Delia Sultanate, but one of the states on the dean - the state of Bachmanids.
The Empire of the Great Mughal (1526-1658)
The history of the Delia Sultanate in the battle of Delia Sultanate ended in the Battle of 1826, when the victory over the ruler from the dynasty of Lodi won Babur. He became the founder of the Great Mughal Empire: Babur (1526-1530), Humayun (1530-1556), Akbar (1556-1605), Jahangir (1605-1627), Shah Jahan (1627-1658 .), Aurangzeb (1658-1707), Late Mogola (1707-1858). This era is saturated with events in both external and internal politics of India. Babur Military Strategy, Akbar reform, the great buildings of Shah Jakhan, the intransigence of Aurangseeb glorified the Muslim rulers of India far beyond.
New History of India (1856-1947)
The new history of India is the era of Europeans. The first who opened the way to India were Portuguese. Vasco da Gama reached the shores of India in 1498. They settled on the west coast of the country (Goa-Diou). Their power was always limited to the coastline, they did not go deep into the country. Gradually, they gave up their priorities to the Dutch, who began their activities since 1595. Another applicant for Indian trade owners were the French who came to India in 1664.
The history of the English East India Company originates since 1600, the starting point of the conquest of India is the British. It is customary to be the battle of Plesi 1757, when the English military leader Robert Clive won the ruler of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Double. The establishment of British rule in India was completed by 1856. India became the "pearl" of British colonial possessions. It was like a raw material base and sales market for the UK.
Indians were not ready to put up with their position, uprisings broke out in the country (the Great Sipayst Uprising (1857 - 1859), the Liberation Movement was organized. Leaders for independence such as: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Ball Gangadhar Tilak, Vinaka Damodar Savarkar adhered to different views on the path to liberation. The great thinker of the 20th century Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) believed that the way to freedom lies through Akhimsu (non-violence). He promoted that boycott and inaction are much more efficient to force and armed methods of struggle.
Democratic Republic of India
On February 20, 1947, British Prime Minister Cleplent Richard Ettley announced the readiness of the British government to provide India complete independence at the latest - by June 1948. After negotiations with all interested parties and a number of coordinates, the Governor-General India Louis Mountbethten presented the plan of the section of British India into two independent states: Muslim and Hindu. Based on this plan, the British Parliament has developed and adopted an act of independence of India, which received royal approval on July 18, 1947. At midnight, on April 14, 1947, India became an independent state.
August 15, 1947 - Independence Day of India. The first prime minister of India was Javaharlal Nehru. The section of India, carried out according to the religious principle, was accompanied by numerous victims. Those regions where most of the population were Muslims moved to Pakistan, and the rest to India. The disputed territory still remains Kashmir.
According to the Constitution adopted in 1950, India is a sovereign Federal secular democratic republic. Until the 1990s. Power in the country belonged to the party Indian National Congress (Inc.) and the Nehru-Gandhi clan. Since the 1990s India lived in a coalition government. At the parliamentary elections of 2014, the Indian People's Party (BDP) won the decisive victory, and Narendra Modo was elected to the post of Prime Minister.
\u003e Brief history of states, cities, events
On a global scale, the territory of modern India existed and was settled in the interglacial period, but evidence of this fact was almost preserved. In the 3rd millennium BC. In the valley of the Indian River, Harapppskaya (India) civilization was born. Immediately after that, the Vedic Civilization appeared - the source of Hinduism and many other cultural aspects of the country.
From the VI century BC. Independent principles and republic began to appear. Approximately at 2500 - 1500 gg BC. The lands of modern India were conquered by Indo-Aryan tribes. In IV-II centuries. BC. The first state was formed, which became the great Empire of Maurev. This empire reached the highest heyday with the Emperor Ashoka - a man spreading Buddhism and significantly expanding the territory and population of the country.
Over the years, the influence of Buddhism was fade, and in the first century AD Hinduism has again received development. Because of the frequent raids from Central Asia, the state was divided into several kingdoms, including Indo-Greek, Indo-Parthian, Indo-Scythian. The Golden Institute of India is considered the period from the III to the 6th centuries. N.E., when the Gupta dynasty came to power. It was during this period that the canons of national architecture, art, literature were developed.
About the 7th century, the Islamic invasion began, the north of the country was gradually conquered by Turks. After the fall of the Empire, Maurev appeared new, but short-lived empires. From IX to the XIII century there was an empire of Chola with the capital in Tanjavura, from the XIII to the XVI century there was a Delia Sultanate with the capital in Delhi, and from the XVI to the XVIII century there was an empire of the great Mughal.
In spite of everything, the native kingdoms still did not disappear from India. So, for example, in the south of the country, the empire of Vijayanagar has been preserved. And after the decline of the Mongol Empire, the Marath Empire came to change with the capital in District. This state was formed on the territory of the modern state of Maharashtra in 1674 year.
Starting from the XVI century, some European states began to atocle on the scattered kingdoms. Being interested in trading on the peninsula, the British, French, Portuguese, Danes and the Dutch dreamed of installing their colonies. In this case, the British were the most successful, and by the middle of the XIX century most of the country were under their control.
During this period, the construction of the first railway began in India, tea and cotton plantations have appeared, they began to produce coal and iron ore. The beginning of the 20th century was marked by protracted rebellion and uprisings for independence. One of the leaders and ideologues of this movement was Mahatma Gandhi. IN 1947 India still received independence from Britain, but was divided into two separate states - India and Pakistan.
