AND lemon Acid - A recipe that is particularly popular with radio amateurs. This is not only fast, but also safe method Get ready for the soldering of elements of the future device canvas.
Previously, it was necessary to make a lot of effort. At first, the scheme was divorced on paper, then the holes were done in the workpiece, after which they transferred the tracks to the foil textolite or Ghetinax using the paintwork. After drying the coating, it was moved, and the board was immersed in a container with a meadow for etching.
The hardest thing was to have a fee. Since for these purposes, a meadow was used on a radio compartment. Such a means was not deficient, but at home I had to look for an alternative, which was most often performed by copper cune.
The processing of the board broke in itself another secret: the fee was poisoned unevenly. Some tracks were disgusted, and the surface was not afraid. All due to the inexperience of craftsmen or repeated use of the lugoque solution.
Etching hydrogen peroxide fee and not new. Many have heard of such a method before. By choosing such a boot preparation option, you will discover not one advantage compared to etching in the chlorine gland. For example, the quality of processing, safety and environmental friendliness of peroxide in combination with an oxidizing agent.
All that is needed in order to perform equalizing hydrogen peroxide and citric acid, you will find in your first aid kit and in the kitchen or without problems can be purchased. Another indisputable advantage of board processing in this way is the value of the ingredients to create a solution. Here is another advantage of the hydrogen mixture - it will cost much cheaper than chlorine iron.
Important! The solution prepared in such a proportion is enough to raise the copper foil with a thickness of 35 microns and an area of \u200b\u200b100 square meters. cm.
In order to etching hydrogen peroxide and lemon acid fees, you can use two containers. Just place a smaller container with a meadow in a larger container and pour hot water into it. This will speed up and strengthen the process.
The etching of the board in the p-repination of the hydrogen is performed as follows: the board is placed in the meadow, on which the tracks are drawn, down to decay products easily descended to the bottom of the tank. So that the reaction passes more evenly, the solution must be slightly stirred from time to time. The whole process takes no more than 10 minutes.
Upon completion of the grass, the fee must be neutralized and rinsed under running water.
This method of processing board is fully safe. You can now make boards at work, and at home, and in the office, and it is not necessary to work with unsafe reagents at the same time.
Important! If the solution is greatly foaming, then the salts you sat too much. Pieces more peroxide, otherwise the reaction will be too active, the tracks may be damaged.
If in the reaction process you pull out the board and take a look at it, you will not be able to notice the differences, compared to how the injuries of the printed circuit board in the chlorine gland, they are simply not. The main difference is a rapidly passing reaction and a less dangerous process for a person.
In a hydrogen-acid medium, the reaction passes according to the formula: Cu + H3Cit + H2O2 → H + 2H2O. Etching the printed circuit board in hydrogen peroxide can be considered complete if any reaction stopped in solution: it does not hide and does not bubble.
The finished fee is cleaned and washed with water. Toner or paint erase with acetone. After that, the fee is carefully wiping and degreased.
Important! Check the paths for integrity after processing the board. The damaged scheme will not work.
As you could make sure, etching the hydrogen peroxide fee at home is not only possible, but also safely. Will not be difficult to find necessary components For the preparation of a grassy composition, and the process itself will take no more than 15 minutes. Today, any radio amateur, thanks to simple and accurate advice, will be able to experiment at home without harming himself and others.
This article provides an overview of several methods of etching the printed circuit board at home made, in particular,. And so bend.
In 250 milliliters of water, 200 grams of chlorine iron must be dissolved. This solution is enough to etch the board of the middle area of \u200b\u200babout 200 sq. Santimeters. If there is no chlorine iron at hand, it is possible to prepare it yourself. For this, it is necessary in 200 milliliters of hydrochloric acid (very careful!) Fall asleep about 10-15 grams of small iron sawdust.
Upon completion of the chemical reaction, the solution is still defended a couple of days before the occurrence of the brown color. After that, the chlorine iron solution can be applied. Approximate time of etching printed circuit boards up to 200 square meters. Santimeters is 30 minutes.
The printed circuit board can be moved in a solution of nitric acid (very careful!) With a concentration of less than 20%. Upon completion of etching, the board is well wash food Soda. Soda neutralizes nitric acid. If nitric acid gets into the skin or clothing, it must be neutralized with a solution of food soda.
In addition, the acid highlights the unpleasant gas of brown color - nitrogen oxide, in connection with this, all the work in the injury of printed circuit boards is performed in a well-ventilated place. An approximate time of etching printed circuit boards with an area of \u200b\u200b200 square meters. Santimeters in a solution of nitric acid at a temperature of 20 C 5-10 minutes.
In 200 ml of water (carefully!) Fix 20-30 ml of sulfuric acid (precisely acid into water, and not vice versa!). In the cooked solution, 4-6 hydrogen peroxide tablets throw. When working with sulfuric acid, safety measures are observed, as in the etching with nitric acid. The etching time is about 1 hour.
In the floor of a liter of hot water to dissolve four tablespoons of the food salt, and then in this Soviet Rosicel to dissolve two more century. Spoons of copper mood. At the temperature of the solution in the area of \u200b\u200b40-50 s, the etching time will be one hour.
Etching are carried out using a powerful source direct current Voltage 25 ... 30 V. To do this, connect the positive contact of the power supply to the foil of the printed circuit board, with the tracks previously applied to it. To the negative contact of the power supply (BP), they connect a wand with a wool well wound on it, moistened with a saturated solution of food salt (Fig. 10.3.1).
Simple movements lead a wand with a tampon on foil textolite. When etching, it is observed that the tampon is constantly well wetted. In the selection of BP, pay attention to the fact that it gives out the output power of more than 100 ... 120 W (about 4 amps at a voltage. 25 ... 30 volts).
Upon completion of etching in separate places it is not always possible to remove the copper layer. This is due to the fact that etching is not always uniformly throughout the surface of the board and individual zones lose contact between the positive contact of the BP. Nothing terrible, since the remaining layer of copper is quite thin and is uncomfortable with a scalpel.
What to start the printed circuit board.
For those who are just starting to engage in amateur design, or simply does not know how you can make a printed circuit board, in this article we present several etching options with chemical reagents.
Immediately, we want to note that the majority of radio amateurs for etching boards use chlorine iron, consider this option, as well as a few alternatives, but at the same time we will not stop at etching using salt and nitric acids, and many other unsafe or trimmed methods. Consider only the options that can actually apply at home and quickly. And so, let's in order.
Elimination of platforms 1.
Ferric chloride.
Usually on the packaging, the manufacturer writes, in what ratio is preparing a solution of chlorine iron. As a rule, it is 1: 3 (one to three), that is, in 100 grams of water, 30 ... 40 grams of chlorine iron crystals dissolve. The etching time of the board depends on the concentration of the solution, as well as on the temperature of the solution, in the heated solution (degrees up to 60) the etching takes place much faster. It is necessary to stretch in a plastic or glass bath, and for the preparation of the solution it is better to use a plastic spoon.
On the Internet, we got information how to prepare a solution of chlorine iron alone. For this, 15 grams of small iron sawdust fall asleep in 250 ml of 10% hydrochloric acid (glass), the solution insists for several days until it acquires a brown color. When it is imagined - you can start picking up.
The fee in the etching bath is placed on the etched side down. In order for the fee to be not immersed on the most bottom, many radio amateurs are glued to double-sided adhesion to the upper side of the board of a piece of foam. If you need to raise the bilateral fee, place it in the bath or the can vertically. Thus, the soluble copper will be easier to settle on the bottom of the tank, and the etching process will be faster.
Do not allow the solution of chlorine iron to clothing, it will be spoiled, and the stains are most likely not to be cleaned.
Option of etching boards 2.
Copper vigorous + patter salt.
As you probably know, the copper vigoros is a bluish color crystals, you can buy in business stores, or stores for gardeners, in general, not a deficit. Salt is an ordinary large-scale grocery store.
In addition to salt and vigor, we will need another small iron object (iron plate, nail, or something else), which, when etching, we will put into the solution next to the board. In the subtleties of chemical processes, we will not go into the subtleties, we only note that this process proceeds with the formation of a set of complex salts, and the iron object, placed in a solution during etching, enters into this reaction and is consumed. The solution is prepared from one part of the copper mood and two parts of the cook salt.
That is, on two tablespoons with a slide of copper sulfate, we put four tablespoons with a slide salt, pour a half cup of hot water (degrees 70), mix up to complete dissolution of crystals, and the solution for etching is ready. Do not make a mixture of vapor crystals and salts, first dissolve one component, and then another.
Territory time is about 40 minutes.
Even if you do not use the iron subject when etching, the fee will also get out.
If, after etching on the board, bluish stains remained, they can be easily removed by vinegar.
Option of etching boards 3.
Hydrogen peroxide + lemon acid + salt salt.
The recipe for this solution for etching boards is simple, in 100 grams of conventional pharmacy 3% hydrogen peroxide with approximately 30 grams of citric acid and 5 grams of cook salt. Mix to complete dissolution of all bulk ingredients, and the solution is ready for use.
Fine your attention - no water is not needed into the solution. And the last, this solution is not stored and is not reused. The quantity thus cooked in this way is enough to raise about 100 square meters. CM copper foil with a thickness of 35 microns. For further etching, a solution is being prepared.
We hope from these three options you will probably choose the most suitable for you, based on what you currently have at hand.
Printed circuit board - this is a dielectric base, on the surface and in the amount of which conductive tracks are applied in accordance with electrical scheme. The printed circuit board is designed for mechanical mounting and electrical connection with each other by soldering the conclusions installed on it electronic and electrical products.
Operations for cutting a billet from a fiberglass, drilling of holes and etching the printed circuit board to obtain current-carrying tracks regardless of the method of applying a picture on the printed circuit board are performed by the same technology.
Paper on which the printing boards is drawn is usually thin and for more accurate drilling holes, especially when using manual homemade drillSo that the drill does not learn to the side, it is required to make it more dense. To do this, glue the pattern of the printed circuit board for more dense paper or thin dense cardboard with any glue, such as PVA or moment.
The billet of foil fiberglass is selected suitable sizeThe pattern of the printed circuit board is applied to the workpiece and is described around the perimeter with a marker, a soft simple pencil or risks with a sharp object.
Next, the fibercstolite is cut according to the applied lines with scissors for metal or cut off with a metal with a metal. Cut with scissors faster, and no dust. But it is necessary to take into account that when cutting with scissors, the glasskestolit is very bent, which the strength of the coppe foil deteriorates somewhat and if the elements are required, the tracks can be compressed. Therefore, if the board is large and with very thin tracks, it is better to cut off with the help of a handcraft for metal.
A printed circuit board pattern is glued on the cut blank using glue moment, four drops of which are applied in the corners of the workpiece.
Since glue is captured in just a few minutes, you can immediately begin drilling holes under radio components.
Drill holes best with a special mini Drilling Machine Carbide drill with a diameter of 0.7-0.8 mm. If min drilling machine There is no available, then you can drill holes with a low-power drill with a simple drill. But when working a universal manual drill, the number of broken drills will depend on the hardness of your hand. One drill is definitely not bypassed.
If the drill is not able to clamp, then it is possible to wrap its shank with several layers of paper or one layer of the emery skirt. It is possible to wind the tight turn to the tweet of a thin metal wire to the shank.
After the end of the drilling is checked, all the holes are drilled. It is clearly visible if you look at the printed circuit board on the lumen. As can be seen, no missed holes.
In order for the foil places on the fiberglass, which will be conductive tracks, protect when etching from destruction, they must be covered with a mask resistant to dissolution in aqueous solution. For the convenience of drawing tracks, they are better to pre-stand with a soft simple pencil or marker.
Before applying markup, you must definitely remove the traces of the glue, which was glued in the printed circuit board. Since the glue does not harde it hard, it can be easily removed by pulling your finger. The foil surface also needs to be deguted with a vehicle with any means, such as acetone or white alcohol (so called purified gasoline), can and any detergent For washing dishes, for example Ferry.
After marking tracks of the printed circuit board, you can proceed to apply their drawing. For drawing tracks, any waterproof enamel is well suited, for example, alkyd enamel of the PF series, diluted to suitable consistency with a solvent White alcohol. Draw tracks by different tools - glass or metal raysfededer, medical needle and even toothpick. In this article, I will tell you how to draw the tracks of printed circuit boards using a drawing range and balletics, which are designed for drawing on paper ink.
Previously, there were no computers and all drawings drew simple pencils On Watman and then translated into a trash on a traction with which copies made copies using copiers.
Drawing patterns start with contact pads that are painted by a ballet. To do this, you need to adjust the gap of sliding sponges of the Ballerinka Rysfeheder to the desired line width and to set the circle diameter to perform adjustment with the second screw with a raysfededer from the axis of rotation.
Further, the ballerica raysfeder for a length of 5-10 mm is filled with paint brushes. To apply a protective layer on a printed circuit board, the paint of the PF or GF brand is best suited, as it slowly dries and allows you to safely work. The paint of the brand of the NC can also be applied, but it is difficult to work with it, as it dries quickly. The paint should be good and not spread. Before drawing, the paint needs to be dissolved to a liquid consistency, adding a small solvent into it with intensive stirring, and trying to draw on the string of fiberglass. To work with the paint it is more convenient to pour it into a vial from a manicure varnish, in the twist of which a brush is installed, resistant to solvents.
After adjusting the ballerica raysfededer and obtain the required lines parameters, you can proceed to apply contact pads. For this, the sharp part of the axis is inserted into the hole and the base of the ballerina turns into a circle.
For proper setting The raysfedera and the desired consistency of paint around the holes on the printed circuit board are the circumference of the perfect round shape. When the Ballerinka begins to draw badly, the remnants of refrigerated paint and the raysfededer are removed from the closure of the raysfeder. To distinguish all the holes on this printed circle circle, you needed only two refills of the raysfeneder and no more than two minutes of time.
When round contact pads are drawn on the board, you can start drawing the conductive tracks using a manual raysfededer. Preparation and adjustment of the manual raisfeceder does not differ from the preparation of the balletics.
The only thing that will optionally need is a flat ruler, with a piece of rubber with glued on one of its sides, with a thickness of 2.5-3 mm, so that the ruler does not slide when working and the fiberglass, without touching the line, could freely go under it. Best suits the line wooden triangle, It is stable and at the same time can serve when painting a printed circuit board for hand.
In order for the circuit board when drawing tracks does not slide, it is desirable to place it on the sandpaper sheet, which is two rounded paper sides of the elaborate sheet.
If, when painting tracks and circles, they sparred, then you should not make any measures. You need to give paint on the printed circuit board to dry up to the state when it will not be packed when touched and with the help of the knife is the unnecessary piece of the pattern. To paint faster dried fee need to be located in a warm place, for example in winter time on the heating battery. In the summer season - under the rays of the sun.
When the picture on the printed circuit board is fully applied and fixed all defects can be moved to its etching.
When printing on the laser printer, it is transferred by electrostatics formed by a toner image from a photo of a drum, on which the laser beam painted the image, on the paper carrier. Toner is held on paper, keeping the image, only at the expense of electrostatics. To secure toner, the paper rolled between rollers, one of which is a heat supply heated to a temperature of 180-220 ° C. Toner melts and penetrates the paper texture. After cooling, the toner hardens and is firmly held on paper. If the paper is heated again to 180-220 ° C, the toner will again become liquid. This is a toner property and is used to transfer the image of current-carrying tracks to the printed circuit board at home.
After the file with the pattern of the printed circuit board is ready, you must print it using a laser printer on a paper medium. Note, the image of the circuit board pattern for this technology should be viewed from the part side of the details! The inkjet printer is not suitable for these purposes, as it works on another principle.
If you print a picture of a printed circuit board on ordinary paper for office equipment, then due to the porous structure, the toner will deeply penetrate into the paper body and when the toner is transferred to the printed circuit board, most of It will remain in paper. In addition, there will be difficulties with the removal of paper from the printed circuit board. We'll have to warm it up for a long time. Therefore, paper that does not have a porous structure, for example, a photographic paper, a substrate from self-adhesive films and labels, cottage, pages from glossy magazines are needed to prepare a photo shop.
As a paper for printing the pattern of printed circuit board, I use tracing from old stocks. Carticle is very thin and printing the template directly on it is impossible, it is fluttered in the printer. To solve this problem, it is necessary before the seal to a piece of cartridges of the desired size in the corners of any glue on the droplets and glue the A4 office paper sheet.
This technique allows you to print the pattern of the printed circuit board even on the finest paper or film. In order for the thickness of the pattern of the pattern to be maximum, before printing, you need to configure the "printer properties", turning off the economical printing mode, and if such a function is not available, then select the cooler paper type, such as cardboard or something like that. It is quite possible from the first time a good imprint will not work, and you will have to experiment a little, pickup the best print mode of the laser printer. In the path obtained, the track drawing and contact pads should be dense without skipping and lubrication, since the retouching at this technological stage is useless.
It remains to trim the cushion of the contour and the pattern for the manufacture of the printed circuit board will be ready and you can proceed to the next step, transferring the image to the fiberglass.
The transfer of the pattern of the printed circuit board is the most responsible stage. The essence of the technology is simple, paper, side of the printed pattern of the paths of the printed circuit board is applied to the copper foil fideline and pressing with a large force. Next, this sandwich is heated to a temperature of 180-220 ° C and then cooled to room floor. The paper is moving, and the drawing remains on the printed circuit board.
Some craftsmen offer to carry a drawing from paper on a printed circuit board using electricity. I tried such a way, but the result was obtained unstable. It is difficult to ensure simultaneously heating toner to the desired temperature and uniform press of paper to the entire surface of the printed circuit board when solidifying toner. As a result, the drawing is transferred not fully and spaces remain in the pattern of circuit board tracks. Perhaps the iron was not breathing enough, although the regulator was set to the maximum heating of the iron. Update the iron and reconfigure the thermostat did not want. Therefore, I took advantage of a different technology, less laborious and providing a 100% result.
The billet of the foil fiberglass is cut into the size of a printed circuit board and a degreased acetone, glued along the corners of a traction with a pattern printed on it. I put on the track on top, for a more uniform clamp, the heels of the leaves of office paper. The resulting package put on a sheet of plywood and topped with a sheet of the same size. This entire sandwich is covered with maximum strength in clamps.
It remains to heat the made sandwich to a temperature of 200 ° C and cool. For heating, electrophovka with a temperature regulator is perfect. It is enough to place the created design in the closet, wait for a set of a given temperature and after half an hour to remove the cooling board.
If there are no electrophovka at the disposal, then you can use and gas ovenBy adjusting the temperature of the gas supply handle along the built-in thermometer. If there is no thermometer or it is faulty, a woman can help, the position of the knob of the regulator is suitable, in which the pies bake.
Since the ends of plywood jumped, just in case it was published by their additional clamps. To avoid a similar phenomenon, it is better to clamp between metal sheets with a thickness of 5-6 mm. You can drill holes in their corners and clamp the printed circuit boards, pull the plates with screws with nuts. M10 will be enough.
After half an hour, the design cooled enough to solve the toner, the board can be extracted. At the first glance at the extracted printed circuit board it becomes clear that the toner switched from the tracing fee perfectly. Tighting tightly and evenly adjacent along the lines of printed tracks, rings of contact pads and labeling letters.
Cataca easily broke away from almost all circuit board tracks, the drain remains were removed using a wet fabric. But all, it did not cost without spaces in several places on the printed tracks. This can happen as a result of the non-uniformity of the printer's print or the remaining dirt or corrosion on the foil glassstolite. Spaces can be painted with any waterproof paint, manicure varnish or nourish the marker.
To check the suitability of the marker for retouching the circuit board, you need to draw it on paper line and paper to moisten with water. If the lines do not blurry, it means that the retouching marker is suitable.
Pour the printed circuit board at home is best in a solution of chlorine iron or hydrogen peroxide with lemon acid. After etching, the toner from the printed tracks is easily removed by a tampon dipped in acetone.
Then the holes are drilled, conductive paths and contact pads are pushed, radio elements are searched.
This species took a circuit board with radio components installed on it. It turned out the power supply and switching for electronic systemsupplementing ordinary toilet bidet feature.
To remove copper foil from unprotected sections of foil fiberglass in the manufacture of printed circuit boards at home, radio amateurs are usually used chemical method. The printed circuit board is placed in the etching solution and due to the chemical reaction, the copper, unprotected mask, dissolves.
Depending on the availability of components, radio amateurs are used by one of the solutions shown in the table below. Therail solutions are located in the order of popularity of their use by radio amateurs at home.
| Name of solution | Structure | number | Cooking technology | Dignity | disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen peroxide plus lemon acid | Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) | 100 ml | In a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide to dissolve citric acid and cook salt | Accessibility of components, high etching speed, safety | Not stored |
| Lemon Acid (C 6 H 8 O 7) | 30 g | ||||
| Salt Salt (NACL) | 5 g | ||||
| Hydrochloride | Water (H 2 O) | 300 ml | In warm water dissolve chlorine iron | Sufficient etching rate, reuse | Low accessibility of chlorine iron |
| Chlorine Iron (FECL 3) | 100 g | Hydrogen peroxide plus hydrochloric acid | Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) | 200 ml | In 3% hydrogen peroxide solution pour 10% hydrochloric acid | High etching speed, reuse | High accuracy required |
| Hydrochloric acid (HCl) | 200 ml | ||||
| Aqueous solution of copper | Water (H 2 O) | 500 ml | IN hot water (50-80 ° С) dissolve the cook salt, and then copper sulphate | Accessibility of components | Poisonousness of copper mood and slow etching, up to 4 hours |
| Copper KUP person (CUSO 4) | 50 g | ||||
| Salt Salt (NACL) | 100 g | ||||
Pour printed circuit board in metal dishes are not allowed. To do this, use glass, ceramics or plastic containers. Dispose of the spent etching solution is allowed in the sewer.
A solution based on hydrogen peroxide with citric acid dissolved in it is the safest, affordable and fast. Of all the listed solutions for all criteria, this is the best.
Hydrogen peroxide can be purchased in any pharmacy. Sold in the form of a liquid 3% solution or tablets called hydroperite. To obtain a liquid 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide from hydroperite, it is necessary in 100 ml of water to dissolve 6 tablets weighing 1.5 grams.
Crystal citric acid is sold at any grocery store, packaged in bags weighing 30 or 50 grams. Craw salt will be found in any house. 100 ml of the pool solution is enough to remove the copper foil with a thickness of 35 μm with a printed circuit board with an area of \u200b\u200b100 cm 2. The spent solution is not stored and cannot be reused. By the way, citric acid can be replaced by acetic, but because of her caustic smell, it will take a printed circuit board in the outdoor.
The second most popular with the etching solution is water solution chlorine iron. Previously, he was the most popular, as on any industrial enterprise Chlorine iron was easy to get.
The etching solution is not required to the temperature, etched rather quickly, but the etching rate is reduced as chlorine iron spending in solution.
The chlorine iron is very hygroscopic and therefore from the air quickly absorbs water. As a result, yellow liquid appears at the bottom of the bank. This does not affect the quality of the component and such a chlorine iron is suitable for the preparation of the pools.
If the used chlorine iron solution is stored in a hermetic container, it can be used repeatedly. It is subject to regeneration, sufficiently pour iron nails into the solution (they immediately cover the loose layer of copper). If you get on any surface leaves hard yellow spots. Currently, a chlorine iron solution for the manufacture of printed circuit boards is applied less often due to its high cost.
Excellent etching solution provides high speed etching. Hydrochloric acid with intensive stirring is poured into a 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with thin flowing. Pour hydrogen peroxide into acid is unacceptable! But due to the presence in policy solution hydrochloric acid when etching the board must be taken great care, as the solution corps the skin of the hands and spoils everything to which it falls. For this reason, the etching solution with hydrochloric acid at home is not recommended.
The method of manufacturing printed circuit boards with the use of copper sulfate is usually used in case of the impossibility of making the pools based on other components due to their inaccessibility. Copper cunery is a kernelian and is widely used to combat pests in agriculture. In addition, the injury time of the printed circuit board is up to 4 hours, while it is necessary to maintain a solution temperature of 50-80 ° C and to provide a permanent solution to the surface of the surface.
To etching the board in any of the above film solutions, glass, ceramic or plastic dishes are suitable, such as dairy products. If the suitable size of the capacity did not turn out, you can take any box of thick paper or cardboard suitable size and fasten it with a polyethylene film. The container is poured into the container and the printed circuit board is tightly in its surface. Due to the strength of the surface tension of the liquid and a small weight, the fee will float.
For convenience to the center of the board with glue, you can glue the plug from plastic bottle. The cork will simultaneously serve as a handle and float. But here there is a danger that air bubbles are formed on the board and in these places copper will not break.
To ensure uniform straightening of copper, you can put a circuit board on the bottom of the container up the pattern and periodically swing the bath with your hand. After some time, depending on theratile solution, plots will begin to appear without copper, and then copper will dissolve completely on the entire surface of the printed circuit board.
After the final dissolution of copper in the etching solution, the printed circuit board is removed from the bath and is thoroughly washed under the jet of flow water. The toner is removed from the tracks with a rare moistened in acetone, and the paint is well removed by the rag moistened in the solvent, which was added to the paint to obtain the desired consistency.
The next step is to prepare the printed circuit board for the installation of radio elements. After removing the paint boards, the tracks need to be treated with circular motions of small emery paper. It is not necessary to get involved, because the copper tracks are thin and you can easily run them. Just just a few passes with an abrasive with a weak clamp.
Next, current tracks and contact pads are covered alcohol-rosphole flux and warm Soft solder eclectric soldering iron. So that the holes on the printed circuit board are not delayed by the solder, it is necessary to take a little on the sting of the soldering iron.
After the manufacture of the printed circuit board is completed, it will only be inserted into the intended positions of radio components and pour their conclusions to the sites. Before soldering legs, it is necessary to moisten the alcohol-rosphole flux. If the legs of radio components are long, then they need to trim it up to rubbing to the length of the protrusion above the surface of the printed circuit board 1-1.5 mm. After the installation is completed, it is necessary to remove the remnants of rosin with any solvent - alcohol, white alcohol or acetone. They all successfully dissolve rosin.
On the embodiment of this simple scheme of the capacitive relay from wiring tracks for the manufacture of a printed circuit board before creating a valid sample, there are no more than five hours, much less than on the layout of this page.
