There are several types of soils that differ in the content of sand, clay and other elements in them. Knowing their main characteristics and features, you will be easier to organize planting plantsAs you can improve their properties, processing the soil and adding the required substances and fertilizers to it.
Characteristic:
Zonal Types of Soil - the concept of a new one, it implies the characteristic of the soil depending on the region. Each zone has its own characteristics, which should also be known to gardeners.
After all, 80% of the success in the garden depends not on fertilizers and leaving plants, but directly from the quality of the Earth.
The main zones of our country include:
As you can see, it is very important to know these types, their location and gardening opportunities. This will allow you to properly process the soil and spend less time to care for plants.
The main factor in determining the fertility of the soil is the acidity of the soil, which reflects the presence of nutrient elements in it. Knowing this indicator, you can quickly take measures to improve the characteristics of the soil. Thus, the level of acidity at a rate of 7 pH is considered a normal indicator: fertilizers are quickly absorbed in such soil. To determine the acidity, it is best to use a special indicator or refer to the specialists in the laboratory.
The soil - Surface layer of land with fertility.
This loose surface layer of sushi, the formation of which occurred for a long time in the process of interaction between maternal, plants, animals, microorganisms, and.
For the first time, the soil layer was distinguished from the other parts as "a special natural-historical body" Russian scientist V.V. , It was he who found that the main types of soil on the globe were accommodated. Types of soils are distinguished on the basis of their fertility, mechanical composition and structure, etc.
Tundrovo-Gley - low-power, contain little humus, moisted, contain little oxygen. Completed in the north.
Podzolic and ferrous-podzolic soils, poor humus and mineral elements, as they carry nutrients from the top layer, and it acquires an ash color (hence the name of the soil). They take more than half of the country. Podzolic formy are formed under conifer, dend-podzolic under mixed.
Gray forest soils are formed under deciduous forests and is quite fertile. Large floral decline and less intensive washing in this natural zone contributes to the accumulation of humus.
Chernoles are the most fertile soils. From the residues of vegetation, a lot of humus is accumulated, the power of the humus horizon reaches 60 to 100 cm. It is employed less than 10% of the country's territory. Weld in zone and.
In a dry climate, brown soils are formed. The content of humus in them is less, since plant cover becomes rarefied.
Only 13% of the country's land areas are used under the gardens, hayflows, pastures and arable land. Most of the country is located in the south. Under the arable land used the most fertile soils - chernozem, gray forest and dark chestnuts. Accordingly, the main agricultural zone of the country is located in the zone of mixed forests ,. Podzolic and brown soils are used under pastures and haymaking.
As a result of the economic activities of people - the construction of roads, industrial enterprises, there is a constant decrease in arable land. At the present stage, the main task is rational use arable land and increase their performance.
A combination of organizational, economic and technical measures aimed at indigenous soil improvement, an increase in their productivity is called. The main types of land reclamation are: Fighting, irrigation, drainage,.
Natural enemies Soil is a wind and aqueous erosion, which occurs under the action of rain and melting waters ,. The soil suffers as much as the soil and as a result of the inept economic activity of man. Improper decay of the Earth and the unlimited grazing of livestock also contribute to the development of soil erosion.
To combat water erosion, they use plowing and sowing across the slope, deep plowing, the creation of forest protection strips, strengthening the slopes and beams. Against wind erosion - unresoluted soil treatment. It is also used to drain the wetlands and irrigation of arid lands, the fight against salinization, the introduction of fertilizers, scientifically substantiated crop rotation.
Activities for land reclamation and land reclamation are measures for the protection of soil resources.
The soil consists of two parts; Organic and mineral.
Mineral part of the soil - This is a different size of a particle of collapsed stone rocks (the loose rock rock, on which the soil is formed, is called the mother breed).
The organic part of the soil is formed during the decomposition of dead roots, stems, leaves, manure, insect corpses, worms and animals. The organic part of the soil also owns the substance of numerous, inhabiting the soil of the smallest organisms - bacteria.
Organic of soil represents the most important part of the soil for agriculture, as:
1) in the organic matter there is everything necessary for the supply of plants;
2) The organic substance improves all the properties of the soil (the soil is made more loose, permeable, it is better to keep moisture in itself, it is rather warming up).
The organic substance of the soil remains constant, but it changes all the time (turns into a variety of products).
Various conversion of the organic matter occur due to the vital activity of bacteria. Some bacteria, feeding by non-discovered vegetable and animal residues, turn them first into soil humid (or humidic acids); Soil humid and there is an organic substance of the soil. Other bacteria feeding by soil humus, destroy the organic substance of the soil, turning it into easily soluble inorganic substances. Complete destruction of the organic matter occurs with good air access (oxygen) into the soil.
Inorganic substances dissolved in water and give soil food for plants. Organic substances themselves, soil humus, can not eat green plants.
To determine the type of soil and in general, it is necessary to familiarize themselves with the soil cut.
On the soil cut, it can be seen which soil layers (and subsoils) are locked under a surface arable layer. Ready soil cut represents the walls of fresh ravines, landslides or dangling dwines, silaps. If there is no finished cut, then you need to pull out a rectangular yam of 150 centimeters (length) for 75 centimeters (width) and 150 centimeters depth (see Figure).
The pit wall of the pit and give the soil cut.
After examining the incision, write down the following data:
1) location of the cut (slope, watershed, lowland, Vuregin, Budgorm, floodplain, etc.);
2) the land on which the incision is made (arable land, meadow, forest, pasture, deposit, etc.);
3) the field of crop rotation and culture;
4) Color and power (thickness in centimeters) soil layers (soil horizons).
The description of the soil section will help determine the type of soil on the Type of Soil Type.
Types of soils, their signs and areas of distribution
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Soil, conditions for their education |
Brief description of soil |
Number of humus (as a percentage of soil weight) |
Distribution areas |
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Podzolic soils. They are formed under forest vegetation in areas with plenty of precipitation (more than 500 millimeters per year), with low evaporation. Maternal soils are predominantly apparent clays, sands with boulders, loams, poor carbon dioxide salts |
The upper humor has a minor thickness (10-20 centimeters); The color of his dreadthrower. Under the humid layer - the whims of the subgene, almost deprived of humus; Thickness 10-25 centimeters and more. Under the podzol-usually dense layer (sometimes sand), often not solid, but with layers |
From 1.0 to 4.0; With the depth of the content of humorous drops sharply |
North of the USSR (about half of the entire Square of the USSR): Karelian-Finnish SSR, Leningrad Region, Belarusian SSR, Western, Moscow, Gorky Region, etc. |
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Ilovoato-marsh, peat-swamp soils They are formed under meadow-dies (richer soils) and moss vegetation (poorer soils) |
The top horizon of black or almost black color contains indecomposable parts of the plants (peat), thickness 40-60 centimeters and more. Under it a layer of podzole of different thickness |
From 5 to 30 (and above) |
The same as regions of podzolic soils, especially in the extreme north of the USSR (in the tundra zone) |
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Chernozem soils. They are formed under steppe vegetation in areas with an average precipitation (400 - 500 millimeters per year), with elevated evaporation. Mother breeds - mainly lessoidal clays and loams rich in carbonic salts |
The upper urban horizon of black color, has a significant thickness (60 centimeters and higher). Under it nut-grain, difficult distinctive (from the top) dark horizon; Thickness 50-70 centimeters. Then there is an inexperienced pale-gray horizon with lime eyes (white-eyed, beliefs); Thickness 40-60 centimeters. Next is the mother breed. |
8-12 (in powerful chernozem), 7-10 (among ordinary chernozem), 4-6 (in southern, priazovsky chernozem). With the depth of the content of humus drops slowly |
Ukrainian SSR (except for the North), part of the Crimea and the North Caucasus, the region of the Middle Volga, the Bblestous part of the Tambov, Voronezh, Kursk regions; Tatar ASSR, a significant part of the Bashkir ASSR, part of Western Siberia, and others. In Western Siberia, especially in the Barabinsk steppe, there are similar black so-called so-called black soils (meadow-salt) soils. Part of the Tula, Ivanovo regions, Chuvash ASSR, Gorky and other central regions of the USSR |
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Leached chernozem Gray forest lands. Soil, transition from chernozem to subzoles |
The top layer, often graze, dark or light-charming color, the book brightens; Depth 24-30 centimeters. Under it ash-gray, walnut (slightly scattering on the "nuts") horizon, 45-50 centimeters thick. |
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Chestnut and brown soils (desert-steppe soils) They are formed in dry steppes, where 200 - 350 millimeters of precipitation per year falls. Mother breeds - marine clay and sands, lessoidal loams, red-brown clays, etc. |
Upper (laminated or scaly) Purge horizon in brown soils has a thickness of 18-22 centimeters, in brown 10-15 centimeters. Next comes a compacted column horizon, 30-50 centimeters thick. He follows the horizon rich in lime, porous, fractured, 30-40 centimeters thick. Next lies the mother breed |
In brown soils, 3-5, in Burax 1-3 |
Southern and Southeast Parts of the USSR, Stalingrad, Saratov Region, Republic of Germans Volga region, Kazakh SSR, Crimean ASSR (40% of the total area), part of Buryat-Mongolia |
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Serozia The deserts and semi-desert are formed in areas where precipitation drops from 80 to 250 millimeters (rarely more) per year. Mother breeds are predominantly lessisa with a very large content of carbon dioxide salts. |
The upper gray-brown color is the horizon, layerly, has a small thickness of 8-10 millimeters. It gradually passes into the next, more brown coloring the horizon, holes from the abundant moves of worms and insects; It has a thickness of 15-20 centimeters. Next follows a rich lime horizon, walnut; It has a thickness of 40- 50 centimeters. LED lies under it |
Turkmen SSR, Uzbek SSR, part of the Kyrgyz SSR, part of the Kazakh SSR, part of Azerbaijan and Dagestan |
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Solonians and Solonchaki Especially often in areas of brown brown soils and serozles |
Soil cuts are very diverse. Solonnets often occurs after the discretion (decrease in salts) of salt marsh. The distinctive property of salt marsh is the content of the so-called absorbed sodium |
Distribution area of \u200b\u200bbrown, brown soils and serozles |
Each layer of soil consists of particles of different size. The mechanical composition of the soil just indicates the magnitude of the soil particles.
Distinguish particles of such sizes:
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Stones |
have diameter |
(diameter) |
larger |
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Crying large |
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Cartilage small |
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Sand large |
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Sand Middle |
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Sand small |
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Sand dusty |
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Sand thin |
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Middle dust |
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Dust thin |
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Particles smaller than 0.01 mm called physical clay.
The clay particles are particularly large, as they constitute the richest easily available for plants with nutrients part of the soil, and it is from these particles that the structural lumps of the soil are mainly formed. By the content of these small particles, soils are:
Knowledge of the mechanical composition of the soil must be because many of the soil properties depend on the mechanical composition, as can be seen from the following table.
Production properties of sand and clay soils
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Sand (lungs) soil |
Clay (heavy) soil |
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It is possible to process in a wet and dry state, since the soil in the closure does not stick out and when processing is not broken into dust |
It is necessary to process only with certain soil moisture (ripe soil); The drying soil forms large whips (blocks), which, with severe harrow, are divided into dust; Neighten wet soil lippes to parts of agricultural machinery and guns and absolutely not crumbs |
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Handling is light |
Treatment of heavy |
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After the rains of the soil remains loose |
After the rains of the soil easily swims a dense, non-transmitting air with a crust |
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Poor nutrients for plants |
Rich in nutrients |
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Easy losing nutrients from leaching by precipitation |
Well hold nutrients |
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Extra-soluble nutrients are quickly converted to easily solid |
Efficiently soluble nutrients are very slowly turning into easily solid |
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For water, it is easily permeable, well absorb water, but they hold it a little in themselves. Water from the lower layers in the upper (with you breathing the latter) does not rise |
For water, it is difficult to permeable (poorly absorb water), but keep it a lot in yourself. When drying upper layers, water rises to them from the lower layers |
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Easy and quickly warm (warm soils) |
Slowly warm (cold soils) |
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In each soil, there are usually particles and clay and sand, therefore the properties of each soil change, compared with these extremes (for mechanical composition) soils.
In addition, the humid (organic substances) contained in each soil strongly corrects all negative qualities and sandy and clay soils.
To approximate the amount of fine clay particles in the soil, so. Take a sample of the soil (see below) and dried for several hours in a slightly hot furnace (after the bread is baked). It is necessary to dry 5-6 hours at a temperature of 100-105 ° Celsius. The dried sample is well rubbed on a porcelain saucer so to smash all soil particles. 100 grams are seized from the prepared sample and put in glass jarwhere the pure water is then poured. Watering the glass wand, give the bank to stand 20-30 seconds, and then drain the torment. Again topping the can with water, repeat all Syznov. Muticing is produced until water, after 20-30 seconds of sludge, will remain transparent, clean. The bank will remain different in the size of the sand. Having dried in the furnace and weighing, as a decrease in weight determine how many small (clay) particles has a soil. If, for example, 76 grams of sand remained out of 100 grams of soil, then it will show that there are 24% clay in the soil. According to the table above, we find that such a soil is a sandy.
In another way, less accurate, so. From the sample of the soil, adding water to the dough thickness, roll the ball, and then rolled into the thin harness, which bend into the ring.
1) The ball is easily rolled, and the harness bends into the ring, not breaking .............. clay soil
2) The ball and harness rolls, but harness when flexing into the ring breaks down ........... luggy
3) The ball rolls with difficulty, it is impossible to roll it in the harness ................ Summer soil
4) The ball when rolling is easy to decay. . . Sand soil
To create 1 kilogram of grain, or 1 kilogram of straw, or at all 1 kilogram of dry matter crop different plants take from the soil, approximately, from 200 to 800 liters of water.
During the sowing to ripening from one hectare of plants, they spend good harvest, approximately, 1,000 and more cubic meters. Equipment (over 2,000 Surigive barrels).
In order for in the soil such large water reserves, it is necessary that the soil possesses the following properties:
1. The soil must pass the water from melting snow and rain.
2. The soil must keep in itself a lot of water, preventing the swelling.
3. Useless loss of moisture from evaporation should be less possibly.
The property of the soil to skip the water is called the permeability of the soil.
Permeability largely depends on the mechanical composition of the soil. Light sandy soils are well permeable, well absorb water, and heavy clay soils are difficult permeable, poorly absorb water.
The property of the soil to keep water is called moisture intensity. Light sandy soils have a small moisture intensity, and heavy soils with increased moisture intensity.
In addition to the water, in the soil there must be air, which is necessary for the life of bacteria, turning hard-soluble, inaccessible for plants of the soil substance in easily soluble, available.
The soil is sandy easier than clay, permeable to air, but the vital activity of bacteria in these soils is strongly weakened due to the small amount of moisture.
Thus, neither clay, nor sand soil, do not have favorable conditions For the development of plants. In clay soil, there is usually a lot of water, but little air, in sandy, on the contrary, little water, but a lot of air.
Only in structural soil can be simultaneously a large amount of moisture and enough air.
The structural is called such a soil, which consists of small durable, undermining water of lumps, the value from the seed grain to the pea. Each such a lump consists of small soil particles (mainly clay) glued with fresh humus.
Water easily enters the structural soil passing between lumps. Each lump absorbs water and well-handed it in itself and around him. The air also remains free space between the lumps.
Thus, structural soil is well permeable for water, has a large moisture intensity and at the same time rich in air.
In addition, the useless evaporation of moisture is significantly reduced in structural soil. As you know, water from the bottom up can rise only between small soil particles (by thin, hair, or capillary, gaps). Between the lumps, water lifting is hampered, as each lump comes into contact with another only a small part of its surface.
The structure of soil is one of the most important conditions for its fertility.
Structural lumps, despite its undelivered, are still gradually destroyed, meanwhile, the old humus is no longer possessing the ability to re-glue small soil particles into new structural lumps. Therefore, to restore and improve the soil structure, it is necessary to achieve the soil with fresh humus.
This is best achieved by sowing a mixture of perennial herbs (cereal with bean, for example, clover with Timofeevka or alfalfa with a vengeon). The thick roots of perennial herbs are well separated by the land on lumps. When the roots of herbs are rejit and overload, it turns out fresh humid, gluing small particles in lumps. Sowing perennial herbs is one of the most important techniques to increase soil fertility. In addition to sowing perennial herbs, the soil enrichment with fresh humor is achieved by entering the manure (and other organic fertilizers), as well as the chipper specially grown to fertilizer of green plants, for example, lupine (green fertilizer).
Determination of soil moisture. Soil moisture can be determined so. Weigh a small amount of soil on a porcelain saucer (also suspended in advance). Then the soil on the saucer is dried 5-6 hours in a slightly hot furnace (at a temperature of 100-105 °). As a decrease in weight, we find the weight percentage of moisture content in the soil. Example. A sample to drying weighed (without saucer) 102 grams, after drying -80 grams. The difference in weight of 22 grams shows that soil contained so much moisture.
Not all detected by drying soil moisture is available for plants. Part of the soil moisture is the so-called dead margin, which is so firmly held by the soil that plants cannot take it. The magnitude of the dead stock of moisture in different soils is different; For example, in sandy soil, it is 2-3%, in heavy clay 10-12%, and in peat, sometimes above 30%.
Plants are needed the following substances in the soil: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfur. The first three (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) is very often lacking for high yields and it is necessary to fertilize soil to satisfy the need of plants.
The weight of 1 liter of the soil is taken equal to 1,250 grams
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Soil |
Nitrogen |
Phosphorus |
Potassium |
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as a percentage of soil weight |
in kilograms per hectare |
as a percentage of soil weight |
in kilograms per hectare |
as a percentage of soil weight |
in kilograms per hectare |
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Podzolic soils |
about 25,000 |
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Leached chernozem, gray forest soils |
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Chernozem soils |
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Chestnut soils |
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Serozia |
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Note. Potassium content in clay soils is about 2 more than above times higher than in sandy soils.
In various soils, it contains the following amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (see Table).
The supply of nutrients in one arable layer (and plants take food and from below the lying layers) is very large and many times exceeds the removal of them from the soil with a high harvest.
However, with a large supply of nutrients in the soil of the plant, often experience very much need and can even be starved, as they take only easily accessible, dissolved soil nutrients.
The number of easily accessible substances depends on many conditions, of which the main activity is the activity of bacteria processing hard-soluble nutrients into easily solid.
The bacteria are developing highly beneficial activities for plants only in loose, warm, rigorous acidic soil, sufficiently (but not unnecessary) wet, with good air access in the soil.
To better satisfy the needs of plants in food, it is necessary to strive to ensure that the soil is always loose, warm, rather humid, did not have excessive acidity. In addition, it is necessary to additionally contribute to the soil easily accessible for plants nutrients in the form of fertilizers (manure, dung alive, compost, bird litter, ash, etc.).
In a simple way, only an approximate calcium content (lime) in the soil can be determined. It is very important to have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe amount of calcium in the soil, since calcium is not only necessary for powering plants, but many valuable soil properties depend on it.
How to determine the calcium content (lime) in the soil?
To do this, it is necessary to have a decade-percent solution of hydrochloric acid. If several drops of such a solution are smisped with a small amount (lump) of soil, then the soil containing a lot of lime, as it boosts (spits) from the distinguished carbon dioxide bubbles. Boiling is observed when the content of lime is more than 1%.
With a smaller amount of lime, the soil is extended from the release bubbles (lime about 1%). When the content of lime is about 0.5% of the tillage of the soil from the acid often and continuously cracks (bring to the ear). Rare crackling shows that there is little lime or not at all.
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Soil |
Essential properties |
Events to improve these soils |
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Podzolic |
Poor organic substances are not saturated by the grounds; have increased acidity, often harmful to plants; have little lime; Easily lose the organic matter; usually structureless; easily swim; have little air; Major permeable |
Systematic enrichment with organic matter; Making large doses of organic fertilizers, especially manure and peat; Introduction of green fertilizers, especially on sandy soils; Introduction to the crop rotation of perennial herbs (clover with Timofeevka); tillage; introduction of mineral fertilizers (especially nitrogen and phosphate, but on poor sandy soils are also potash); gradual deepening of the arable layer (with good fertilizer supplied layer of podzole) |
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Peat-walled soil |
Rich in organic substances; poor phosphorus and potassium; have increased acidity; have excessive humidity; Usually little news |
Drainage; Making a dung and feces (to enhance the decomposition of peat); making difficult soluble phosphoric fertilizers (phosphate flour, apatite and potassium); Loving (especially moss peatlands) |
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Chernozem |
Rich in organic matter; saturated by the grounds; have a big absorption capacity; Have a sufficient amount of lime. Virgin chernozem soils have a durable fine-stroke structure, high permeability, moisture intensity; The filnoic soils often do not often have structures, are sprayed, powered by nutrients, especially phosphorus. Moisture reserves are often insufficient for high yields, due to a significant loss of moisture from evaporation (on structural soils) |
Fight for moisture (snow-setting, black pairs, irrigation). Introduction to crop rotation of sowing perennial herbs (especially alfalfa with a vengeon). Making a well-overwhelmed manure. Making mineral fertilizers (especially phosphoric) and at least nitrogen and potash |
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Chestnut I. |
The poor is organic substance, usually structureless, have an increased content of easily soluble salts, contain a large amount of calcium and a significant amount of sodium. Moisture reserves are usually small |
Struggle for moisture (irrigation, snowstand, clean couples); Introduction to the crop rotation of perennial herbs (alfalfa with a vengeon); Making moderate doses of well-overwhelmed manure; Making mineral fertilizers in the necessary cases (irrigated soils should be especially strong) |
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and Solonchaki |
Poor organic substances. Contain a lot of absorbed sodium (and saltcharts, moreover, have increased colchis eats in easily soluble salts), structureless, easily swim, contain little moisture |
Drying, making large doses of well-overwhelmed manure; struggle for moisture; Introduction of sowing perennial herbs |
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Serozia |
Irrigation; introduction (with irrigation) of large doses of manure, as well as nitrogen and phosphate mineral fertilizers (in fewer-potassium fertilizers); Introduction to crop rotation of perennial herbs (especially alfalfa) |
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Absorbated soil substances: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ammonium and many others, with the exception of hydrogen, are called grounds.
To study the properties of the soil in the collective farm hut-laboratory or in the MTS agrochemical laboratory, it is necessary to be able to correctly take the sample (sample) of the soil.
From the upper arable layer of the soil, the sample takes among the field, away from roads, ditches, buildings. First of all, it is removed (believed) the topmost layer of the soil is about 1- 2 centimeter. Then make a shovel touch on the bayonet and take the soil from the vertical wall (for the entire depth of the arable layer), folding it into the bag. Sample weight - approximately 1 kilogram. Such samples must be taken from all fields different from each other. The bag is put on a wooden plank, on which they write: the sample number, the name of the collective farm, the number and the year of taking the sample. Outside the bag ties another plank with more detailed description, according to the following sample:
When selecting samples from different layers of the soil section, the sample is taken from the middle of each layer and the depth of which is taken from the sample is taken on the table.
The specific resistance of the soil is necessary to know in order to determine which force of traction should be attached to the plow, whether the tractor is completely loaded and it is possible to give an additional case or attach an additional one another tool.
The specific resistance of the soil shows what force (in kilograms) must be applied when working on each square centimeter of the grip area (for example, a plow).
Table of specific soil resistances
(in kilograms for one square centimeter)
Example. We put the specific resistance \u003d 0.5 kilogram; Plow seizure 120 centimeters, depth of treatment 22 centimeters. Then the seizure area is 120 x 22 \u003d 2,640 square centimeters. The necessary force for this plow on this soil will be equal to 2 640 x 0.5 \u003d 1 320 kilograms.
Type is the main unit of the soil classification. It stands out in accordance with the Earth's profile. V. V. Dokuchaev in 1886 first classified types.
The soils that arose during the cultivation of areas that were not previously suitable for the development of agriculture belong to the special group.
Some species form groups (zones) are found on separate areas inside the zones. This is largely due to the peculiarities of the breeds, moisturizing, terrain relief.
The most common zonal types of soil are considered. They (together with vegetable and other elements of the landscape) form natural areas.
Types of Soil
An important indicator when classifying the soil is its composition.
Lightweight - sandy - soils include a large amount of sand, a minor proportion of humus, a small amount of clay particles. The soil is higher density belong to the category of heavy - clay soils. When processing, they do not scatter, on the contrary, form major kids, which makes it very difficult to pectoch.
Stony soils are spread on the slopes of the mountains or hills and are not fertility. Most in their composition occupy
The basis is largely organic substances. They are rich in nitrogen, contain little potassium and a very slight amount of phosphorus. However, there are peativoantic soils, in which, on the contrary, there is a high concentration of phosphorus.
Supal soils are endowed with many properties of sandy with a more balanced ratio of components, they belong to the intermediate species. These soils are considered favorable in all respects for plant cultivation.
There are three main types of soils: clay, loamy, sandy. Suglinted is considered ideal for agriculture. Knowledge, what are the types of soils, their characteristics, properties, advantages, disadvantages are one of the main conditions for the proper cultivation of vegetables, fruits on your site, as well as increase their yield.
Soil, at least, most consist of a combination of the three main components: sand, yla, clay. It all depends on what percentage of clay, sand, alone is present in it. Depending on the size of the particles present in it, it is divided into various types. The soil is the top layer of our planet. This is a medium from which the plants receive nutrients. Below is the classification of soil types, their characteristics.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
How to fix:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
How to fix:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
How to fix:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
How to fix:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
How to fix:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
How to fix:
Thus, any soil can become suitable for growing garden crops. Within 10-15 years of intensive processing, making humus, lime, the correct alternation of crops, the Earth will fully lose the initial properties, will acquire the characteristics necessary for growing garden crops.
The type of soil in the garden plot can be relatively accurately determined by the "finger method" (manually) according to the following scheme.
Step 1. Try to roll her manually in a sausage with a pencil thick ...
Step 2. Visitivity check by large and index fingers:
Step 3. Rubbing the soil in the palm of palm:
Step 4. Attempting the soil manually in a sausage with a thickness of half a pencil:
Step 5.To lose the sample with big and index fingers near the ear:
Step 6. Estimation of sliding when crushing the sample with fingers:
Step 7. Soil check with teeth:
The "finger method" is a method that is applied to analyze not only garden sitesBut also in laboratories. For more accurate analysis, it is sifted and an analysis of or suspended fraction.
Each gardener is interested in obtaining sustainable yields. Well, someone who has already mastered the alphabet of agriculture. And if the site first received? Look at the video. It will help to solve many soil problems not only by novice gardeners and gardeners.
How to improve the soil on your site, increase fertility, if the type of loam or loamy clay? Such soil needs an extracting.
To do this, you can use manure, compost, humid, sawdust, crushed bark. But be patient, it will take a lot of time, not one year.
If heavy soils are not amplified with groundwater, the process of the ochullation consists in a gradual increase in the thickness of the arable layer due to the underlying layers and the addition of organic and mineral fertilizers.
The addition of sawdust or crushed cortex to heavy soils requires the mandatory application of nitrogen fertilizers, since the decomposition of these materials occurs under the influence of microorganisms absorbing nitrogen. The sawdusts are good to make not fresh, but have fallen in a pile one or two years. Even better - to skip them through a compost bunch.
Clay soils have a good absorption complex, that is, they contain a sufficient amount of nutrients in its composition. For fertility, they are better than light, sandy. On the territory of the Krasnodar Territory there are all types of soils characteristic of the European part of Russia, ranging from primitive high-mountain soils of the Caucasian Mountains, to the most fertile heavy-duty black soils of the Azov-Kuban lowland. These are the soils of the plain steppes (chernozem), foothill forest-steppe (gray forest-steppe), foreguides and mountains (gray forest, brown forest, podzolic-brown forests, dend-carbonate, brown, meadow-forest gray, mountain meadow), soil steppes, river Delta and valleys (meadow-chernozem, meadow, meadow-marsh, alluvial), saline (salt marshes, solonts, solon), soil rivers (rice), wet subtropics of the Black Sea coast (yellow-beam).
