Design of stairs
Classification of stairs and requirements for them
Stairs serve for messages between floors or different levels.
By appointment, the stairs are divided into:
Main - employees for continuous use and evacuation;
Auxiliary - for office messages between floors;
Emergency - external evacuation stairs;
Firefighters are arranged, openly, outside the building.
The design of the staircase consists of alternating sites and marches.
The march consists of a number of steps that support their inclined beams and fences.
The beams are called Kosomers (if the steps are based on them from above) and the growths (if the steps are adjacent to them from the side).
The carrier elements of the march are based on the bearing elements of the site - platform beams (Fig. 100, 101, 102)
The staircases are floors (located at floor level) and intermediate.
The upper and lower stages of the march, which serve the transition to the courts are called frieze.
Depending on the number of marches within the height of one floor, the stairs are single-hour, two-marche, three-page. Most often two-marchery. With a three-storey staircase between marches, it is convenient to have elevators.
In residential buildings up to 5 floors, the staircase leading from the level of the upper floor in the attic is arranged in the form of a steel ladder. Over the 5 floors of the stairs leading to the attic, are a continuation of the main one.
Depending on the use of the material, the stairs are:
1. Wooden;
2. Of the precast concrete (or stone) steps on metal carrying structures;
3. Otherly reinforced concrete - prefabricated and monolithic;
4. Steel.
Wooden stairs are used in stone buildings III and class IV, up to 2 floors high.
Stairs with metal supporting structures and monolithic reinforced concrete staircases in order to save metal and industrialization is allowed to be used only in public buildings with a complex form of stairs (Fig. 105).
Precast concrete staircases are used in the mass construction of typical residential and public buildings.
Steel Make Stairs Emergency and Firefighters (Fig. 100, 101, 102, 107, 108,109)
staircase Design Safety Strength
Designs of stairs
1. Stairs on steel beams:
Perform with reinforced concrete steps. Stages of natural stone, such as granite, are used mainly for external stairs and for stairs with particularly intensive movement (Fig. 105, 106).
2. Reinforced concrete stairs:
Monolithic reinforced concrete stairs: these stairs are very durable, but require complex formwork and delay the course of construction. Therefore, they are used very rarely.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete: Staircase made of small-sized elements: Communication is achieved by welding mortgage elements. Steps are stacked by cosometers on cement mortar. Fences from steel racks (close-up) and inclined grilles.
Reinforced concrete stairs from large-sized elements got very wide use. Elements (marches and platforms manufactured at the factory) with a crane are installed in place and fasten with welding mortgage parts .. Such stairs are manufactured or with textured surfaces of steps and platforms or with overhead argers (Fig. 106, 107, 109).
In the staircases there should be no warehouse or other design of the premises, outs of the shafts of the forklifts, industrial gas pipelines and pipelines with combustible liquids.
For a sufficient passage in the staircase, the level of the 1st floor floor is raised above the level of the floor of the input site by 0.5-1.0m (Fig. 101).
Basic requirements for stairs
This is the safety of movement and the convenience of walking on them. To this end, besides ensuring the strength and rigidity of structures, a number of rules must be followed by designing stairs.
The bias Marsha must be accepted according to SNiP (depending on the appointment and floors of the building) for the main stairs 1: 2 - 1: 1.75, and for auxiliary up to 1: 1.25; All steps in the march must have the same, convenient for walking sizes. And marches, if possible, should be unified. The number of stages in the march is appointed no more than 18, but not less than three. Usually marches have from 10 to 13 steps.
Machi and platforms are protected by rails height 0.9m; The height of the passages under the venues and marches is made at least 2M; Staircases must have natural lighting.
The width of the stair marches is made on fire-fighting requirements at least 0.6m per 100 people. Where there are elevators, other requirements.
The width of the site of the staircase should be no less march width.
For residential floors in 10 or more floors there must be at least two evacuation paths or a device is necessary for the so-called "unseasonable stairs".
The dignity of the stairwell is provided by creating an open air zone when entering it in the form of a balcony or loggia, which prevents the spread of smoke to other floors of buildings. At the same time, instead of two ordinary stairs, one unlucky (Fig. 111) can be designed.
Another reception: the creation of an artificial support of air excluding the penetration of smoke into the staircase; Examined stairs are communicated through a cold gateway.
In the staircase, the outdoor entrance doors are opened towards exiting the building. Entrance doors to apartments fromstairs should open inside.
Stairs of stairs are divided into ordinary and frieze, adjacent to the courts; Upper and lower frieze steps.
The horizontal plane is called - disposal, vertical-impressor. The height of the stage is 130-200mm, the width of at least 250mm.
The strength and reliability of the conjugations of the precast concrete structures of stairs is achieved by welding mortgage parts, which are located in the connected elements, respectively, one against the other.
Inspecially ladders are arranged wooden. Separate steps are stacked on the boosters or cut into the tales, starting with the lower frieze and ending the top frieze. Stairs fencing are also performed by wooden.
In intravartic ladders, a device is allowed to run down steps and screw staircases.
Firefighters and emergency staircases in public and residential buildings endure out.
The fire stairs on the roof make straight and do not bring to the ground level by 2.5 m. The width of the fire stairs is taken at least 0.6m.
Emergency staircases are structurally similar to firefighters, but additional requirements are presented: the slope of the stairs should be no more than 45 ° width is taken at least 0.7m. Each floor includes special sites.
Ramps. For communication between different levels and floors in public buildings, along with stairs, ramps are used - flat inclined designs without steps. They give a bias from 5 to 12 ° (1/12 - 1/5). With big slopes, it is difficult to use the ramp due to slip. The ramps with a small slope cause large losses of the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe building. The pure floor of the ramps must have a non-slip surface (asphalt, cement, from Relin, mastic, etc.).
Elevators and escalators. They relate to mechanical devices for organizing messages between floors. The elevators of the periodic (intermittent) action obtained the greatest distribution. Depending on the requirements, the cab cabins are used with one entrance to an elevator or cabin passing with the location of the inputs from the opposite elevator mines.
The machine room of the elevator may be above the mine (top location) or under it (lower location).
The elevator shaft should not be adjusted directly to the living room; Place the machine separation of elevators directly above and under residential premises, as well as related to them.
Currently, the so-called external lifts of the suspended construction are used, which are used in residential buildings of the old building, in public buildings of various purposes.
Elevators, low speed, continuously acting (not stopping) are called Patennosters.
The escalator is called a moving ladder relating; To the class of lifting devices of continuous action. Buildings often apply multi-hour system for placing escalators.
Single-hour escalator consists of stretched chain-steps based on bearing inclined metal farms. Traction chains and steps, each of which moves on four sluts, form an escalator cloth. The upper branch of the canvas is a worker, and the bottom is idle.
The design includes moving handrails, 90cm high. The most common are escalators with a width of a cloth 0.6 to 1.0 m. The angle of slope can be arbitrary, but not exceeding 30 degrees. Escalators in the building must be duplicated by conventional fire safety stairs.
Cross-section
Two-storey staircase from precast concrete marches and platforms (1st floor plan)
Precast concrete staircase marches with folded steps
Precast concrete staircase marches with hollow steps
|
Notes: 1. Insecure-edge stairs must satisfy the formula 2B + A \u003d 60-64 cm; The value is 60-64cm - the size of the middle step of the person. 3. In brackets are given dimensions for slope 1: 1.25. 4. The minimum march width is 90 cm. 5. The height of the passages under the staircase to the bottom of the protruding structures is at least 200 cm. |
|
|
Inadquarter Without running steps |
|
|
|
|
| With running steps | |
|
|
|
|
|
| Top Top Plate PD-11 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kosource | |
|
|
|
| Cooker beam to 26 | |
|
|
| With reinforced concrete steps and steel boosters | |
|
Stairs made of small-sized elements for low-rise buildings
With reinforced concrete steps and steel boosters
| Top Frosing Step | |||||
| With quarter and liner for top pad | |||||
|
|
|||||
| Steps: | |||||
| Lower fromge | Private base basement|||||
|
|
|||||
| Kosur and Cooker Beam | |||||
|
|
|||||
|
|
|||||
| From wooden marches on the growth | |||||
|
|
|||||
Stair marches and sites for floors with a height of 2.8 m.
The ribbed design of the March U-shaped section, full, without fromge steps
Service Steel Stairs (Series 2.150-1) and auxiliary devices
|
Stairs
Ladial elevator straight block-bunch of 9-storey panel residential buildings
Ladial-elevator straight block-bunch of 12-16 - a storey panel residential building (by series 137)
To carry out pedestrian bonds between surfaces at different levels with a longitudinal slope of tracks, more than 60% should include a device of stairs and ramps.
Stairs. Stairs are special devices for switching from one level of relief to another. They play an important architectural role in the park and urban landscape. In its appointment and design, park stairs are divided:
Home - on the main pedestrian walkways and alleys - 10 m width and more. They have a parade design using sculptures, lamps, flower, fountains and other decor elements, are usually equipped with decorative railings;
secondary - on side (secondary) alles and tracks - a width of 2.5 to 10 m, simpler in the design of sides and rail;
Tropinic - on additional pedestrian walkways up to 2.5 meters wide, or paths with separate steps.
The placement of stairs on the slopes can be performed in various versions: in combination with the retaining wall, on the lawn with railings, without side limiters (Fig. 5.1). Turns, the bends of the stairs strengthen the impression of the surrounding space, change the corners under which the most interesting objects are considered.
Fig. 5.1. Placing stairs on the slope: I - stairs with retaining walls: A - in mound; b - in the excavation; in - in a semi-suction half-grain; II - stairs without retaining walls: and - steps-plates lying on the surface of the slope; b - steps embedded in a slope; in - steps formed by local ground bench
Fig. 5.2. Parameters of steps (a) and visual perception of the stairs (b): 1 - coming; 2 - risers; 3 - man; h - the height of the riser; b - width of the sticking
However, despite the importance of the aesthetic qualities of the stairs, the main in the design and construction of the stairs is its safety and ease of movement of pedestrians. Creating a staircase, as convenient as possible for movement, based on the calculation of the ratio between the sizes of its main elements: sticking and the riser.
Appeal (horizontal surface of the stage) is characterized by a width B and a transverse slope I, the risers (the vertical plane of the stage) is characterized by a height H (Fig. 5.2, a). When studying the peculiarities of the pedestrian movement on the stairs, it was found that the double height of the risk and the width of the sticking in the amount must correspond to the average length of the person's step:
2H + B \u003d 0.58 ... 0.65 m.
Due to the fact that the movement of pedestrians along the paths of parks and gardens is mainly due to walks and recreation, for the convenience of movement, stairs create stairs with steps of a height of 10 ... 12 cm and 38 ... 40 cm wide : 4. Such stairs greatly facilitate the rise in comparison with typical stairs in residential and public buildings, where the height and width of the steps is equal to 15 and 30 cm, respectively.
In other cases, depending on the relief difference and the slope of the slope, the sizes of the sticky and the riser are calculated using the above formula, the method of selecting values. This makes it possible to ensure accurate conjugation of the first and last steps of the stairs with coatings of adjacent sites. The approximate dimensions of the steps depending on the slope of the slope are given in Table. 5.1.
| Steepness of the site,% | The height of the riser, see | Width sticky, see |
| 200 | 9 | 45 |
| 400 | 14 | 35 |
| 600 | 17 | 28 |
| 800 | 19 | 24 |
| 1000 | 21 | 21 |
Thus, the critical dimensions of the stage are 21 x 21 cm, which allows the staircase to be placed on a slope with maximum steepness 1: 1 at an angle of 45 °. Further reduction of the width of the sticky is unacceptable. However, when designing, such steep stairs should be avoided in order to ensure safe movement, especially in winter. It is not recommended to use stairs with a width of sticking less than 35 cm. If such stairs are needed, they must be equipped with railings. If you need to interfacitate areas with sharp relief drops, it is recommended to use stairs with turns.
Important parameters of stairs are the number of steps and the overall height of the stairs. Single steps represent an increased risk for pedestrians, they are not enough, they will easily stumble on them or stumble. In this regard, they should not be used. In the extreme case, we can apply stairs with two, and better with three steps. To emphasize the attention of the pedestrian on the obstacles, such ladders must be marked by light, planting plants, railings, etc.
Stairs on objects of landscape architecture It is important to design, taking into account the features of the psychology of visitors and their physical endurance. Low descents and lifts 0.3 ... 0.5 m high, calculated with a specific rhythm, can stimulate moving over the object, while the differences of 1.8 m and are no more interested and perceived by visitors as requiring significant efforts to lift, What can significantly limit movement. The lack of interest in high lifts is also associated with the peculiarities of visual perception. So, the visitor is important to see where it is moving, which is waiting for it when lifting (Fig. 5.2, b). Average level Human view lines is at an altitude of 1.5 m. In connection with this, the maximum every 1.5 m in height, which corresponds to 10 ... 12 steps called march, it is necessary to arrange platforms. The length of the site should be at least 1.5 m, which corresponds to the length of two steps and allows pedestrian without confrontation from the rhythm to continue moving along the stairs. If it is necessary to place a platform of greater length, it should be calculated, each time adding to the minimum size (1.5 m) distance, a multiple length of two steps.
The staircase with unloading platforms, depending on the number of marches is called two-hours or multi-hour. All stairs of stairs within one march should be the same in the height of the riser and the width of the sticky.
To organize the surface drain of rainwater on the stairs, there are sludges and caught devices (trays, wells) associated with the storm network. Steps should have a transverse bias of 10 ... 20% and a longitudinal slope of 5 ... 10%, which will avoid the messy water drain from one stage to another and the formation of a land during the cold season. When designing multi-hour stairs in the calculations, it is also necessary to take into account the longitudinal and transverse slopes of the sites necessary to provide surface drain - 5 ... 20%.
For the convenience of movement on the stairs, its width is also important. In urban areas, it should not be less than 1.5 m, which allows you to disperse two people going in opposite directions; In private gardens, the ladder width can be reduced to 1.05 m.
For the construction of stairs use various designsThe choice of which is closely related to the intensity of pedestrian loads, architectural and artistic appearance of the object and the amount of financing.
Concrete structures using metal reinforcements are most widely used, which allow you to create stairs directly on the object. Such structures are almost universal, but only if we are dealing with stable primer bases that are not subject to any deformations. The maximum stability will be ladders, limited by side walls (see Fig. 5.1, a, b). This is especially important on bulk slopes, where there is a risk of soil shift, for example, as a result of his drawdown.
Fig. 5.3. Stair designs: A - on the pile reinforced concrete foundation: 1 - crushed stone; 2 - foundation from reinforced concrete; 3 - ground freezing level; 4 - prepared primer base; B - located between the side retaining walls: 1 - lateral retaining wall; 2 - concrete design of the stairs; 3 - metal grid (15 x 15 cm); B - with the strengthening of individual steps: 1 - stone slabs; 2 - cement-sand mixture; 3 - crushed stone; 4 - concrete; 5 - vegetable earth, mixed with seeds of counter-forming herbs, or coating from stone evinges; 6 - wooden timber treated with protective composition; 7 - Tree
The design of garden-park (outer) stairs by the method of their strengthening can be divided into three main types (Fig. 5.3):
On the pile reinforced concrete foundation;
located between the side retaining walls;
With the strengthening of individual steps.
During the construction of the foundation, it is necessary to take into account the depth of the primer of the soil, which depends on the climatic area. The device of monolithic structures requires the design of extension seams with ensuring their protection against moisture penetration using waterproofing materials.
During the construction of stairs, it is necessary to provide for their protection against flooding (drainage devices), which can provoke the destruction of the structure.
To create steps, materials of natural and artificial origin are used: stone of various species, wood in the form of a bar and logs of small diameter, clinker brick, concrete tiles and others, and also finished stairs Or separate steps, cast from concrete, or metal design.
The top coating of the steps should be resistant to pedestrian loads and have a non-slip surface. On the territory of the public spaces of the city in order to security pedestrians, the edge of the first steps of stairs is recommended to highlight with bright contrast painting strips, as well as use a tactile coating - a coating with a tangible change in the texture of the surface layer, at a distance of at least 0.8 m from the steps.
Rocks. Rampes are also designed to move transport and pedestrians from one surface level to another. They are sloping surfaces without steps. Rampus at the same height is usually 3 - 4 times longer than the staircase. Rampus is characterized by a steepness expressed in respect of its height to the length of the attachment.
Rampes are arranged in parallel or at a small angle to the lines of the slope. In the absence of restrictions on the planning solution of the territory, the ramp can be embedded in the direction in the direction perpendicular to the breakdown of the slope, and continue in the excavation within the upper planned site before the coincidence of its marks with a planned surface.
Depending on the functional purpose, three categories of ramps are distinguished:
1) ramps for moving pedestrians and disabled on wheelchairs;
2) ramps along stairs to move hand-made bags on wheels, baby strollers and bicycles;
3) border ramps to ensure descending from the sidewalk to the level of the roadway.
The first category ramps are the most stringent requirements. Recommended steepness of the ramp for moving pedestrians - 1:10 (100% o); For the movement of disabled people in strollers - no more than 1: 12 (83%). The minimum width of the ramp, calculated on the movement of one person - 0.9 m, for two people - 1.8 m. If the length of the ramp exceeds 9 m, then it is necessary to provide horizontal platforms with a length of 1.5 m; When rotating the ramp, the size of the site should be at least 1.5 x 1.5 m (Fig. 5.4).
Fig. 5.4. Typical configurations and sizes of ramps: A - to move one person; b - for two people; in - ramp with a turn; 1 - playground; 2 - Ramp; 3 - handrail
The most widely distributed ramps of the second category, located in parallel to the stairs (Fig. 5.5). They enjoy pedestrians with strollers or bicycles. Such ramps usually have a greater steepness. They must be equipped with handrails and have a embossed surface for their safe use.
Fig. 5.6. Border Ramp: A - section: 1 - vertical granite board; 2 - recessed granite board; 3 - Road covering; 4 - reduced granite board; B - Plan: 1 - inclined board for passage; 2 - recessed granite board
Border ramps (Fig. 5.6) are also an exception. For them, the steepness is allowed 1: 8 (120%), provided that the length of the descent does not exceed 0, 9 m; The recommended width of such ramps is 1.2 m.
All ramps must have a unprofitable, solid, non-slip coating, convenient for pedestrians. For the construction of ramps, concrete and other monolithic solid coatings with a pronounced rough texture of the upper layer can be used due to casting or turning on the naked aggregate. When using typesetted coatings, it is necessary to provide high quality docking elements with each other.
Transitional design between the ramp and the staircase is standardhaving wide low steps with an inclined surface (Fig. 5.7).
Fig. 5.7. Standard construction: A - section: 1 - concrete bar on cement mortar; 2 - pebbles recessed into cement mortar; 3 - concrete base; 4 - compacted sand; 5 - crushed stone; 6 - prepared primer base; B - Plan
Stophaladers greatly facilitate the descent and lift along the steep extended slopes, on which the stairs cannot be installed. They are placed on the slopes with a steepness of 25 ... 83%.
The designed steepness of the steps of the stamp - 1: 12, and the height of the riser depends on the initial steepness of the slope. For convenient movement, the height of the rider should not exceed 10 cm, and the width of the sticking should not be less than 90 cm (preferably 150 cm). Width is allowed - up to three steps.
To ensure a safe movement, the coating of the steps of the stage should not be slippery, the edges of the sticky can be highlighted by another color or texture of the coating in order to be more noticeable. Most often for steps of staggers, set-made coatings of small elements are used (blocking stone stones), as well as monolithic coatings with nude aggregate. As a riser, a ram with a rectangular cross section or an exploration of concrete or natural stone is placed (see Fig. 5.7).
The stamp is sometimes called Italian ramp, as it is widely represented on numerous Italian villas of the Renaissance, located on a complex relief.
A source: Construction and operation of landscape architecture facilities. TEODOVERSKA VS
Stairs staircases are widely used in the construction of basements and poles, other engineering structures. They represent a separate step having certain methods of fastening.
Staircases for the basement Zhbils are endowed:
The jubie steps are marked with the designation of drugs, LSV, LSN and STN.
Steps of reinforced concrete for external stairs Mark STN are produced by typical projects. The process of manufacturing a stage of the progress for STTN stairs implies the presence of reinforced concrete brand M300 or M400Diluted with additional mixtures and special water. The resulting solution is poured into metal forms. The LSN or STN products are magnifying the quality of European standards.
In Moscow, the stages of the concrete for the porch or stairs are in demand when building external and internal staircases in structures of various purposes. Without this building material can not do in such directions of activity:
Storing the steps of the Ruby implies their sorting by brands and types. When transporting, according to GOST, the products must be securely secured in order not to deform during transportation.
Purchase of this product in the juggling will provide free shipping on the day of the order.
By contacting the company's representatives, you can make an order or get the necessary advice on the progress.
Coordinates of the jack: Moscow, ul. Bratislavskaya, d. 6, index109341.
In many gardens there are at least one place where it is necessary to go down or climb from one level to another - for example, when moving from a path to a patio or from a lawn to an access road. The first thing that comes to mind when there is a need to somehow arise such a transition - this is a staircase. However, it is worth thinking whether it is not better to make a gentle concrete ramp: it may not look so beautiful, but will surely simplify your life if you have to transport from one level to another heavy lawn mower from one level.
And yet, in most cases, they prefer to build not ramp, but a staircase. There are two main types of stairs. The embedded staircase make it easier - its steps are cut into the slope, and they rest on the ground. The free staircase adjoins the vertical wall and leads from one horizontal level to another. The simplest staircase can be folded and amateur, but the construction of complex stairs from the brick is better to entrust professionals.
The choice of building materials is extremely wide. For risers, bricks and blocks are most often used, but also use stone, rounded logs and railway sleepers. Favorite material for coming today are plates, but make them and from gravel, brick, natural stone, bark, paving blocks and wood. Whatever material you choose, do not forget that the staircase should be safe, comfortable and beautiful. Security - first of all. Most accidents in the garden requiring treatment in the hospital are falling on the stairs. All risers should be the same height, and sticking the same width - their dimensions should not exceed the indicated in the figure. In addition, no appeal in any case should not be slippery - never make them out of smooth concrete or smooth plates. Use only sidewalk brick and do not forget to clean the staircase from algae and moss.
The staircase must be comfortable. Make steps durable and wide enough so that you can walk without any problems and transfer the garden inventory. Appearance The stairs are a matter of taste, but there are several general rules. For example, curved stairs are considered more attractive than straight; The material from which the staircase is made must organically fit into the environment and combine with the material of the adjacent tracks, patio and walls.
The sticking does not have to be rectangular - in some conditions there will be an effectively looking staircase with round or hexagonal steps. In the semi-sideline, the ladder from logs and bark can successfully replace the popular construction of brick and plates.
And the last warning. Before starting the device of the stairs, carefully design it and make the steps of such a width so that you can use whole plates or sleepers, as they cut them under size - the case is extremely time consuming.
 |
: 1. Staircase - wide disposal between marches; 2. Appeal is the part of the stage on which the foot comes. Againts make a width of 30-45 cm. So that rainwater does not accumulate on the stairs, the sticking slightly, 1-1.5 cm, tilt to the base of the stairs; 3. The risers are the vertical part of the stage separating one extinguishing from the other. The height of the riser is 10-18 cm; 4. The protrusion of the steps - the disposal from the plate should hang over the riser about 2.5 cm. It will make the staircase more beautiful and reduce the risk of stamping; 5. Foundation. The base for the embedded staircase serves the slope itself (see below). For a free staircase, if there are no more than five steps in it, you need a ribbon concrete foundation under the side walls, and at the height of the stairs in five or more steps - a solid concrete foundation; 6. Admious stove It is necessary if the staircase goes directly to the lawn. |
Accurately measure the slope height and calculate the number of stairs. Remove the soil, as shown in the picture. Please note that under the prone stove there should be a layer of rubble with a thickness of 7-8 cm and the same layer of concrete. Failure to land.
When concrete hardens, plant the pricious plate on a thin layer of the solution and lay out the first risers from the blocks or paving brick.
Place the first coming. Fall off the space for the first riser crushed and how you follow it. The surface of the rubble must be closed with a riser. Apply the solution and put the plates of the first sticky.
Continue laying up the risers, fill the space behind them with rubble and put sticking to the solution until you reach the top of the slope. Fall over the sides and at the base of the land ladder. Lay the edges of the staircase by plants and (or) large stones.
Drop a shallow trench along the entire length of the slope. Find the bottom of the trench with a roller, rubbing or legs.
As shown in the figure, take into the soil two pointed pegs, which will rely on the first log.
Failure logs for risers, push them a few days in the antiseptics. Put the log on the spicks and pour the space behind it by ballast, sink and align the surface. The ballast layer must be lower than the top of the log about 5 cm.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 until you reach the top of the slope.
At each step, make a commencement of gravel or crushed bark. Seal and crumpled stacked material. Fall over the sides of the ladder ladder of the earth. Build edges of the staircase by plants and (or) stones.
Letters between the floors of the buildings, stairs, ramps and mechanical means (elevators and escalators) are served. Stairs and ramps are also paths to evacuate people from buildings and structures in emergency conditions. The staircase is a horizontal element, constructed as a bent element. But since the stair march works in difficult conditions and is by evacuation, its operation, a good and reliable state, is paid to its operation.
In accordance with the appointment of the stairs must meet the requirements of strength, durability, creating the necessary amenities and safety when people move, fire safety. If the stairs serve as the estimated paths of the evacuation of people from stone buildings, then according to the requirements of fire safety, they are protected from all four sides and on top of fire-resistant fences forming a separate room - staircase.
Constructive elements of stairs. The staircase consists of inclined and horizontal parts that are respectively called marshi and players. In turn, the march consists of carrier beam (ATTA, Kosur) and steps that are the main elements of the stairs.
Stages.First stage of staircase march called shipping, and the last one output. Usually the shape and sizes of the starting step differ from the rest. Such steps are called frierry. Between the starting and output steps are located intermediate stepswhich in their form can be straight, straight beveled, wedge-shaped (or running) and arcuate. According to its design, the stage can be plane, solid, profiled solid and through.
The upper horizontal plane of the steps remaining open at their overlap, is customary called come out, and the height difference between two compensation - concerns or povers. Could also meet the term "overhang"Another needed when designing stairs, sometimes resort to the removal of overlapping in terms of the lower nozzles is arguing above.
Stairs with steps of glass or transparent plasticused in the pool or in the house, in the interiors of Modern style. Various types of glass are used: multi-layer, satin, serifressed, transparent plastic - plexiglas or hexane.
 |
Stone from stone . Stone for steps can only be used in a career not explosive way, but by drilling blocks, and then dried, since the cracks that have arisen from the explosion necessarily manifest themselves during operation. Marble applies only indoors, and granite and outdoor. Exists special technologyIn which the stone steps are reinforced - iron rods are inserted into them. It is necessary to remember how it was mentioned above that the stone is a pretty slippery material, so if children or older people live in the house, it is better to strengthen special anti-slip rugs on steps.
Shorty In the staircase march there is strictly horizontally. The front angle of inclination of the steps should not exceed 1-1.5 °. Otherwise, such steps become dangerous. And, in addition, moisture accumulating in the corner between coming and risers, in winter time Penetrates the gap and freezes, destroying the staircase. In order for the moisture falling during cleaning, it was not accumulated in the riser area and was easily cleaned, the front edge of the sticking should be slightly lower than the back. Especially this rule concerns external stairs, on the steps of which is atmospheric moisture.
Depending on the shape of the stage There are straight, straight beveled, running and arcuate. Their amount in the march should be at least three and no more than 18. These numbers are the result of a long study of biomechanics walking and consumption by human energy depending on the slope and the total number of steps on the entire staircase.
There are several formulas for determining the optimal ratio of the size of coming and risers, which serve for the correct calculation of the stairs: a formula based on the length of step, the formula for convenience and safety formula.
According to the method of fastening steps to the basethere are stairs on cosomers and asserts, at the bolsters (inexourous, console, hanging), on the support column, monolithic.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Staircase on wooden asserts with mortise steps: |
|
Staircase on asserts with mortise steps (that is, when the risers and sticking are inserted into special grooves made in assets) is the most common design. The grooves should have a depth of 15-20 mm. This commensus fits tightly, the grooves in the tutor must be made even and the same depth.
The design does not turn if before the teething to accurately place the tutor. To mark the grooves, use the template, the design of which is practically no different from the template manufactured for stairs with Kosomers.
Template for marking the guards is also made from plywood. The difference between this template is that when it is manufactured, the rail must be shifted by 30-50 mm from the design dimensions of the stage. The indent is being done so that during the sawing, it is not accidentally cutting into the tutor to the very edge of the workpiece, turning it in this way in Kosur.
|
Stairs on Kowras |
Stairs at Bolzakh |
The design and method of fastening steps are determined on the basis of the architect plan, general purpose and the construction situation.
Kosomi They are called beams that support the steps only from below, asserts - supporting steps simultaneously from the bottom and from the ends.
Bolties - Special steel bolts.
Marsh stairscalled a continuous series of steps located between two levels or landings. On its projection in terms of stair Machi. There may be straight, oblique and curvilinear. If the staircase consists of several marches, then the first march is called shipping, and the last, respectively, - weekend. The line, located usually in the middle of the staircase march, on which they rise or fall on the stairs, is called line shoot. In the case of curvilinear marches, in which the edges of the steps are not parallel, the assembly line should be located in the field of the working surface, the width of which exceeds half the size of the sticky.
W. screw and circular stairs The shooting line is determined by the calculated points and is located in the area between the line passing in the middle of the march and its external third. The shoot line should not be located closer than 30 cm from the edge of the useful width of the staircase. From this rule it follows that the stair march cannot already be 60 cm. The width of the staircase march is dictated by the terms of the planning, the size of the opening in the interlated overlap and the intensity of the use of the stairs.
Of course, when the stair march is located in the center of the room and with a slope of up to 40 °, the width of the staircase march can be made from the calculation of the two-way movement. But in this case, on both sides of the march, it is necessary to establish a perile fence.
Staircaseit is a horizontal portion located between two marches. The staircases can be quadrangular, polygonal or have a curvilinear form in their horizontal projection. The size of the platforms must be proportioned with the length of the human step. Their length is usually equal to the width of the staircase, and the width is the width of the march. Therefore, if the direction of the marches is perpendicular to each other, the playground usually has a square shape, and if the marches are parallel, the platform has a form of a rectangle or semicircle.
The staircases located at the floor level are called floors, and located between the floors, intermediate, or intermediate.
Intermediate staircases are necessary for the convenience of walking on the stairs with a large number of steps (more than 15-18), as well as for the convenience of walking in turning stairs, in which intermediate sites are arranged in places of rotation.
Clearance between marchamiit is a space that remains free between the inner edges of the staircase marches and sites. In terms of its form, the lumens can be square or rectangular, but there are stairs, which have a lumen form a parallelogram, triangle, circle or ellipse. In spacious premises, the clearance between marchs can be used in a decorative plan.
Staircase They call the room where the staircase is located. The sides of the stairs that limit it on both sides are called cheeks stairs. The outer cheek of the stairs is facing the wall, and the inner to the cell.
The staircase with a lumen between marchs is characterized by a great observability, its natural lighting is more efficient. In addition, in the list you can place decorative lamps or other elements of the interior. But most often, in order to save a useful area, the size of the lumen is minimized or at all costs without a lumen. It is recommended to withstand the clearance between marches within 10-30 cm, as the most suitable for buildings with a small number of floors. In this case, the clearance can be used to accommodate in it perile fencing and decorative luminaires.
Partition or rod wall - This is a one-piece or end-to-end construction embedded between staircase marches or platforms and separating them in whole or in part. The use of a rod wall is usually caused by the need for supporting the staircase.
Purpose country fencing stairs lies in ensuring security and creation maximum amenities When moving people. The periodile fencing with a height of 90-110 cm is installed along the edges of the marches and staircases: and in its upper part should end hanging. The handrail can be installed not only on the fence. If the stair march is located along the wall, the handrail can be fixed on the wall.
Metal railingused in construction quite wide. In this case, there are no monotonous metal railing and fences that we used to see the staircases of standard high-rise buildings performed by the industrial method. The railing of such stairs is usually made of vertical metal struts with wooden or plastic handrail and are not distinguished by high aesthetic qualities. But practice shows that completely different railing and fences can be made from the same material.
 |
 |
Metal manufacturability and artist skill allow you to create railing of a wide variety of forms Even from rectilinear elements, without resorting to forging technology and bending. Metal intermediate racks can be installed not only vertically, but also parallel to the axis of the staircase march and even at some angle.
The metal for the rail may be subjected to different electroplating (chrome, nickelting, etc.). The metal treated in this way, in combination with the accurate elements, can create a real work of art from the staircase, but not to damage the coating, it is impossible to use welding work when installing the fence.
The high temperature arising from the combustion of the welding arc destroys the galvanic coating. In this case, threaded compounds are used, performing nuts by the method of sharpening and milling the most different decorative form. But the special beauty of the railing is achieved by filling the opening between the supporting racks bent metal elements. Intricate forms of bent elements are obtained by the method cold forged And bending with the help of a variety of devices.
The installation of bent items at the place and their splicing can be performed on rivets or electric arc welding. Welding In this case, it is preferable, since the complex shape of the curls does not always make it possible to drill in the right place a rivet hole and get a hammer for applying a strike.
Mounting railing.
Metal railing can be used regardless of which material is made of a staircase. They are equally well suited to metallic, concrete or wooden stairs, applied with a metal, plastic or wooden handrail. The difference may consist only in fastening methods. So, K. metal staircase marchthe railing is fastened with welding or bolted joints. IN concrete stairs For this purpose, special mortgage plates are usually provided, which subsequently weld the racks. To wooden staircase marches The racks of peril fence are usually fixed either with bolted compounds, or with the help of screws through specifically for this purpose made flanges. Flanges We weld to the races of the railings, and then the screws are already fixed to the staircase march.
Handrails for metal railing It is best to do from wood. Metal is very well combined with its texture and, in addition, wooden railing Much more practical. At first, the handrail from a metal strip welded to the railing, in which the holes intended for fastening are drilled. At the bottom of a wooden handrail make a sample for the size of this strip. The handrail is applied to the strip and the bottom is fixed with the help of screws.
Plastic handrail Mounted by specifically for this purpose of the colors made, which are manufactured in the process of casting the handrail. Before installing the handrail is heated and plated on the metal plate. After cooling, plastic hardens and firmly fixes on the metal strip. Possible options for fastening the plastic handrail with screws.
Metal railing may have filling from the most different materials. For this, wooden or plastic shields, high-strength glass and even stained-in filling are applied. But with all this variety, it should be remembered that sharp metal edges and angles can cause injuries. Therefore, all edges must be carefully cleaned, and the corners are better to perform with a bend.
Materials used for the manufacture of stairs.The variety of materials used allows the staircase as an element of the design of almost any room in any style. For the manufacture of stairs, various types of wood, metal, different types of glasses, including Kalenoe and Triplex, Plastic, Natural Stones, Agglomerates, Ceramic Products,, etc. Ladders can be given a strict ascetic view or decorate them, for example, elegant casting or color stained glass windows.
Ceramic tile - Beautiful material for facing stairs. Ceramic products used for cladding steps, manufacturers are usually produced by various types: several types of tiles-steps, eaves (they are also called ceramic corners), risers and plinths.
Tiles for stairs are elements necessarily with special anti-slip elements (threshings), thanks to which the descent and lifting on the stairs is safe.
The step can be made in the form of a tile on which either cuts are made or embossed anti-slip tracks. The bands of the abrasive material can also be used, which is applied to the tile by spraying. To the touch, the rough surface of such strips is similar to fine-grained skin.
Ceramic steps with a curly edge (eaves) are also available. They are like wholeand national teams (in the latter case, the cornice is a separate element). Benefits prefabricated steps It is that if necessary, you can always replace or pick up the cornice of another color than the stage itself. In addition to ordinary, there are also corner steps which are put on the corners of stairs. Such an element has or rounded from both sides of the edge, or two cornices.
For facing outdoor stairs, as well as stairs for which a large number of people will go, it is better to use a ceramic granite tile.
Plinths for stairs. If the plinth is laid along the walls along the walls, then it is necessary to use it on the stairs. Plinth for steps is left and right. If the step is decorated with a figured (protruding) eaves, then the cutting of the plinth must have the same curly slot.
Lighting stairs. The correct lighting of the stairs solves at the same time several important tasks. First, if the staircase is not lit or illuminated incorrectly, it is inconvenient and dangerous to use it. The staircase is a transition from one high-altitude space to another, therefore, a person who goes on this transition must be created by safety. And the longer this transition, the better it should be covered.
Secondly, the aesthetic qualities of the stairs can be associated with lighting. Thus, the lighting can emphasize and strengthen the spatial effect of the staircase, for example, to connect the staircase with the surrounding rooms or, on the contrary, divide them.
If you apply lighting only for the convenience and safety of using the stairs, it is enough to create a normal level of illumination on the most staircase march and approaches to it. To do this, you can use the same light sources, applying not only artificial lamps, but also natural (day) lighting.
 |
 |
An important role in this will play various orientation - a horizontal hall and a vertical staircase. Combining the Hall space and stairs will occur with the same and uniform illumination.
On the the correct organization of the lighting of the stairsAvailability Natural light source (The window in the staircase) allows you to illuminate the staircase without the cost of electricity. However, the cloudy weather of natural lighting is not enough, so even during the day there may be the need to include artificial luminaires.
The role is especially great artificial lamps In the transition time of the day, when there is not enough light through the window or stained glass windows for normal lighting of the stairs. An important role in choosing lighting plays and type of stairs. It is one thing to highlight a direct single-satellite staircase, and another is an intricate screw that, with thoughtful lighting, can be submitted "in the advantageous light."
Types of lighting.The staircase, like the room, can be illuminated in several ways: direct, scattered, reflected and combined lighting.
For this purpose, wall-mounted lamps placed above human growth are well suited. Lamps should not create a blinding effect, so they are better supplied with diffusers or lampshairs. The choice of shape, sizes and quantities depends on the specific conditions and stylistics of the entire staircase and the room in which the staircase is placed. To the staircase can be used more convenient, in addition to overall lighting local. For this, light sources are placed on the same distance from each other at the junction of the wall and staircase march. High enough decorative effect Gives the placement of lamps from the bottom of the staircase march. Neon lamps installed directly in the steps are decorated with a staircase and allow you to safely use it. If the staircase is a light one, then the shadow is better to muffle, directing the light stream from top to bottom.
If the staircase is equipped stained glass window, Double stained glass can mask the lamps of the required power to create the illusion of natural lighting.
It should be borne in mind that the lighting of the stairs can be formulated not only with the help of lamps . Glass partitions Or doors can serve as a source of second light.
The level of illumination is influenced color and tone of finishing of the staircaseWhat needs to be considered when choosing light sources. So, the white surfaces of the walls of the staircase optically increase the space, make it lighter, support the illusion of daylight. Warm colors gamma creates a feeling of comfort and supports artificial lighting. That color decoration The staircase is suitable for a staircase that does not have access to the windows. Dark, cold tones of stairs are permissible only under the condition of intensive lighting, both during the day and in the dark.
Lighting outdoor stairs Performing the same tasks, has its own characteristics. As a rule, it is common and serves for a comfortable and secure approach to the house on the outer staircase or to enter the garden at night. This lighting can be common(for the entire yard) and local(Only for a staircase march and its sites). First of all, the electrical wiring for the outer luminaires must be made with enhanced and frost-resistant insulation. Electrical liner to lamps illuminating the staircase can be mounted in several ways. Luminaires can be placed on building structures, on separate supports or suspended on a special cable wiring, creating a necessary level of illumination of the staircase. In this case, the stress supply to the luminaires is performed using a cable attached at a certain height.
If the task of decorative decoration of the staircase with the help of lamps is solved, here ground lamps installed on special racks can play a huge role. Such lamps will decorate the staircase even during the day when the need for illumination disappears. In this case, the cable wiring is better to perform underground, protecting it from random damage.
Design of stairs. The choice of the type of intra-quarter staircase depends on the capital capacity and fire resistance of the building, the nature of the intended movement, the presence of a free area and the height of the room. The form of stairs is chosen depending on its purpose and location, architectural design of the room and the structure as a whole.
The placement of stairs in terms of the building, their number and dimensions depend on the appointment, dimensions and layouts of the building, taking into account the provision of convenient and at the specified time of the evacuation of people. Thus, in civil buildings there should be at least two stairs, and for residential buildings with the number of floors 10 or more - a way out of each apartment is provided on two stairs directly or through a connecting transition. The staircase consists of marches and playgrounds. The march is a design consisting of steps that support their cosomes (located under steps) or the guards (adjacent to the steps side).
Two-storey staircase (incision and floor plans): 1 - base march; 2 - floor sites; 3 - fence; 4 - Ladder march; 5 - intermediate platform; 6 - input visor; 7 - entrance site The staircases are flooded (at the floor level) and intermediate (intermediate).
For the safety and convenience of movement, stair marches and playgrounds equip the fences with handrails with a height of 0.9 m. In steps, the vertical face is called the riser, and horizontal - coming. All steps of the staircase must have the same form, besides the top and lower, called froms.
By appointment, the stairs are divided into main, or main, employees for continuous use and evacuation, auxiliary - for official communication between floors and emergency (external evacuation stairs, firefighters). In terms of the number of marches within the height of one floor, the stairs are divided into one-, two-, three and four-four.
Types of stairs:
a - single-hour straight staircase; b - two-hours watch straight staircase with an intermediate platform; in - two-pages, M-shaped staircase with an angular intermediate platform; G is a two-storey P-shaped staircase with an intermediate platform; d - three-page staircase with two angular intermediate sites; e - single-hour curvilinear staircase located at the wall; Zh- single-hour curvilinear staircase, placed in a rectangular volume; s - screw stairs; And - single-hour staircase with running steps and twist at 90 °; K is a single-sample staircase with upper and lower running steps and turning at 90 °; L - single-sighted staircase with medium running steps with a rotation of 180 °
In some buildings, when the staircase enjoys a small number of people (for example, in apartments in two levels), screw staircases are used. The slope of the staircase marches adopt according to regulatory requirements (depending on the designation of buildings) for the main stairs 1: 2 - 1: 1.75, and for auxiliary - up to 1: 1.25.
The number of steps in the march is prescribed no more than 16, but not less than 3. The height of the passages between the venues and marches should be at least 2 m. The width of the staircase marches is prescribed with the accounting of ensuring the evacuation of people at a given time. At the same time, the smallest width of the marches of the main stairs in two-storey houses There must be 900 mm, and in homes with the number of floors 3 or more - 1050 mm.
Between the march should be ensured by a clearance (in terms of) 100 mm for skipping fire hoses. The width of the platforms should be no less march width (from the condition of providing the same bandwidth), and the width of the staircases of the main stairs is assigned at least 1200 mm. The height and width of the stairs are determined in such a way that the convenience of movement of people is ensured.
In this case, it is assumed that the normal pitch of the person is approximately 600 mm when walking along the horizontal surface and 450 mm when the stairs move. Based on this width and height of the stage in the amount of 450 mm. From here the width of the stage (disposal) should be 300 mm, but not less than 250 mm (the length of the human foot).
|
The height of the stage (risers) is most often made 150 mm, but not more than 180 mm. In order to determine the size of the stairs and the staircase, in which they will be placed, you need to know the height of the floor and the dimensions of the steps. The height of the floor is divided by the number of parts, equal to the number of risers in the floor, and through the obtained points are carried out horizontal straight. Then the horizontal projection (marching) is divided by the number of coming without one and through the obtained points are carried out vertical straight lines. According to the resulting grid, draw a staircase profile.
When constructing stairs, the following requirements must be taken into account:
Maximum convenience and reliability;
Convenient safe approach for both lifting and descent;
Comfortable and safe railing location;
Matching the width and height of the steps of the convenient length of the step and the convenient rise of the leg;
Good lighting.
Width of stair march it is determined by the bandwidth of the staircase, i.e. the number of people who can pass in the narrowest place for one minute.
For the passage of one person, it is enough 0.6- 0.7 m. The width of intra-quarter staircase marches should be at least 0.9-1 m, in the houses of high comfort - 1.25-1.5 m. To determine the size of the ladder, it is necessary to establish it Place on the plan and height of the floor, choose a staircase diagram and dimensions of steps. As a rule, the angle of lifting the staircase march is from 20 to 50 °, but more comfortable stairs with an angle of lifting from 30 to 45.
Example. Determine the dimensions of the two-day ladder of a residential building if the height of the floor is 3.3 m, the march width is 1.05 m, the slope of the ladder 1: 2.
Take a step in size 150x300 mm Width of the staircase B \u003d 2 V + 100 \u003d 2 x 1050 + 100 \u003d 2200 mm. Height of one march N / 2 \u003d 3300: 2 \u003d 1650 mm. The number of risters in one march n \u003d 1650: 150 \u003d 11. The number of coming in one march will be per unit less than the number of risers, since the upper disposal is located on the staircase: P - 1 \u003d 11 - 1 \u003d 10.
The length of the horizontal projection of the march, called it, will be equal to a \u003d 300 (P-1) \u003d 300 x 10 \u003d 3000 mm. Take the width of the intermediate floor site with 1 \u003d 1300 mm, from 2 \u003d 1300 mm and we get that the full length of the staircase (clean) will be A \u003d a + 1 + c 2 \u003d 3000 + 1300 + 1300 \u003d 5600 mm.
The ratio diagram between the dimensions of the steps and an angle of inclination of the march
 |
 |
Building an angle of lifting stairs. The convenience of the ladder and the associated safety guarantee depend mainly on the relative magnitude of the march lift (lifting angle). The corner of the lift march can be set graphically, knowing the location of the stairs in the plan and the height of the room.
Comfortable step length and lifting legs. Practice is established: the staircase is convenient and safe if the recessive height is aptive. Folded with a width of the stage (coming) is equal to the middle step of the person. The length of the person's step on the plane is approximately 62-64 cm, and a convenient lifting of the foot is 30-32 cm.
Based on this, coming and lifting are determined as follows:
2a + b \u003d 64cm or a + b \u003d 47 cm,where but - stage height, b. - Width of the sticking.
For example, if the height of the stage is 12 cm, it will be 40 cm, it will be 40 cm (not counting the protrusion of the edge of the stage). Such a solution gives too wide disposal using the second ratio, we obtain that the width of the sticking is 35 cm. The practice is established that the ladder with a height of 140 to 170 mm and the width of the steps from 340 to 370 mm are determined. Thus, to determine the width of the sticking, at the height of the stage from 140 to 170 mm, it is recommended to use the first formula. The height of the step should be no more than 200 mm and at least 120 mm. The edge of the step (protrusion) must be about 20-40 mm.
Types of steps. The higher the stage, the one should be coming, and vice versa. The width of the stage should be at least equal to its height.
Medium line Marsha - This is an imaginary line, which in rectilinear stairs passes in the middle of the march width, and in curvilinear - at a distance of 40-50 cm from the edge of the span (for screw stairs - from the axis of the rack). The stages of the steps of the curvilinear march have a wedge-shaped form, and the narrow side of the sticking should be at least 140 mm. This is necessary so that the width of such a step in the medium line march was equal to the width of the direct march steps. Lifting through the curvilinear staircase, a person most often deviates from the central line, overcoming the rise in a step of various sizes. To eliminate inconvenience, design stairs with dispersed steps with a gradual change in their width over the entire length of the march.
Light passage - The minimum vertical distance between the upper edge of the sticky and the lower edge (or the bottom side) of the above-being constructive element - take at least 1900 ... 2000 mm. As the stairs rise, this size should be saved. The openings above the staircase should be constructed simultaneously with the staircase. The size of the opening should provide a free passage of a person.
Basic ladder design errors.The angle of lifting / descent is very cool,more than 50 degrees - you can climb with difficulty, it will be just dangerous to descend. Recommended angle - 30-40 degrees. As a last resort to 45. And think about the future old age if you are young and full of strength.
The design of the staircase is very complexconfiguration - will not allow subsequently to make furniture and other volumetric and heavy binding items.
Balasine fence is too rare - May fall child, pet. Recommended safe distance between balasines - no more than 15 cm.
The staircase has a slippery surface (glossy varnish, glass, polished stone) - Certainly, everyone has the right to experiment and extraordinary design. However, it must be remembered that you are responsible not only for your safety. A safe carpet coating should be asked to a similar staircase.
Constructive decisions of stairs By the method of device, the ladder can be prefabricated and monolithic. The teams are made of small-sized and large-sized elements.
Stairs made of small-sized elements consist of separately installed reinforced concrete cosomes, steps, reinforced concrete plates of sites and fences with handrails. For the pairing of cososov with playing beams in the latter, nests are provided in which the ends of the cosomes are becoming. Connection between Elements of stairs is achieved, as a rule, welding mortgage parts. Steps are placed on cosometers on cement mortar.
Precast concrete platforms are based on the platform beams. During the repair and reconstruction of the previously constructed buildings, it is possible to meet the design of stairs from stone or reinforced concrete steps on platters and platforms from rolling metal profiles (channel or 2-way). To increase fire resistance of metal structures, they need to be placed on a wire grid. Fencing on the stairs are usually satisfied with metal with wooden or plastic handrails. The racks of the fencing are welded to the mortgage parts of the steps or close on the cement-sandy solution in the sockets existing in the steps.
Stairs designs: a - team from reinforced concrete fine-sized elements; b - on steel kosomers; in - monolithic reinforced concrete; r - sealing racks and fastening a wooden handrail; d, e - fastening of plastic handrails; 1 - steps; 2 - platform beam; 3 - socket for the end of the Kowra; 4 - Kosoour precast concrete; 5 - plate of the staircase; 6 - steel Kosur; 7 - plaster over a steel grid; 8 - steel platform; 9 - Frosing step; 10 - railing rack; 11 - steel strip; 12 - screws; 13 - handrail
The largest distribution in the construction of prefabricated stairs from large-sized elements - platforms and marches of factory manufacture or marches with two half-clocks. Prefabricated elements are installed in place with cranes and fasten with welding mortgage parts.
Staircase marches and venues for residential buildings are manufactured at a factory with purely trimmed steps and surfaces. In public buildings, marches are used with overhead, which are placed after the end of the main work on the installation of the building. It is advisable to apply collection marches with stages of a folded outline that reduceconcrete consumption by 15%.
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Staircase from largest elements: 1 - staircase; 2 - stair marches; 3 - Fragment Fragment |
The staircases are usually based on the side walls of the staircase, and in large-pointed buildings - on special metal elements (tables), welded to mortgage parts in the wall panels of the staircase. In intra-ordinary stairs it is allowed to use overtakening steps and screw staircases. According to fire standards, such stairs cannot serve as evacuation, therefore do not apply as the main.
When prescribing the sizes of wedge-shaped running steps and steps of screw stairs, their settlement values \u200b\u200bare taken in the middle of the march. Screw staircases can be made of wood, metal, precast and monolithic reinforced concrete. Stages are based on the walls and on the central support pole. They can be calculated in the form of consoles with support only on the walls or only on the support post.
Monolithic reinforced concrete staircases are rarely used, mainly in unique buildings, if the staircase for architectural and planning considerations is given a non-type solution. Their device requires a complex formwork and carry out all work at the construction site. Before entering the building, a platform is arranged, which is always above the level of the earth at least 150 mm, in order to prevent the flow of atmospheric water. To protect the input platform from precipitation, the so-called visor is arranged. If the outer porch is arranged before the building, then its steps are based on special walls, erected on independent foundations.
The outdoor entrances to the basement are solved in the form of single-hour stairs located in the pita, adjacent to the outer walls of the building and fenced by retaining walls. Over the pit, an extension with walls, roof and inlet door are erected or limited to the umbrella and low onboard wall.
|
|
|
|
The device of the outdoor entrance to the basement: 1 - concrete preparation; 2 - compacted sand pillow; 3 - reinforced concrete stove; 4 - Poles of the canopy; 5 - timber; 6 - brick fence; 7 - retaining wall; 8 - steps; 9 - Overlapping basement |
Wooden stairs .
Wood used for the manufacture of stairs should only be high-quality, carefully selected, dried by modern methods of industrial drying. The correct drying of the wood is the only guarantee that the staircase will not behave in operation.
Wood is used both for the manufacture of the supporting structures of stairs and for their finishing. Soft wood breeds (pine, spruce, larch), semi-solid (birch) and solid (oak, beech, maple, ash, cedar). The latter is preferable, but they are more expensive. The finish can also be carried out from the wood of exotic breeds - nut, tick, cherries, cypress, Iroquo, Mogano, Araucaria, and others. In carrier structures It is impossible to combine various wood breeds that have an unequal fiber expansion coefficient when the moisture change, the overhead elements of the lining of various wood breeds are quite possible.
For final surface treatment of stairs, various varnishes and tinting are used (for better manifest texture and for optimal combination with furniture and parquet).
Currently, not only massive wood, but also glue from several layers, with different fibers, to compensate for possible deformations with a change in the temperature and humidity regimen in the room are widely applied. Adhesive wood is used for the manufacture of cososov, steps and railings.
Self-supporting wooden stairs.In residential and public buildings, 2-level flat stairs are an indispensable functional structure. SAMI modern technology Wood processing, careful selection of material for each product, professional installation is determined by the highest quality of wooden stairs.
For the manufacture of stairs, wood solid rocks is used, high-quality dried in the computer-controlled dryers. The quality of the manufacture is controlled at each stage of production and installation of products. The modern range is the manufacture of stairs from solid wood solid (oak, beech, ash, male) and middle vehicles (birch). From soft wood, we use spruce, pine or larch.
For the final surface treatment of stairs, lacquer and swedish laccs are used, satisfying the highest hygienic, sanitary and environmental requirements and norms.
Decorative design of stairs.Wooden stairs traditionally decorate carved balasines and railings. Do oval entrance sites, initial racksin the form of wooden handmade sculptures, perform various outlets on the Kosoo.
The color of the wooden staircase, as a rule, is selected by the door of the door, windows, etc. Best coatings For wooden stages are parquet matte and semi-wave varnishes. Along with the tree for the manufacture of fences and in the decoration can be used worn, cast, welded structures from black and non-ferrous metals with various types of galvanic coatings (up to gilding).
Metal structures are often also painted in a wide variety of colors - modern polymer paints and varnishes allow you to make a staircase very elegant. Triplex, acrylic and polycarbonate are also used. glass, crystal and ceramics, valuable rock breeds, decorative concrete.Other innovation - backlight steps. If the staircase is open, without side planks, then the lamps located with the 'inside' stairs are gently illuminated every step. If the lamps are mounted in Kosur, you can use them as an additional light source in the evening or during the daytime.
In the wooden stairs, the pairing of steps with a nutrition in the side of its face is carried out by the device in them, in which the ends of the boards of coming and risers are included.
Metal stairs. Metal parts can be treated or galvanized, stamped or forged, glossy or matte, chrome-plated or gilded. All-welded handrails are manufactured, which significantly strengthen the design of the stairs, at the same time giving it the opening and weightlessness.
In working on metal stairs, the most modern and advanced technologies are used, for example, a special polishing of stainless steel, which gives the metal unique depth and a sense of soft glow; Powder spraying under the 'marble'. Artificial aging technologies are used, allowing to turn a modern product to antiques - Pathina is applied to products from brass.
The use of whole metal stairs is widespread the use of metal for the manufacture of carrier elements of stairs, for example, the cosomes to which the steps from any materials can be mounted.
The carrying design of the marching stairs can be made of separate steel elements, which, connecting between themselves, make up the basis supporting steps. These elements are supplied with a special rotating mechanism as horizontally and vertically, which allows you to create stairs of any form - rectangular, screw, S-shaped, easily adjusted to the height of any room.
A number of models of screw stairs are developed, which can be adapted for any premises with various ceiling openings. Such universality is achieved through the use of a special mechanism - remote rings, which allow you to change the height of the stairs, adjusting the distance between the steps.
An attic staircase - It is made of pine design consisting of three parts. The design of the staircase is characterized by the following advantages:
the thermal insulation cover of 36 mm thick is installed standard;
the front side of the lid is smooth, there are no fasteners on its surface;
the original design allows you to easily climb upstairs.
The attic staircase can additionally be equipped with railing and barrier.
 |
 |
Standard dimensions:120cm x 60cm,120cm x 70cm,130cm x 60cm,130cm x 70cm. |
