Chernozem - Typical soils steppes. They are formed under steppe herbal vegetation under conditions of various reliefs and on various mother breeds (except quartz sandstones).
The most typical black soils are developed in the conditions of flat relief on Limsinovid Supses, Suoglinka and Lens.
Chernozem soils have a powerful humus horizon of black or black and brown.
They are characterized by a grainy or lubricated structure, high content of humus, dedicated to the upper and middle parts of the soil profile, cluster of lime at the bottom, the absence of easily soluble salts.
The following types are distinguished among chernozems: leached chernozem, typical, apodoline, ordinary and southern black soils. The chernozem process gets its maximum development in typical black soil.
The upper layer in these soils - steppe felt. It is 3-5 cm and is developed only on virgin lands.
The next humus layer, its power is 40-60 cm. Its color is black, from here and the general name of the soil. The structure of the layer is a grainy, to the bottom it becomes a lumpy. This layer is saturated with roots of plants.
The lower layer of typical black soil is the soil-forming breed. It often contains carbonate neoplasms. They are spread quite wide.
Washing distributed over the northern periphery. From typical black soils differ significantly lower position of the border of carbonate rocks. Chernozems of this type are developed in areas with strongly dissected relief and developed erosion processes.
Apodoliine chernozems are also developed in more northern areas. It is assumed that these black soils were formed under forest-steppe conditions under the forest. They possess some properties bringing them with typical forest gray soils.
The ordinary and southern black soils are common, respectively, south of typical. It is characterized by a smaller power of the humus and transition layer.
Chernozem has the highest degree of fertility of all types of soil. It is suitable for growing all types of plants. Since the chernozem is enriched with mineral substances and humus, while it has a neutral composition (pH 7-7.5) it does not require additional fertilizers.
Also, the chernozem is used to prepare ground mixtures with peat, sand and compost. Making a chernozem in the soil is healing it. Gardeners know: such has a lot of explicit advantages for cottage plot or farming. Chernozem is used to arrange lawns, growing various farm crops. With the help of the chernozem, it is heated and improved soils, making them more fertile.
Several main areas of the spread of chernozem in the territory former USSR. The specific features of the chernozem each of the areas are due to bioclimatic conditions.
The first area is South-European, it includes Moldova, Ukraine and the Precaucasia. The chernozem of this region has a high power of the humus horizon with a sufficiently low content of humus and easily soluble salts in it.
The second area is occupied most European part of Russia. Here, the power of the humus layer is already smaller, but it is in this region that it contains the greatest amount of humus.
The third region is located in the territory of Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, as well as the part of Central Siberia. For the chernozems of these areas, the presence of deep flowes of humus formed in a consequence of deep soil freezers. The content of humus in the upper parts of the chernozem is high enough, but it will quickly decrease with depth.
And the last, the fourth region is the Trans-Baikal steppes. The content of humus in these black soils is small and the power of the humus layer is small.
Also chernozem soils are developed in some countries of Central Europe: Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. There are also chernozems in North America.
The chernozem is most fertile from all other well-known soil species. As a rule, the Russian chernozem is formed in the steppe and forest-steppe areas of Russia, and its formation itself takes more than a dozen years. To form the chernozema, it is necessary to have certain natural conditionsFor example, such as a moderately cold and dry climate, an abundance of meadow and steppe vegetation. In the process of decomposition (humification) of a huge amount of vegetation residues, annually accumulating in the soil, there is an education and accumulation in the upper layer of soil so-called humus, which is essentially humus. Gumus is considered the most valuable element as part of the black soil. It is due to the large content of humus the chernozem has the highest rates of fertility, among all other types of soils, and a characteristic black or dark brown color with a "fatty" tint. In addition to humus, chernozem is rich in many other useful and necessary for vegetation by trace elements, such as nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and others.
Due to the loamy and grain-sensitive structure of the chernozem soil, ideally suitable for the growth and development of vegetation, the most optimal water-air balance is consistently supported in the chernozem ground soil. The acidity of the chernozem is neutral, and the content in it of various soil microorganisms and calcium is just huge. The quantitative content of humus in the chernozem ground can reach up to 15%. All of the above properties in the aggregate and cause such high fertile properties of the chernozem. Depending on the quantitative content of humus and conditions in which the formation occurred, the chernozem is classified as: leached, apodulated, ordinary, typical and southern.
The chernozem is ideal for almost all species of plantings and, in most cases, does not require additional mixing with other components, for example, with organic and mineral fertilizers. In climatic conditions with good humidity, the black soil can be extremely fertile. Chernozem soil is used with great success when growing crops such as grain, vegetables, feed, as well as at the cultivation of gardens and vineyards, in the vineyal works in large cities and megalopolis, landscape design. Usually, mining and delivery of black soil is carried out in order to form a rich fertile soil layer. It is known that the addition of black soil Even to the most depleted and depleted soil gives an excellent wellness effect, in which almost all soil characteristics are restored, and, above all, the water permeability and the content of nutrient elements. The greatest effect is achieved when using the chernozem on light sandy and sampling soils. The application of the chernozem is possible both separately and together with other soil mixtures. However, it is worth noting that the single application of the chernozem for enrichment and improvement of one or another soil will not solve the problem of fertility once and for all. Unfortunately, in a few years the microbiological composition of the soil is again depleted and hesitates that, accordingly, will lead to a decrease in the amount of nutrient elements.
As already noted, for the chernozem is characterized by the highest, compared with other types of soil, natural fertility and the content of humus, as well as the presence of a grain-sensitive soil structure and a subline mechanical composition optimal for the growth and development of vegetation. It is also important that the chernozem soil contains a huge number of soil microorganisms. In Russia, black epic grounds is most common in southern regions (Lipetsk, Tula, Ryazan, Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk region). As for the Moscow region, there are practically no chernozem land here. Buying a black soil to improve fertility on panstone, I should not forget that the one-time chernozem application in the depleted soil will not solve the problem with fertility forever, since the change of natural conditions for the chernozem will lead to a change in its microbiological composition, a decrease in nutrient content and the destruction of soil units. As a result, in a few years the black thing will turn into an ordinary clay substrate, cracking during drying and turning into conventional dirt after the rain. The chernozem is quite simple to use, however, its use in Moscow and the Moscow region should be carried out with the addition of sand or peat, for greater looseness of the soil layer of the Earth.
Note
The use of chernozem on heavy and sublinous and clay soils is ineffective. The greatest effect can be achieved using the chernozem on light sandy soil.
If the trial jumping of the Earth and trials for planting trees will show that the soil is not suitable for planting trees, it is necessary to improve the soil and prepare the ground for embankment into the landing pits. Chernozem and humus soils often need to add clay and lime: clay will make soils more connected, will contribute to the best retention of absorbent moisture, lime helps plants better absorb nutrients. In addition, lime helps to improve the structure of the soil, tying its smallest particles.
Part III. Systematic descriptions of soils
Type of black soil
Chernozem soils - some of the most fertile Soil Soviet Union and the world. In our country, they occupy 1,095 thousand square meters, or 8.6% of the area. We own about 50% of the area occupied by black soil soils around the world.
Chernozem soils distributed in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. These zones stretched from the lower Danube to the South Altai and further to the East, on the Multigan Bladbins to Big Hinghan.
Vegetation and climatic conditionsthese areas differ significantly, which imposes an imprint on the nature of the black-earth soils that are emerging here. The climate of the forest-steppe and steppe zones is characterized by a warm summer and moderately cold and cold winter. Due to the considerable length of the zones, noticeable climate change occur both when moving from north to south and when driving from west to east. When moving from north to south, the average annual precipitation is reduced - from 600 to 350 mm per year in the European part, from 400 to 250 mm per year in the Asian part. Evaporation in this direction increases, therefore, while in the forest-steppe zone of precipitation and evaporation, on average, the humidification conditions are considered optimal, some moisture deficit is created in the steppes. All over the temperature areas summer period Stay almost unchanged. average temperature July + 20-25 ° C. When moving from the West to the East, the continental nec of climate is significantly increasing, the temperature decreases. winter period (from -4 -10 ° C in Ukraine up to -20-25 ° C in Western Siberia), the duration of the warm period with the average temperature is reduced above 10 ° (from 140-180 to 92-120 days), and the amount of temperatures above 10 decreases. ° (from 3500-2400 ° to 2300-1400 °).
The forest-steppe and steppe zone are characterized by flat or weakly relief. Wide distribution here received shallow flat slides, which in the steppe zone often reach several kilometers in the diameter, the saucer, sub-categories. The most raised areas of the territory, such as the Priazovskaya, Midnesday, Volga, Stavropol Hills, Donetsk Ridge, General System are significantly dissected by an arms-beam network.
In the Asian part of the country, the area of \u200b\u200bthe zones covers the southern tip of the west of Western Siberian lowland and the northern part of the Central-Kazakhstan small-scale minor, the flatness of which is disturbed by individual hills, towering over the surrounding area by 20-50 m. Separate arrays of black earth soils are found on the dismembered dummy foothill planes of Altai In the left banking part of the Minusinsk brand with the aparticle-plated terrain and in the Trans-Baikalian Highlands.
Soil formation For most of the territory, the territory is conducted on lasies and lessoidal sublinks, much less often - in clays. Soil-forming rocks, as a rule, contain carbonates, sometimes easily soluble salts (saline breeds of Western Siberia, Kazakhstan).
Currently, the natural vegetation of forest-steppe and steppe zones preserved Only partially on beams, ravines, protected places. In the past in the forest-steppe forests alternated with the sections of meadow steppes. In the forests of the European part of the country, oak prevailed with lime, ash, maple; In the southwest among breeds, ram and beech are widely developed. In the West Siberian forest-steppe, birch is developed with an admixture of aspen and willow.
Plots of meadow or divergent steppes were represented by a large number of bipartal plants, along with which they were developed, Ticacher, Tonkonog, bonfire.
The virgin vegetation of the steppe zone is represented by varying-ticker-head and ticker-naughty steppes. In these steppes, cereals are created by cereals: a narrowish nickname, Kovyl-Hair, Ticacher, Tonkonog. In the Typiary-Kickle steppes, there are epfemeers (bulbous turbine, camel) and wormwood Austrian, the appearance of which is already talking about the insufficient moistening of the steppes.
The origin of chernozem soils. On the issue of the origin of chernozems, there are the following hypotheses and theories: 1) hypotheses about the marine origin of chernozem; 2) the theory of swamp origin of chernozem; 3) The theory of vegetable-terrestrial origin of chernozem.
The first researchers of chernozem soil considered them by sea, remaining after the retreat of the Black and Caspian seas, or the product of the ice waters of black naval shale clay.
Other researchers believed that the territory of the Black Earth Zone in the past was a very wetrated tundra. With the onset of the warm climate and the drainage of the territory there was an energetic decomposition of swamp and tundra vegetation, which led to the development of chernozem.
Supporters of the theory of vegetable-terrestrial origin of chernozems (Ruprecht, Dokuchaev, Kostychev, etc.) explain their emergence of the settlement of meadow-steppe and steppe grassy vegetation. Every year, the steppe vegetation gives 100-200 c / ha's podium, and about 40-60% of the pure is rooted.
The OPED of herbaceous plants is extremely rich in nitrogen and ash elements. With a decline of coniferous forests in the soil, 40-300 kg / hectares of nitrogen and the ash elements are added, in dry steppes - 200-250, and in meadow and volatrahny-cereal black earth steppes - 600-1400 kg / ha. The decomposition of the rich in the ash elements and nitrogen of the vegetable powdes of the steppe occurs in optimal humidification conditions with a neutral or weakly alkaline medium reaction, in the absence of removal of exemptions. Under these conditions, humus is formed, as part of which complex humic acids prevail associated mainly with calcium and firmly fixed in place. Fulviculture formed also have a more complex structure than the fulvironment of podzolic soils; In addition, all of them are neutralized by those bases that are released during plant decomposition.
Periods of summer drain and winter freezing contribute to the complication and consolidation of humus substances. Steppe grassy vegetation has a powerful, deeply penetrating root system. The accumulation of humus in chernozem occurs not so much due to ground vegetable cap, how much due to the decomposition of dead roots, therefore the organic substance in these soils extends to a significant depth.
The development of powerful root systems also contributes to the source of the soil. Chernozem soils have a high-strength granular or grain-sensitive structure.
Biological cycle Under the grassy vegetation, the steppes leads to significant accumulation in soils other than humus substances of such essential elements of plant nutrition, like N, P, S, Ca, and others in the form of organo-mineral compounds.
Optimal conditions For chernozem formation, it is built in the southern part of the forest-steppe zone, in a strip of typical black soil, where there is a maximum amount of vegetable mass and a certain hydrothermal mode.
The north of the more humid climate contributes to the larger removal of the bases of the pothole, the formation of more unsaturated humus acids, which leads to some destruction of primary minerals and the appearance of weak signs of soil appearance.
To the south at the increase in moisture deficit, a decrease in plant width occurs, deterioration of its composition, which leads to the formation of less rich organic matter and elements of feeding subtypes of chernozem soils.
Chernozem soil profiles have the following morphological structure:
| Profile of chernozem apodolienic | Profile of chernozem leached, Moderately warm freezing |
Profile of chernozem typical | Profile of chernozem ordinary Moderate, freezing |
Profile of chernozem south |
And 0 - steppe felt with a capacity of 3-4 cm;
A D - Dernina with a capacity of 3-7 cm, densely penetrated by alive and dumpy urine roots of cereals, dark gray, dense; It is allocated only on virgin or early pharmaceutical soil;
A - humus or humus-accumulative horizon, power in different subtypes range from 35 to 120 cm and more, uniformly painted, dark gray, almost black, structure durable, grainy, forms beads on the roots;
AB is humus, uniformly painted, dark gray with a noticeable worship or heterogeneously painted with alternating dark, impregnated with humus plots, brown and gray-brown spots; The structure of the grainy, the transition to the next horizon is gradual, stands out for the predominance of humus color;
B - transitional horizon with a capacity of 40-80 cm, brown-gray, gradually the book appears a pale shade, the horizon is often inhomogeneously painted, with languages \u200b\u200band rags of humus; The structure is coarsable, lumpy, comcommunicative, or nuts-prismatic.
According to the degree of humation and structure, it can be divided into subgores B 1 and in 2, and in some subtypes it is highlighted in to - illuvial-carbonate. VK has a browning or light-fawn color, a well-pronounced lumpy or a lump-prismatic structure.
Bone throughout the soil profile, there are moles filled with a brown, brown-failing mass of the underlying horizons, or moles, filled with dark ground of the upper horizons, filled with dark-grumble land of the upper horizons are distinguished.
Sun K - transitional to the rock illuvial-carbonate horizon, brownish-fawn, prismatic structure;
C - soil-forming breed, a pale or whitish, prismatic structure, in different depths there are excretion of carbonates, gypsum and easily soluble salts; In the case of significant accumulations of carbonates or gypsum, respectively, reorisons with K and SS are distinguished.
The depth of the location and the shape of the selection of carbonates in the chernozem are important diagnostic signs. When driving from the north to south, carbonates are tightened closer to the surface. The separation of carbonates in the form of a fine network of residents (pseudomytellion) is young, freshly fastened forms that spell on the mobility of carbonates in the thickness of the soil.
Neof formation Carbonates in the form of white-eyed, torrential discharge of a rounded shape are older allocations and inherent in the usual and southern chernozem. Highlighting carbonates in the form of solid nodules - the agents and duties - are confined to the chernozem typical. In the chernozems of Eastern Siberia, the extraction of carbonates have a milder form and often form a solid torment horizon.
For chemical composition of chernozem, high content gumus (from 6 to 15% and above), which gradually decreases with a depth parallel to reduce the number of roots in the soil. Gumic acids associated mainly with calcium predominate in humus. SG ratio: SF \u003d 1.5-2. Such a composition of humus contributes to the formation of the water supply structure of chernozem soils.
The reaction of the humid and accumulative horizons of the black soil is close to neutral (pH 6.5-7.5), illuvial carbonate horizons - weakly alkaline (pH 7.5-8.5).
Capacity exchangechernozem soils are significant and in different subtypes depending on the mechanical composition ranges from 35 to 55 mG-eq per 100 g of soil. Book Capacity sharing falls. As part of the metabolic bases, calcium prevails, which accounts for 75-80% of the capacity of metabolism, and magnesium, which accounts for 15-20% of the metabolism. Sometimes in the southern variants of black-earth soils, among the metropolitan bases, there are insignificant amounts of sodium, and in the northern versions of black-earth soils - a number of absorbed hydrogen.
Gross composition Soil remains unchanged by profile, minor fluctuations are usually associated with the heterogeneity of the mother breed.
Chernozem soils have The water supply structure, so that the optimal water-air regime is created in these soils. True, in arable soil, the strength of structural units is reduced, a spray layer is sprayed.
Chernozem soils are characterized by the highest natural fertility among the soils of the Soviet Union.
Half of the country's arable land is represented by chernozem. Territory of distributionchernozem soils is characterized by the greatest agricultural masters. Here, grain, technical and oilseeds are cultivated, among which winter and spring wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower occupy a special place. Widely developed fruit growing and animal husbandry.
The chernozem zone in general has insufficient moisturizingTherefore, under the conditions of the forest-steppe and steppe strip of yields are largely determined by soil moisture. In this regard, for the more complete use of high natural fertility of chernozem soil, it is necessary to carry out activities aimed at accumulating and preserving moisture in the soils.
Such activities include: the soil treatment system, providing for the introduction of pure vapors, wounded the harrowing of vapors and zyabi, snowdown, detention of melt waters by obscuring and sprinkling, moisture-loading watering, trace-proof forestry.
On chernozem soils effectively the use of mineral fertilizers. Nitrogen in soils contains a significant amount (from 0.2 to 0.5%), but it is in an increasing form, and those nitrates that accumulate in the soil in early spring or late autumn, are washed out of the arable layer to the lower soil horizons. Therefore, the use of nitrogen fertilizers contributes to an increase in the yield of all crops, and especially the cultures of the early period of Sev. The effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers is high for the chernozem of the forest-steppe zone and decreases as it moves to the south.
Foodfoot fertilizers increase the harvest on all black-grinding soils. This is due to the fact that phosphorus of organic compounds and basic alkaline earth phosphates are dominated in black earth soils, which are not allowed for plants. Best forms Phosphorological fertilizers are superphosphate and Tomaschlak, on the apotrilla and leached chernozem, it is possible to enter phosphoritic flour.
Of organic fertilizers The main for chernozem soil is manure. The most effective joint introduction of mineral fertilizers and manure, which allows not only to get maximum benefit From fertilizers, but also reduce the dose of their introduction.
The type of black erect soil includes the following subtyps:
The farmers appreciate the chernozem for the natural humification and mineralization, the formation of colloidal organic components, humic and fulvocoslot, microelements, nutrients. They accelerate the development of root systems of plants and soil microorganisms, improve the quality of the soil.
It is distinguished on a dark brown and black shades, a fat trail on his palms after compression of a coma, long graze after the rain.
The only drawback of the soil is a water-resistant commercial-grain structure.
However, the dense black soil does not sneeze with a strong heat, protected from through mischief and erosion.
The main characteristics showing the level of fertility of this soil:
To create a humus profile, certain weather, biological and geological conditions are needed.
In Hungary, Romania, the eastern part of Austria, the Chernozem appeared in the post-year period and is considered to be relic. Today, in Russian steppe and forest-steppe zones, the fertile soil is formed by the area of \u200b\u200bplants. A considerable role is played groundwaterwho impair its properties. Of these, the roots of trees:
The land is powered by organic residues in the amount of 12-15 t / ha in the calculation of the dry matter. With the opde of the leaves, it receives 700-1100 kg of nitrogen and coarse substances with minerals.
In soil formation, humus-accumulative horizons are formed, distinguished by shades, structure, chemical composition. Everyone has the name and designation. Transitions between the horizons and the shape of the boundaries determine the morphological signs of the soil. The chernozem highlights the horizons with a capacity of 60-100 (180) cm.
The soil profile varies depending on the geographic direction. For the north, leached chernozems are characteristic. The sour forest humus is quickly decomposed, forms another structure and weakens the power of the horizon. Dispersed humic acids due to iron content give him more dark color. Southern soils contain less humoring and more carbonates suspending oxidation.
Chernozem soil is divided into subtypes:
To raise a crop on a garden and not disturb the ecosystem, comply with certain rules.
No need to replace the entire soil to replace the black soil and give up fertilizer.
Without filling nutrients, the Earth is quickly depleted.
The removal by water from the upper layers of clay particles, aluminum oxides, calcium and iron leads to a decrease in the concentration of humus in the upper layer and reduce yield.
Rough mistake - excessive fitting under vegetables and flowers.
Chernozem is a natural wealth. It improves the quality of the soil, which is used to cultivate farm crops. This material It has a humus responsible for fertility. Chernozem includes humus and carbonate profiles. It is formed, due to the turf process, as well as complex biochemical reactions.
Natural material can be untouched or plowed. The turde process occurring in the chernozem involves the accumulation of humus with the inclusion of humate and calcium. Natural wealth contains mineral components necessary for photosynthesis of plants, among them:
The structure of the chernozem is a mercury or grainy. It is due to the impact of living organisms, their livelihoods. Natural material is rich in organica, which is also responsible for fertility. The weakening of the turf process is associated with plowing. When performing this procedure, the natural structure of the Earth is disturbed, loss of humus is loss.
Chernozem is migrated and accumulation of carbonates. If the migration of the carbonate passes correctly, the earth is saturated with calcium, acquires a neutral alkaline reaction. Carbonate migration is needed for thermal and air exchanges. The forest-steppe chernozem is washed with water, steppe gets less moisture. In the latter case, the migration of carbonate is slowed down, but still the soil gets water.
Distinguish such types of brown soil:
The latter is formed in forest arrays. The leached primer is available on the territory of Russia, Europe, North America. It is suitable for trees and large shrubs. Latch soil contains little clay. The carbonation of such land is pronounced. The reaction is usually slightly alkaline, the pH level is 7 - 7.2. The most popular of carbonate soils - chestnut and gray-brown. They are distinguished by a dull yellow brown tint. The pH level is 7.5 - 8.
If a lot of carbonate accumulates in the ground, the surface acquires a light marble color. Certain biochemical reactions occur in the soil. Water flushes salt and carbonates. Gumus is a fertile layer. In addition to him, clay is present in the soil, a small amount of iron hydroxide. In natural conditions, the Earth receives not so little water, because of this, natural reactions proceed slowly, a small amount of clay is formed. The formation of brown soil is impossible without a bore. This process is responsible for the shade. Iron oxide is weathered, dehydration occurs, as a result of which a microscopic film is formed on the soil. Brown soil is available in the coniferous and deciduous forest.
They are common in Russia, Europe, America, Canada. Submitting forest-steppe has a complex composition. It combines several soils. The soil of this type is washed. In the forest-steppe zone, a moderate continental climate, summer is cool, wet. In such conditions, agricultural plants can be cultivated.
Gray forest soil is available in the forest-steppe zone of Europe, birch forests of Siberia. On the territory of America there is an alternation: deciduous forests are combined with the steppe. Gray forest soils are spread over the entire globe. They are rich in aluminum, iron and phosphorus. Beneficial features Also due to the content of magnesium, hydroslides. There are two types of agricultural soil: mastered and evil.
Natural material can be called perfect. It is resistant to rains and drought. Chernozem will not replace the organ or any mineral formulations. The soil used in agriculture is formed several thousand years. An ordinary chernozem exists in different climate conditions. The peculiarity of natural material is that it contains humus, which is responsible for fertility.
Fertile soil has a melting or grain structure. It contains 40 - 65% calcium. Red coline is rich in acids. They, together with microorganisms, penetrate the root system of the plant and provide deep food. The soil used in agriculture misses water well, however, is not very loose. To improve the composition of the soil, you can add a small amount of peat. This component will hold water, thus, the plants will get moisture longer. Fertile soil consists of several parts of the chernozem, one part of the sand and peat.
If the soil is fertile, it leaves a characteristic imprint after compression in hand. Such land contains a lot of humus and is suitable for growing different cultures. The sandy soil has a porous structure, clay is refined. Plants are well sued in the ground saturated with humus. This component responds not only for fertility, but also air exchange. Having in the plot of the black mill, you can forget about chemicals for a while.
Speaking about chernozem, you need to remember that after a while, valuables evaporate. To fill the shortage, you need to use the organic or chemicals. The soil is a little pale. A certain amount of valuable substances, including humus, washed with water. The roots also absorb valuable components. Microorganisms dying in fertile soil die over time. They are needed to leak all natural reactions. If the soil becomes scarce, the gardener gets a poor harvest. After 3-4 years, the land becomes less fertile.
If cultures are planted on the garden, which have a small root system, the ground will deteriorate faster. Trees and large shrubs loose ground, it means that they improve air exchange. Thanks to trees and shrubs, the soil is divided into several sectors. Gardeners who grow small plants, in a couple of years risk obtaining a illegal substrate.
Chernozem is needed for the growth of large and medium plants. If cultures with weak roots are grown on the site, it is worth improving the composition of the soil by adding a small amount of chernozem. For vegetables, the soil consisting of garden soil and chernozem soil in proportions 3: 1. If the soil has a neutral pH level, acidifying compositions should be made. These include ammonium.
Useful mineral compositions. Siderates or auxiliary plants also increase the fertility of the soil. They are grown once every five years, close in directly into the ground. If soil has a low pH, for example 5, it is required to perform a deoxidation. For these purposes are used. Make 200 g per 1 square. m. If there is little magnesium in the soil, it is necessary to apply a dolomite flour. Make 200 g per 1 square. m.
If possible, use the soil in which normal acidity. The optimal level pH must be within 7. You can buy a paper indicator. It will determine the acidity of the soil on a particular site. As part of the chernozem there is humus. This substance is formed in a natural way when plant residues are overloaded. If fertile soil has a large amount of humus, good harvest Guaranteed.
Natural material can be added even to exhausted primer. It has a healing effect.
Gardeners are interested in how to choose a chernozem and not get caught on the trick of fraudsters. There are different reviews about Chernozem, among them not only positive, but also negative. Sades argue that they bought poor quality soil instead of the declared chernozem. To prevent errors, you need to contact verified specialists. Chernozem can not be cheap. It is taken from the territory where there are natural deposits. The seller spends a certain amount of delivery funds.
The buyer must contact the well-known manufacturer. The goods acquired on the side of the road, with high probability will be poor quality. A good chernozem improves the properties of the soil. It fills the shortage of the trace elements necessary for the full photosynthesis of the plant. As noted, during a certain time the chernozem loses properties.
Before buying a chernozem, you need to check the documentation. If the seller provides a certificate obtained in the Environmental Register, then the product has been checking. The buyer should learn chemical and physical properties Soil. The first sign in the documents. The certificate includes the amount of nutrients, including humus. In such a document, it is indicated from which it consists of a chernozem. High-quality soil contains a lot of nitrogen and potassium. These components are needed for full photosynthesis of plants. In sandy and soup soil little nitrogen.
It is recommended to carefully inspect the land. It should not have sand and other third-party impurities. To check the physical properties of the Earth, you need to hold it in your hands. It is better to fully inspect the product. The upper layer can be fed, but at a depth of 20 cm - wet. High-quality chernozem has a rich black color and crumbly structure. You should take a small amount of land and moisturize. If it crumbles, it means a little humus. The structure of the Earth must be homogeneous. It is not recommended to buy a black thing with the inclusion of sawdust, twigs, foliage.
Now we know what is black soaked and what properties it has. Over time, it becomes less loose and fertile.
To improve the quality of soil use mineral and organic agents. The first allow you to get a rich harvest. The second is saturated with nitrogen soil, as well as valuable trace elements.
There are several types of mineral compositions. Each of them improves the quality of the soil and contributes to the good growth of seedlings.
Soil fertilize with sedrates. Auxiliary crops fill the lack of valuable substances and nitrogen. For proper use Siderate will suppress weeds. Plants should be grown, rapidly gaining a green mass. They are plugged on a couple of centimeters or leave on the surface of the soil. Siderats will save the soil from pests. Gradually, the roots are overloaded and the soil gets the required amount of valuable substances. Siderates are often used as a fertilizer, they make it mostly before flowering.
To grow a grain plant, you need to follow the rules of agrotechnology. Choosing a chernozem, you should be extremely attentive. In the fall perform a people. Thanks to this procedure, the roots receive more oxygen improves air exchange. It is advisable to drain the earth when the air temperature reaches the mark + 13 degrees. It is not recommended to moisten the land, water must be made moderately, immediately after the procedure. Pumping is very necessary if the soil is clay. Conducting the procedure, it is important not to damage the roots. So that the soil was loose, forks should be used.
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